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365:) and Peter, only nine years old, as junior tsar. Sophia had been deemed the sole intellectually mature member of the ruling family at the time of Feodor's death, making her the favourite to govern on behalf of the child Peter and of the inept Ivan. Using political and practical knowledge she had acquired by Feodor's side, Sophia convinced the nobles and the patriarch of her capacity to rule Russia. As Sophia had arranged before Tsar Feodor's death,
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Promoting the case of her full brother Ivan as the legitimate heir to the throne, Sophia attempted to convince the patriarch and the boyars that they should reverse their recent decision to crown Peter. Insisting that Peter's proclamation broke monarchic laws by skipping over her brother, who would have been next in line to rule if not for his ineptitude, she proposed a shared crown with Ivan and herself.
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with her father, the dying Tsar Alexis, not to proclaim Peter his heir. Feodor's capability to lead Russia was questioned, based on his weak nature and poor health. His mental ability developed quite nicely over time, as he was taught by Simeon
Polotsky. During Feodor III's brief reign (1676–1682), many historians argue, Feodor actually "ruled under the protectorate of Sophia his sister".
350:, for their aid and support. The unjust dismissal of Ivan's rights acted as a catalyst to the already displeased and frustrated troops. Multiple issues, including merciless motivational tactics and lack of rest, drove the streltsy to violent opposition against the "unjust" election of Peter. As the fighting ceased and Peter's life was left forever scarred by the blood spilt by his
492:. Although spearheaded by Prince Golitsyn, Sophia's reign oversaw two of the earliest diplomatic treaties and underwent inner growth and progress. Despite her other achievements, Sophia's influence and effect on a young Peter remains as the most historically significant portion of her reign, as the rebellion of 1682 bred a distrust in nobility that came to define his leadership.
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Denied their aid, Sophia and her supporters found themselves on the decline in 1688, as the
Crimean war brought rioting and unrest to Moscow. To worsen the situation, Peter had married, readying himself for rule, and Ivan V fathered a girl, eliminating any potential claim to the throne from that branch.
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and loosened detention policies towards runaway peasants, which caused dissatisfaction among the nobles. She also made an effort to further the organization of the military. Intrigued by baroque style architecture, Sophia held responsibility for the promotion of the foreign district, and the creation
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As the young Tsar Feodor's health began to decline, more individuals rose up to counsel him, and Sophia found her influence steadily declining. Taking advantage of a court never open to a woman in her situation, she utilized her connections, making allies and formally planning on securing the throne.
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Although Sophia emerged from the shadows during the dynastic struggles of 1682, her prior influences can help to explain her ascendance to the regency. At the previous change of ruler in 1676, Sophia may have acted in the interest of her brother, Feodor, as various rumours exist of her pleading then
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In any case, a romantic interaction between the two could not begin when they met under Feodor's rule. Feodor entrusted great confidence in
Golitsyn, and there remains no evidence Sophia and Vasily acted against customs that would have kept them apart until after his death. There is no suspicion of
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27 April] 1682, Sophia immediately returned to the political scene. She attended her brother's funeral and caused a commotion while doing so. In Sophia's age, the female relatives of the tsar were kept away from the court and other political spheres, and funerals traditionally took place
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in the
Kremlin during Peter's absence from the country. This uprising was suppressed with an iron hand, and soon the corpses of the rebels were suspended in front of Sophia's windows. Having taken the veil, she was kept in the strictest seclusion, with other nuns not allowed to see her except on
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Although some historians claim Sophia made conscious attempts to neutralize Peter, and remove him from the political world, her involvement remains unclear. Sophia and her party had discussed crowning her as tsarina, and in August 1687 had tried persuading the
Streltsy to petition on her behalf.
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15 May] 1682 to place Sophia on the seat of power. Tsar Alexis had left behind two families by his two wives, and each of the two branches had at least one male heir. As the clans of Alexis' two wives were in conflict, Sophia devised a plan to ensure power for herself and her family.
546:, where the young tsar was living. Feeling the power slipping from her hands, Sophia sent the boyars and the Patriarch to Peter, asking him to join her in the Kremlin. He flatly refused her overtures, demanding Shaklovityi's execution and Golitsyn's exile.
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prepared for their long-awaited ascension to power. In 1688, Peter began to promote within his clan, and Sophia remained powerless to halt the gradual shift in control. During this time period, the regent disregarded the young tsar, letting him train his
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Sophia
Alekseyevna's regency retained the trappings of a typical regent, and the true tsar was growing into his position with every passing year. At the age of 16, Peter I demanded that Golitsyn report to him regarding all matters, and the
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rebels, who instigated the rebellion, hoped to depose Sophia and to make Prince Ivan
Khovansky a new regent, to satisfy their increasing desire for concessions. Calling together the gentry militia, Sophia suppressed the so-called
453:, who succeeded Khovansky in charge of the Muscovite army. Silencing the dissatisfied parties until Peter reached his age of majority, Sophia executed Khovansky and the other figureheads of the attempted rebellion.
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Tensions between the two factions continued to grow, until Peter I turned 17 years of age, when his
Naryshkin relatives demanded that Sophia step down. In response, Shaklovityi advised Sophia to proclaim herself
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without formally taking the veil. Sophia may have made one last attempt at securing power, although her involvement is unclear. Regardless of her conscious intent, her fate was sealed ten years later, when the
389:'s reign. Several early 18th-century memoirs gave birth to rumours that Golitsyn had been Sophia's lover. Some see the evidence for this in the tone of Sophia's correspondence with him in 1689.
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Sophia's relationship with Prince
Golitsyn was not necessarily a romantic attachment. Golitsyn had a wife and a large family at a time when the boyars were still attached to the
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without women. Sophia stormed into the funeral, insisting on her presence and simultaneously setting off a chain of events that would result in her regency.
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Upon the court's swift and unanimous rejection of this proposal, Sophia reached out to the discouraged military troop, the
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on 27 April 1682, Sophia unexpectedly entered
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called her, was all the more extraordinary, as upper-class Muscovite women, confined to the upper-floor
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from 1682 to 1689. She allied herself with a singularly capable courtier and politician, Prince
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The Miloslavsky party, grouped around the family of Feodor and Sophia, took advantage of the
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any relations until the letter in 1689, even during the period of Golitsyn's rise to power.
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The most important highlights of her foreign policy, as engineered by Golitsyn, were the
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408:'s 1879 painting portrays Sophia after her fall from power, confined to a cell in the
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During the seven years of her regency, Sophia made a few concessions to
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head of government, executing most of the policies during her regency.
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255:. She carried out her regency with a firm hand. The activity of this "
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portrayed the character of Sophia Alekseyevna in the 1986 miniseries
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Hughes, Lindsey, Sofiya Alekseyevna and the Moscow Rebellion of 1682
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joined the rebels in the fall of 1682 and demanded the reversal of
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Romanovs. The second film. Feodor III, Sophia Alekseyevna; Ivan V;
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Russia Under Two Tsars 1682-1689: The Regency of Sophia Alekseevna
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Robert K. Massie outlines the position of women in old Muscovy in
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840:. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press, 1990 (hardcover,
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In the aftermath of the streltsy rebellion, on 25 June 1682 the
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to a new uprising. Most of the Streltsy units deserted central
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17 September] 1657 – 14 July [
593:. This event led to the peace between China and Russia in the
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Sunday. She died in the Novodevichy Convent six years later.
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3 July] 1704) was a Russian princess who ruled as
247:, to install herself during the minority of her brother
412:. Also in the painting, outside the window, a hanging
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shows the fate of those who sought to reinstate her.
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Catherine Ivanovna, Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
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774:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
289:. She was the only one of her sisters educated by
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719:Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671-1725
813:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 417–418.
465:, the first Russian higher learning institution.
354:, the streltsy achieved their initial demands.
662:. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
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361:crowned the incompetent Ivan as senior tsar (
309:from bypassing his 16-year-old elder brother
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625:Родословная книга Всероссiйскаго дворянства
281:Sophia was the third surviving daughter of
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738:A letter of quoted by Massie 1980, p. 89
679:The Ancient and Present State of Muscovy
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293:, who also taught Tsar Alexis' heirs
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18:Tsarevna Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia
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721:. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
326:When Feodor died on 7 May [
1032:*raised to Grand Ducal rank in 1721
838:Sophia, Regent of Russia: 1657–1704
639:, 1980, ch. "Old Muscovy", pp 31ff.
637:Peter the Great, His Life and World
556:Streltsy attempted to reinstate her
706:Sophia: Regent of Russia 1657-1704
301:. After the death of her brother
25:
224:[ˈsofʲjəɐlʲɪˈksʲejɪvnə]
70:8 June 1682 – 22 September 1689
681:, vol. 2, London, 1698, p. 200
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767:(2018). Minford, John (ed.).
658:O'Brien, C. Bickford (1952).
1101:Children of Alexis of Russia
573:appears as a minor character
530:and attempted to induce the
470:Eternal Peace Treaty of 1686
463:Slavonic-Greek-Latin Academy
27:Russian tsarevna (1657–1704)
1086:17th-century Russian people
313:and inheriting the throne.
157:Sophia Alekseyevna Romanova
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1081:17th-century women regents
804:"Sophia Aleksyeevna"
385:, a matrimonial code from
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770:The Deer and the Cauldron
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972:Feodosia Alekseyevna
947:Yevdokia Alekseyevna
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977:Natalia Alekseyevna
931:Tatiana Mikhailovna
883:Tsarevnas of Russia
799:Bain, Robert Nisbet
571:Sophia Alekseyevna
551:Novodevichy Convent
478:Treaty of Nerchinsk
410:Novodevichy Convent
352:Naryshkin relatives
287:Maria Miloslavskaya
285:by his first wife,
192:Maria Miloslavskaya
141:Archangel Cathedral
126:Novodevichy Convent
1003:Praskovya Ivanovna
957:Sophia Alekseyevna
717:Paul Bushkovitch.
567:In popular culture
542:and later for the
538:for the suburb of
451:Fyodor Shaklovityi
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307:Peter Alekseyevich
215:Со́фья Алексе́евна
210:Sophia Alekseyevna
33:Sophia Alekseyevna
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921:Irina Mikhailovna
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486:Crimean campaigns
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336:Streltsy uprising
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119:14 July 1704
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1056:1704 deaths
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729:. Page 138.
476:, the 1689
283:Tsar Alexis
1045:Categories
765:Cha, Louis
708:. (c) 1990
613:References
484:, and the
406:Ilya Repin
277:Early life
99:1657-09-27
420:When the
383:Domostroy
42:of Russia
912:Romanovs
892:Godunovs
801:(1911).
587:Jin Yong
532:Streltsy
496:Downfall
488:against
442:streltsy
414:Strelets
371:de facto
348:streltsy
261:tsarevna
198:Religion
182:Alexis I
75:Monarchs
40:Tsarevna
824:YouTube
591:Peter I
575:in the
528:tsarina
461:of the
397:Regency
387:Ivan IV
257:bogatyr
253:Peter I
172:Romanov
79:Peter I
67:Regency
844:
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579:novel
561:Easter
536:Moscow
490:Turkey
474:Poland
458:posads
440:. The
363:Ivan V
263:", as
249:Ivan V
241:Russia
237:regent
188:Mother
178:Father
136:Burial
130:Russia
110:Russia
106:Moscow
83:Ivan V
577:wuxia
482:China
480:with
472:with
270:terem
167:House
152:Names
842:ISBN
776:ISBN
723:ISBN
510:and
340:O.S.
328:O.S.
297:and
233:O.S.
229:O.S.
220:IPA:
116:Died
93:Born
81:and
822:on
585:by
514:in
239:of
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807:.
743:^
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1016:*
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