Article Two of the United States Constitution

953:. Then, each state chooses its electors in popular elections. In most states, the party with the plurality of the popular vote gets all of its electors chosen. Once chosen, the electors meet in their respective states to cast ballots for the president and vice president. Originally, each elector cast two votes for president; at least one of the individuals voted for had to be from a state different from the elector's. The individual with the majority of votes became president, and the runner-up became vice president. In case of a tie between candidates who received votes from a majority of electors, the House of Representatives would choose one of the tied candidates; if no person received a majority, then the House could again choose one of the five with the greatest number of votes. When the House voted, each state delegation cast one vote, and the vote of a majority of states was necessary to choose a president. If second-place candidates were tied, then the Senate broke the tie. A quorum in the House consisted of at least one member from two-thirds of the state delegations; there was no special quorum for the Senate. This procedure was followed in 1801 after the electoral vote produced a tie, and nearly resulted in a 998: 1480: 697:

is limited in that he must notify Congress within 48 hours after the beginning of military operations, explaining the source of his authority for the action. Once proper legal notification is given to the required members of Congress, military action can continue for up to 60 days without further authorization from Congress, or up to 90 days if the president "determines and certifies to the Congress in writing that unavoidable military necessity respecting the safety of United States Armed Forces requires the continued use of such armed forces in the course of bringing about a prompt removal of such forces."

1219:, believed that he had the right to become president. However, many senators argued that he only had the right to assume the powers of the presidency long enough to call for a new election. Because the wording of the clause is so vague, it was impossible for either side to prove its point. Tyler took the Oath of Office as president, setting a precedent that made it possible for later vice presidents to ascend to the presidency unchallenged following the president's death. The "Tyler Precedent" established that if the president dies, resigns or is removed from office, the vice president becomes president. 693:

Nor were they retained by the U.S. Congress as leftovers from the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation, Continental Congress and its powers were abolished at the time the new U.S. Congress was seated and the new federal government formally and officially replaced its interim predecessor. And although the president is implicitly denied the power to unilaterally declare war, a declaration of war is not in and of itself a vehicle of executive power since it is literally just a public declaration that the U.S. government considers itself "at war" with a foreign political entity.

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certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse [

4049:, 677 F.2d 957 (2d. Cir. 19) 84 Ct. Cl. 293, 300 (Ct. Cl. 1936) ("While the Senate in one sense acts as a court on the trial of an impeachment, it is essentially a political body and in its actions is influenced by the views of its members on the public welfare."); Staff of House Committee on the Judiciary, 93D Cong., Constitutional Grounds for Presidential Impeachment 24 (Comm. Print 1974) ("The purpose of impeachment is not personal punishment; its function is primarily to maintain constitutional government.") (citation omitted), reprinted in 3 Lewis Deschler, 53: 1251:

declare the president unable to discharge his or her duties, in which case the vice president becomes Acting president. If the declaration is done by the vice president and Cabinet, the Amendment permits the president to take control back, unless the vice president and Cabinet challenge the president and two-thirds of both Houses vote to sustain the findings of the vice president and Cabinet. If the declaration is done by the president, the president may take control back without risk of being overridden by the Congress.

2035:, William Maclaine declared that the Faithful Execution Clause was "one of the best provisions." If the president "takes care to see the laws faithfully executed, it will be more than is done in any government on the continent; for I will venture to say that our government, and those of the other states, are, with respect to the execution of the laws, in many respects mere ciphers." President George Washington interpreted this clause as imposing on him a unique duty to ensure the execution of federal law. Discussing 631: 2572:... This power is conferred upon the legislatures of the states by the Constitution of the United States, and cannot be taken from them or modified by their state constitutions any more than can their power to elect Senators of the United States. Whatever provisions may be made by statute, or by the State constitution, to choose electors by the people, there is no doubt of the right of the legislature to resume the power at any time, for it can neither be taken away nor abdicated'". See Kirby, op. cit., p. 500 1294: 2135:, which were claimed to be unconstitutional. The Court found that "he Congress is the legislative department of the government; the president is the executive department. Neither can be restrained in its action by the judicial department; though the acts of both, when performed, are, in proper cases, subject to its cognizance." Thus, the courts cannot bar the passage of a law by Congress, though it may later strike down such a law as unconstitutional. A similar construction applies to the executive branch. 927:] the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse [ 2061:, the Supreme Court explained how the president executes the law: "The Constitution does not leave to speculation who is to administer the laws enacted by Congress; the president, it says, "shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed," Art. II, §3, personally and through officers whom he appoints (save for such inferior officers as Congress may authorize to be appointed by the "Courts of Law" or by "the Heads of Departments" with other presidential appointees), Art. II, §2." 2232: 1901:

Through his recommendations to Congress, the president speaks collectively for the People as they petition Government for a redress of grievances, and thus his recommendations embody popular sovereignty. The president tailors his recommendations so that their natural implication is the enactment of new legislation, rather than some other action that Congress might undertake. Finally, the president shall have executive discretion to recommend measures of his choosing.

1426:, declared in his dissent "It would require far more of a discourse than could profitably be included in an opinion such as this to fully describe the preeminent position that the president of the United States occupies with respect to our Republic. Suffice it to say that the president is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States, and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed." 1646: (1927), the subject of the commutation did not want to accept life in prison but wanted the death penalty restored. The Supreme Court said, " pardon in our days is not a private act of grace from an individual happening to possess power. It is a part of the Constitutional scheme. When granted it is the determination of the ultimate authority that the public welfare will be better served by inflicting less than what the judgment fixed." 418: 1910:

people under the first amendment." Kesavan and Sidak also cited a Professor Bybee who stated in this context: "The Recommendation Clause empowers the president to represent the people before Congress, by recommending measures for the reform of government, for the general welfare, or for the redress of grievances. The Right of Petition Clause prevents Congress from abridging the right of the people to petition for a redress of grievances."

1582:, it does authorize the president to seek advice from the principal officers of the various departments as they perform their official duties. George Washington found it prudent to organize his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers to widely differing extents and for different purposes. Secretary of State 430: 442: 1059: 1028:. Currently, electors are chosen on the Tuesday following the first Monday in November (the first Tuesday after November 1), in the year before the president's term is to expire. The electors cast their votes on the Monday following the second Wednesday in December (the first Monday after December 12) of that year. Thereafter, the votes are opened and counted by the vice president, as 961:

constraints of eighteenth-century technology there was no practical means for that constituency to resolve deadlocked elections in a timely manner, thus necessitating the involvement of Congress in resolving deadlocked elections. Obviously, having the electors meet in the national capital or some other single venue could have permitted the electors to choose a president by means of an

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five, as before the 12th Amendment). The Amendment also requires the Senate to choose the vice president from those with the two highest figures if no vice presidential candidate receives a majority of electoral votes (rather than only if there's a tie for second for president). It also stipulates that to be the vice president, a person must be qualified to be the president.

1925:(1952), the Supreme Court noted that the Recommendations Clause serves as a reminder that the president cannot make law by himself: "The power to recommend legislation, granted to the president, serves only to emphasize that it is his function to recommend and that it is the function of the Congress to legislate." The Court made a similar point in striking down the 3805: 3228: 1624:(1915), the court specifically said, "Circumstances may be made to bring innocence under the penalties of the law. If so brought, escape by confession of guilt implied in the acceptance of a pardon may be rejected, preferring to be the victim of the law rather than its acknowledged transgressor, preferring death even to such certain infamy." 966:

president – since they were to be barred from simultaneously serving in the federal government in any other capacity, electors would likely have no other reason to go there. But probably even more importantly, many framers genuinely feared that if the electors met in a single venue, especially under the initial assumption that they would

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supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

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Congress—information uniquely gleaned from the president's perspective in his various roles as commander-in-chief, chief law enforcer, negotiator with foreign powers, and the like—that shall aid the legislature in public deliberation on matters that may justify the enactment of legislation because of their national importance.

840:(1892), the Supreme Court affirmed the ability of a state to appoint its electors based on electoral districts rather than a statewide popular vote, describing the power of state legislatures to determine the method of appointment of electors as "plenary", and suggesting that it was not limited even by state constitutions. In 2994: (1952) (Jackson, J., concurring) ("When the President acts pursuant to an express or implied authorization from Congress," his actions are "supported by the strongest of presumptions and the widest latitude of judicial interpretation, and the burden of persuasion ... rest heavily upon any who might attack it."). 709:

assumption of duties and responsibilities, they are nominees rather than appointees. And again, the president nominates people for specific positions at their pleasure and can do so without or in spite of Senate advice. Senate consent occurs when a majority of senators votes to approve and therefore appoint a nominee.

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and are expected to cast their electoral college ballots for the president and vice president who appeared on the ballot. The actual electors being voted for are usually selected by the candidate's party. There have been a few cases where some electors have refused to vote for the designated candidate, termed a

2049:, the Supreme Court and the Attorneys General have long interpreted the Take Care Clause to mean that the president has no inherent constitutional authority to suspend the enforcement of the laws, particularly of statutes. The Take Care Clause demands that the president obey the law, the Supreme Court said in 781:, under a constitutional grant of authority delegated to the legislatures of the several states. The Constitution reserves the choice of the precise manner for selecting electors to the will of the state legislatures. It does not define or delimit what process a state legislature may use to create its 696:

Regardless of the inability to declare war, the president does have the power to unilaterally order military action in defense of the United States pursuant to "a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces". By U.S. law, this power

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spoke in such terms when he said that the president, although lacking the power to declare war, would have 'the direction of war when authorized or begun.' The president acting alone was authorized only to repel sudden attacks (hence the decision to withhold from him only the power to 'declare' war,

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I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I

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explicitly states that if the president dies, resigns or is removed from office, the vice president becomes president, and also establishes a procedure for filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president. The Amendment further provides that the president, or the vice president and Cabinet, can

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The head of the Executive Branch is the president. Although also named in this first clause, the vice president is not constitutionally vested with any executive power. Nonetheless, the Constitution dictates that the president and vice president are to be elected at the same time, for the same term,

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As treaties are by U.S. law official agreements with foreign governments recognized as such only after the Senate approves or rejects a resolution of ratification, the president obviously cannot make treaties unilaterally. However, the president does determine and decide U.S. foreign policy, and can

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by a majority vote in the Senate. The Appointments Clause also establishes that Congress can, by law, allow the president, the courts, or the heads of departments to appoint "inferior officers" without requiring the advice and consent of the Senate. The final clause of Section 2 grants the president

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of Article I, which limits Congress's discretion to carrying out only its delegated powers, the phrase "necessary and expedient" implies a wider range of discretion for the president. Because this is a political question, there has been little judicial involvement with the president's actions under

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of the 1st Amendment: "Through his performance of the duty to recommend measures to Congress, the president functions as the agent of a diffuse electorate who seek the redress of grievances. To muzzle the president, therefore, is to diminish the effectiveness of this right expressly reserved to the

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The Recommendation Clause also imposes an executive duty on the president. His recommendations respect the equal dignity of Congress and thus embody the anti-royalty sentiment that ignited the American Revolution and subsequently stripped the trappings of monarchy away from the new chief executive.

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The president may enter the United States into treaties, but they are not effective until approved by a two-thirds vote in the Senate. In Article II however, the Constitution is not explicit about the termination of treaties. The first abrogation of a treaty occurred in 1798, when Congress passed a

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by making him commander in chief of the armed forces, or by vesting in him a broad, undefined “executive Power.” Congress has delegated at least 136 distinct statutory emergency powers to the President, each available upon the declaration of an emergency. Only 13 of these require a declaration from

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as opposed to being bound to vote for particular candidates, they would be vulnerable to the influence of mobs who might try to ensure a particular result by means of threats and intimidation – this had been a fairly common occurrence in European elections for powerful officials by relatively small

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Additionally, since official treaties are specifically created under and by constitutional U.S. law, and are entered into by both government and the people as a whole, in their capacity as head of state and as the single individual representative of the United States and its citizens, the president

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He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them,

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In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of

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The 12th Amendment introduced a number of important changes to the procedure. Now, electors do not cast two votes for president; rather, they cast one vote for president and another for vice president. In case no presidential candidate receives a majority, the House chooses from the top three (not

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While the Constitution reflects the framers' clear preference for the president to be elected by a constituency independent of the Congress, one of the most palpable limitations created by the stipulation that electors meet in their respective states as opposed to a single venue was that given the

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In an indirect popular vote, it is the names of the candidates who are on the ballot to be elected. Most states do not put the names of the electors on the ballot. It is generally understood by the voters and the electors themselves that they are the representative "stand-ins" for the candidates

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Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under

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As far as presidential appointments, as with treaties a person is not officially and legally appointed to a position until their appointment is approved by the Senate in office. Prior to Senate approval and publication of that approval along with an official date and time for their swearing-in and

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to Congress, and the Vesting Clause does not reassign those powers to the President. In fact, because those actions require legislation passed by Congress which must be signed by the president to take effect, those powers are not strictly executive powers granted to or retained by Congress per se.

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Section 3 of Article Two lays out the responsibilities of the president, granting the president the power to convene both houses of Congress, receive foreign representatives, and commission all federal officers. Section 3 requires the president to inform Congress of the "state of the union"; since

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without Congressional involvement, but the framers were dissuaded from such an arrangement by two major considerations. First, it would have been quite burdensome for electors from distant states to travel to the national capital using eighteenth century means for the sole purpose of electing the

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college of electors. In practice, the state legislatures have generally chosen to select electors through an indirect popular vote, since the 1820s. Most states use a "winner-take-all" system in which all the state's electors are awarded to the candidate gaining the most popular votes. Maine and

527:, the body charged with electing the president and the vice president. Section 1 provides that each state chooses members of the Electoral College in a manner directed by each state's respective legislature, with the states granted electors equal to their combined representation in both houses of 1513:

The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any

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may choose no more electors than the state with the lowest number of electoral votes (in effect, three electors), although since that amendment's ratification the District's population has never reached the threshold that would otherwise entitle it to choose four or more electors. U.S. senators,

1550:, Article II, Section 2 has been interpreted 'The president has the power to initiate hostilities without consulting Congress' But what the framers actually meant by that clause was that once war has been declared, it was the president's responsibility as commander-in-chief to direct the war. 1310:

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the

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The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and

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The State of the Union Clause imposes an executive duty on the president. That duty must be discharged periodically. The president's assessment of the State of the Union must be publicized to Congress, and thus to the nation. The publication of the president's assessment conveys information to

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He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the

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No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been

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with the consent of the Senate alone. A Senate committee ruled that it was correct procedure for the president to terminate treaties after being authorized by the Senate alone, and not the entire Congress. President Pierce's successors, however, returned to the former procedure of obtaining

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Any official convicted by the Senate is immediately removed from office, and to prevent the President's Article II appointment power from being used as a de facto pardon the Senate may also vote by a simple majority that the removed official be forever disqualified from holding any future

1609:. There is currently no universally accepted interpretation of the impeachment exception. Some argue that the president simply cannot use a pardon to stop an officeholder from being impeached, while others suggest that crimes underlying an impeachment cannot be pardoned by the president. 1319:

added the words "So help me God" during his first inaugural, though this has been disputed. There are no contemporaneous sources for this fact, and no eyewitness sources to Washington's first inaugural mention the phrase at all—including those that transcribed what he said for his oath.

596:. The Recommendation Clause requires the president to recommend measures deemed "necessary and expedient." The Take Care Clause requires the president to obey and enforce all laws, though the president retains some discretion in interpreting the laws and determining how to enforce them. 2006:

The president receives all foreign ambassadors. This clause of the Constitution, known as the Reception Clause, has been interpreted to imply that the president possesses broad power over matters of foreign policy, and to provide support for the president's exclusive authority to grant

1387:(that remains in effect) which provides that "...the oath or affirmation required by the sixth article of the Constitution of the United States… shall be administered to ". Currently, the vice presidential oath is the same as that for members of Congress and members of the Cabinet. 1273:

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of

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advocated use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet while he was a professor, but as president he would have none of it in his administration. In recent administrations, cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and agency heads. President

2098:. Article One provides that the privilege may not be suspended save during times of rebellion or invasion, but it does not specify who may suspend the privilege. The Supreme Court ruled that Congress may suspend the privilege if it deems it necessary. During the 1692:

authorization from both Houses. Some presidents have claimed to themselves the exclusive power of terminating treaties. The first unambiguous case of a president terminating a treaty without authorization, granted prior to or after the termination, occurred when

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to select the president if no individual wins a majority of the electoral vote. Section 1 also sets forth the eligibility requirements for the office of the president, provides procedures in case of a presidential vacancy, and requires the president to take an

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of the Senate and then the fifteen Cabinet secretaries in order of each department's establishment. There are concerns regarding the constitutionality of having members of Congress in the line of succession, however, as this clause specifies that only an

1944:(1993): "he Recommendation Clause is less an obligation than a right. The president has the undisputed authority to recommend legislation, but he need not exercise that authority with respect to any particular subject or, for that matter, any subject." 2131: (1867), the Supreme Court ruled that the judiciary may not restrain the president in the execution of the laws. In that case the Supreme Court refused to entertain a request for an injunction preventing President Andrew Johnson from executing the 2106:

suspended the privilege, but, owing to the vehement opposition he faced, obtained congressional authorization for the same. Since then, the privilege of the writ has only been suspended upon the express authorization of Congress, except in the case of

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Congress may repeal the legislation that authorizes the appointment of an executive officer. But according to the Supreme Court, it "cannot reserve for itself the power of an officer charged with the execution of the laws except by impeachment."

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with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the

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representatives and federal government officials are barred from becoming electors; in practice, the two major federal parties frequently select senior state party and government officials (up to and including governors) to serve as electors.

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Some presidents have claimed the authority under this clause to impound money appropriated by Congress. President Jefferson, for example, delayed the expenditure of money appropriated for the purchase of gunboats for over a year. President

1822:, and thus unavailable to provide advice and consent. Such appointments expire at the end of the next Senate session. To continue to serve thereafter, the appointee must be formally nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. 2143:

The president commissions "all the Officers of the United States". These include officers in both military and foreign service. (Under Article I, Section 8, the States have authority for "the Appointment of the Officers ... of the

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The Recommendation clause imposes a duty, but its performance rests solely with the president. Congress possesses no power to compel the president to recommend, as he alone is the "judge" of what is "necessary and expedient." Unlike the

580: 1700:. For the first time, judicial determination was sought, but the effort proved futile: the Supreme Court could not find a majority agreeing on any particular principle, and therefore instructed the trial court to dismiss the case. 997: 1448:

declaration with no further Congressional input. Congressionally-authorized emergency presidential powers are sweeping and dramatic and range from seizing control of the Internet to declaring martial law. This led the magazine

2315:. Interim edition: Analysis of cases decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to August 26, 2017. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 11. 112th Congress, 2nd Session, Senate document no. 112–9 3811: 3234: 1893:: "By the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty of the president 'to recommend to your consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.'" This is the Recommendation Clause. 547:

Section 2 of Article Two lays out the powers of the presidency, establishing that the president serves as the commander-in-chief of the military, among many other roles. This section gives the president the power to grant

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The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as

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prohibits anyone who swore an oath to support the Constitution, and later rebelled against the United States, from becoming president. However, this disqualification can be lifted by a two-thirds vote of each house of

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prohibits anyone from being elected to the presidency more than twice (or once if the person serves as president or acting president for more than two years of a presidential term to which someone else was originally

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took the matter to the Supreme Court, where it held that the commissions were valid, and the courts generally had the power to order them delivered and should have done so (a ruling that established the principle of

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put it, " into the judiciary as a stronghold". However, in his haste, Adams' secretary of State neglected to have all the commissions delivered. Incoming President Jefferson was enraged with Adams, and ordered his

4417: 3994:, who was removed as a federal judge in 1989. Despite this, Hastings was not disqualified from serving in another federal office, and was elected to the House of Representatives in 1992, where he currently serves. 4518: 1939:

attempted to shield the records of the President's Task Force on Health Care Reform as essential to his functions under the Recommendations Clause, a federal circuit court rejected the argument and noted in

1331:, while vetoing an Act for the renewal of the charter of the national bank, implied that the president could refuse to execute statutes that he felt were unconstitutional. In suspending the privilege of the 5650: 2567:

The judgment "quoted with approval the following statement made in 1874 by a Senate Committee: 'The appointment of these electors is thus placed absolutely and wholly with the legislatures of the several

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The president's salary, currently $ 400,000 a year, must remain constant throughout the president's term. The president may not receive other compensation from either the federal or any state government.

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with the advice and consent of the Senate. However, Congress may instead legislate for the appointment of particular inferior officials by the president, heads of executive departments, or the courts.

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The president must "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." This clause in the Constitution imposes a duty on the president to enforce the laws of the United States and is called the

1416: 271: 117: 2080:(1952).) Finally, the president may not refuse to enforce a constitutional law, or "cancel" certain appropriations, for that would amount to an extra-constitutional veto or suspension power. 1191:

the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

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While no other punishments may be inflicted pursuant to the impeachment proceeding, the convicted party remains liable to trial and punishment in the courts for civil and criminal charges.

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and his successors sometimes refused outright to expend appropriated money. The Supreme Court, however, has held that impoundments without Congressional authorization are unconstitutional.

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died in office, a debate arose over whether the vice president would become president, or if he would just inherit the powers, thus becoming an acting president. Harrison's vice president,

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and by the same constituency. The framers' intent was to preserve the independence of the executive branch should the person who was vice president succeed to the duties of the presidency.

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Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

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the officer. It has not been settled whether the president has the prerogative to withhold a commission after having signed it. This issue played a large part in the seminal court case

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reported that without the permanent disqualification clause impeachment would have no effect, because the President could simply reinstate his impeached officers "the next morning".

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The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

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administers the oath. It is sometimes asserted that the oath bestows upon the president the power to do whatever is necessary to "preserve, protect and defend the Constitution."

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The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other

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To allow the government to act quickly in case of a major domestic or international crisis arising when Congress is not in session, the president is empowered to call a

172: 167: 152: 147: 137: 127: 2916: 1998:; however, the President does not have the authority to do so unless either the Senate or the House of Representatives were to alter their scheduled adjournment dates. 1859:

delivered by British monarchs, chose instead to send written messages to Congress for reading by clerks. Jefferson's procedure was followed by future presidents until

1119:

A person who meets the above qualifications, however, may still be constitutionally barred from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions:

915:] by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse [ 397: 3853: 5063: 4785: 4164: 4144: 4099: 2218: 1763:

At times, the president has asserted the power to remove individuals from office. Congress has often explicitly limited the president's power to remove; during the

1180: 705:

does have Coauthority and Constitutional duty to unilaterally withdraw the United States from treaties when it is in the best interests and well being of the U.S..

662: 516: 107: 87: 3970: 5548: 4987: 4154: 4149: 2196: 1578:

The president may require the "principal officer" of any executive department to tender their advice in writing. While the Constitution nowhere requires a formal

97: 92: 1433:

may be declared and which rights may be suspended, the U.S. Constitution itself includes no comprehensive separate regime for emergencies. However, according to

4967: 4917: 4862: 4159: 4134: 2214: 2210: 1531: 1372: 1223: 1162: 1123: 689: 658: 512: 102: 77: 2308:

Congressional Research Service Library Of Congress (2017). Garcia, Michael J.; Devereaux, Caitlain; Nolan, Lewis Andrew; Totten, Meghan; Tyson, Ashley (eds.).

1882:

The president has the power and duty to recommend, for the consideration of Congress, such measures which the president deems as "necessary and expedient". At

1526:, and ruled that federal courts in the United States must show deference to the executive in assessing threats to the country. The president is the military's 1990:

Congress if the House and Senate cannot agree on the time of adjournment; no president has ever had to exercise this administrative power. In 2020, President

5355: 4407: 3537: 1404: 701:

enter into non-binding discussions and give conditional approval to agreements reached with foreign governments subject to Senate approval at a future date.

465: 308: 5068: 4867: 4005: 1771:, proscribing, without the advice and consent of the Senate, presidential removal of anyone appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate. President 1106: 1033: 1469:, each emergency power "lies about like a loaded weapon, ready for the hand of any authority that can bring forward a plausible claim of an urgent need." 4603: 4129: 4092: 2582: 1747:

proceedings that followed, the Supreme Court ruled that the Senate was not permitted to rescind advice and consent after the officer had been installed.

842: 507:

Section 1 of Article Two establishes the positions of the president and the vice president, and sets the term of both offices at four years. Section 1's

69: 34: 4842: 4812: 4598: 4563: 4543: 2031:. This clause is meant to ensure that a law is faithfully executed by the president even if he disagrees with the purpose of that law. Addressing the 1455:

to observe that "the misuse of emergency powers is a standard gambit among leaders attempting to consolidate power", because, in the words of Justice

340: 335: 318: 1890: 5655: 4847: 2979: 2261: 2192: 2076: 2043: 1921: 1606: 1411: 1086: 954: 902: 600: 5058: 2732: 1983: 1883: 1445: 1098: 1066:

Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States:

678: 638: 497: 458: 3210: 2051: 1787: 383: 374: 5148: 4817: 4695: 3513: 2483: 1995: 1851:" "from time to time." This is called the State of the Union Clause. Originally, presidents personally delivered annual addresses to Congress. 532: 2091:

It has been asserted that the president's responsibility in the "faithful" execution of the laws entitles him to suspend the privilege of the

2064:

The president may not prevent a member of the executive branch from performing a ministerial duty lawfully imposed upon him by Congress. (See

5370: 4460: 4455: 4382: 894: 798:

cast their electoral college ballot for the designated presidential candidate. The constitutionality of such mandates was established by the

279: 2183:), but refused to issue the orders itself on the grounds that the law giving it original jurisdiction over such cases was unconstitutional. 1741:. The officer in question was sworn in, but the Senate, under the guise of a motion to reconsider, rescinded the advice and consent. In the 555:

Section 2 also requires the "principal officer" of any executive department to tender advice. Though not required by Article Two, President

5103: 4897: 4019: 2685: 2180: 1602: 549: 2039:, Washington observed, "it is my duty to see the Laws executed: to permit them to be trampled upon with impunity would be repugnant to ." 1630:(reduction in prison sentence), unlike pardons (restoration of civil rights after prison sentence had been served) may not be refused. In 5479: 5098: 4690: 1986:

presidents would routinely call the Senate to meet to confirm nominations or ratify treaties. Clause 3 also authorizes the president to

867:

The Supreme Court upheld the power of Congress to regulate political contributions intended to influence the appointment of electors in

726: 2161:

feverishly signed many commissions to the judiciary on his final day in office, hoping to, as incoming Democratic-Republican President

4735: 3897: 1423: 1324: 1260: 799: 352: 3019: (2008) ("ost federal judges begin the day with briefings that describe new and serious threats to our Nation and its people."). 1994:

threatened to use this clause as a justification to prorogue both houses of Congress in order to make recess appointments during the

5078: 4440: 4115: 3140: 2867: 2852: 2815: 2200: 2111:, whose writ was suspended by President Andrew Johnson regarding her alleged involvement in the assassination of President Lincoln. 1126:, gives the U.S. Senate the option of forever disqualifying anyone convicted in an impeachment case from holding any federal office. 778: 60: 42: 2658: 1818:

The president may fill critical federal executive and judicial branch vacancies unilaterally but temporarily when the Senate is in

1046:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution § Section 3: Disqualification from office for insurrection or rebellion

3686: 5583: 5578: 4922: 2771: 2167: 1466: 504:, lays out the procedures for electing and removing the president, and establishes the president's powers and responsibilities. 4927: 4912: 4066: 2831: 1020:] the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. 992: 950: 722: 524: 347: 1750:

After the Senate grants advice and consent, however, the Supreme Court has ruled that the president is under no compulsion to

511:

declares that the executive power of the federal government is vested in the president and, along with the Vesting Clauses of

5334: 2926: 1323:

Also, the president-elect's name is typically added after the "I", for example, "I, George Washington, do...." Normally, the

1267: 1172: 1076: 501: 2720: 1342:

claimed that he acted according to the oath. His action was challenged in court and overturned by the U.S. Circuit Court in

5048: 4637: 3864: 2257: 1833: 1737:

previous decisions. In 1931, the Senate granted advice and consent to the president on the appointment of a member of the

1727: 1361: 3763:"Furious George – The belligerence of the Bush Administration in pursuing expansive power has a long Republican pedigree" 3762: 1775:

ignored the Act, and was later impeached and acquitted. The constitutionality of the Act was not immediately settled. In

5598: 5396: 4827: 4700: 4505: 4387: 4187: 3962: 3552: (1936), characterized the President as the "sole organ of the nation in its external relations," an interpretation 2269: 2249: 2204: 1542:. Nevertheless, the power of the president to initiate hostilities has been subject to question. According to historian 1376: 1236: 1025: 988: 560: 500:, which carries out and enforces federal laws. Article Two vests the power of the executive branch in the office of the 359: 286: 3735: 673:

power solely to the Supreme Court, and other federal courts established by law. These three articles together secure a

5612: 5516: 5474: 5469: 4872: 4558: 4523: 3428: 3405: 1931: 1915: 1768: 1723: 1715: 1599:

formed seven subcabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent presidents have followed that practice.

1227: 1158: 864:

an Ohio law which placed heavy burdens on minor parties seeking to be placed on the ballot for presidential electors.

2074:(1838).) Nor may the president take an action not authorized either by the Constitution or by a lawful statute. (See 5566: 5013: 4982: 4832: 4705: 4470: 4465: 2839: 2530: 2032: 1970:

first did so in 1797, the president has called the full Congress to convene for a special session on 27 occasions.

1848: 1461: 1380: 869: 824: 489: 3963:"Hinds' Precedents, Volume 3 - Chapter 63 - Nature of Impeachment: Accused may be tried after resignation, § 2007" 3339: 2457: 2361: 811:

Each state chooses as many electors as it has representatives and senators representing it in Congress. Under the

599:

Section 4 of Article Two establishes that the president and other officers can be removed from office through the

5314: 5194: 4993: 4725: 4548: 4425: 4271: 1781:, the Supreme Court held that Congress could not limit the president's power to remove an executive officer (the 1680: 1568: 1564: 390: 364: 3663: 52: 5283: 5153: 5017: 4877: 4642: 4632: 4500: 3826: 3483:"Remarks by President Trump, Vice President Pence, and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing" 2288: 1792: 1738: 1620: 847: 619: 3074: 1795:, an "administrative body cannot in any proper sense be characterized as an arm or an eye of the executive." 2426: 5073: 5021: 4947: 4775: 4652: 4647: 4583: 4553: 4495: 3787: 3659: 3125: 3078: 2309: 2145: 2057: 2046: 1614: 1029: 861: 744: 3092: 1293: 1093:(left) successfully campaigned for a fourth term. He was the only president who served more than two terms. 5236: 5108: 4755: 4680: 4627: 4578: 4402: 3185: 2116: 2008: 1856: 1777: 1555:

not to 'make' war, which was thought to be a necessary emergency power in case of foreign attack)." Since

1212: 1176: 804: 654: 528: 303: 1392:

will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.

5443: 4822: 4790: 4621: 4450: 4397: 3796: 3575: 3546: 3257: 3219: 3194: 3169: 3013: 2988: 2801: 2591: 2510: 2125: 2085: 1751: 1734: 1640: 1579: 1484: 1479: 828: 296: 3455: 2211:

Article One of the United States Constitution § Clause 5: Speaker and other officers; Impeachment

1379:... shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution". Pursuant to Article VI, the 5588: 5143: 4857: 4852: 4807: 4780: 4730: 4475: 3121: 2807: 2501: 2273: 1863:

reverted to the former procedure of personally addressing Congress, which has continued to this day.

851: 836: 674: 568: 520: 422: 2231: 1982:(which brought forward the date on which Congress convenes from December to January) in 1933, newly 5571: 5360: 5088: 4952: 4740: 4685: 4588: 4445: 3566: 3160: 2256:

The Constitution also allows for involuntary removal from office of the president, vice president,

2132: 1709: 1002: 890: 572: 536: 5273: 5257: 5118: 4932: 4907: 4892: 4802: 4770: 4760: 4720: 4710: 4024: 3302: 3294: 3004: 2550: 2310:"The Constitution of the United States of America Analysis and Interpretation Centennial Edition" 2153: 2099: 2066: 1975: 1808: 1782: 1764: 1756: 1655: 1632: 1551: 1527: 1498: 1430: 1090: 1006: 856: 642: 593: 585: 576: 3712: 2697: 5593: 5339: 5324: 5304: 5178: 5053: 5032: 4796: 4608: 4435: 3854:"Lincoln's Suspension of the Writ of Habeas Corpus: An Historical and Constitutional Analysis" 3588: 3381: 2811: 2401: 2036: 1886: 1697: 1627: 1583: 1535: 1523: 1522:. The Supreme Court has interpreted that power as reaching its zenith when wielded to protect 1506: 1494: 1456: 1419: 1352: 1316: 967: 962: 791: 734: 730: 634: 630: 556: 3385: 1791:, it upheld Congress's authority to restrict the president's power to remove officers of the 567:

grants the president the power to enter into treaties with the approval of two-thirds of the

5215: 4962: 4837: 4765: 4750: 4485: 4430: 4392: 4074: 3933: 3286: 3248: 2797: 2686:"The Twice and Future President: Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty-Second Amendment" 2542: 2226: 2162: 1852: 1719: 1502: 1440: 1183: 827:

system in their presidential elections. In 2020, Maine switched from first past the post to

493: 291: 3799: 3222: 3016: 2991: 1081: 5500: 5448: 5329: 5288: 5199: 5123: 5027: 5009: 4745: 4715: 4573: 3460: 3146:

Treaties and Conventions Concluded Between the United States of America Since July 4, 1776

3037: 2956: 2240: 2175: 2103: 1963: 1953: 1906: 1819: 1684: 1587: 1572: 1519: 1339: 1058: 816: 650: 508: 446: 2631: 3919: 1559:, every major military action has been technically a U.S. military operation or a U.N. " 1364:. Otherwise, few have seriously asserted that the oath augments the president's powers. 5438: 5417: 5401: 5365: 5309: 5278: 5093: 3991: 3736:"Constitutional Limitations On Federal Government Participation in Binding Arbitration" 3690: 3549: 3487: 3260: 3172: 2883: 2387: 2236: 1926: 1919:

the clause as long as presidents have not tried to extend their legislative powers. In

1860: 1772: 1643: 1591: 1357: 1347: 1328: 1211:

The wording of this clause caused much controversy at the time it was first used. When

972: 17: 3197: 2775: 2594: 2151:

The presidential authority to commission officers had a large impact on the 1803 case

2128: 1429:

Unlike the modern constitutions of many other countries, which specify when and how a

441: 5634: 5543: 5464: 5422: 5391: 5319: 5241: 5113: 5083: 4999: 4902: 4613: 4568: 3617: 3306: 2513: 2171: 2092: 1905:

Sidak explained that there is a connection between the Recommendation Clause and the

1673: 1596: 1560: 1332: 1243:

to the present day have argued that the term "officer" excludes members of Congress.

1240: 575:

grants the president the power to appoint judges and public officials subject to the

564: 4084: 3032: 2334: 1230:

establishes the order as the speaker of the House of Representatives, the president

4079: 3028: 2921: 2215:

Article One of the United States Constitution § Clause 6: Trial of impeachment

2108: 1991: 1971: 1936: 1743: 1693: 1556: 1543: 1488: 1451: 1435: 1302: 1298: 1167: 3689:. Gallagher Library of the University of Washington School of Law. Archived from 2871: 1439:, some legal scholars believe that the Constitution gives the president inherent 949:

In modern practice, parties nominate their electors through various methods, see

5495: 5375: 2848: 2746: 1987: 1957: 1539: 666: 579:

of the Senate, which in practice has meant that presidential appointees must be

429: 2856: 5220: 5004: 4069:

The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation.

2607: 2158: 2055:, and repudiates any notion that he may dispense with the law's execution. In 1967: 1547: 1315:

According to the Joint Congressional Committee on Presidential Inaugurations,

1239:" may be designated as a presidential successor. Constitutional scholars from 1216: 1199: 531:. Section 1 lays out the procedures of the Electoral College and requires the 434: 3739: 3290: 3051: 2696:(3). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Law School: 565–635. Archived from 1654:

The president exercises the powers in the Advice and Consent Clause with the

1356:, 17 F. Cas. 144 (C.C.D. Md. 1861). Lincoln ignored Taney's order. Finally, 854:

as circumscribing the legislature's authority under Art. II, § 1, cl. 2". In

786:

Nebraska allow individual congressional districts to each elect one elector.

5128: 2531:"Limitations on the Power of State Legislatures over Presidential Elections" 670: 4972: 1586:

advocated the use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government to President

1573:

Resolution of The Congress Providing Authorization for Use of Force In Iraq

777:

Under the U.S. Constitution the president and vice president are chosen by

4006:"Congress Should Remove Trump from Office, But Let Him Run Again in 2020" 2219:

Article Three of the United States Constitution § Section 3: Treason

1343: 3863:. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. p. 48. Archived from 3553: 3298: 3274: 1866:

Kesavan and Sidak explain the purpose of the State of the Union clause:

5163: 4593: 3275:"Ignoring Advice and Consent? The Uses of Judicial Recess Appointments" 2554: 2222: 1688: 1475:

Clause 1: Command of military; Opinions of cabinet secretaries; Pardons

850:

the question of "the extent to which the Florida Supreme Court saw the

823:

All states other than Maine (including the District of Columbia) use a

559:

organized the principal officers of the executive departments into the

523:

among the three branches of government. Section 1 also establishes the

2835: 2546: 1896:

Kesavan and Sidak explain the purpose of the Recommendation Clause:

4051:

Deschler's Precedents of the United States House of Representatives

2230: 1605:

and reprieves may be granted by the president, except in cases of

1478: 1305:

for the second time at his first inauguration, on January 21, 2009

1166: 1057: 996: 629: 4937: 2884:"Nixon v. Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. 425 (1977)" 1259:"Domestic Emoluments Clause" redirects here. For other uses, see 3767:

Legal Affairs – The magazine at the intersection of Law and Life

3498: 3406:"The Heritage Guide to the Constitution: Recommendations Clause" 1563:", which are deemed legally legitimate by Congress, and various 4088: 2953:

Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law

1115:

an inhabitant of the United States for at least fourteen years.

1109:, or a person recognized as a citizen before September 17, 1787 3514:"Trump threatens to adjourn Congress to push through nominees" 2484:"Ranked choice voting in Maine a go for presidential election" 2260:, and other executive officers, as well as judges, who may be 1618:(1833), the pardon could be rejected by the convict. Then, in 1538:

gives Congress, and not the president, the exclusive right to

1016: 929: 923: 917: 911: 2772:"Joint Congressional Committee on Presidential Inaugurations" 1487:

as commander-in-chief, with his military subordinates during

27:

Portion of the US Constitution regarding the executive branch

2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 1948:

Clause 3: Extraordinary sessions and prorogation of Congress

592:

1913 this has taken the form of a speech referred to as the

3921:

Lincoln's Suspension of Habeas Corpus as Viewed by Congress

3372:

Sidak, Gregory (August 1989). "The Recommendation Clause".

2659:"Articles on Amendment XIV: Disqualification for Rebellion" 975:) from the Middle Ages up to the Constitution's creation. 971:

constituencies (for example, and perhaps in particular, in

588:

to fill vacancies that occur when the Senate is in recess.

563:, a practice that subsequent presidents have followed. The 3093:"The President’s Pardon Power May Be Weaker Than It Seems" 2433:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: National Constitution Center 1974:

was the most recent to do so in July 1948 (the so called "

2264:

by the House of Representatives and tried in the Senate.

1847:

The president must give the Congress information on the "

1050:

Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution

761:

Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution

3812:

public domain material from this U.S government document

3235:

public domain material from this U.S government document

2917:"The Alarming Scope of the President's Emergency Powers" 2174:, to refrain from delivering the remaining commissions. 1155:

Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

1014:

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing [

765:

Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

757:

Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution

5651:

Executive branch of the government of the United States

3685:

Prepared by Devotion Garner. Updated by Cheryl Nyberg.

1301:

being administered the oath of office by Chief Justice

657:

power upon the president. Similar clauses are found in

3273:

Graves, Scott E.; Howard, Robert M. (September 2010).

2015:

Clause 5: Caring for the faithful execution of the law

1942:

Ass'n of American Physicians & Surgeons v. Clinton

1733:

The Senate has a long-standing practice of permitting

753:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

741:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

685:

on the operation and power of the other two branches.

3738:. United States Department of Justice. Archived from 3399: 3397: 3395: 899:

Efforts to reform the United States Electoral College

887:

Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

749:

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

669:

power exclusively to Congress, and the latter grants

3052:"Presidential War Powers: The Constitutional Answer" 1289:

Oath of office of the president of the United States

860:(1968), the Court struck down as a violation of the 603:

process, which is further described in Article One.

5557: 5529: 5509: 5488: 5457: 5431: 5410: 5384: 5348: 5297: 5266: 5250: 5229: 5208: 5187: 5171: 5162: 5041: 4671: 4536: 4416: 4373: 4298: 4270: 4249: 4186: 4173: 4122: 4053:, H.R. DOC. NO. 94‒661 ch. 14, app. at 2269 (1977). 2684:Peabody, Bruce G.; Gant, Scott E. (February 1999). 1071:

fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

883:

Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

5538:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 4067:Kilman, Johnny and George Costello (Eds). (2000). 2840: 2747:"3 U.S. Code § 102. Compensation of the President" 1268:President of the United States § Compensation 1054:United States presidential eligibility legislation 4957: 3367: 3365: 794:. Many states have mandated in law that electors 773:the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 2925:. No. January/February 2019. Archived from 2235:Depiction of the impeachment trial of President 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 2608:"3 U.S. Code § 1 - Time of appointing electors" 2246: 1978:"). Additionally, prior to ratification of the 1829: 1812: 1660: 1511: 1308: 1271: 1188: 1068: 1012: 993:United States Electoral College § Meetings 906: 770: 623: 5549:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3612: 3610: 2751:Legal Information Institute Cornell Law School 2197:Federal impeachment trial in the United States 1444:Congress; the remaining 123 are assumed by an 5641:Article Two of the United States Constitution 4100: 4080:Mount, Steve. (2003). "Presidential Pardons." 3734:Walter E. Dellinger III (September 7, 1995). 3618:"Take Care Clause Law & Legal Definition" 3429:"Essays on Article II: Convening of Congress" 1360:'s counsel referred to the theory during his 1163:United States presidential line of succession 933:] from them by Ballot the Vice President. 921:] the President. But in chusing [ 466: 8: 3687:"Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions" 3538:United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. 3149:. Government Printing Office. p. 1,232. 2731:(4). Philadelphia: Temple University of the 1878:Clause 2: Making recommendations to Congress 1855:, who felt that the procedure resembled the 1405:Powers of the president of the United States 1062:Beginning of the clause in the 1787 document 614:Clause 1: Executive power and term of office 3556:by Louis Fisher of the Library of Congress. 3338:Vasan Kesavan and J. Gregory Sidak (2002). 2949:"A Guide to Emergency Powers and Their Use" 2002:Clause 4: Receiving foreign representatives 1175:John Tyler receiving the news of President 5646:Articles of the United States Constitution 5168: 4183: 4179: 4107: 4093: 4085: 3589:"Article II, Section 3, U.S. Constitution" 2583:Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board 2452: 2450: 2448: 1518:The Constitution vests the president with 846:(2000), the Supreme Court remanded to the 843:Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board 473: 459: 29: 3957: 3955: 2980:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 2335:"Vesting Clause Law and Legal Definition" 2077:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 1966:of one or both houses of Congress. Since 1922:Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer 1369:vice president also has an oath of office 5605:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution 3761:Kinkopf, Neil (September–October 2005). 3713:"Chapter 12 – The Presidency Flashcards" 2193:Federal impeachment in the United States 2044:United States Assistant Attorney General 1826:Section 3: Presidential responsibilities 1412:Nixon v. General Services Administration 1373:Oath or Affirmation Clause of Article VI 1292: 1080: 903:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 681:, and individually, each one entrenches 4020:"Judgment—Removal and Disqualification" 4004:Foley, Edward B. (September 25, 2019). 2733:Commonwealth System of Higher Education 2300: 2072:Kendall v. United States ex rel. Stokes 1226:beyond the vice president. The current 607:Section 1: President and vice president 373: 317: 116: 59: 41: 3831:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 3656:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 3433:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 3075:"Essays on Article II: Opinion Clause" 2663:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution 2524: 2522: 2157:, where outgoing Federalist President 4075:CRS Annotated Constitution: Article 2 3924:. University of Wisconsin. p. 52 3715:. Flashcard Machine. January 16, 2012 1465:(1944), the decision that upheld the 895:Electoral College abolition amendment 717:Clause 2: Method of choosing electors 7: 3894:, 128 S. Ct. 2229, 2237-2238 (2008)" 3211:Humphrey's Executor v. United States 2272:. Constitutional law expert Senator 2181:judicial review in the United States 2052:Humphrey's Executor v. United States 1788:Humphrey's Executor v. United States 5572:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 5099:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights 3595:. Legal Information Institute. 2012 3454:Steinmetz, Katy (August 10, 2010). 3099:, Dec. 5, 2019, Accessed 12/16/2019 2033:North Carolina ratifying convention 1650:Clause 2: Advice and Consent Clause 1181:Chief Clerk of the State Department 1040:Clause 5: Qualifications for office 727:United States presidential election 641:U.S. president, April 30, 1789, by 4663:Drafting and ratification timeline 4408:District of Columbia Voting Rights 2845:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1325:chief justice of the United States 940:This procedure was changed by the 800:Supreme Court of the United States 329:Drafting and ratification timeline 25: 4116:Constitution of the United States 3512:Bresnahan, John (15 April 2020). 3141:United States Department of State 2612:LII / Legal Information Institute 2366:Constitution USA with Peter Segal 2201:Treason laws in the United States 1612:As ruled by the Supreme Court in 1567:because of decisions such as the 1377:Officers ... of the United States 4519:Convention to propose amendments 3803: 3456:"Congressional Special Sessions" 3226: 1467:internment of Japanese Americans 1149:Clause 6: Vacancy and disability 677:among the three branches of the 440: 428: 416: 51: 5656:Presidency of the United States 3973:from the original on 2021-03-12 3918:Sellery, George Clarke (1907). 2719:Albert, Richard (Winter 2005). 2529:Kirby, James C. (Summer 1962). 2427:"Article Two: Executive Branch" 2139:Clause 6: Officers' commissions 1714:The president may also appoint 1222:The Congress may provide for a 1131:Section 3 of the 14th Amendment 723:United States Electoral College 5134:Separation of church and state 2721:"The Evolving Vice Presidency" 2270:office under the United States 1683:. In 1854, however, President 1399:Section 2: Presidential powers 1124:Article I, Section 3, Clause 7 1077:President of the United States 502:president of the United States 118:Amendments to the Constitution 1: 4638:Virginia Ratifying Convention 2774:. U.S. Senate. Archived from 2535:Law and Contemporary Problems 2402:"U.S. Senate: About Treaties" 2241:Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase 1834:Officers of the United States 1803:Clause 3: Recess appointments 1728:officers of the United States 1696:terminated a treaty with the 1283:Clause 8: Oath or affirmation 1001:Certificate for the vote for 665:; the former bestows federal 5599:National Constitution Center 5397:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer 4696:Assemble and Petition Clause 3279:Political Research Quarterly 2250:high Crimes and Misdemeanors 2205:High crimes and misdemeanors 1843:Clause 1: State of the Union 1375:that provides that "all ... 1371:, but it is taken under the 1237:officer of the United States 989:Election Day (United States) 5470:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 4524:State ratifying conventions 4461:Equal Opportunity to Govern 4456:Electoral College abolition 4383:Congressional Apportionment 3344:William and Mary Law Review 2482:Sharp, David (2020-09-22). 1932:Clinton v. City of New York 1916:Necessary and Proper Clause 1590:, but was rebuffed. Later, 1228:Presidential Succession Act 1159:Presidential Succession Act 877:Clause 3: Electoral College 384:Preamble and Articles I–VII 280:Congressional Apportionment 5672: 3852:Dueholm, James A. (2008). 3810:This article incorporates 3233:This article incorporates 2208: 2190: 2138: 2029:Faithfully Executed Clause 1951: 1806: 1707: 1671: 1565:United Nations Resolutions 1462:Korematsu v. United States 1402: 1381:1st United States Congress 1286: 1265: 1258: 1198:This clause was partially 1152: 1074: 1043: 1009:for the State of Louisiana 986: 880: 870:Burroughs v. United States 738: 720: 617: 490:United States Constitution 4923:Privileges and Immunities 4736:Congressional enforcement 4658:Rhode Island ratification 4549:Articles of Confederation 4514: 4491:Parental Rights amendment 4182: 3833:. The Heritage Foundation 3408:. The Heritage Foundation 3340:"The Legislator-In-Chief" 2665:. The Heritage Foundation 2025:Faithful Execution Clause 2011:to a foreign government. 1687:terminated a treaty with 1681:Treaty of Alliance (1778) 1569:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1409:In the landmark decision 1171:1888 illustration of new 1101:, the President must be: 1034:joint session of Congress 1024:Congress sets a national 365:Reconstruction Amendments 5154:Unitary executive theory 4928:Privileges or Immunities 4643:New York Circular Letter 4633:Massachusetts Compromise 3291:10.1177/1065912909333129 2289:Unitary executive theory 1793:Federal Trade Commission 1739:Federal Power Commission 1621:Burdick v. United States 1112:at least 35 years of age 848:Supreme Court of Florida 649:Section 1 begins with a 620:Executive Vesting Clause 533:House of Representatives 423:United States portal 33:This article is part of 5074:Dormant Commerce Clause 4918:Presidential succession 4653:Fayetteville Convention 4648:Hillsborough Convention 4584:Three-fifths Compromise 4564:Philadelphia Convention 4554:Mount Vernon Conference 4441:Campaign finance reform 4047:Ritter v. United States 3788:Printz v. United States 3660:The Heritage Foundation 3079:The Heritage Foundation 3033:Presidential War Powers 2458:"The Electoral College" 2388:"War Powers Resolution" 2058:Printz v. United States 2047:Walter E. Dellinger III 1935:(1998). When President 1726:, ministers, and other 1615:United States v. Wilson 1493:Left to right: General 1385:Oath Administration Act 1030:president of the Senate 862:Equal Protection Clause 745:Equal Protection Clause 637:'s inauguration as the 18:U.S. Const. Art. II, §2 5237:William Samuel Johnson 5109:Nondelegation doctrine 4681:Admission to the Union 4628:Anti-Federalist Papers 4579:Connecticut Compromise 3990:An example of this is 3374:Georgetown Law Journal 3186:Myers v. United States 3050:Woods, Thomas (2013). 2431:constitutioncenter.org 2254: 2244: 2187:Section 4: Impeachment 2117:Mississippi v. Johnson 1903: 1873: 1857:speech from the throne 1838: 1816: 1778:Myers v. United States 1767:, Congress passed the 1665: 1516: 1509: 1394: 1346:(led by Chief Justice 1313: 1306: 1276: 1213:William Henry Harrison 1209: 1186: 1094: 1073: 1063: 1022: 1010: 983:Clause 4: Election day 947: 805:Chiafalo v. Washington 775: 646: 628: 5444:Richard Dobbs Spaight 4913:Presidential Electors 4888:Original Jurisdiction 4828:Full Faith and Credit 4701:Assistance of Counsel 4622:The Federalist Papers 4451:Crittenden Compromise 3435:. Heritage Foundation 2803:The Federalist Papers 2234: 2086:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1898: 1868: 1735:motions to reconsider 1485:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1482: 1389: 1296: 1287:Further information: 1170: 1084: 1061: 1000: 955:deadlock in the House 653:that confers federal 633: 405:Unratified Amendments 272:Unratified Amendments 61:Preamble and Articles 5613:A More Perfect Union 5589:Constitution Gardens 5510:Convention Secretary 5172:Convention President 5144:Symmetric federalism 5139:Separation of powers 4873:Necessary and Proper 4868:Natural-born citizen 4813:Freedom of the Press 4751:Copyright and Patent 4741:Contingent Elections 4559:Annapolis Convention 3870:on February 24, 2021 3742:on November 29, 2014 3122:United States Senate 3054:. Liberty Classrooom 2915:Goitein, Elizabeth. 2810:. pp. 555–556. 2690:Minnesota Law Review 2502:McPherson v. Blacker 2042:According to former 2023:, also known as the 1769:Tenure of Office Act 1679:law terminating the 1107:natural-born citizen 852:Florida Constitution 837:McPherson v. Blacker 817:District of Columbia 675:separation of powers 521:separation of powers 45:of the United States 5620:Worldwide influence 5361:Gunning Bedford Jr. 5089:Executive privilege 5069:Criminal sentencing 4992:Title of Nobility ( 4983:Taxing and Spending 4883:Oath or Affirmation 4843:House Apportionment 4706:Case or Controversy 4589:Committee of Detail 4481:"Liberty" amendment 4446:Christian amendment 3567:Zivotofsky v. Kerry 3161:Goldwater v. Carter 2778:on January 10, 2009 2700:on January 15, 2013 2258:Cabinet secretaries 2133:Reconstruction Acts 1980:Twentieth Amendment 1710:Appointments Clause 1177:William H. Harrison 1003:Rutherford B. Hayes 951:Elector Nominations 891:Contingent election 825:first past the post 683:checks and balances 586:recess appointments 573:Appointments Clause 537:contingent election 447:Politics portal 398:Amendments XI–XXVII 5274:William Livingston 5258:Alexander Hamilton 5064:Criminal procedure 5059:Constitutional law 4994:Foreign Emoluments 4958:State of the Union 4943:Self-Incrimination 4933:Recess appointment 4726:Compulsory Process 4388:Titles of Nobility 4025:Cornell Law School 3892:Boumediene v. Bush 3827:"Take Care Clause" 3652:"Take Care Clause" 3097:The New York Times 3091:Martin H. Redish, 3005:Boumediene v. Bush 2245: 2168:secretary of State 2154:Marbury v. Madison 2100:American Civil War 2067:Marbury v. Madison 1976:Turnip Day Session 1849:State of the Union 1809:Recess appointment 1783:Postmaster General 1765:Reconstruction era 1757:Marbury v. Madison 1656:advice and consent 1633:Biddle v. Perovich 1552:Alexander Hamilton 1546:, "Ever since the 1528:commander-in-chief 1510: 1499:Franklin Roosevelt 1431:state of emergency 1307: 1224:line of succession 1187: 1095: 1091:Franklin Roosevelt 1064: 1011: 1007:William A. Wheeler 857:Williams v. Rhodes 679:federal government 647: 643:Ramon de Elorriaga 594:State of the Union 584:the power to make 577:advice and consent 519:, establishes the 498:federal government 309:D.C. Voting Rights 287:Titles of Nobility 5628: 5627: 5594:Constitution Week 5579:Independence Mall 5567:National Archives 5525: 5524: 5340:Gouverneur Morris 5325:Thomas Fitzsimons 5305:Benjamin Franklin 5179:George Washington 5079:Enumerated powers 5054:Concurrent powers 5049:Balance of powers 4878:No Religious Test 4818:Freedom of Speech 4609:Independence Hall 4532: 4531: 4436:Bricker amendment 4369: 4368: 3666:on April 14, 2013 3499:National Archives 3139:John H. Haswell; 2798:Rossiter, Clinton 2725:Temple Law Review 2390:. Avalon Project. 2274:Matthew Carpenter 1996:COVID-19 pandemic 1891:Inaugural Address 1887:George Washington 1698:Republic of China 1584:William H. Seward 1536:War Powers Clause 1524:national security 1507:Chester W. Nimitz 1495:Douglas MacArthur 1457:Robert H. Jackson 1422:, afterwards the 1420:William Rehnquist 1362:impeachment trial 1353:Ex Parte Merryman 1317:George Washington 1261:Emoluments Clause 968:act independently 963:exhaustive ballot 792:faithless elector 735:Faithless elector 731:Indirect election 688:Article I grants 635:George Washington 557:George Washington 525:Electoral College 483: 482: 16:(Redirected from 5663: 5584:Constitution Day 5475:Charles Pinckney 5284:William Paterson 5216:Nathaniel Gorham 5169: 4948:Speech or Debate 4776:Equal Protection 4486:Ludlow amendment 4471:Flag Desecration 4466:Federal Marriage 4431:Blaine amendment 4393:Corwin Amendment 4184: 4180: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4086: 4054: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3995: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3978: 3959: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3934:Internet Archive 3931: 3929: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3896:. Archived from 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3869: 3861:lincolngroup.org 3858: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3822: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3693:on July 30, 2013 3682: 3676: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3662:. Archived from 3647: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3614: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3585: 3579: 3563: 3557: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3427:Forte, David F. 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3404:Kesavan, Vasan. 3401: 3390: 3389: 3380:(6): 2079–2135. 3369: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3335: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3270: 3264: 3249:Bowsher v. Synar 3245: 3239: 3230: 3229: 3207: 3201: 3182: 3176: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3047: 3041: 3026: 3020: 3001: 2995: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2959:on April 1, 2020 2955:. Archived from 2945: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2929:on April 1, 2020 2912: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2880: 2874: 2865: 2859: 2846: 2842: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2794: 2788: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2604: 2598: 2579: 2573: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2558: 2526: 2517: 2498: 2492: 2491: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2454: 2443: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2314: 2305: 2227:High misdemeanor 2163:Thomas Jefferson 2021:Take Care Clause 1889:declared in his 1884:his inauguration 1853:Thomas Jefferson 1720:U.S. ambassadors 1503:William D. Leahy 1441:emergency powers 1255:Clause 7: Salary 1184:Fletcher Webster 494:executive branch 492:establishes the 475: 468: 461: 445: 444: 433: 432: 421: 420: 419: 55: 30: 21: 5671: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5559: 5553: 5521: 5517:William Jackson 5505: 5501:Abraham Baldwin 5484: 5453: 5449:Hugh Williamson 5427: 5406: 5380: 5371:Richard Bassett 5344: 5330:Jared Ingersoll 5293: 5289:Jonathan Dayton 5262: 5246: 5225: 5204: 5200:Nicholas Gilman 5183: 5158: 5124:Reserved powers 5104:Judicial review 5037: 4833:General Welfare 4756:Double Jeopardy 4667: 4594:List of Framers 4574:New Jersey Plan 4528: 4510: 4506:Victims' Rights 4426:Balanced budget 4412: 4365: 4294: 4266: 4245: 4169: 4118: 4113: 4063: 4058: 4057: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3989: 3985: 3976: 3974: 3967:www.govinfo.gov 3961: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3927: 3925: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3901: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3836: 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(2003). 2789: 2763: 2738: 2711: 2676: 2657:Moreno, Paul. 2649: 2623: 2599: 2574: 2560: 2541:(3): 495–509. 2518: 2493: 2474: 2444: 2418: 2393: 2379: 2352: 2326: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2291: 2284: 2281: 2239:in 1868, with 2237:Andrew Johnson 2188: 2185: 2140: 2137: 2016: 2013: 2003: 2000: 1949: 1946: 1927:line-item veto 1879: 1876: 1861:Woodrow Wilson 1844: 1841: 1827: 1824: 1807:Main article: 1804: 1801: 1773:Andrew Johnson 1716:federal judges 1708:Main article: 1705: 1702: 1672:Main article: 1669: 1666: 1651: 1648: 1592:Woodrow Wilson 1476: 1473: 1459:'s dissent in 1403:Main article: 1400: 1397: 1358:Andrew Johnson 1348:Roger B. Taney 1329:Andrew Jackson 1284: 1281: 1256: 1253: 1248:25th Amendment 1204:25th Amendment 1179:'s death from 1150: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1139:22nd Amendment 1135: 1127: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1041: 1038: 984: 981: 942:12th Amendment 878: 875: 813:23rd Amendment 718: 715: 690:certain powers 651:vesting clause 618:Main article: 615: 612: 608: 605: 542:oath of office 509:Vesting Clause 481: 480: 478: 477: 470: 463: 455: 452: 451: 450: 449: 437: 435:Law portal 425: 410: 409: 408: 407: 401: 400: 394: 393: 391:Amendments I–X 387: 386: 378: 377: 371: 370: 368: 367: 362: 360:Bill of Rights 356: 355: 350: 344: 343: 338: 332: 331: 325: 322: 321: 315: 314: 312: 311: 306: 300: 299: 294: 289: 283: 282: 276: 267: 266: 261: 256: 251: 246: 240: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 213: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 176: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 124: 121: 120: 114: 113: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 74: 73: 72: 64: 63: 57: 56: 48: 47: 39: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 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5242:Roger Sherman 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5209:Massachusetts 5207: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188:New Hampshire 5186: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5114:Plenary power 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5084:Equal footing 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5005:Trial by Jury 5003: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4858:Ineligibility 4856: 4854: 4853:Import-Export 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4808:Free Exercise 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4797:Ex Post Facto 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4781:Establishment 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4731:Confrontation 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4614:Syng inkstand 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4569:Virginia Plan 4567: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4496:School Prayer 4494: 4492: 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USLegal.com 3619: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3533: 3530: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3505: 3500: 3490: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3463: 3462: 3457: 3450: 3447: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3420: 3407: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3320: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3225: (1935). 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3135: 3132: 3128:. senate.gov. 3127: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3053: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3029:Woods, Thomas 3025: 3022: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2971: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2928: 2924: 2923: 2918: 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Politico. 3670:October 12, 3412:October 27, 3263: (1986) 3175: (1979) 2872:§ 3331 2632:"Article I" 2597: (2000) 2516: (1892) 2339:uslegal.com 2009:recognition 1984:inaugurated 1958:Prorogation 1607:impeachment 1540:declare war 1532:Article One 1530:; however, 1383:passed the 1232:pro tempore 1087:1944 poster 667:legislative 663:Article III 601:impeachment 513:Article One 486:Article Two 297:Child Labor 5635:Categories 5608:(painting) 5560:and legacy 5418:John Blair 5267:New Jersey 5221:Rufus King 5119:Preemption 5033:War Powers 4968:Suspension 4786:Exceptions 4476:Human Life 4375:Unratified 4175:Amendments 4031:5 November 3977:2021-03-03 3904:2018-07-08 3837:August 27, 3554:criticized 3523:2020-04-22 3494:2020-04-22 3126:"Treaties" 2963:January 7, 2894:2020-12-15 2888:Justia Law 2735:: 812–893. 2617:2020-11-05 2406:Senate.gov 2295:References 2209:See also: 2159:John Adams 1968:John Adams 1785:), but in 1752:commission 1548:Korean War 1505:, Admiral 1501:, Admiral 1483:President 1297:President 1266:See also: 1217:John Tyler 1200:superseded 1153:See also: 1075:See also: 1044:See also: 881:See also: 739:See also: 535:to hold a 348:Federalism 336:Convention 5129:Saxbe fix 5018:Executive 4973:Take Care 4963:Supremacy 4838:Guarantee 4766:Elections 4537:Formation 4250:1795–1804 3599:August 7, 3467:April 14, 3439:April 14, 3307:154534476 2857:§ 22 2638:. 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Article Two of the United States Constitution

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