420:
and utilize it from bottom up. As desiccation occurs on the top of the dung pad, the middle and lower regions may still be suitable for the dung beetle. Also, smaller species are able to survive in such conditions as they require less dung. Larger beetles require larger amounts of dung which may not be available due to the fast desiccation of the dung pads in these conditions. Soil hardness and dryness negatively affect the tunnelers. Species able to tolerate open pasture conditions were extremely abundant. The reduction in the number of dung beetles affected the efficiency of their ecological roles and it was found that dung removal and burial declined. Dung removal and burial by dung beetles result in ecological benefits such as soil aeration and fertilization. These benefits lead to improved nutrient cycling and uptake by plants, increase in pasture quality, biological control of pest flies and intestinal parasites and secondary seed dispersal. Therefore, their role in the ecosystem is essential.
997:
795:
763:
779:
1013:
682:
563:
546:
487:
666:
747:
471:
416:
In areas with little vegetation, limited vertebrate fauna may be present limiting the types of dung present. Also, with little vegetation the canopy of the forest may be limiting. This causes the dung pads to be exposed to sunlight, higher temperature and wind action. These factors contribute to dung pad desiccation which decreases the period of suitable dung availability. Dung beetles of different groups may respond to changes in vegetation in different ways.
146:
698:
116:
1504:
407:
form of brood balls and the females lay the egg inside the dung. When the larva hatches it feeds on the surrounding dung and forms a pupa undergoing several instars. After this stage the pupa hatches and the newly formed adult evades the tunnel and searches for a fresh dung supply for feeding. After approximately 2 weeks the new adult beetle will be able to reproduce.
1516:
415:
Dung beetle communities are dependent on vegetation and presence of mammalian dung resource. In an area with a lot of vegetation, the dung pads are preserved longer for dung beetle utilization. Vegetation provides conditions suitable for vertebrate trafficking allowing more dung presence in the area.
406:
Pheromones are thought to aid in dung beetle reproduction. Dung beetles copulate after which both parents dig a tunnel to lay the eggs. This tunnel may have different branches leading to varying egg chambers or may not be branched depending on species. Both parents take dung inside the tunnels in the
350:
based on their method of dung processing namely rollers (telecoprids), dwellers (endocoprids) and tunnelers (paracoprids). Dung removal and burial by dung beetles result in ecological benefits such as soil aeration and fertilization; improved nutrient cycling and uptake by plants, increase in
Pasture
419:
A decline in dung beetle diversity associated with the conversion of native forests to open pastures is known to occur. However, some species are able to utilize dung in open pasture conditions. Tunneler species are able to utilize dung in less optimal condition because they tunnel beneath the dung
397:
Dung beetles are classified into groups based on their method of processing the dung. Rollers are beetles that construct balls of dung from the main food source. They roll away this ball from the position of the original food source and use the dung for feeding or for reproduction. Tunnelers are
398:
beetles that dig tunnels beneath the food source creating nests. They relocate food into their nest for reproduction and feeding. Lastly, dwellers are beetles that live and reproduce inside the food source rarely creating nests.
996:
389:. They also have a space between their middle legs to allow for manipulation of the dung. Dung beetles can be large beetles of a few inches in size to small beetles which are only a few millimeters in size
1210:
Louzada, J; Lima, A; Matavelli, R; Zambaldi, L; Barlow, J (2010). "Community structure of dung beetles in
Amazonian savannas: role of fire disturbance, vegetation and landscape structure".
794:
1409:"A cybertaxonomic revision of the new dung beetle tribe Parachoriini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) and its phylogenetic assessment using molecular and morphological data"
762:
778:
1108:"A review and phylogeny of Scarabaeine dung beetle fossils (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae), with the description of two Canthochilum species from Dominican amber"
1450:"Innovative Bayesian and Parsimony Phylogeny of Dung Beetles (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae) Enhanced by Ontology-Based Partitioning of Morphological Characters"
1297:
1688:
1247:"Dung Beetle Community and Functions along a Habitat-Disturbance Gradient in the Amazon: A Rapid Assessment of Ecological Functions Associated to Biodiversity"
435:. These can be grouped by their distribution, though the present classification is expected to require major revision based on recent phylogenetic analyses.
1012:
1160:
Bouchard, P.; Bousquet, Y.; Davies, A.; Alonso-Zarazaga, M.; Lawrence, J.; Lyal, C.; Newton, A.; Reid, C.; Schmitt, M.; Ślipiński, A.; Smith, A. (2011).
681:
545:
1757:
1675:
562:
346:. However, some may feed on decomposing matter including carrion, decaying fruits and fungi. Dung beetles can be placed into three structural
665:
351:
quality, biological control of pest flies and intestinal parasites and secondary seed dispersal. Well-known members include the genera
746:
486:
1508:
1680:
470:
145:
1587:
378:
1641:
1693:
1654:
697:
222:
753:
1325:"). How Habitat Change and Rainfall Affect Dung Beetle Diversity in Caatinga, a Brazilian Semi-Arid Ecosystem"
1520:
1372:
Horgan, F (2008). "Dung beetle assemblages in forests and pastures of El
Salvador: a functional comparison".
1003:
801:
1540:
769:
688:
477:
1752:
1724:
1019:
1703:
720:
569:
552:
124:
785:
672:
493:
260:
270:
1389:
1227:
971:
704:
305:
245:
140:
1033:
265:
1729:
1578:
1711:
1623:
1481:
1430:
1354:
1278:
1189:
1139:
1083:
875:
359:
1106:
Tarasov, Sergei; Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.; Krell, Frank-Thorsten; Dimitrov, Dimitar (2016).
451:
1716:
1471:
1461:
1420:
1381:
1344:
1336:
1268:
1258:
1219:
1179:
1169:
1129:
1119:
924:
897:
432:
365:
347:
231:
1526:
1649:
1636:
1476:
1449:
1349:
1324:
1273:
1246:
1184:
1161:
1134:
1107:
533:
377:
Adult dung beetles have modified mouth parts which are adapted to feeding on dung. The
810:
Predominantly Old World (New World presence likely represents rather recent dispersal)
1746:
1040:
890:
822:
73:
1592:
1231:
115:
1628:
1393:
914:
861:
815:
713:
579:
429:
321:
285:
275:
255:
207:
1466:
1263:
1662:
1572:
1061:
1047:
932:
868:
854:
842:
832:
734:
727:
650:
643:
623:
616:
526:
519:
343:
339:
295:
48:
17:
1563:
1503:
1425:
1408:
1385:
1223:
1076:
939:
606:
586:
458:
353:
93:
58:
1069:
1054:
850:
444:
324:
290:
240:
177:
157:
98:
42:
1485:
1434:
1358:
1282:
1193:
1174:
1143:
1515:
1340:
342:
in other subfamilies and families). Most of the beetles of this subfamily
1610:
1557:
633:
386:
88:
83:
68:
63:
53:
1602:
1124:
954:
904:
596:
502:
382:
331:
280:
250:
129:
103:
78:
1667:
1615:
1323:
Liberal, C; Farias, A; Meiado, M; Filgueiras, B; Iannuzzi, L (2011).
981:
945:
509:
197:
187:
167:
1534:
1527:
Subfamily
Scarabaeinae: photographs of representatives of the tribes
961:
1538:
1245:
Braga, R; Korasaki, V; Andresen, E; Louzada, J (2013).
1155:
1153:
893:- four genera (sometimes placed in the Scarabaeini):
1547:
1448:Tarasov, Sergei; Génier, François (17 March 2015).
505:(incl. Dichotomiini) - about 20 genera including:
582:(= Canthonini) - about 120 genera including:
8:
1205:
1203:
1162:"Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta)"
818:(incl. Eurysternini) - 16 genera including:
381:is expanded and covers the mouth parts. The
1535:
114:
31:
1475:
1465:
1424:
1348:
1302:Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles
1272:
1262:
1183:
1173:
1133:
1123:
853:- three genera (sometimes placed in the
1098:
992:
742:
661:
541:
466:
428:The subfamily is split into about 12
7:
1704:ec4c5b98-05a7-40e1-a5c6-3a41841acf03
1655:dff68920-7b95-431f-9b3c-23830316c6f2
385:, which cover the wings, expose the
25:
439:Tribes with a global distribution
1514:
1502:
1011:
995:
793:
777:
761:
745:
696:
680:
664:
655:Deschodt Davis and Scholtz, 2011
561:
544:
485:
469:
144:
1758:Extant Eocene first appearances
1:
1374:Biodiversity and Conservation
716:- about 40 genera including:
447:- about 20 genera including:
1467:10.1371/journal.pone.0116671
1264:10.1371/journal.pone.0057786
1774:
754:Hyalonthophagus alcyonides
1426:10.11646/zootaxa.4329.2.1
1386:10.1007/s10531-008-9408-2
1329:Journal of Insect Science
1224:10.1007/s10980-010-9448-3
311:
304:
237:
230:
141:Scientific classification
139:
122:
113:
34:
628:Frolov and Scholtz, 2003
344:feed exclusively on dung
1072:- 12 genera including:
1407:Tarasov, S.I. (2017).
1175:10.3897/zookeys.88.807
1725:Paleobiology Database
1341:10.1673/031.011.11401
1004:Cheironitis scabrosus
802:Proagoderus imperator
1650:Fauna Europaea (new)
1523:at Wikimedia Commons
334:collectively called
27:Subfamily of beetles
957:- selected genera:
935:- selected genera:
786:Onthophagus gazella
770:Onthophagus binodis
689:Canthon smaragdulus
673:Anachalcos convexus
478:Sarophorus costatus
1304:. UNL State Museum
1125:10.7717/peerj.1988
1020:Chironitis indicus
705:Circellium bacchus
601:Hoffmannsegg, 1817
1740:
1739:
1712:Open Tree of Life
1541:Taxon identifiers
1519:Media related to
1380:(12): 2961–2978.
1212:Landscape Ecology
987:
977:
967:
920:
910:
838:
828:
656:
639:
629:
612:
602:
592:
515:
336:true dung beetles
318:
317:
226:
16:(Redirected from
1765:
1733:
1732:
1720:
1719:
1707:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1684:
1683:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1536:
1518:
1507:Data related to
1506:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1469:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1177:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1103:
1015:
999:
985:
975:
965:
925:Paragymnopleurus
918:
908:
898:Allogymnopleurus
836:
826:
797:
781:
765:
749:
700:
684:
668:
654:
637:
627:
610:
600:
590:
565:
548:
513:
489:
473:
338:(there are also
221:
149:
148:
118:
108:
45:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
18:True dung beetle
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1543:
1532:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1460:(3): e0116671.
1447:
1446:
1442:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1036:- four genera:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1007:
1000:
986:Fabricius, 1798
976:Lansberge, 1875
887:
812:
805:
798:
789:
782:
773:
766:
757:
750:
721:Hyalonthophagus
708:
701:
692:
685:
676:
669:
611:Latreille, 1825
574:
570:Copris elphenor
566:
557:
553:Copris elphenor
549:
497:
490:
481:
474:
441:
426:
413:
404:
395:
375:
366:Phanaeus vindex
220:
143:
135:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1721:
1708:
1698:
1685:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1637:Fauna Europaea
1633:
1620:
1607:
1597:
1584:
1569:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1524:
1512:
1511:at Wikispecies
1498:
1497:External links
1495:
1492:
1491:
1440:
1419:(2): 101–149.
1399:
1364:
1315:
1298:"Scarabaeinae"
1288:
1237:
1218:(4): 631–641.
1199:
1149:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1080:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1044:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1001:
994:
991:
990:
989:
988:
978:
968:
952:
951:
950:
949:is a subgenus)
930:
929:
928:
921:
911:
909:Janssens, 1940
901:
886:
883:
882:
881:
880:
879:
872:
865:
848:
847:
846:
839:
837:Serville, 1825
829:
827:Janssens, 1953
811:
808:
807:
806:
799:
792:
790:
783:
776:
774:
767:
760:
758:
751:
744:
741:
740:
739:
738:
731:
724:
710:
709:
702:
695:
693:
686:
679:
677:
670:
663:
660:
659:
658:
657:
647:
640:
630:
620:
613:
603:
593:
576:
575:
567:
560:
558:
550:
543:
540:
539:
538:
537:
534:Metacatharsius
530:
523:
516:
514:Geoffroy, 1762
499:
498:
491:
484:
482:
475:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:
455:
440:
437:
425:
422:
412:
409:
403:
400:
394:
391:
374:
371:
316:
315:
309:
308:
302:
301:
300:
299:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
235:
234:
228:
227:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
137:
136:
133:
125:Copris lunaris
120:
119:
111:
110:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
46:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1770:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1303:
1299:
1296:Gill, Bruce.
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1257:(2): e57786.
1256:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1168:(88): 1–972.
1167:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1041:Anomiopsoides
1038:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1005:
998:
993:
984:
983:
979:
974:
973:
969:
966:Mulsant, 1842
964:
963:
959:
958:
956:
953:
948:
947:
942:
941:
937:
936:
934:
931:
927:
926:
922:
919:Illiger, 1803
917:
916:
912:
907:
906:
902:
900:
899:
895:
894:
892:
891:Gymnopleurini
889:
888:
884:
878:
877:
873:
871:
870:
866:
864:
863:
859:
858:
856:
852:
849:
845:
844:
840:
835:
834:
830:
825:
824:
823:Euoniticellus
820:
819:
817:
814:
813:
809:
804:
803:
796:
791:
788:
787:
780:
775:
772:
771:
764:
759:
756:
755:
748:
743:
737:
736:
732:
730:
729:
725:
723:
722:
718:
717:
715:
712:
711:
707:
706:
699:
694:
691:
690:
683:
678:
675:
674:
667:
662:
653:
652:
648:
646:
645:
641:
636:
635:
631:
626:
625:
621:
619:
618:
614:
609:
608:
604:
599:
598:
594:
589:
588:
584:
583:
581:
578:
577:
572:
571:
564:
559:
555:
554:
547:
542:
536:
535:
531:
529:
528:
524:
522:
521:
517:
512:
511:
507:
506:
504:
501:
500:
496:
495:
494:Pedaria nigra
488:
483:
480:
479:
472:
467:
461:
460:
456:
454:
453:
449:
448:
446:
443:
442:
438:
436:
434:
431:
423:
421:
417:
410:
408:
401:
399:
392:
390:
388:
384:
380:
372:
370:
368:
367:
362:
361:
356:
355:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:
323:
322:scarab beetle
314:
310:
307:
303:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
261:Endroedyolini
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
236:
233:
229:
224:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
147:
142:
138:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
112:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
44:
33:
30:
19:
1753:Scarabaeinae
1593:Scarabaeinae
1579:Scarabaeinae
1549:Scarabaeinae
1548:
1531:
1521:Scarabaeinae
1509:Scarabaeinae
1457:
1453:
1443:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1335:(114): 114.
1332:
1328:
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1301:
1291:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1215:
1211:
1165:
1115:
1111:
1101:
1082:
1075:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1018:
1002:
980:
970:
960:
944:
938:
923:
915:Gymnopleurus
913:
903:
896:
874:
867:
862:Nesosisyphus
860:
841:
831:
821:
816:Oniticellini
800:
784:
768:
752:
733:
726:
719:
714:Onthophagini
703:
687:
671:
649:
642:
638:Reiche, 1841
632:
622:
615:
605:
595:
585:
580:Deltochilini
568:
551:
532:
525:
518:
508:
492:
476:
457:
450:
427:
418:
414:
405:
402:Reproduction
396:
376:
364:
358:
352:
340:dung beetles
335:
330:consists of
328:Scarabaeinae
327:
319:
312:
286:Onthophagini
276:Oniticellini
271:Odontolomini
256:Deltochilini
218:Scarabaeinae
217:
208:Scarabaeidae
123:
35:Scarabaeinae
29:
1663:iNaturalist
1573:Wikispecies
1062:Glyphoderus
1048:Ennearabdus
972:Cheironitis
933:Scarabaeini
869:Neosisyphus
855:Scarabaeini
843:Eurysternus
833:Oniticellus
735:Proagoderus
728:Onthophagus
651:Versicorpus
644:Parachorius
624:Dicranocara
617:Deltochilum
527:Heliocopris
520:Dichotomius
373:Description
296:Scarabaeini
246:Byrrhidiini
214:Subfamily:
1747:Categories
1308:10 October
1093:References
1077:Oxysternon
1034:Eucraniini
940:Scarabaeus
607:Circellium
591:Hope, 1837
587:Anachalcos
459:Sarophorus
354:Scarabaeus
298:; see text
266:Eucraniini
198:Coleoptera
178:Arthropoda
41:53–0
1118:: e1988.
1070:Phanaeini
1055:Eucranium
1028:New World
885:Old World
851:Sisyphini
445:Ateuchini
325:subfamily
313:Coprinae
291:Phanaeini
241:Ateuchini
223:Latreille
164:Kingdom:
158:Eukaryota
1611:BugGuide
1600:BioLib:
1564:Q2412715
1558:Wikidata
1486:25781019
1454:PLOS ONE
1435:29242487
1359:22224924
1283:23460906
1251:PLOS ONE
1232:23269300
1194:21594053
1144:27547512
1084:Phanaeus
876:Sisyphus
634:Epirinus
424:Taxonomy
387:pygidium
360:Sisyphus
306:Synonyms
204:Family:
174:Phylum:
168:Animalia
154:Domain:
1477:4363793
1413:Zootaxa
1394:6996933
1350:3281362
1274:3583983
1185:3088472
1166:ZooKeys
1135:4986599
955:Onitini
905:Garreta
597:Canthon
503:Coprini
452:Pedaria
411:Ecology
379:clypeus
332:species
281:Onitini
251:Coprini
194:Order:
188:Insecta
184:Class:
130:Coprini
1717:765934
1701:NZOR:
1681:678500
1668:125819
1642:191928
1484:
1474:
1433:
1392:
1357:
1347:
1281:
1271:
1230:
1192:
1182:
1142:
1132:
982:Onitis
946:Kheper
556:female
510:Copris
433:tribes
430:extant
393:Guilds
383:elytra
363:, and
348:guilds
232:Tribes
225:, 1802
1730:70043
1694:41142
1629:628NR
1390:S2CID
1228:S2CID
1112:PeerJ
962:Bubas
1689:NCBI
1676:ITIS
1616:2950
1603:7897
1482:PMID
1431:PMID
1417:4329
1355:PMID
1310:2017
1279:PMID
1190:PMID
1140:PMID
573:male
357:and
320:The
49:PreꞒ
1624:CoL
1588:AFD
1472:PMC
1462:doi
1421:doi
1382:doi
1345:PMC
1337:doi
1269:PMC
1259:doi
1220:doi
1180:PMC
1170:doi
1130:PMC
1120:doi
857:):
1749::
1727::
1714::
1691::
1678::
1665::
1652::
1639::
1626::
1613::
1590::
1575::
1560::
1480:.
1470:.
1458:10
1456:.
1452:.
1429:.
1415:.
1411:.
1388:.
1378:17
1376:.
1353:.
1343:.
1333:11
1331:.
1327:.
1300:.
1277:.
1267:.
1253:.
1249:.
1226:.
1216:25
1214:.
1202:^
1188:.
1178:.
1164:.
1152:^
1138:.
1128:.
1114:.
1110:.
369:.
132:)
99:Pg
43:Ma
1488:.
1464::
1437:.
1423::
1396:.
1384::
1361:.
1339::
1312:.
1285:.
1261::
1255:8
1234:.
1222::
1196:.
1172::
1146:.
1122::
1116:4
943:(
134:♀
128:(
104:N
94:K
89:J
84:T
79:P
74:C
69:D
64:S
59:O
54:Ꞓ
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
