1511:
1482:
1453:
1082:
786:
1325:
1128:
123:
1585:
145:
1348:
from the genus where the morphology was commonly found, although this terminology is now rarely used because of potential confusion between morphologies and genus. Modern terminology is derived from the Greek; "mastig", meaning whip (referring to the flagellum), and a prefix which indicates the location of the flagellum on the cell. For example, the amastigote (prefix "a-", meaning no flagellum) form is also known as the leishmanial form as all
849:
895:
1347:
at the base of the flagellum and all species of trypanosomatid have a single nucleus. Most of these morphologies can be found as a life cycle stage in all trypanosomatid genera however certain morphologies are particularly common in a particular genus. The various morphologies were originally named
1510:
1405:, both parasites of insects, exhibit this form during their life cycles. The flagellum exits the cell anterior of nucleus and is connected to the cell body for part of its length by an undulating membrane. The kinetoplast is located between the nucleus and the anterior end.
1481:
1215:. Different species go through a range of different morphologies at different stages of the life cycle, with most having at least two different morphologies. Typically the promastigote and epimastigote forms are found in insect hosts, trypomastigote forms in the mammalian
1452:
1383:(leptomonad). The promastigote form is a common morphology in the insect host. The flagellum is found anterior of nucleus emerging directly from the anterior cell body. The kinetoplast is located in front of the nucleus, near the anterior end of the body.
2310:
Merzlyak, Ekaterina; Yurchenko, Vyacheslav; Kolesnikov, Alexander A.; Alexandrov, Kirill; Podlipaev, Sergei A.; Maslov, Dmitri A. (2001-03-01). "Diversity and
Phylogeny of Insect Trypanosomatids Based on Small Subunit rRNA Genes: Polyphyly of
1734:.) Reflecting their inability to live alone, they have lost genes dedicated to essential biological functions, relying on the host instead. They have modified their division to become synchronized with the host. In
1933:
Abbasi, Ibrahim; Trancoso Lopo de
Queiroz, Artur; Kirstein, Oscar David; Nasereddin, Abdelmajeed; Horwitz, Ben Zion; Hailu, Asrat; Salah, Ikram; Mota, Tiago Feitosa; Fraga, Deborah Bittencourt Mothé (2018-11-13).
2766:
Legros D, Ollivier G, Gastellu-Etchegorry M, et al. (July 2002). "Treatment of human
African trypanosomiasis—present situation and needs for research and development".
1335:
A variety of different morphological forms appear in the life cycles of trypanosomatids, distinguished mainly by the position, length and the cell body attachment of the
3057:
4937:
1373:
amastigotes are particularly small and are among the smallest eukaryotic cells. The flagellum is very short, projecting only slightly beyond the flagellar pocket.
4950:
3129:
5037:
4911:
1695:) are in turn known as SHTs, for symbiont-harboring trypanosomatids. All such symbionts have a shared evolutionary origin and are classified in the
2858:"Evidence for an interplay between cell cycle progression and the initiation of differentiation between life cycle forms of African trypanosomes"
1765:
2481:
1425:
is near the posterior end of the body, and the flagellum lies attached to the cell body for most of its length by an undulating membrane.
1837:
3203:
3150:
1584:
4999:
3236:
3102:
1845:
3231:
144:
3315:
3305:
3288:
1081:
2362:
Docampo R, de Souza W, Miranda K, Rohloff P, Moreno SN (March 2005). "Acidocalcisomes — conserved from bacteria to man".
5032:
2076:
1520:
1491:
1462:
2967:
2645:"Cold shock and regulation of surface protein trafficking convey sensitization to inducers of stage differentiation in
2265:
Hoare, Cecil A.; Wallace, Franklin G. (1966). "Developmental Stages of
Trypanosomatid Flagellates: a New Terminology".
1435:(herpetomonad). A rarer morphology where the flagellum posterior of nucleus, passing through a long groove in the cell.
4846:
2943:
2364:
2074:
sp. n. (Stercoraria: Trypanosomatidae), the First Fossil
Evidence of a Triatomine-Trypanosomatid Vector Association".
1195:: they live in more than one host species over their life cycle. This heteroxenous life cycle typically includes the
1363:(leishmanial). Amastigotes are a common morphology during an intracellular lifecycle stage in a mammalian host. All
5042:
2768:
1421:
in the mammalian host bloodstream as well as infective metacyclic stages in the fly vector. In trypomastigotes the
785:
1706:
As with many symbionts, the bacteria have a much reduced genome compared to their free-living relatives of genera
4955:
3166:
3098:
2410:
Alves, JM; Serrano, MG; Maia da Silva, F; Voegtly, LJ; Matveyev, AV; Teixeira, MM; Camargo, EP; Buck, GA (2013).
1763:
Podlipaev S (May 2001). "The more insect trypanosomatids under study-the more diverse
Trypanosomatidae appears".
2113:"A new lineage of trypanosomes from Australian vertebrates and terrestrial bloodsucking leeches (Haemadipsidae)"
5027:
3320:
2862:
2817:
1285:
343:
3136:
2910:
4799:
4713:
3196:
2653:
2112:
1802:
1800:
Simpson AG, Stevens JR, Lukes J (April 2006). "The evolution and diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates".
1234:
790:
752:
465:
317:
246:
4703:
3161:
4986:
4760:
4750:
4647:
3906:
3598:
3588:
3283:
1679:
1667:
1646:
1324:
1309:
1086:
503:
296:(body) because of the corkscrew-like motion of some trypanosomatid species. All members are exclusively
186:
4837:
4755:
4725:
4449:
4407:
4221:
4194:
3502:
532:
4652:
4444:
4226:
4110:
3891:
3855:
3682:
3593:
776:
653:
565:
261:
5004:
4965:
4885:
4730:
4662:
4657:
4349:
4024:
4014:
3973:
3968:
3836:
3831:
3802:
3066:
3021:
2709:
2605:
2276:
1951:
1329:
819:
763:
675:
598:
480:
470:
430:
278:
228:
4745:
4693:
4680:
4642:
4637:
4561:
4439:
4434:
4354:
4045:
4004:
1039:
1011:
620:
251:
4864:
4688:
4595:
4151:
3901:
3881:
3860:
3807:
3534:
3390:
2963:"Role of the long slender to short stumpy transition in the life cycle of the African trypanosomes"
1673:
1500:
1471:
1313:
952:
865:
853:
708:
664:
631:
486:
233:
4505:
4429:
3999:
3994:
3886:
3742:
3640:
3635:
1054:
978:
880:
741:
697:
4566:
4556:
4125:
3672:
3395:
3300:
3278:
3266:
3241:
2935:
2389:
2344:
2292:
1987:
1914:
1685:
1616:
1579:
1525:
1290:
1228:
899:
834:
609:
587:
554:
348:
322:
139:
4991:
4590:
4573:
4551:
4120:
2903:"Antigenic variation in the African trypanosome: molecular mechanisms and phenotypic complexity"
1069:
967:
521:
4231:
3660:
1724:
691:
Svobodová et al. 2007 non
Stimpson 1860 non Nasonov 1923 non Sergio Manning & Lemaitre 1994
122:
4973:
4872:
3687:
3310:
3273:
3261:
3251:
3189:
3082:
3039:
2996:
2927:
2889:
2844:
2795:
2737:
2680:
2631:
2578:
2525:
2473:
2455:
2381:
2336:
2238:
2186:
2132:
2093:
2048:
1979:
1906:
1819:
1782:
1300:
1246:
1240:
937:
719:
362:
316:. These include several species that cause major diseases in humans. Some trypanosomatida are
131:
4942:
3677:
3171:
1022:
686:
4978:
4578:
4523:
3930:
3442:
3225:
3119:
3074:
3029:
2986:
2976:
2919:
2879:
2871:
2834:
2826:
2785:
2777:
2727:
2717:
2670:
2662:
2621:
2613:
2596:
2568:
2560:
2515:
2445:
2435:
2373:
2328:
2284:
2267:
2228:
2220:
2176:
2168:
2124:
2085:
2038:
2028:
1969:
1959:
1896:
1886:
1811:
1774:
1730:
1691:
1132:
1127:
474:
appears to be the first evolving branch in this order. Fifteen genera are recognised in the
4735:
4585:
4515:
4309:
3434:
1626:
1401:
1115:
642:
543:
498:
492:
411:
394:
339:
256:
4851:
3070:
3025:
2713:
2609:
2280:
1955:
4720:
4631:
4341:
4296:
4173:
4161:
4130:
3650:
3630:
3555:
3256:
3094:
2884:
2857:
2839:
2808:
2626:
2591:
2573:
2544:
2520:
2503:
2450:
2411:
2332:
2233:
2208:
2181:
2156:
2043:
2008:
1974:
1935:
1636:
1606:
1552:
1540:
1295:
1188:
848:
357:
286:
176:
2991:
2962:
2781:
2675:
2644:
2209:"Sex in protists: A new perspective on the reproduction mechanisms of trypanosomatids"
1778:
5021:
4528:
4396:
4287:
4204:
3819:
3759:
3610:
3583:
3465:
3124:
2923:
2732:
2693:
2155:
Silva
Pereira, Sara; Trindade, Sandra; De Niz, Mariana; Figueiredo, Luisa M. (2019).
1918:
1714:
1275:
1220:
381:
371:
275:
80:
2939:
2393:
2348:
2224:
1991:
1445:. A morphotype where the flagellum does not extend beyond the deep flagellar pocket.
4877:
4600:
4387:
4100:
3797:
3754:
3749:
3400:
3375:
2296:
2111:
Hamilton, P. B.; Stevens, J. R.; Gidley, J.; Holz, P.; Gibson, W. C. (April 2005).
1665:, termed TPE (trypanosomatid proteobacterial endosymbionts). These trypansomatids (
1662:
1495:
1192:
443:
309:
3176:
2128:
4924:
4831:
4616:
4483:
4278:
4216:
4095:
3792:
3775:
3731:
3722:
3380:
2758:
2754:
1743:
1661:
Six species of trypanosomatids are known to carry an additional proteobacterial
1422:
1417:
1340:
1216:
1168:
804:
460:
424:
415:
367:
55:
2702:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1944:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4546:
4211:
3784:
3712:
3667:
3476:
2545:"'GPEET' procyclin is the major surface protein of procyclic culture forms of
1891:
1870:
1708:
1696:
1548:
1504:. The cell body is shown in orange and the flagellum is in red. 119 pixels/μm.
1475:. The cell body is shown in orange and the flagellum is in red. 219 pixels/μm.
1466:
1365:
1359:
1350:
1344:
1280:
1252:
1204:
1157:
1100:
989:
926:
730:
576:
502:
are characterised by the presence of obligatory intracellular bacteria of the
454:
448:
419:
407:
376:
353:
305:
166:
100:
65:
4822:
3133:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 340–347.
2592:"A surface transporter family conveys the trypanosome differentiation signal"
1815:
1529:. The cell body is shown in orange and the flagellum is in red. 84 pixels/μm.
4898:
4859:
4493:
4470:
4417:
4377:
4184:
4071:
4064:
3950:
3918:
3623:
3385:
1964:
1556:
1544:
1395:
1336:
1196:
1146:
1000:
915:
282:
156:
105:
49:
17:
3078:
3043:
3000:
2931:
2902:
2875:
2848:
2799:
2741:
2722:
2684:
2635:
2529:
2459:
2385:
2340:
2242:
2190:
2136:
2097:
2052:
2033:
1983:
1910:
1823:
1786:
304:. A few genera have life-cycles involving a secondary host, which may be a
3156:
3086:
2981:
2893:
2582:
2089:
1256:
spp. are intracellular. Trypanosomatids with intracellular stages express
4816:
4424:
4304:
4264:
3913:
3618:
3425:
3367:
3295:
3212:
2440:
1936:"Plant-feeding phlebotomine sand flies, vectors of leishmaniasis, prefer
1596:
297:
95:
90:
75:
70:
60:
43:
2698:
CTP synthetase: a target for the treatment of African sleeping sickness"
2617:
2377:
2172:
1901:
894:
4916:
3358:
3337:
2790:
2666:
1305:
110:
85:
4929:
2830:
2564:
2288:
2150:
2148:
2146:
1539:
Notable characteristics of trypanosomatids are the ability to perform
1393:(crithidial). Epimastigotes are a common form in the insect host and
1200:
403:
301:
39:
4793:
3034:
3009:
4903:
3118:
1323:
1212:
1208:
1126:
1080:
893:
847:
784:
399:
335:
313:
3051:
Sherwin T, Gull K; Gull (June 1989). "The cell division cycle of
2692:
Hofer A, Steverding D, Chabes A, Brun R, Thelander L (May 2001).
2416:
Kinetoplastibacterium, the betaproteobacterial endosymbionts of
1739:
1719:
1207:. Rarer hosts include other bloodsucking invertebrates, such as
4797:
3185:
1266:, 2015 illuminates δ-amastins' roles in intracellular success.
428:
is also represented in Dominican amber in the extinct species
4890:
2543:
Bütikofer P, Ruepp S, Boschung M, Roditi I (September 1997).
2017:
sp. n. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) in Dominican amber"
374:(a set of trypanosomal diseases caused by various species of
3139:). A comprehensive survey of the organisms' natural history.
3181:
2207:
Silva, Verônica Santana da; Machado, Carlos Renato (2022).
2504:"Endosymbiosis in protozoa of the Trypanosomatidae family"
1415:(trypanosomal). This stage is characteristic of the genus
3055:: timing of event markers and cytoskeletal modulations".
1742:
and producing essential enzymes, staying tethered to the
1274:
Trypanosomatids that cause globally known diseases such
2901:
Morrison LJ, Marcello L, McCulloch R (December 2009).
392:
The family is known from fossils of the extinct genus
2590:
Dean S, Marchetti R, Kirk K, Matthews KR (May 2009).
1838:"Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness)"
4806:
4673:
4624:
4615:
4539:
4514:
4492:
4468:
4395:
4386:
4375:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4262:
4172:
4141:
4088:
4081:
4056:
4035:
3984:
3958:
3949:
3871:
3845:
3818:
3783:
3774:
3730:
3721:
3710:
3609:
3573:
3566:
3545:
3524:
3517:
3492:
3485:
3474:
3463:
3433:
3424:
3417:
3366:
3357:
3350:
3335:
3058:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
2070:sp. n. (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), and
1738:at least, the TPE helps the host by synthesizing
2643:Engstler M, Boshart M; Boshart (November 2004).
338:diseases caused by trypanosomatids are; African
2412:"Genome evolution and phylogenomic analysis of
2405:
2403:
1869:Rêgo, Felipe D.; Soares, Rodrigo Pedro (2021).
3197:
2013:sp. n. (Diptera: Phlebotomidae), a vector of
1312:. These findings indicate the capability for
8:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2202:
2200:
1369:have an amastigote stage of the lifecycle.
4794:
4621:
4498:
4476:
4465:
4392:
4383:
4337:
4330:
4292:
4283:
4274:
4270:
4085:
3955:
3824:
3780:
3727:
3718:
3570:
3521:
3489:
3482:
3471:
3430:
3421:
3363:
3354:
3347:
3343:
3204:
3190:
3182:
1568:
1187:Some trypanosomatids only occupy a single
121:
31:
27:Group of single-celled parasitic organisms
3033:
2990:
2980:
2883:
2838:
2789:
2731:
2721:
2674:
2625:
2572:
2519:
2474:"GTDB - Tree at g__Kinetoplastibacterium"
2449:
2439:
2232:
2180:
2042:
2032:
1973:
1963:
1900:
1890:
1879:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
1559:, was first identified in trypanosomes.
2856:Matthews KR, Gull K; Gull (June 1994).
1755:
1448:
2961:Seed JR, Wenck MA; Wenck (June 2003).
2321:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2157:"Tissue tropism in parasitic diseases"
2117:International Journal for Parasitology
1766:International Journal for Parasitology
281:distinguished by having only a single
1354:have an amastigote life cycle stage.
1343:is found closely associated with the
1262:proteins on their surfaces. de Paiva
735:Bulat, Mokrousov & Podlipaev 1999
636:Nicoli, Penaud & Timon-David 1972
625:Nicoli, Penaud & Timon-David 1972
7:
4966:1e5d8dc1-3a43-4d34-8e01-c523edd073a4
3153:, Trypanosomatid specific ontologies
1875:: an update on this sand fly vector"
2809:"The developmental cell biology of
2502:de Souza, W.; Motta, M. C. (1999).
356:), South American trypanosomiasis (
3010:"Microbiology: Signals for change"
2521:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1999.tb13477.x
2333:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00298.x
2077:Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
1848:from the original on 20 April 2018
1288:referred to as sleeping sickness (
1203:and the blood and/or tissues of a
478:and there are three subfamilies –
320:, with the important exception of
25:
2968:Kinetoplastid Biology and Disease
2749:Janovy, J; Roberts, L.S. (2005).
1226:Among commonly studied examples,
3117:Woodcock, Harold Mellor (1911).
2924:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01383.x
1927:This review cites this research.
1583:
1509:
1480:
1451:
446:(two hosts in the life cycle) –
143:
5038:Extant Albian first appearances
3105:from the original on 2016-12-04
2949:from the original on 2021-10-20
2484:from the original on 2022-12-20
2225:10.1590/1678-4685-GMB-2022-0065
285:. The name is derived from the
2213:Genetics and Molecular Biology
1304:) were found to be capable of
1211:, and other organisms such as
1027:Shaw, Camargo et Teixeira 2016
496:. The genera in the subfamily
468:(one host in the life cycle).
1:
3157:Tree of Life: Trypanosomatida
2782:10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00321-3
1779:10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00139-4
1523:micrograph of procyclic form
1074:Kostygov & Yurchenko 2015
1044:Kostygov & Yurchenko 2015
972:Kostygov & Yurchenko 2017
870:sensu Maslov & Lukeš 2012
746:Kostygov & Yurchenko 2014
2807:Matthews KR (January 2005).
2428:Genome Biology and Evolution
2129:10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.12.005
2751:Foundations of Parasitology
2365:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2015:Paleoleishmania neotropicum
1151:Souza & Corte-Real 1991
603:Podlipaev & Frolov 2000
581:Votypka & Hamilton 2015
5059:
2769:Lancet Infectious Diseases
1722:finds the genus sister to
1059:Kent 1880 non Donovan 1909
614:Chalmers 1918 nomen dubium
4501:
4479:
4464:
4273:
3827:
3346:
3219:
3162:Taxonomya at BOLD Systems
3099:World Health Organization
3095:"African trypanosomiasis"
3053:Trypanosoma brucei brucei
2547:Trypanosoma brucei brucei
2508:FEMS Microbiology Letters
1892:10.1590/0001-37652021XXXX
1580:Scientific classification
1578:
1571:
1543:of RNA and possession of
1244:are extracellular, while
983:Mesnil & Brimont 1908
839:Votypka & Suková 2013
824:Votypka & Suková 2013
647:Poinar & Poinar, 2004
225:
220:
140:Scientific classification
138:
129:
120:
34:
1816:10.1016/j.pt.2006.02.006
1316:in the Trypanosomatida.
1191:, while many others are
768:Votypka & Lukes 2013
757:Votýpka & Lukeš 2013
3167:Taxonomy at Taxonomicon
3130:Encyclopædia Britannica
2863:Journal of Cell Biology
2818:Journal of Cell Science
2654:Genes & Development
2021:Parasites & Vectors
1965:10.1073/pnas.1810435115
1650:"Kinetoplastibacterium"
1286:African trypanosomiasis
957:Maslov & Lukeš 2012
885:Maslov & Lukeš 2012
318:intracellular parasites
3079:10.1098/rstb.1989.0037
2876:10.1083/jcb.125.5.1147
2723:10.1073/pnas.111139498
2034:10.1186/1756-3305-1-22
1803:Trends in Parasitology
1563:Bacterial endosymbiont
1547:, where much of their
1332:
1173:Lwoff & Lwoff 1931
1136:
1090:
903:
857:
794:
791:Trypanosoma equiperdum
4987:Paleobiology Database
3008:Shadan S (May 2009).
2982:10.1186/1475-9292-2-3
2911:Cellular Microbiology
2090:10.1089/vbz.2005.5.72
1873:Lutzomyia longipalpis
1701:Kinetoplastibacterium
1668:Strigomonas oncopelti
1573:Kinetoplastibacterium
1327:
1130:
1084:
1016:Cupolillo et al. 2000
897:
851:
788:
504:Kinetoplastibacterium
464:. The remainder are
398:preserved in Burmese
300:, found primarily in
279:unicellular organisms
4714:Spirotrichonymphidae
4710:Spirotrichonymphida
3120:"Trypanosomes"
2072:Trypanosoma antiquus
2066:Poinar, G. (2005). "
1551:is confined to. The
753:Paratrypanosomatinae
247:Paratrypanosomatinae
5033:Parasitic excavates
4704:Hypotrichomonadidae
4700:Hypotrichomonadida
3071:1989RSPTB.323..573S
3026:2009Natur.459..175S
2714:2001PNAS...98.6412H
2618:10.1038/nature07997
2610:2009Natur.459..213D
2553:Biochemical Journal
2478:gtdb.ecogenomic.org
2378:10.1038/nrmicro1097
2281:1966Natur.212.1385H
2173:10.1098/rsob.190036
2068:Triatoma dominicana
2007:Poinar, G. (2008).
1956:2018PNAS..11511790A
1950:(46): 11790–11795.
1501:Leishmania mexicana
1472:Leishmania mexicana
1314:sexual reproduction
1270:Sexual reproduction
1219:and amastigotes in
1162:Votypka et al. 2014
1120:Votypka et al. 2014
1005:Votýpka et al. 2015
854:Leishmania donovani
366:and transmitted by
352:and transmitted by
241:Clade Leishmaniatae
4761:Tritrichomonadidae
4751:Monocercomonadidae
4742:Tritrichomonadida
4648:Spirotrichosomidae
3907:Trypanoplasmatidae
3872:Metakinetoplastina
3852:Prokinetoplastida
3599:Psalteriomonadidae
3589:Paravahlkampfiidae
3172:Open Tree Taxonomy
2811:Trypanosoma brucei
2696:Trypanosoma brucei
2667:10.1101/gad.323404
2647:Trypanosoma brucei
2441:10.1093/gbe/evt012
2011:Lutzomyia adiketis
1686:Angomonas desouzai
1617:Betaproteobacteria
1526:Trypanosoma brucei
1333:
1291:Trypanosoma brucei
1199:of a bloodsucking
1137:
1091:
1087:Phytomonas serpens
904:
900:Crithidia luciliae
858:
795:
349:Trypanosoma brucei
330:Medical importance
323:Trypanosoma brucei
238:Clade Crithidiatae
187:Metakinetoplastina
5043:Euglenozoa orders
5015:
5014:
4974:Open Tree of Life
4800:Taxon identifiers
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4756:Simplicimonadidae
4726:Honigbergiellidae
4611:
4610:
4529:Carpediemonadidae
4460:
4459:
4450:Streblomastigidae
4408:Paratrimastigidae
4404:Paratrimastigida
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4222:Euglenamorphaceae
4195:Euglenomonadaceae
4191:Euglenomonadales
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3846:Prokinetoplastina
3770:
3769:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3688:Stephanopogonidae
3556:Neovahlkampfiidae
3552:Neovahlkampfiida
3513:
3512:
3503:Pharyngomonadidae
3499:Pharyngomonadida
3493:Pharyngomonadidea
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
2831:10.1242/jcs.01649
2761:. pp. 61–69.
2565:10.1042/bj3260415
2289:10.1038/2121385a0
1659:
1658:
1655:
1301:Trypanosoma cruzi
1174:
1163:
1152:
1121:
1106:
1075:
1060:
1045:
1028:
1017:
1006:
995:
984:
973:
958:
943:
932:
921:
886:
871:
840:
825:
810:
769:
758:
747:
736:
725:
714:
703:
692:
681:
670:
659:
648:
637:
626:
615:
604:
593:
582:
571:
560:
549:
538:
533:Batracoleishmania
527:
516:
442:Three genera are
344:sleeping sickness
269:
268:
216:
202:
132:Trypanosoma cruzi
16:(Redirected from
5050:
5008:
5007:
4995:
4994:
4982:
4981:
4969:
4968:
4959:
4958:
4946:
4945:
4933:
4932:
4920:
4919:
4907:
4906:
4894:
4893:
4881:
4880:
4868:
4867:
4855:
4854:
4852:Trypanosomatidae
4842:
4841:
4840:
4838:Trypanosomatidae
4827:
4826:
4825:
4808:Trypanosomatidae
4795:
4653:Staurojoeninidae
4622:
4601:Retortamonadidae
4524:Carpediemonadida
4499:
4477:
4466:
4445:Saccinobaculidae
4393:
4384:
4338:
4331:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4271:
4227:Euglenocapsaceae
4111:Heteronemataceae
4107:Heteronematales
4086:
3956:
3931:Trypanosomatidae
3892:Rhynchomonadidae
3856:Ichthyobodonidae
3825:
3781:
3728:
3719:
3683:Percolomonadidae
3594:Plaesiobystridae
3571:
3522:
3490:
3483:
3472:
3443:Tsukubamonadidae
3431:
3422:
3364:
3355:
3348:
3344:
3248:
3228:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3183:
3134:
3122:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3090:
3065:(1218): 573–88.
3047:
3037:
3004:
2994:
2984:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2907:
2897:
2887:
2852:
2842:
2825:(Pt 2): 283–90.
2803:
2793:
2762:
2753:(7th ed.).
2745:
2735:
2725:
2688:
2678:
2661:(22): 2798–811.
2639:
2629:
2586:
2576:
2559:(Pt 2): 415–23.
2534:
2533:
2523:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2275:(5068): 1385–6.
2262:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2219:(3): e20220065.
2204:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2036:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1977:
1967:
1922:
1904:
1894:
1885:(3): e20200254.
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1760:
1731:Diaphorina citri
1728:, a symbiont of
1653:
1588:
1587:
1569:
1513:
1484:
1455:
1443:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1431:Opisthomastigote
1413:
1412:
1391:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1310:genetic exchange
1261:
1260:
1172:
1161:
1150:
1133:Angomonas deanei
1119:
1104:
1073:
1058:
1043:
1026:
1015:
1004:
993:
982:
971:
956:
941:
930:
919:
884:
869:
838:
823:
808:
777:Trypanosomatinae
767:
756:
745:
734:
723:
712:
701:
690:
679:
668:
657:
654:Paleotrypanosoma
646:
635:
624:
613:
602:
591:
580:
569:
566:Cystotrypanosoma
558:
547:
536:
525:
514:
512:Trypanosomatidae
476:Trypanosomatidae
334:The three major
262:Trypanosomatinae
214:
211:Trypanosomatidae
200:
148:
147:
125:
115:
52:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5028:Trypanosomatida
5018:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5003:
4998:
4990:
4985:
4977:
4972:
4964:
4962:
4954:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4928:
4923:
4915:
4910:
4902:
4897:
4889:
4884:
4876:
4871:
4863:
4858:
4850:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4802:
4792:
4767:
4736:Trichomonadidae
4731:Tricercomitidae
4685:Cristamonadida
4669:
4663:Trichonymphidae
4658:Teratonymphidae
4607:
4596:Chilomastigidae
4586:Retortamonadida
4535:
4516:Carpediemonadea
4510:
4488:
4473:
4456:
4380:
4359:
4350:Ancyromonadidae
4314:
4310:Malawimonadidae
4267:
4238:
4168:
4137:
4077:
4052:
4031:
4025:Sphenomonadidae
4015:Sphenomonadidae
3980:
3974:Sphenomonadidae
3969:Petalomonadidae
3965:Petalomonadida
3937:
3926:Trypanosomatida
3867:
3841:
3837:Trypanophididae
3832:Bordnamonadidae
3814:
3803:Eupelagonemidae
3766:
3715:
3694:
3668:Percolomonadida
3605:
3562:
3546:Neovahlkampfiea
3541:
3509:
3479:
3468:
3447:
3435:Tsukubamonadida
3405:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3246:
3224:
3215:
3210:
3147:
3142:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3101:. August 2006.
3093:
3050:
3035:10.1038/459175a
3007:
2960:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2918:(12): 1724–34.
2905:
2900:
2855:
2806:
2765:
2748:
2691:
2642:
2604:(7244): 213–7.
2589:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2317:Blastocrithidia
2309:
2308:
2304:
2264:
2263:
2250:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2154:
2153:
2144:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1938:Cannabis sativa
1932:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1773:(5–6): 648–52.
1762:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1654:Du et al., 1994
1652:
1627:Burkholderiales
1582:
1565:
1537:
1530:
1519:: False colour
1514:
1505:
1490:: False colour
1485:
1476:
1461:: False colour
1456:
1440:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1410:
1409:
1402:Blastocrithidia
1388:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1322:
1272:
1258:
1257:
1223:environments.
1185:
1116:Strigomonadinae
820:Blechomonadinae
764:Paratrypanosoma
702:Danilewsky 1885
676:Sauroleishmania
643:Paleoleishmania
599:Leptowallaceina
544:Blastocrithidia
499:Strigomonadinae
493:Strigomonadinae
481:Blechomonadinae
471:Paratrypanosoma
440:
418:(20–15 mya) of
412:Dominican amber
395:Paleoleishmania
390:
380:transmitted by
340:trypanosomiasis
332:
272:Trypanosomatida
257:Strigomonadinae
229:Blechomonadinae
213:
199:
197:Trypanosomatida
142:
116:
114:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
47:
46:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5056:
5054:
5046:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5020:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
4996:
4983:
4970:
4960:
4947:
4934:
4921:
4908:
4895:
4882:
4869:
4856:
4843:
4828:
4812:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:Dientamoebidae
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4721:Trichomonadida
4718:
4717:
4716:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4694:Devescovinidae
4691:
4683:
4681:Hexamastigidae
4677:
4675:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4643:Hoplonymphidae
4640:
4638:Burmanymphidae
4632:Trichonymphida
4628:
4626:
4619:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4591:Caviomonadidae
4583:
4582:
4581:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4562:Spironucleidae
4559:
4554:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4520:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4486:
4484:Anaeramoebidae
4480:
4474:
4469:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4440:Pyrsonymphidae
4437:
4435:Polymastigidae
4432:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4401:
4399:
4390:
4381:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4355:Planomonadidae
4352:
4346:
4344:
4342:Ancyromonadida
4335:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4297:Malawimonadida
4290:
4281:
4268:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4178:
4176:
4174:Euglenophyceae
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4162:Peranemataceae
4156:
4155:
4154:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4131:Neometanemidae
4128:
4123:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4092:
4090:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4068:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4046:Entosiphonidae
4042:Entosiphonida
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4011:Heterostavida
4009:
4008:
4007:
4005:Lentomonadidae
4002:
3997:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3971:
3962:
3960:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3789:
3787:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3736:
3734:
3725:
3716:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3651:Vahlkampfiidae
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3577:
3575:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3528:
3526:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3496:
3494:
3487:
3486:Pharyngomonada
3480:
3475:
3469:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3352:
3341:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:Mesomycetozoea
3318:
3313:
3303:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3257:Diaphoretickes
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3146:
3145:External links
3143:
3141:
3140:
3125:Chisholm, Hugh
3114:
3091:
3048:
3005:
2958:
2898:
2870:(5): 1147–56.
2853:
2804:
2763:
2746:
2708:(11): 6412–6.
2689:
2640:
2587:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2494:
2465:
2399:
2354:
2327:(2): 161–169.
2302:
2248:
2196:
2142:
2123:(4): 431–443.
2103:
2058:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1859:
1829:
1792:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1657:
1656:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:Alcaligenaceae
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:Pseudomonadota
1604:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1576:
1575:
1564:
1561:
1553:acidocalcisome
1541:trans-splicing
1536:
1535:Other features
1533:
1532:
1531:
1517:Trypomastigote
1515:
1508:
1506:
1494:micrograph of
1486:
1479:
1477:
1465:micrograph of
1457:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1426:
1411:Trypomastigote
1406:
1384:
1374:
1321:
1318:
1296:Chagas disease
1271:
1268:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1164:
1153:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1047:
1046:
1040:Phytomonadinae
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1018:
1012:Paraleishmania
1007:
996:
985:
974:
960:
959:
947:
946:
945:
944:
933:
922:
892:
891:
890:
889:
888:
887:
873:
872:
846:
845:
844:
843:
842:
841:
827:
826:
814:
813:
812:
811:
783:
782:
781:
780:
772:
771:
770:
748:
737:
726:
715:
704:
693:
682:
671:
660:
649:
638:
627:
621:Malacozoomonas
616:
605:
594:
583:
572:
561:
550:
539:
528:
439:
436:
402:dating to the
389:
386:
358:Chagas disease
331:
328:
274:is a group of
267:
266:
265:
264:
259:
254:
252:Phytomonadinae
249:
244:
243:
242:
239:
231:
223:
222:
218:
217:
208:
204:
203:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
136:
135:
127:
126:
118:
117:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
53:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5055:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4689:Calonymphidae
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:Trichomonadea
4672:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:Trichonymphea
4623:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4547:Diplomonadida
4545:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4418:Trimastigidae
4416:
4415:
4414:Trimastigida
4413:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4397:Anaeromonadea
4394:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4374:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4325:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4288:Malawimonadea
4285:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4206:
4205:Eutreptiaceae
4203:
4202:
4201:Eutreptiales
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:Peranematida
4157:
4153:
4152:Teloproctidae
4150:
4149:
4148:Acroglissida
4147:
4146:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4117:Natomonadida
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3959:Petalomonadea
3957:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:Parabodonidae
3900:
3899:
3898:Parabodonida
3897:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3882:Allobodonidae
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3861:Perkinselidae
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Kinetoplastea
3817:
3809:
3808:Hemistasiidae
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3761:
3760:Postgaardidae
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3709:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3611:Heterolobosea
3608:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3584:Gruberellidae
3582:
3581:
3580:Lyromonadida
3579:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3535:Selenaionidae
3533:
3532:
3531:Selenaionida
3530:
3529:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:Discicristata
3462:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3418:Tsukubamonada
3416:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:Moramonadidae
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3284:Stramenopiles
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3247:(major groups
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3020:(7244): 175.
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2812:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:(7): 437–40.
2775:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2434:(2): 338–50.
2433:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2372:(3): 251–61.
2371:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:(5): 190036.
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2000:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1939:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:(4): 168–74.
1809:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1759:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1715:Achromobacter
1711:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1441:Endomastigote
1437:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1276:leishmaniasis
1269:
1267:
1265:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:T. congolense
1231:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1221:intracellular
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
986:
981:
980:
975:
970:
969:
964:
963:
962:
961:
955:
954:
953:Leishmaniatae
949:
948:
940:
939:
934:
929:
928:
923:
918:
917:
912:
911:
910:
909:
908:
907:
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
883:
882:
877:
876:
875:
874:
868:
867:
866:Leishmaniinae
862:
861:
860:
859:
856:
855:
850:
837:
836:
831:
830:
829:
828:
822:
821:
816:
815:
807:
806:
801:
800:
799:
798:
797:
796:
793:
792:
787:
779:
778:
773:
766:
765:
760:
759:
755:
754:
749:
744:
743:
738:
733:
732:
727:
724:Lankester 187
722:
721:
716:
713:Woodcock 1906
711:
710:
709:Trypanomorpha
705:
700:
699:
694:
689:
688:
683:
678:
677:
672:
667:
666:
665:Paramecioides
661:
656:
655:
650:
645:
644:
639:
634:
633:
632:Nematodomonas
628:
623:
622:
617:
612:
611:
606:
601:
600:
595:
590:
589:
584:
579:
578:
573:
568:
567:
562:
557:
556:
551:
546:
545:
540:
537:Dasgupta 2011
535:
534:
529:
524:
523:
518:
517:
513:
509:
508:
507:
505:
501:
500:
495:
494:
489:
488:
487:Leishmaniinae
483:
482:
477:
473:
472:
467:
463:
462:
457:
456:
451:
450:
445:
437:
435:
433:
432:
427:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:
387:
385:
383:
379:
378:
373:
372:leishmaniasis
369:
365:
364:
359:
355:
351:
350:
345:
341:
337:
329:
327:
325:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:
284:
280:
277:
276:kinetoplastid
273:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
240:
237:
236:
235:
234:Leishmaniinae
232:
230:
227:
226:
224:
219:
212:
209:
206:
205:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
177:Kinetoplastea
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
146:
141:
137:
134:
133:
128:
124:
119:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
51:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
4807:
4506:Kipferliidae
4430:Oxymonadidae
4388:Anaeromonada
4334:Planomonadea
4101:Anisonemidae
4070:
4063:
4036:Entosiphonea
4000:Keelungiidae
3995:Decastavidae
3991:Decastavida
3925:
3887:Neobodonidae
3878:Neobodonida
3798:Diplonemidae
3755:Calkinsiidae
3750:Postgaardida
3743:Bihospitidae
3739:Bihospitida
3647:Tetramitida
3641:Naegleriidae
3636:Tulamoebidae
3567:Eutetramitia
3401:Stygiellidae
3376:Andaluciidae
3306:Opisthokonta
3128:
3107:. Retrieved
3062:
3056:
3052:
3017:
3013:
2972:
2966:
2951:. Retrieved
2915:
2909:
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2861:
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2816:
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2773:
2767:
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2695:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2601:
2595:
2556:
2552:
2546:
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2507:
2497:
2486:. Retrieved
2477:
2468:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2272:
2266:
2216:
2212:
2164:
2161:Open Biology
2160:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2084:(1): 72–81.
2081:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1921:. e20200254.
1902:11336/166702
1882:
1878:
1872:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1841:
1832:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1713:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1663:endosymbiont
1660:
1647:
1572:
1566:
1538:
1524:
1516:
1499:
1496:promastigote
1488:Promastigote
1487:
1470:
1458:
1438:
1428:
1416:
1408:
1400:
1394:
1389:Epimastigote
1386:
1379:Promastigote
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1349:
1334:
1330:morphologies
1320:Morphologies
1299:
1289:
1279:
1273:
1263:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1193:heteroxenous
1186:
1167:
1156:
1145:
1131:
1113:
1105:Donovan 1909
1099:
1085:
1068:
1055:Herpetomonas
1053:
1037:
1021:
1010:
999:
988:
979:Endotrypanum
977:
966:
950:
942:Schwarz 2015
936:
925:
914:
898:
881:Crithidiatae
878:
863:
852:
833:
817:
803:
789:
774:
762:
750:
742:Wallacemonas
740:
729:
718:
707:
698:Trypanomonas
696:
685:
674:
663:
652:
641:
630:
619:
608:
597:
586:
575:
570:Roubaud 1911
564:
559:Roubaud 1911
553:
542:
531:
520:
515:Calkins 1926
511:
497:
491:
485:
479:
475:
469:
459:
453:
447:
441:
429:
423:
422:. The genus
393:
391:
375:
361:
360:, caused by
354:tsetse flies
347:
346:, caused by
333:
321:
310:invertebrate
293:
292:(borer) and
289:
271:
270:
215:Doflein 1901
210:
196:
130:
35:Trypanosomes
29:
18:Trypanosomes
4925:iNaturalist
4832:Wikispecies
4617:Parabasalia
4579:Dysnectidae
4567:Hexamitidae
4557:Octomitidae
4540:Eopharyngia
4425:Oxymonadida
4327:Planomonada
4217:Euglenaceae
4126:Distigmidae
4096:Anisonemida
4021:Ploeotiida
3793:Diplonemida
3776:Glycomonada
3732:Postgaardea
3723:Postgaardia
3673:Barbeliidae
3631:Naegleriida
3574:Lyromonadea
3396:Ophirinidae
3381:Histionidae
2791:10144/18268
2759:McGraw Hill
2755:New York NY
2549:strain 427"
2418:Strigomonas
1842:www.who.int
1744:kinetoplast
1423:kinetoplast
1418:Trypanosoma
1341:kinetoplast
1217:bloodstream
1169:Strigomonas
835:Blechomonas
805:Trypanosoma
680:Ranque 1973
669:Grassé 1882
658:Poinar 2008
610:Lewisonella
588:Lamellasoma
555:Cercoplasma
526:Grassé 1952
461:Trypanosoma
431:T. antiquus
425:Trypanosoma
416:Burdigalian
370:bugs), and
48:100–0
5022:Categories
4574:Dysnectida
4552:Giardiidae
4378:Metamonada
4212:Euglenales
4121:Astasiidae
4089:Anisonemea
3785:Diplonemea
3713:Euglenozoa
3518:Tetramitia
3477:Percolozoa
3177:ZipcodeZoo
3151:Trykipedia
3109:2020-10-05
2953:2019-07-10
2514:(1): 1–8.
2488:2022-12-20
2414:Candidatus
2313:Leptomonas
1750:References
1736:S. culicis
1709:Taylorella
1697:Candidatus
1674:S. culicis
1555:, another
1549:glycolysis
1545:glycosomes
1467:amastigote
1459:Amastigote
1371:Leishmania
1366:Leishmania
1360:Amastigote
1351:Leishmania
1345:basal body
1284:species),
1281:Leishmania
1253:Leishmania
1205:vertebrate
1183:Life cycle
1158:Kentomonas
1114:Subfamily
1101:Phytomonas
1070:Lafontella
1038:Subfamily
990:Leishmania
968:Borovskyia
927:Leptomonas
920:Léger 1902
864:Subfamily
818:Subfamily
809:Gruby 1843
775:Subfamily
751:Subfamily
731:Wallaceina
592:Davis 1947
577:Jaenimonas
548:Laird 1959
522:Agamomonas
466:monoxenous
455:Phytomonas
449:Leishmania
420:Hispaniola
377:Leishmania
368:triatomine
306:vertebrate
221:Subfamily
183:Subclass:
167:Euglenozoa
4860:AlgaeBase
4494:Fornicata
4471:Trichozoa
4232:Phacaceae
4185:Rapazidae
4181:Rapazida
4142:Peranemea
4082:Spirocuta
3951:Euglenida
3919:Bodonidae
3661:Creneidae
3657:Creneida
3624:Acrasidae
3386:Jakobidae
3301:Amoebozoa
3279:Alveolata
3267:Cryptista
3242:Eukaryota
2422:Angomonas
2027:(1): 22.
1919:233743387
1725:Proftella
1692:A. deanei
1680:S. galati
1557:organelle
1396:Crithidia
1337:flagellum
1328:Six main
1259:δ-amastin
1229:T. brucei
1197:intestine
1147:Angomonas
1001:Novymonas
994:Ross 1903
931:Kent 1880
916:Crithidia
414:from the
388:Evolution
382:sandflies
298:parasitic
283:flagellum
201:Kent 1880
157:Eukaryota
4817:Wikidata
4305:Imasidae
4279:Neolouka
4265:Loukozoa
4065:Hemiolia
3985:Alistosa
3914:Bodonida
3619:Acrasida
3426:Tsukubea
3368:Jakobida
3351:Jakobida
3296:Amorphea
3274:Rhizaria
3262:Hacrobia
3252:Excavata
3237:Bacteria
3213:Excavata
3103:Archived
3044:19444199
3001:12844365
2975:(1): 3.
2944:Archived
2940:26552797
2932:19751359
2849:15654017
2800:12127356
2742:11353848
2685:15545633
2636:19444208
2530:10220875
2482:Archived
2460:23345457
2394:31935658
2386:15738951
2349:13880469
2341:12095103
2243:36218381
2191:31088251
2137:15777919
2098:15815152
2053:18627624
1992:53112660
1984:30373823
1911:33950136
1846:Archived
1824:16504583
1787:11334958
1633:Family:
1603:Phylum:
1597:Bacteria
1593:Domain:
1247:T. cruzi
1241:T. vivax
938:Lotmaria
720:Undulina
506:genus.
444:dixenous
438:Taxonomy
363:T. cruzi
207:Family:
163:Phylum:
153:Domain:
4917:6009069
4823:Q132954
4072:Liburna
4057:Karavia
3678:Lulidae
3525:Lunosea
3359:Jakobea
3338:Discoba
3311:Animals
3232:Archaea
3127:(ed.).
3087:2568647
3067:Bibcode
3022:Bibcode
2894:8195296
2885:2120053
2840:2686837
2710:Bibcode
2627:2685892
2606:Bibcode
2583:9291113
2574:1218686
2451:3590767
2297:4164112
2277:Bibcode
2234:9552303
2182:6544988
2044:2491605
1975:6243281
1952:Bibcode
1699:genus "
1643:Genus:
1623:Order:
1613:Class:
1306:meiosis
1294:), and
1209:leeches
1023:Zelonia
687:Sergeia
651:Genus †
640:Genus †
510:Family
302:insects
290:trypano
193:Order:
173:Class:
5005:387397
4992:228306
4979:192256
4963:NZOR:
4943:113212
4930:152057
4904:1TRYPF
4865:162681
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1144:Genus
1098:Genus
1067:Genus
1052:Genus
1020:Genus
1009:Genus
998:Genus
987:Genus
976:Genus
965:Genus
951:Clade
935:Genus
924:Genus
913:Genus
879:Clade
832:Genus
802:Genus
761:Genus
739:Genus
728:Genus
717:Genus
706:Genus
695:Genus
684:Genus
673:Genus
662:Genus
629:Genus
618:Genus
607:Genus
596:Genus
585:Genus
574:Genus
563:Genus
552:Genus
541:Genus
530:Genus
519:Genus
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404:Albian
44:recent
40:Albian
5000:WoRMS
4938:IRMNG
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2947:(PDF)
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2390:S2CID
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2293:S2CID
1988:S2CID
1915:S2CID
1498:form
1469:form
406:(100
400:amber
336:human
314:plant
287:Greek
4956:5654
4951:NCBI
4912:GBIF
4899:EPPO
4891:4856
3083:PMID
3040:PMID
2997:PMID
2928:PMID
2890:PMID
2845:PMID
2796:PMID
2738:PMID
2681:PMID
2632:PMID
2579:PMID
2526:PMID
2456:PMID
2420:and
2382:PMID
2337:PMID
2315:and
2239:PMID
2187:PMID
2133:PMID
2094:PMID
2049:PMID
1980:PMID
1907:PMID
1854:2020
1820:PMID
1783:PMID
1740:heme
1720:GTDB
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