156:. The Shipping Act had explicitly empowered the board to found such a company, which was done with issuance of $ 50,000,000 in stock all initially held by the board; the majority portion had to be retained, and another provision required the trustees of the EFC to hold stock. During the war, Congress granted the president extraordinary wartime powers, which were used by means of Executive Orders to expand the board's authority and its corporation. The board, as a regulatory and policy body, executed its programs largely through the EFC, a separate entity that was fully under the policy control of the majority stockholder, the board. The Chairman of the USSB was initially the head of the EFC, but the General Manager had all real authority except the power to sign contracts.
213:
484:
362:
87:"An Act to establish a United States Shipping Board for the purpose of encouraging, developing, and creating a naval auxiliary and naval reserve and a Merchant Marine to meet the requirements of the commerce of the United States with its territories and possessions and with foreign countries; to regulate carriers by water engaged in the foreign and interstate commerce of the United States for other purposes."
31:
399:, 414 of the requisitioned were completed after cancellations of some contracts for ships of unwanted design that were in early stages of construction or not yet laid down. A very large group of these ships, contracted with names prefixed with "War" and renamed before completion, were being built for the British
380:. The first order was signed by Chairman Hurley on 3 August 1917, to be executed by the EFC to secure control of the shipyards and construction already underway. The action was immediately protested by nearly every shipyard and owner of the ships under construction, with the foreign owners protesting through the
569:
To ensure that labor problems did not disrupt necessary war shipping, the USSB employed special labor consultants and entered agreements with labor and other government agencies to resolve labor disputes directly and also to standardize wages across the industry. One of the USSB organizations that as
565:
on 4 June. A second set of schools was created for engineering officers with those engineers destined for turbine powered ships being sent to the builders of turbines for training. The early result, between 1 June 1917 and 1 October 1918 was 11,618 licensed officers. The officer training was expanded
535:
For more control of traffic required by the war effort, methods applied by the
British were employed in which rates were adjusted and control was exercised through the division's Chartering Committee, whose approval was necessary to obtain license to refuel in US ports. With American-registered ships
124:
shipping, instead of the desired effect of making the country no longer heavily dependent on foreign shipping. With the outbreak of war in Europe, the national fleets of the warring countries became involved in those countries' wartime efforts and were withdrawn from commercial trade, which was vital
198:
and neutral countries contracting for ships in US yards. The UK had contracted for ships through private
British companies for security and for US neutrality needs. In March 1917, just before the US entered the war and the USSB shifted to full wartime operations, there were about 700,000 tons of new
132:
The US entered the war just over two months after the board had begun its work, which completely changed its focus from generally strengthening the nation's maritime position to a massive wartime program. Though it was sometimes referred to as the War
Shipping Board, the official title remained the
578:
The
National Adjustment Commission was established in 1917 as an adjunct to the USSB for the adjustment and control of wages, hours, and conditions of labor in the loading and the unloading of vessels. In 1918, the initial operation and policies of the commission was agreed to between the USSB and
544:
from the west of the continent. The board's efforts were directed to shift the balance. Enforcement of rates was strict and at one point, before wide compliance, 136 steamers were held in US ports. By
December 1918, the USSB directly controlled such a large portion of US shipping through ownership
116:
for five years, John A. Donald for four years, James B. White for three years, and
Theodore Brent for a term of two years. The members of the board gathered in Washington in the first week of January 1917 to plan and organize while they awaited confirmation, which came in late January. The board's
234:
aggregate tonnage refurbished for use by the USSB and under legislation of 12 May 1917 and an executive order of 30 June 1917 giving the USSB formal power to seize the vessels and enter them into the US registry. The report of
December 1918 showed one Austrian steamer, 87 German steamers that now
82:
shipping companies dominated overseas trade, and just over 10% of the value of trade carried in
American-owned ships. The 1916 Act was the result of congressional efforts to create a board to address the problem dating from 1914. The legislation was not then a part of any war effort with specific
352:
On 15 November 1917, the USSB authorized negotiations with foreign countries that had seized German or
Austrian ships with actual discussions that continued until January 1918. The result was the charter or the outright purchase of a number of ships interned from South America to China.
566:
to training for crew, deck sailors, firemen, wipers, cooks, and stewards by
December 1917 and was open to all male citizens of the ages 18 to 20 or 32 to 35 with a goal expanded from an estimated 85,000 to 200,000 because of the revised estimates of ships by the end of the war.
199:
construction underway for the private US owners, and all 234 building ways in the US were occupied by either those or by ships for neutral and domestic shipping lines. There was no possibility for a quick expansion of capacity to incorporate the USSB/EFC shipbuilding program.
384:. A large number of the contracts and ships under construction for foreign accounts were for the United Kingdom, and the protest was solved with the British government's agreement that the ships would be used in the total war effort. With one exception, a new ship from
107:
made public his nominations for the board on December 22, 1916, with some dissatisfaction in the shipping industry about particular nominees and the board's power to set ocean freight rates raising particular concern and skepticism. The initial nominees were
548:
A Maritime Intelligence Department in the division and a separate Division of Planning and Statistics collected and analyzed shipping data to help determine what level of shipping was necessary for commerce and how much could be shifted to the war effort.
570:
specifically concerned with the issue was the Marine and Dock Industrial Relations Division, which was to coordinate all labor related matters, and by late 1918, industry and labor had begun referring disputes to the board and thus avoided any stoppages.
99:
as the United States Shipping Board (USSB) to acquire and construct suitable vessels and to create corporations under its control to execute the programs. In essence, the board was given "complete control over American ships and shipping."
528:, or commercial service, based on needs and the class and type of ship. By December 1918, the division had become the largest ship operating entity in US history, with a total fleet of 1,386 vessels totaling 7,498,075
1531:
129:
and to repeal certain penalties for those using foreign-built vessels. The net effect was negligible as shipbuilding in the United States declined almost equally with the benefits gained.
125:
to US commerce. One initial step was granting authority to the president to allow registration of foreign-built ships owned by US companies to enter the US registry and operate under the
141:
159:
The division of authority between the USSB and the EFC and the construction program's direction led to conflict between USSB Chairman Denman and EFC General Manager Major-General
1551:
1541:
1546:
1536:
1446:
1413:
970:
614:
In July 1920, the USSB withdrew from the commission agreement and decided to deal with shipping workers directly. The commission ceased operations on October 1, 1920.
1450:
622:
The USSB operated a shipping business with its surplus ships until 1920, when the overseas freight market collapsed, and it began to lay up its vessels. In 1925,
561:, with the first of an eventual 43 training centers, in recognition that traditional methods were too slow for the rapid wartime expansion for deck officers, at
598:
55:
657:
376:
The USSB's first action regarding new construction was commandeering every contract, hull, and even steel in the US yards for ships over 2,500
626:
bought 199 of the out-of-service ships for $ 1,697,470 as part of an investigation into the secondary use of materials. The first ship reached the
520:
When ships were delivered from the builder to the USSB, they came under the management of the Division of Operations, which allocated them to the
212:
136:
The board was to address the shortage of shipping through acquisition of existing hulls and, with the declaration of war by the United States on
1176:
922:
920:
536:
already under tight control, those regulations were largely directed at neutrals. A specific example was the preferred trade by neutrals in
649:
1362:
Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Requisitioned Steel Ships, Part I & Requisitioned Steel Ships, Part II
505:
194:
had been expanded to some extent, with domestic shipping companies replacing ships withdrawn from trade by belligerents and both the
1285:
58:(39 Stat. 729), on September 7, 1916. The United States Shipping Board's task was to increase the number of US ships supporting the
857:
855:
853:
828:
826:
248:
120:
US vessels had suffered a disadvantage, and the laws passed by Congress had in some cases had the effect of giving advantage to
665:
290:
191:
926:
182:, formerly Constructor of the Navy and Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Construction, became the General Manager of the EFC.
112:(chairman), who was instrumental in drafting the legislation for the establishment of the board for a term of six years,
593:
302:
661:
160:
144:(EFC) was created 16 April. The precedent for using such a corporation had been set during the construction of the
653:
641:
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861:
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509:
278:
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Subsequently, additional shipping companies and labor organizations entered the agreement with modifications.
338:
332:
494:
The shipbuilding program was concluded with the 9 May 1922 delivery of the ship completed and delivered as
645:
483:
314:
284:
231:
109:
1459:
940:
1483:. United States Shipping Board, Annual Reports. Vol. 2. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office
1464:. United States Shipping Board, Annual Reports. Vol. 1. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office
1407:
1383:
964:
664:
of the Department of Commerce (all other functions, 1950–81); and the US Maritime Administration of the
588:
463:
450:
272:
236:
163:. That resulted in the resignation of both men and the reconstitution of the board and the corporation.
545:
and charter that the USSB's prewar rate-setting regulatory function had largely become a minor factor.
1376:
1478:
326:
308:
296:
266:
260:
242:
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included four from Cuba, and seven sailing vessels seized. Some of Germany's premier liners, such as
149:
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ships, was executed through the Emergency Fleet Corporation, which it established on 16 April 1917.
583:
418:
400:
381:
344:
179:
153:
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1158:
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927:
McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Requisitioned Steel Ships
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529:
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396:
377:
254:
171:
1513:
1313:
1281:
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521:
1503:
1422:
1382:
Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1917).
1142:
939:
Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1922).
385:
175:
167:
113:
361:
1198:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. p. 60. Bulletin No. 369.
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39:
195:
104:
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1162:
684:
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71:
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862:
McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Introduction
845:
McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Introduction
833:
McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Introduction
1307:
897:
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for the second. Others among the ships found service in the next war; for example,
145:
92:
17:
1245:
757:
755:
557:
As of 1 June 1917, the USSB established a recruiting service with headquarters in
152:
was charged with much of the construction and had its stock entirely owned by the
1195:
456:
on 1 January 1943. Some being built for domestic shippers had long careers, with
457:
414:
75:
59:
35:
30:
1119:(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Adjustment Commission. 1919. pp. 1–4.
623:
220:
907:
905:
1358:"Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Introduction"
1334:"Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917-1921, Introduction"
537:
96:
898:
United States Navy and World War I: 1914–1922 by Frank A. Blazich Jr., PhD
772:
770:
541:
1133:
Squires, Benjamin M. (July 1921). "The National Adjustment Commission".
230:
The most readily available hulls were 91 German vessels of 594,696
1154:
137:
126:
1357:
640:
Its successor agencies have been the US Shipping Board Bureau of the
558:
121:
79:
74:
had a maritime position that had been eroding for decades with some
1421:
United States Senate, 65th Congress, Committee on Commerce (1918).
1146:
482:
403:
under various shipping line contracts. Examples of such ships are
360:
224:
211:
29:
1317:
742:
740:
738:
736:
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730:
166:
The new USSB composition, which remained throughout the war was
789:
United States Senate, 65th Congress, Committee on Commerce 1918
761:
728:
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722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
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1377:
National Archives: Records of the United States Shipping Board
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813:
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Major shipping companies on the Atlantic and the Gulf Coasts.
78:
concern. Some remedies actually worsened the situation since
1341:
Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921
1100:
1088:
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1064:
1052:
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1028:
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911:
885:
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174:
replacing James B. White as vice-chairman and John Donald,
1427:. Vol. 1. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office
1517:
July 11, 1917 note of seizure of German ships and listing
1114:
Chairman's Report for the period ending December 31, 1918
91:
A board of five commissioners was to be appointed by the
1480:
Second Annual Report of the United States Shipping Board
540:
with eastern South America when the war effort required
1461:
First Annual Report of the United States Shipping Board
1312:. Philadelphia & London: J. B. Lippincott Company.
1246:"Archives West: Joseph Nathan Teal papers, 1900–1926"
1196:
The Use of Cost-of-Living Figures in Wage Adjustments
693:
From 1924 to 1933, the board was instead chaired by
140:
on 6 April 1917, a construction program through its
1278:
Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Maritime Industry
476:The Board's construction program, most notably the
611:was chairman of the commission from 1919 to 1920.
392:, the contracts and the ships were requisitioned.
630:in November, and all of the remaining ships were
1532:Defunct agencies of the United States government
1477:United States Shipping Board (1 December 1918).
1458:United States Shipping Board (3 December 1917).
637:The USSB was abolished effective March 2, 1934.
54:) was established as an emergency agency by the
395:Out of 431 such ships, totaling 3,068,431
178:and Charles R. Page as members. Rear Admiral
62:efforts. The program ended on March 2, 1934.
8:
1445:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1412:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
969:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1552:1934 disestablishments in the United States
1394:(February). San Francisco: J.S. Hines: 7273
1141:(7). University of Chicago Press: 543–570.
401:Shipping Controller of Ministry of Shipping
1542:Government agencies disestablished in 1934
1449:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1128:
1126:
656:(regulatory functions only, 1950–61); the
1506:(1923 Munson Line brochure reproduced at
1424:Hearings before the Committee on Commerce
42:for the US Shipping Board, ca. 1917–1918.
27:Emergency agency by the 1916 Shipping Act
1547:1916 establishments in the United States
1177:"Ship Board to Deal Directly With Labor"
951:(August). San Francisco: J.S. Hines: 469
660:(regulatory functions only, 1961–); the
599:International Longshoremen's Association
1537:Government agencies established in 1916
706:
532:owned outright, managed, or chartered.
388:that had already loaded for departure,
117:formal organization was on January 30.
1438:
1405:
992:
962:
817:
746:
1515:Business Digest and Investment Weekly
7:
1227:. Scholarsphere.psu.edu. 2020-11-16
1225:"Shipping Board Bureau (1933-1936)"
762:Pacific Marine Review February 1917
634:and recycled the following summer.
357:Commandeering existing construction
506:Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation
25:
1101:United States Shipping Board 1918
1089:United States Shipping Board 1918
1077:United States Shipping Board 1918
1065:United States Shipping Board 1918
1053:United States Shipping Board 1918
1041:United States Shipping Board 1918
1029:United States Shipping Board 1918
1017:United States Shipping Board 1918
1005:United States Shipping Board 1918
912:United States Shipping Board 1918
886:United States Shipping Board 1918
874:United States Shipping Board 1917
777:United States Shipping Board 1918
1262:Cruikshank & Shultz (2010),
445:was seized by Japan and sunk as
369:, the commandeered British ship
666:US Department of Transportation
349:, were among the seized ships.
1504:United States Government Ships
668:(all other functions, 1981–).
658:US Federal Maritime Commission
574:National Adjustment Commission
133:United States Shipping Board.
83:intent, as stated in the act:
1:
1135:Journal of Political Economy
594:American Federation of Labor
48:United States Shipping Board
672:U.S. Shipping Commissioners
142:Emergency Fleet Corporation
1568:
1306:Hurley, Edward N. (1927).
941:"The Last U.S.S.B. Vessel"
662:US Maritime Administration
435:was torpedoed and sunk as
427:for the first war and USS
161:George Washington Goethals
1508:Maritime Timetable Images
654:US Department of Commerce
650:US Federal Maritime Board
642:US Department of Commerce
95:with confirmation by the
1264:The Man Who Sold America
628:Ford River Rouge Complex
563:Cambridge, Massachusetts
510:Sparrows Point, Maryland
417:built ships, originally
1276:Blume, Kenneth (2012).
1194:Carr, Elma (May 1925).
689:1923 - Edward P. Farley
618:Postwar and abolishment
579:the following parties:
192:America entered the war
749:, p. Chapter III.
646:US Maritime Commission
504:17 September 1921, by
491:
373:
250:Kronprinzessin Cecilie
227:
217:Kronprinzessin Cecilie
150:Panama Railway Company
43:
1388:Pacific Marine Review
945:Pacific Marine Review
820:, p. Chapter IV.
589:US Secretary of Labor
486:
364:
292:Prinz Eitel Friedrich
215:
33:
1384:"The Shipping Board"
1356:McKellar, Norman L.
1332:McKellar, Norman L.
1309:The Bridge to France
1209:Ford, Henry (1930).
995:, p. Chapter X.
472:Construction program
208:Interned enemy ships
190:Shipbuilding before
1280:. Scarecrow Press.
847:, pp. 270–271.
584:US Secretary of War
423:, which became USS
409:, which became USS
382:US State Department
340:Friedrich der Große
180:Washington L. Capps
154:US Secretary of War
38:poster designed by
18:U.S. Shipping Board
1181:The New York Times
1031:, pp. 61, 74.
679:Joseph Nathan Teal
526:US Navy Department
492:
374:
228:
172:Raymond B. Stevens
170:as chairman, with
44:
1043:, pp. 79–80.
1019:, pp. 78–79.
609:William Z. Ripley
522:US War Department
438:Empire Springbuck
413:, and one of the
328:Kronprinz Wilhelm
310:Kaiser Wilhelm II
304:President Lincoln
244:George Washington
148:during which the
56:1916 Shipping Act
16:(Redirected from
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764:, p. 72–73.
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468:being examples.
386:Union Iron Works
176:Bainbridge Colby
168:Edward N. Hurley
114:Bernard N. Baker
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648:(1936–50); the
644:(1933–36); the
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555:
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516:Ship management
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359:
210:
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203:Providing hulls
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40:James Daugherty
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1498:External links
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1213:. p. 220.
1211:Moving Forward
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1364:. ShipScribe
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1343:. ShipScribe
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420:War Bayonet
415:Great Lakes
411:West Bridge
367:West Bridge
186:World War I
60:World War I
36:World War I
1526:Categories
1231:2022-04-05
701:References
677:1920–1921
624:Henry Ford
443:War Dragon
280:Pocahontas
221:Bar Harbor
66:Initiation
1487:27 August
1468:27 August
1441:cite book
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1398:24 August
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1323:21 August
1163:154659867
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538:manganese
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390:War Sword
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262:Pensacola
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316:Antigone
298:Republic
286:Powhatan
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