1035:
fled out of fear, so it is likely almost all of the builders who stayed on knew someone missing or supposedly eaten. It appears that
Colonel Patterson may have exaggerated his claims, as have subsequent investigators (e.g., "135 armed men", Neiburger and Patterson, 2000), though none of these modern studies have taken into account the people who were killed but not eaten by the animals. Other researchers have also shown that estimates of animal diets derived from isotopic models often deviate considerably from the correct values.
841:
964:"The whole of the works were put to a stop because a pair of man-eating lions appeared in the locality and conceived a most unfortunate taste for our workmen. At last the labourers entirely declined to carry on unless they were guarded by iron entrenchments. Of course it is difficult to work a railway under these conditions and until we found an enthusiastic sportsman to get rid of these lions our enterprise was seriously hindered."
63:
855:
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later as it was stalking
Patterson and trying to flee. When they found the lion the next day, Patterson shot it three more times with the same rifle, severely crippling it, and shot it three times with a third rifle, twice in the chest and once in the head, which killed it. He claimed it died gnawing on a fallen tree branch, still trying to reach him.
1070:
An alternative argument indicates that the first lion had a severely damaged tooth that would have compromised its ability to kill natural prey. However, the general public has generally disregarded this theory. Colonel
Patterson, who killed the lions, personally disclaimed it, saying that he damaged
1034:
The scientific analysis does not differentiate between the entire human corpses consumed and the parts of individual prey since the attacks often raise alarms, forcing the lions to slink back into the surrounding area. Many workers over the long construction period went missing, died in accidents, or
1025:
were published in 2009. Using realistic assumptions on the consumable tissue per victim, lion energetic needs, and their assimilation efficiencies, researchers compared the man-eaters' Δ13C signatures to various reference standards: Tsavo lions with normal (wildlife) diets, grazers, and browsers from
917:
As the attacks mounted, hundreds of workers fled from Tsavo, halting construction on the bridge. At this point, colonial officials began to intervene. According to
Patterson, even the District Officer, Mr. Whitehead, narrowly escaped being killed by one of the lions after arriving at the Tsavo train
899:
stalked the campsite, dragging workers from their tents at night, devouring them. There was an interval of several months when the attacks ceased, but word trickled in from other nearby settlements of similar lion attacks. When the lions returned, the attacks intensified, with almost daily killings.
1000:
In 2001, a review of causes for man-eating behaviour among lions revealed that the proposed human toll of 100 or more was most likely an exaggeration and that the more likely death toll was 28–31 victims. This reduced total was based on their review of
Colonel Patterson's original journal, courtesy
934:
Patterson wrote in his account that he wounded the first lion with one bullet from a high-caliber rifle. This shot struck the lion in its hind leg, but it escaped. Later, it returned at night and began stalking
Patterson as he tried to hunt it. He shot it through the shoulder, penetrating its heart
938:
The second lion was shot nine times, five with the same rifle, three with a second, and once with a third rifle – six finding their mark. The first shot was fired from atop a scaffolding that
Patterson had built near a goat killed by the lion. Two shots from a second rifle hit the lion eleven days
797:
between March and
December 1898. The lion pair was said to have killed dozens of people, with some early estimates reaching over a hundred deaths. While the terrors of man-eating lions were not new in the British public perception, the Tsavo Man-Eaters became one of the most notorious instances of
930:
to assist in the hunt. Patterson set traps and tried several times to ambush the lions at night from a tree. After repeated unsuccessful attempts, he shot the first lion on 9 December 1898. Twenty days later, the second lion was found and killed. The first lion killed measured 9 ft 8 in
1030:
from the early 20th century. Interpolation of their estimates across the nine months of recorded man-eating behavior suggested that FMNH 23969 most likely ate the equivalent of 10.5 humans and that FMNH 23970 most likely ate 24.2 humans. However, the researchers noted that, according to their
1078:
A 2017 study by Dr. Bruce
Patterson found that one of the lions had an infection at the root of his canine tooth, making it hard for that particular lion to hunt. Lions typically use their jaws to grab prey like zebras and wildebeests and suffocate them.
1001:
of Alan
Patterson. However, the same study also noted that the journal refers only to Indian workers and that Patterson stated that the casualties were much higher in the African worker population but that those numbers were not documented.
947:
The construction crew returned and finished the bridge in February 1899. The exact number of people killed by the lions is unclear. Patterson gave several figures, overall claiming that there were 135 victims. At the end of the crisis, the
1735:
1780:
Dubach, J.; Patterson, B. D.; Briggs, M. B.; Venzke, K.; Flamand, J.; Stander, P.; Scheepers, L.; Kays, R. W. (2005). "Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion,
1074:
Studies indicate that the lions ate humans as a supplement to other food, as a last resort. Eating humans was probably an alternative to hunting or scavenging due to dental disease and/or a limited number of prey.
1004:
The two lion specimens in Chicago's Field Museum are known as FMNH 23970, the 'standing' mount, killed on 9 December 1898, and FMNH 23969, the 'crouching' mount, killed on 29 December 1898. Recent studies on the
910:
trees around their camp for protection to keep the man-eaters out, all to no avail; the lions leaped over or crawled through the thorn fences to get into the camps. Patterson noted that early in their
2175:
1731:
1043:
Theories for the man-eating behaviour of lions have been reviewed by Peterhans and Gnoske, as well as Dr. Bruce D. Patterson (2004). Their discussions include the following:
822:
given their behavior of hunting humans as a pair and dental injuries reported in one of the lions, a cause commonly attributed to big cats turning to humans as prey.
977:
in 1924 for $ 5,000. The skins arrived at the museum in very poor condition. The lions were reconstructed and are now on permanent display, along with their skulls.
1507:
914:, only one lion at a time would enter the inhabited areas and seize victims, but later, they became more brazen, entering together and each seizing a victim.
1636:
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756:
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1321:
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529:
918:
depot in the evening. However, his assistant, Abdullah, was killed, while Whitehead escaped with four claw lacerations running down his back.
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in Kenya. The building site consisted of several camps spread over an area of 8 miles (13 km), accommodating the several thousand mostly
2080:
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1770:
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539:
1822:
Gnoske, T. P.; Celesia, G. G.; Kerbis Peterhans, J. C. (2006). "Dissociation between mane development and sexual maturity in lions (
693:
1558:
2195:
1849:"The science of 'Man-eating' among lions (Panthera leo) with a reconstruction of the natural history of the "Man-eaters of Tsavo"
1409:
Yeakel, J. D.; Patterson, B. D.; Fox-Dobbs, K.; Okumura, M. M.; Cerling, T. E.; Moore, J. W.; Koch, P. L.; Dominy, N. J. (2009).
1058:
The Tsavo lions may have been accustomed to finding dead humans at the Tsavo River crossing. Slave caravans to the center of the
427:
1468:
1345:"The science of 'man-eating' among lions Panthera leo with a reconstruction of the natural history of the 'man-eaters of Tsavo'"
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1317:
1287:
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26:
749:
253:
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892:
806:
668:
2041:"Man-Eaters of Tsavo: Scientific detectives take up the search for an infamous 'lions' den,' lost for one hundred years"
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633:
596:
586:
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895:, who arrived just days before the disappearances and killings began. During the next nine months of construction, two
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117:
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149:
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1499:
2190:
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742:
678:
45:
2015:
1998:
1732:"WILDLIFE & BIODIVERSITY 'Lt. Col. John Henry Patterson's accuracy of description is very much in question'"
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611:
330:
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1278:"Field Museum of Natural History: Annual Report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the year 1921"
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1252:"Field Museum uncovers evidence behind man-eating; revises legend of its infamous man-eating lions"
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154:
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1933:
Patterson, B. D.; Kasiki, S. M.; Selempo, E.; Kays, R. W. (2004). "Livestock predation by lions (
1810:
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931:(2.95 m) from nose to tip of the tail. It took eight men to carry the carcass back to camp.
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with a more powerful rifle, and found it lying dead the next morning not far from his platform.
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Peterhans, J. C. K.; Kusimba, C. M.; Gnoske, T. P.; Andanje, S.; Patterson, B. D. (1998).
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that tooth with his rifle while the lion charged him one night, prompting it to flee.
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1055:) devastated the lions' usual prey, forcing them to find alternative food sources.
1958:
926:
Eventually, other officials arrived, with a reinforcement of around twenty armed
2070:
1667:"Dietary behaviour of man-eating lions as revealed by dental microwear textures"
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638:
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2100:
1988:
1967:
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1937:) and other carnivores on ranches neighbouring Tsavo National Parks, Kenya".
1698:
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After 25 years as Patterson's floor rugs, the lions' skins were sold to the
774:
462:
221:
1908:
1716:
1454:
2117:
1999:"Tooth Breakage and Dental Disease As Causes of Carnivore–Human Conflicts"
1228:
The Lions of Tsavo: Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters
1063:
1018:
422:
34:
1966:
Patterson, B. D.; Kays, R. W.; Kasiki, S. M.; Sebestyen, V. M. (2006).
1022:
1010:
994:
278:
273:
127:
30:
809:, who wrote his account of his hunting experience in a semi-biography
868:
1606:
1546:
1031:
estimates, a combined death toll as high as 72 was still possible.
818:
Today, the Tsavo Man-Eaters are the most widely studied man-eating
1529:
Caut, Stéphane; Angulo, Elena; Courchamp, Franck (22 April 2008).
984:
927:
786:
782:
211:
778:
283:
1918:"Living with lions in Tsavo, or notes on managing man-eaters"
1665:
DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Patterson, Bruce D. (19 April 2017).
1531:"Caution on isotopic model use for analyses of consumer diet"
1343:
Peterhans, Julian C. Kerbis; Gnoske, Thomas Patrick (2001).
2016:
10.1644/1545-1542(2003)084<0190:TBADDA>2.0.CO;2
900:
Crews tried to scare off the lions and built campfires and
846:
The first lion killed by Patterson, now known as FMNH 23970
1997:
Patterson, B. D.; Neiburger, E. J.; Kasiki, S. M. (2003).
1763:
Ghosts of Tsavo: Stalking the Mystery Lions of East Africa
798:
dangers posed to Indian and native African workers of the
2113:
Field Museum of Natural History – Tsavo Lion Exhibit
2027:
The Man-eaters of Tsavo and Other East African Adventures
1208:
The Man-eaters of Tsavo and Other East African Adventures
1880:
Journal of the American Association of Forensic Dentists
1866:
10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:tsomal]2.0.co;2
1500:"Scientists restate Tsavo lions' taste for human flesh"
1362:
10.2982/0012-8317(2001)90[1:TSOMAL]2.0.CO;2
1026:
Tsavo East and Tsavo West, and the skeletal remains of
1968:"Developmental Effects of Climate on the Lion's Mane (
1411:"Cooperation and individuality among man-eating lions"
1660:
1658:
1092:Patterson's book was the basis for several films:
891:workers. The project was led by Lieutenant-Colonel
1637:"Why Man-Eating Lions Prey on People—New Evidence"
1377:
2176:Collection of the Field Museum of Natural History
867:As part of the construction of a railway linking
1384:. Adventure Press, National Geographic. p.
789:, which were responsible for the deaths of many
1469:"The Lions' Share – Page 3 – Magazine Archives"
1415:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
962:
2118:Guide to resources related to the Tsavo Lions
1847:Kerbis Peterhans, J.C.; Gnoske, T.P. (2001).
750:
8:
1874:Neiburger, E. J.; Patterson, B. D. (2000).
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
883:started building a railway bridge over the
2139:Man-Eating Lions Not Aberrant, Experts Say
2075:. New York: Europa Editions. p. 352.
757:
743:
39:
2014:
1987:
1922:Travel News & Lifestyle (East Africa)
1864:
1706:
1444:
1434:
1360:
1254:(Press release). The Field Museum. 2003.
699:October 2017 Kenyan presidential election
1101:(1952) – shot on location in Kenya
1039:Possible causes of "man-eating" behavior
960:on the subject of the Tsavo man-eaters:
20:
1853:Journal of East African Natural History
1765:(First ed.). National Geographic.
1349:Journal of East African Natural History
1180:
227:Mijikenda Kayas (Fortified settlements)
113:Olorgesailie Aechulean hand axe culture
53:
42:
25:The Tsavo Man-Eaters on display in the
2135:, November 1998 (via FindArticles.com)
1891:Neiburger, EJ; Patterson, BD (2000).
1324:from the original on 30 December 2010
659:2010 Kenyan constitutional referendum
644:2005 Kenyan constitutional referendum
7:
1294:from the original on 31 October 2020
1066:, routinely crossed the river there.
989:Tsavo Lion skulls on display at the
950:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
368:Imperial British East Africa Company
1826:): Solution to the Tsavo riddle?".
1617:from the original on 20 August 2011
1587:from the original on 5 October 2016
1510:from the original on 2 January 2013
602:1998 United States embassy bombings
488:Lancaster House Conferences (Kenya)
413:East African campaign (World War I)
16:Dangerous lions in the Tsavo region
1876:"Man eating lions...a dental link"
1053:1890s African rinderpest epizootic
540:Gikuyu, Embu, and Meru Association
150:Lothagam North Monumental Cemetery
14:
1897:The New York State Dental Journal
802:. They were eventually killed by
694:Garissa University College attack
473:Nairobi People's Convention Party
217:Thimlich Ohinga stone-built ruins
1840:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00200.x
1738:from the original on 18 May 2022
1561:from the original on 28 May 2020
1258:from the original on 7 June 2011
853:
839:
726:
428:Luo Union (Welfare Organisation)
61:
1893:"The man-eaters with bad teeth"
1639:. 19 April 2017. Archived from
1318:Field Museum of Natural History
1288:Field Museum of Natural History
975:Field Museum of Natural History
27:Field Museum of Natural History
254:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
1730:Ghai, Rajat (21 April 2017).
1283:Biodiversity Heritage Library
1051:(cattle plague) in 1898 (see
669:Westgate shopping mall attack
2127:Journal: man-eaters of Tsavo
1959:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.013
714:Presidency of Uhuru Kenyatta
634:2002 Kenyan general election
597:1997 Kenyan general election
587:1992 Kenyan general election
483:Kenya African National Union
1535:Canadian Journal of Zoology
860:The second lion, FMNH 23969
550:Presidency of Jomo Kenyatta
308:Portuguese and Omani period
118:Kariandusi prehistoric site
2227:
2181:Deaths due to lion attacks
1691:10.1038/s41598-017-00948-5
1230:. McGraw-Hill. p. 6.
1122:The Ghost and the Darkness
906:, or thorn fences made of
709:COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya
2211:Panthera leo melanochaita
2024:Patterson, J. H. (1908).
1989:10.1644/05-MAMM-A-226R2.1
1916:Patterson, B. D. (2005).
1807:10.1007/s10592-004-7729-6
1226:Patterson, B. D. (2004).
1205:Patterson, J. H. (1908).
897:maneless male Tsavo lions
679:Presidency of Mwai Kibaki
530:'Little general election'
2144:National Geographic News
1060:East African slave trade
612:Presidency of Daniel Moi
577:1982 coup d'état attempt
331:East African slave trade
232:Indian Ocean trade route
2196:Individual wild animals
2097:The Man-Eaters of Tsavo
2072:Three Weeks in December
1939:Biological Conservation
1436:10.1073/pnas.0905309106
1162:The Man-eaters of Tsavo
812:The Man-eaters of Tsavo
649:2007-2008 Kenyan crisis
502:Early post-independence
355:British colonial period
2171:1898 in rail transport
1607:"The Tsavo Man-Eaters"
1114:Killers of Kilimanjaro
997:
966:
826:Historical information
674:2014 Mpeketoni attacks
86:List of years in Kenya
37:
2069:Schulman, A. (2012).
1787:Conservation Genetics
1290:. 1922. p. 449.
1156:Mfuwe man eating lion
988:
879:, in March 1898, the
773:were a pair of large
545:Josiah Mwangi Kariuki
438:Kenya in World War II
24:
2122:Field Museum Library
2003:Journal of Mammalogy
1976:Journal of Mammalogy
1498:Janssen, K. (2009).
1320:. 10 February 2018.
1140:(South Africa, 2007)
1131:John Henry Patterson
893:John Henry Patterson
807:John Henry Patterson
795:Kenya-Uganda Railway
791:construction workers
704:2018 Kenya handshake
664:Operation Linda Nchi
525:Kenya People's Union
403:Kenya-Uganda Railway
383:Kenya-Uganda Railway
1951:2004BCons.119..507P
1799:2005ConG....6...15D
1761:Caputo, P. (2002).
1683:2017NatSR...7..904D
1643:on 26 February 2021
1479:on 26 November 2022
1427:2009PNAS..10619040Y
1376:Caputo, P. (2002).
1098:Men Against the Sun
478:The Kennedy Airlift
443:Kenya African Union
408:Mekatilili Wa Menza
398:British East Africa
363:Johann Ludwig Krapf
246:Swahili city-states
160:Elmenteitan Culture
155:Kalokol Pillar Site
108:Koobi Fora Hominins
2166:1898 animal deaths
2056:Price, W. (1967).
1828:Journal of Zoology
1671:Scientific Reports
1007:isotopic signature
998:
831:The killings start
804:Lieutenant-Colonel
607:Terrorism in Kenya
393:German East Africa
279:History of Malindi
274:History of Mombasa
165:Cushitic expansion
38:
2082:978-1-60945-064-9
2032:MacMillan and Co)
1395:978-0-7922-6362-3
1237:978-0-07-136333-4
1213:MacMillan and Co)
922:Hunting the lions
877:Kilindini Harbour
767:
766:
592:HIV/AIDS in Kenya
453:Mau Mau Rebellion
321:Portuguese Empire
207:Nilotic expansion
81:Timeline of Kenya
2218:
2191:Individual lions
2161:Tsavo Man-Eaters
2147:, 4 January 2004
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1475:. Archived from
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771:Tsavo Man-Eaters
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733:Kenya portal
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582:Wagalla massacre
388:Nandi Resistance
189:African Iron Age
170:Eburran industry
123:Enkapune Ya Muto
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55:History of Kenya
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1421:(45): 19040–3.
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341:Said bin Sultan
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294:Jumba la Mtwana
284:History of Lamu
269:Kilwa Sultanate
264:Swahili culture
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236:
202:Bantu expansion
197:Sirikwa culture
191:
181:
180:
179:
144:
134:
133:
132:
102:
92:
91:
90:
75:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2224:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:Uganda Railway
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2115:
2108:
2107:External links
2105:
2104:
2103:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2066:
2060:Lion Adventure
2053:
2036:
2021:
1994:
1982:(2): 193–200.
1963:
1945:(4): 507–516.
1930:
1913:
1888:
1871:
1844:
1834:(4): 551–560.
1819:
1777:
1772:978-0792241003
1771:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1722:
1654:
1628:
1598:
1581:"Field Museum"
1572:
1541:(5): 438–445.
1521:
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1368:
1335:
1305:
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1068:
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1056:
1040:
1037:
1017:in their bone
982:
979:
970:
969:Museum display
967:
958:House of Lords
954:Lord Salisbury
944:
941:
923:
920:
859:
852:
851:
850:
845:
838:
837:
836:
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800:Uganda Railway
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747:
739:
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686:
684:Uhuru Kenyatta
681:
676:
671:
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661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
630:
629:
626:Recent history
624:
623:
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584:
579:
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568:
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527:
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517:
515:Pio Gama Pinto
512:
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259:Swahili people
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2:
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2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2186:1898 in Kenya
2184:
2182:
2179:
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2174:
2172:
2169:
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2159:
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2017:
2012:
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1995:
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1985:
1981:
1977:
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1971:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:(10): 26–29.
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
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1346:
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1336:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1314:"Tsavo Lions"
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1306:
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1284:
1279:
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1187:
1185:
1181:
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1169:W. D. M. Bell
1167:
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1157:
1154:
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1149:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1138:
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1128:
1125:(1996), with
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1115:
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978:
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961:
959:
955:
951:
942:
940:
936:
932:
929:
921:
919:
915:
913:
912:killing spree
909:
905:
904:
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894:
890:
886:
882:
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842:
830:
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823:
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748:
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715:
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541:
538:
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531:
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526:
523:
521:
520:Bildad Kaggia
518:
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511:
508:
507:
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489:
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484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
468:Oginga Odinga
466:
464:
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459:
458:Dedan Kimathi
456:
454:
451:
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448:Jomo Kenyatta
446:
444:
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411:
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384:
381:
379:
378:Nabongo Mumia
376:
374:
373:Wanga Kingdom
371:
369:
366:
364:
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360:
356:
351:
350:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Vasco da Gama
314:
313:
309:
304:
303:
295:
292:
290:
289:Ruins of Gedi
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
247:
242:
241:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
212:Urewe culture
210:
208:
205:
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198:
195:
194:
190:
185:
184:
176:
173:
171:
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137:
129:
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119:
116:
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109:
106:
105:
101:
96:
95:
87:
84:
82:
79:
78:
74:
69:
68:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
19:
2142:
2130:
2071:
2061:
2058:
2048:
2044:
2026:
2006:
2002:
1979:
1975:
1970:Panthera Leo
1969:
1942:
1938:
1935:Panthera leo
1934:
1925:
1921:
1900:
1896:
1883:
1879:
1856:
1852:
1831:
1827:
1824:Panthera leo
1823:
1793:(1): 15–24.
1790:
1786:
1783:Panthera leo
1782:
1762:
1740:. Retrieved
1725:
1674:
1670:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1631:
1619:. Retrieved
1610:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1575:
1563:. Retrieved
1538:
1534:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1503:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:the original
1472:
1463:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1379:
1371:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1326:. Retrieved
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1281:
1272:
1260:. Retrieved
1246:
1227:
1221:
1207:
1160:
1135:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1091:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1042:
1033:
1028:Taita people
1009:analysis of
1003:
999:
991:Field Museum
972:
963:
946:
943:Works resume
937:
933:
925:
916:
901:
873:Indian Ocean
866:
817:
810:
770:
768:
689:William Ruto
654:Raila Odinga
418:Kenya Colony
336:Omani Empire
18:
2051:(9): 12–14.
2009:: 190–196.
1886:(7–9): 1–3.
1611:lionlamb.us
1355:(1): 1–40.
1106:Bwana Devil
1015:Nitrogen-15
885:Tsavo River
639:Mwai Kibaki
433:Harry Thuku
100:Pleistocene
2201:Man-eaters
2155:Categories
2101:Wikisource
1677:(1): 904.
1565:3 December
1514:2 November
1483:3 December
1262:25 October
1175:References
1165:(the book)
1127:Val Kilmer
1049:rinderpest
785:region of
775:man-eating
510:Shifta War
326:Fort Jesus
175:Hyrax Hill
1699:2045-2322
1555:0008-4301
1021:and hair
871:with the
463:Tom Mboya
222:Shungwaya
142:Neolithic
2141: –
2129: –
1928:: 28–31.
1909:11199522
1859:: 1–40.
1815:30414547
1742:11 April
1736:Archived
1717:28424462
1647:19 April
1615:Archived
1585:Archived
1559:Archived
1508:Archived
1455:19884504
1328:25 April
1322:Archived
1298:17 April
1292:Archived
1256:Archived
1145:See also
1129:playing
1064:Zanzibar
1019:collagen
423:Mumboism
73:Overview
46:a series
44:Part of
35:Illinois
2120:at the
2091:Sources
1947:Bibcode
1795:Bibcode
1708:5430416
1679:Bibcode
1621:13 June
1591:24 July
1446:2776458
1423:Bibcode
1088:In film
1023:keratin
995:Chicago
881:British
793:on the
781:in the
564:Moi era
128:Nataruk
31:Chicago
2079:
1907:
1813:
1769:
1715:
1705:
1697:
1553:
1453:
1443:
1392:
1234:
1117:(1959)
1109:(1952)
928:Sepoys
889:Indian
869:Uganda
48:on the
1811:S2CID
903:bomas
787:Kenya
783:Tsavo
779:lions
777:male
2077:ISBN
1905:PMID
1767:ISBN
1744:2022
1713:PMID
1695:ISSN
1649:2017
1623:2013
1593:2018
1567:2023
1551:ISSN
1516:2009
1485:2023
1451:PMID
1390:ISBN
1330:2020
1300:2020
1264:2007
1232:ISBN
1137:Prey
1013:and
1011:Δ13C
769:The
2099:at
2049:107
2011:doi
1984:doi
1955:doi
1943:119
1926:129
1861:doi
1836:doi
1832:270
1803:doi
1785:".
1703:PMC
1687:doi
1543:doi
1441:PMC
1431:doi
1419:106
1386:274
1357:doi
993:in
875:at
29:in
2157::
2047:.
2043:.
2030:.
2007:84
2005:.
2001:.
1980:87
1978:.
1974:.
1972:)"
1953:.
1941:.
1924:.
1920:.
1901:66
1899:.
1895:.
1884:24
1882:.
1878:.
1857:90
1855:.
1851:.
1830:.
1809:.
1801:.
1789:.
1734:.
1711:.
1701:.
1693:.
1685:.
1673:.
1669:.
1657:^
1613:.
1609:.
1583:.
1557:.
1549:.
1539:86
1537:.
1533:.
1506:.
1502:.
1471:.
1449:.
1439:.
1429:.
1417:.
1413:.
1388:.
1353:90
1351:.
1347:.
1316:.
1286:.
1280:.
1211:.
1183:^
1062:,
952:,
815:.
33:,
2085:.
2064:.
2034:.
2019:.
2013::
1992:.
1986::
1961:.
1957::
1949::
1911:.
1869:.
1863::
1842:.
1838::
1817:.
1805::
1797::
1791:6
1775:.
1746:.
1719:.
1689::
1681::
1675:7
1651:.
1625:.
1595:.
1569:.
1545::
1518:.
1487:.
1457:.
1433::
1425::
1398:.
1365:.
1359::
1332:.
1302:.
1266:.
1240:.
1215:.
758:e
751:t
744:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
