276:
793:"PVB" enabling both the glass and the interior film to be recycled. The PVB recycling process is a simple procedure of melting and reshaping it. One possible method of recycling of simple automotive laminated windshields could involve heating the windshield to above the melting point of the PVB interlayer and then separating the glass plies. This depends chiefly on the differential melting points of PVB and glass and is not suitable for other interlayer materials such as silicone based materials.
248:
1828:
300:
146:
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462:" in Europe ("InstaClear" in North America) in the 1980s and through the early 1990s, used this conductive metallic coating applied to the inboard side of the outer layer of glass. Other glass manufacturers utilize a grid of micro-thin wires to conduct the heat especially on the later European Ford Transit vans. These systems are more typically utilized by European auto manufacturers such as
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379:
47:
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590:, which were small semi-circular or rectangular windshields. These were often mounted in pairs behind a foldable flat windshield. Aero screens are usually less than 20 cm (8 inches) in height. They are known as aero screens because they only deflect the wind. The twin aeroscreen setup (often called
652:
Aircraft windshields are designed in such a way that even if a crack were to extend all the way across the panel, the structural integrity is maintained via multiple failsafe methods in both frame and the glass plies. A sacrificial outer layer that cracks rather than devitrifies is the first failsafe.
630:
Certification of a windshield is necessary to ensure safety. Different counties have made different set of rule that all windshield manufacturers need to comply under Motor
Vehicle Acts. Some of the most know certifications are US DOT, EU ECE, Chinese CCC, South African SABS and Indian BIS standards.
477:
from functioning correctly, as the embedded metal blocks the satellite signal. The RF signal tends to flow along the metal wires or layer so very little radiation can pass. This can be resolved by using an external antenna. Mobile telephones can also have problems; thermal glass typically allows only
739:
deploy at speeds up to 320 km/h (200 mph; 89 m/s) and in some cases exert tremendous force on the windshield. Occupants can impact the airbag just 50 ms after initial deployment. Depending on vehicle design, airbag deployment and/or occupant impact into the airbag may increase
266:
On motorbikes their main function is to shield the rider from wind, though not as completely as in a car, whereas on sports and racing motorcycles the main function is reducing drag when the rider assumes the optimal aerodynamic configuration with their body in unison with the machine and does not
695:
In cracked windshield repair, air is removed from the damaged area on the windshield with a specified vacuum injection pump. Then using the injection pump, the clear adhesive resin is injected to replace the air in the windshield crack. The resin is then cured with an ultraviolet light. When done
651:
Repair of cracks up to 6.1 cm (2.4 inches) is within permissible limits; automobile glass with more severe damage needs to be replaced. However, this is dependent on local laws. If a crack extends to the edge of the panel then this would compromise the structural integrity of the windshield.
342:
Modern, glued-in windshields contribute to the vehicle's rigidity, but the main force for innovation has historically been the need to prevent injury from sharp glass fragments. Almost all nations now require windshields to stay in one piece even if broken, except if pierced by a strong force.
758:. Variations from the ideal curing environment can increase the time needed for a sufficiently safe bond to form. Because of the variables and difficulties involved in mobile windshield replacement, many vehicle manufacturers do not recommend this method of installations.
753:
With the advent of quick-cure adhesives, mobile windshield replacements have become more prevalent. Often the temperature and humidity cannot be controlled for mobile installations. For most common glass adhesives the ideal environment is 21 °C (70 °F) and 50%
275:
352:
around the edge of the windshield. The darkened edge transitions to the clear windshield with smaller dots to minimize thermal stress in manufacturing. The same band of darkened dots is often expanded around the rearview mirror to act as a sunshade.
708:
have been established. Windshields which have been replaced must cure or bond sufficiently until they are able to withstand the forces of a crash. Knowing the minimum time needed to cure the glass bonding adhesives is therefore important. This
621:
onto the windshield. Also several glass manufacturers have experimented with nano type coatings designed to repel external contaminants with varying degrees of success but to date none of these have made it to commercial applications.
307:
Early windshields were made of ordinary window glass, but that could lead to serious injuries in the event of a crash. A series of crashes led up to the development of stronger windshields. The most notable example of this is the
732:
Consumers may be unaware that the MDAT or SDAT time is focused on safety and not necessarily on the quality, durability, or warranty of the installation. Care must be taken not to drive the vehicle prior to the SDAT/MDAT.
660:
Circular bullseyes, linear cracks, crack chips, dings, pits and star-shaped breaks can be repaired without removing the glass, eliminating the risk of leaking or bonding problems sometimes associated with replacement.
335:, however, had been available for windshields in France from 1911 and in Britain from 1912; it was adopted as an accessory by some high-end American auto manufacturers beginning in 1913, and from 1919 to 1929
360:
on aircraft windshields can mislead pilots into believing that they are flying at a higher altitude than they actually are due to the horizon appearing lower than it is. This can result in undershooting the
740:
forces on the windshield, dramatically in some cases. Forces of occupants on the airbags - and hence the potential forces on the windshield - are lower for belted occupants. As consequence,
704:
Windshields that cannot be repaired have to be replaced. Replacement of a windshield typically takes less than an hour. To ensure the vehicle is safe to drive, time values called the
255:
Windshields protect the vehicle's occupants from wind and flying debris such as dust, insects, and rocks, and provide an aerodynamically formed window towards the front. UV coating
435:
in vehicle windshields; generally, laws specify the maximum level of tint permitted. Some vehicles have noticeably more tint in the uppermost part of the windshield to block
331:. The hardened glass shattered into many mostly harmless fragments when the windshield broke. These windshields, however, could shatter from a simple stone chip. "Triplex"
583:
refers to the front window of a car. In the UK, the terms are reversed, although generally, the foam screen is referred to as a microphone shield, and not a windshield.
1882:
718:
1192:
643:
can be successfully repaired. Whether the windshield can be repaired always depends upon four factors: the size, type, depth and location of the damage.
717:(MDAT) refers to the time required until a windshield installation or glass replacement is considered safe to drive again. Criteria are specified in
263:. The majority of UV-B is absorbed by the glass itself, and any remaining UV-B together with most of the UV-A is absorbed by the PVB bonding layer.
1234:
478:
0.001 (1‰, or one per mille) of the signal to pass, whereas a concrete wall with rebars allows up to 0.100 (10%, or 100‰) of the signal to pass.
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proposes that waste laminated glass be placed into a separating device such as a rolling mill where the glass is fragmented and the larger
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to screen out harmful ultraviolet radiation. However, this is usually unnecessary since most auto windshields are made from
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208:, which provides visibility while protecting occupants from the elements. Modern windshields are generally made of
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is mechanically detached from the inner film. The application of heat then melts the laminating plastic, usually,
502:
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90:
57:
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These certification ensures safety, reliability and quality of a product as per respective legal requirements.
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This article is about the front glass on vehicles. For the screen on window frames, see
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303:
Automobile windshield displaying "spiderweb" cracking typical of laminated safety glass
1154:
Manufacturing
Processes Reference Guide: Robert H. Todd, Dell K. Allen, and Leo Alting
725:) to ensure the reliability of adhesive systems. Typically the SDAT is verified with
442:
In aircraft windshields, an electric current is applied through a conducting layer of
346:
The urethane sealant is protected from UV in sunlight by a band of dark dots called a
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How it's made. Series six, Windshields, English saddles, butter, and post clocks
696:
properly, the damaged area’s strength is restored, as is 90–95% of the clarity.
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suppliers usually inform their customers about the level of security achieved:
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Split and raked windshield on a 1952 DeSoto. Note the panes of glass are flat.
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case of 1917 that decided against Pane in that he was only injured through
17:
1093:
Bob
Stenzel: Determining SDAT, AGRR Magazine, March/April 2012, page 29-30
639:
According to the US National
Windshield Repair Association, many types of
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deep damage on both layers of glass due to solar absorption or oxidation.
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773:
is no longer permitted in a landfill in most
European countries as the
614:
516: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
467:
403: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
292:
221:
807:
786:
736:
610:
362:
321:
205:
1212:
973:"Here's What Those Little Dots Are On The Edges Of Your Car Windows"
859:"Photoprotection by window glass, automobile glass, and sunglasses"
594:) was popular among older sports and modern cars in vintage style.
1114:
Premium
Adhesive Systems, AGRR Magazine, March/April 2012, Page 15
940:
669:
Some damages are very difficult to repair, or cannot be repaired:
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the mesh or foam placed over a microphone to minimize wind noise
447:
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201:
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1216:
928:
Glass
Engineering: Design Solutions for Automotive Applications
685:
very long cracks (i.e. over 45–60 cm or 18–24 inches long)
1254:
857:
Tuchinda, Chanisada; Sabong
Srivannaboon; Henry W Lim (2006).
485:
372:
181:
177:
40:
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to remove snow and rain from the windshield. The concept car
454:. A similar system for automobile windshields, introduced on
339:
ordered the use of laminated glass on all of his vehicles.
228:
between them for safety, and bonded into the window frame.
34:. For the wind-protecting accessory for microphones, see
1104:
Volkswagen Recall is a
Reminder of Auto Glass Importance
1207:
1202:
1026:. Yeovil, UK: The Haynes Publishing Group. p. 22.
750:
2) Example: Security exceeding FMVSS 212/208 unbelted
1102:
Exposing
Industry Shortcuts to SDAT Recommendations,
904:"Your Windshield is Not Just a "Wind-Shield" Any More"
609:
features a wiperless windshield using a series of jet
747:
1) Example: Security exceeding FMVSS 212/208 belted
231:
Motorcycle windshields are often made of high-impact
216:, which consists of, typically, two curved sheets of
729:
as well as with high-speed laboratory test methods.
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1747:
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1636:
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1271:
1262:
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1160:"Shatter Proof Glass Found In Laboratory Accident"
1199:Specification for safety glass for land transport
679:damage over rain sensor or internal radio antenna
601:is a windshield that uses a mechanism other than
431:In many places, laws restrict the use of heavily
267:shield the rider from wind when sitting upright.
1208:Auto Glass Replacement Safety Standards Council
559:is used generally throughout the US. The term
316:. They were replaced with windshields made of
1228:
1172:(3). Chicago, IL ISA: Popular Mechanics: 337.
149:Panoramic (wrap-around) windshield on a 1959
8:
906:. National Glass Association. Archived from
1024:The Complete Book of Automobile Body Design
719:U.S. Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards
586:Sports or racing cars would sometimes have
1694:
1268:
1235:
1221:
1213:
1158:Windsor, H. H. Jr., ed. (September 1933).
1004:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
532:Learn how and when to remove this message
419:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
923:"Chapter 7 - Ceramic Frit and Shadeband"
36:Microphone § Microphone windscreens
849:
473:The use of thermal glass prevents some
1883:Glass coating and surface modification
635:Repair of stone-chip and crack damage
320:and were fitted in the frame using a
7:
1837:
1125:"Laminated Car Windscreen Recycling"
514:adding citations to reliable sources
401:adding citations to reliable sources
69:adding citations to reliable sources
1810:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
1001:"Chapter 17: Aeromedical Factors".
1071:Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants
25:
777:(ELV) is implemented. A study by
1846:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1253:Part of a series of articles on
1048:"Is Your Windshield Repairable?"
971:Tracy, David (3 February 2017).
490:
377:
45:
1009:Federal Aviation Administration
501:needs additional citations for
388:needs additional citations for
287:'s vehicle was nearly breached
56:needs additional citations for
775:End of Life Vehicles Directive
1:
1644:Approach and departure angles
571:for all vehicles. In the US
365:and become a safety hazard.
1888:Vehicle safety technologies
1707:Automotive light bulb types
1007:(FAA-H-8083-25C ed.).
673:on inside of the windshield
1914:
1203:National Glass Association
1069:Cognard, Philippe (2006).
875:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.05.014
803:Automotive head-up display
29:
1822:
1250:
1011:. 2023-07-17. p. 10.
563:is the usual term in the
1727:high-intensity discharge
1186:Safety glazing material
715:minimum drive away time
682:complex multiple cracks
548:Singled aero screen on
27:Front window of vehicle
1411:Stressed member engine
552:
356:On a rainy day, water
304:
296:
261:laminated safety glass
252:
210:laminated safety glass
153:
1543:Windshield/windscreen
1050:. Car Windshield Info
1022:Beattie, Ian (1977).
921:Zbinden, Lyn (2014).
828:Motorcycle windshield
547:
302:
278:
250:
148:
1712:Daytime running lamp
838:Windshield sun shade
711:safe drive away time
706:Safe Drive Away Time
599:wiperless windshield
510:improve this article
397:improve this article
170:Commonwealth English
65:improve this article
1674:Weight distribution
1606:Omniview technology
688:contaminated cracks
550:Bentley Blower No.1
1878:Glass applications
1793:Registration plate
1195:2009-06-22 at the
863:J Am Acad Dermatol
823:List of auto parts
553:
475:navigation systems
305:
297:
289:by a hostile crowd
283:in Vice President
253:
154:
1893:Automotive safety
1860:
1859:
1818:
1817:
1682:
1681:
1513:Glass run channel
1447:Trunk/boot/dickie
1244:Automotive design
1165:Popular Mechanics
950:978-0-7680-8129-9
910:on 2 August 2009.
818:Glass run channel
813:Driver visibility
791:polyvinyl butyral
779:Surrey University
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16:(Redirected from
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1777:Window deflector
1760:Side-view mirror
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1318:Continental tire
1281:Backbone chassis
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1130:. Archived from
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783:Pilkington Glass
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162:American English
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1137:on 2008-10-31.
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869:(5): 845–854.
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767:Waste disposal
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1599:
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1589:
1587:
1586:Hood ornament
1584:
1582:
1581:Front-end bra
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
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1566:
1562:
1554:
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1536:
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1533:Quarter glass
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1397:
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1389:Quarter panel
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1299:
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1291:Body-on-frame
1289:
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1184:UNECE Reg. 43
1182:
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1177:
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941:10.4271/R-433
938:
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721:212/208 (see
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626:Certification
625:
623:
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584:
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565:British Isles
562:
558:
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536:
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511:
505:
504:
499:This section
497:
493:
488:
487:
481:
479:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
458:vehicles as "
457:
453:
449:
445:
444:tin(IV) oxide
440:
438:
434:
423:
420:
412:
409:December 2013
402:
398:
392:
391:
386:This section
384:
380:
375:
374:
369:Other aspects
368:
366:
364:
359:
354:
351:
350:
344:
340:
338:
334:
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:Pane vs. Ford
301:
294:
290:
286:
285:Richard Nixon
282:
277:
270:
268:
264:
262:
258:
249:
242:
240:
238:
234:
233:polycarbonate
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:treated glass
211:
207:
204:is the front
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
152:
151:Edsel Corsair
147:
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135:
132:
124:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
60:
59:
54:This article
52:
48:
43:
42:
37:
33:
32:window screen
19:
1798:vanity plate
1737:trafficators
1548:washer fluid
1542:
1528:Power window
1523:Opera window
1435:Compartments
1323:Crumple zone
1308:Cabrio coach
1252:
1169:
1163:
1132:the original
1119:
1110:
1098:
1089:
1073:. Elsevier.
1070:
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1042:
1023:
1017:
1003:
996:
984:. Retrieved
981:Gawker Media
976:
966:
954:. Retrieved
927:
916:
908:the original
898:
886:. Retrieved
866:
862:
852:
765:
752:
749:
746:
735:
731:
714:
710:
703:
694:
668:
659:
650:
641:stone damage
638:
629:
598:
596:
588:aero screens
587:
585:
580:
572:
560:
556:
554:
528:
519:
508:Please help
503:verification
500:
472:
446:to generate
441:
433:tinted glass
430:
415:
406:
395:Please help
390:verification
387:
355:
347:
345:
341:
309:
306:
265:
254:
230:
212:, a type of
165:
157:
155:
142:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
80:"Windshield"
75:
63:Please help
58:verification
55:
1898:Car windows
1732:sealed beam
1664:Roll center
1659:Ride height
1596:Japan black
1591:Instruments
1576:Curb feeler
1442:Hood/bonnet
1190:BS 857:1967
1054:22 February
727:crash tests
700:Replacement
691:edge cracks
569:Australasia
482:Terminology
450:to prevent
18:Car windows
1867:Categories
1518:Greenhouse
1033:0854292179
986:6 February
888:23 January
844:References
713:(SDAT) or
592:Brooklands
581:windshield
579:, while a
575:refers to
573:windscreen
561:windscreen
557:windshield
460:Quickclear
358:refraction
337:Henry Ford
166:windscreen
158:windshield
121:March 2008
91:newspapers
1772:Tow hitch
1690:equipment
1616:Tire/tyre
1475:Gull-wing
1465:Butterfly
1426:Trunk lid
1369:Monocoque
1273:Framework
555:The term
239:plastic.
226:laminated
202:streetcar
186:motorbike
1832:Category
1717:Headlamp
1699:Lighting
1688:Exterior
1654:Overhang
1637:Geometry
1621:run-flat
1601:Nerf bar
1416:Subframe
1384:Platform
1374:Overhang
1286:Beltline
1193:Archived
977:Jalopnik
883:16635665
797:See also
762:Disposal
756:humidity
742:adhesive
665:Location
617:to blow
607:Acura TL
522:May 2015
437:sunglare
326:neoprene
174:aircraft
172:) of an
1842:Commons
1538:Sunroof
1490:Suicide
1485:Sliding
1480:Scissor
1421:Tonneau
1406:Spoiler
1313:Chassis
737:Airbags
613:in the
611:nozzles
468:Porsche
295:in 1958
293:Caracas
237:acrylic
222:plastic
220:with a
105:scholar
1852:Portal
1722:hidden
1470:Canopy
1379:Pillar
1360:shaker
1345:Grille
1338:skirts
1333:ponton
1328:Fender
1301:Dagmar
1296:Bumper
1077:
1030:
956:9 June
947:
881:
808:BS 857
787:cullet
603:wipers
464:Jaguar
363:runway
322:rubber
271:Safety
224:layer
206:window
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
1805:Theft
1786:Legal
1765:power
1626:spare
1611:Parts
1553:wiper
1505:Glass
1457:Doors
1355:scoop
1135:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
723:FMVSS
452:icing
243:Usage
218:glass
194:train
190:truck
164:) or
112:JSTOR
98:books
1755:Horn
1495:Swan
1399:rack
1394:Roof
1350:Hood
1264:Body
1255:cars
1075:ISBN
1056:2014
1028:ISBN
988:2017
958:2020
945:ISBN
933:IEEE
890:2013
879:PMID
781:and
656:Type
615:cowl
567:and
466:and
456:Ford
448:heat
349:frit
329:seal
279:The
198:boat
156:The
84:news
937:doi
871:doi
769:of
512:by
399:by
324:or
291:in
235:or
200:or
182:bus
178:car
67:by
1869::
1170:60
1168:.
1162:.
979:.
975:.
943:.
935:.
931:.
925:.
877:.
867:54
865:.
861:.
597:A
470:.
439:.
196:,
192:,
188:,
184:,
180:,
176:,
1236:e
1229:t
1222:v
1083:.
1058:.
1036:.
990:.
960:.
939::
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873::
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529:(
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520:(
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416:(
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407:(
393:.
168:(
160:(
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
61:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
