505:
determined by the Trade
Representative to be priority foreign countries". The Act defines "priority foreign countries" as "those foreign countries that have the most onerous or egregious acts, policies, or practices that deny adequate and effective intellectual property rights, or deny fair and equitable market access to United States persons that rely upon intellectual property protection, whose acts, policies, or practices described in" this "paragraph have the greatest adverse impact (actual or potential) on the relevant United States products, and that are not entering into good faith negotiations, or making significant progress in bilateral or multilateral negotiations to provide adequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights.
1994:
1321:
52:
990:
602:
946:
2367:
460:
1079:
854:
1384:
332:
in charge of treaties) became less efficient and in 1962 Congress passed a bill calling for the president to appoint a
Special Representative for Trade Negotiations who would make suggestions to the president on the matters of trade. In the 1970s, Congress expanded this position, making it more accountable to Congress (the position has been called "a creature of congress"), and made it cabinet-level. Finally, in 1980 the position was renamed the United States Trade Representative.
880:
1228:
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40:
1105:
1023:
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644:
729:
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1168:
913:
762:
795:
1347:
1254:
821:
703:
670:
514:
to achieve adequate and effective protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights". It also states that compliance with the
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights does not include a country from being identified as denying "adequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights".
513:
furthermore states that countries may be identified under
Special 301 "taking into account the history of intellectual property laws and practices of the foreign country, including any previous identifications" and "the history of efforts of the United States, and the response of the foreign country,
331:
Trade negotiations became more complicated in the twentieth century with the rise of multilateral organizations and technological advances allowing for more commerce. As a result, the organization of the U.S. government (with
Congress in charge of regulating foreign commerce and the executive branch
218:
of 1962, leads trade negotiations at bilateral and multilateral levels, and coordinates trade policy with other government agencies through the Trade Policy
Committee (TPC), Trade Policy Committee Review Group (TPCRG), and Trade Policy Staff Committee (TPSC). Its areas of expertise include foreign
504:
identify those foreign countries that deny adequate and effective protection of intellectual property rights, or deny fair and equitable markets access to United States persons that rely upon intellectual property protection, and those foreign countries identified under" this "paragraph that are
339:
elevated the position's role to "coordinate trade policy, serve as the
President's principal trade advisor and trade 'spokesperson', and lead U.S. international trade negotiations". It also "required the USTR to report to both the President and Congress".
436:
has provided, where feasible, quantitative estimates of the impact of these foreign practices on the value of U.S. exports. Information is also included on actions taken to eliminate barriers. It is based on information provided by USTR, the
316:
2056:
1839:
1843:
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1982:
1727:
2406:
1819:
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249:
180:
139:
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2019:
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2190:
1978:
1876:
2138:
2104:
1936:
1835:
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1963:
336:
248:-level position, though not technically within the Cabinet, as is the case with office heads not of US departments but rather of offices contained within the
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1948:
1911:
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195:'s primary advisor, negotiator, and spokesperson on trade matters. USTR has more than two hundred employees, with offices in
1529:
315:. This is partially managed by the USTR Office of WTO and Multilateral Affairs (WAMA). Relevant WTO agreements include the
2010:
1867:
1320:
536:
takes place in the
Special 301 Report. Since 2010, the notorious markets report has been published as a separate report.
2083:
1857:
1760:
432:) is an annual series prepared by the USTR, which reports significant foreign barriers to U.S. exports. Since 1986, the
188:
219:
direct investment, commodity agreements, trade-related intellectual property protection, and trade disputes before the
51:
2196:
2118:
510:
438:
283:
serving as deputy US trade representatives. Ambassador Punke also concurrently served as the U.S. ambassador to the
2167:
2044:
2015:
1892:
1795:
260:. The United States trade representative and deputy United States trade representatives (DUSTR) carry the title of
2208:
2093:
2068:
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nominates someone for the position, and the appointment is then approved or rejected by a simple majority of the
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1922:
389:
284:
220:
601:
1884:
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U.S. Trade Policy
Functions: Who Does What? (2020). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from
1197:
951:
215:
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2002:
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39:
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The
Special 301 Report is prepared annually by the USTR under Section 182 as amended of the
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691:
296:
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224:
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1929:, Office of the Chief Financial Officer, Office of the Chief Administrative Officer)
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214:
USTR was established as the Office of the Special Trade Representative (STR) by the
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The USTR participates in the World Trade Organization, which is currently in the
2331:
1352:
1290:
1259:
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1058:
750:
200:
500:. The act states that the USTR must on an annual basis, by April of each year:
2301:
1728:"USTR Releases 2021 Review of Notorious Markets for Counterfeiting and Piracy"
826:
261:
1570:
1547:"Trading Spaces: The Changing Role of the Executive in U.S. Trade Lawmaking"
1372:
300:
1605:
912:
761:
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1147:
204:
794:
1442:
820:
208:
196:
1346:
1253:
702:
669:
1703:
International trademarks and copyright: enforcement and management
1676:
International trademarks and copyright: enforcement and management
458:
317:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
303:
and confirmed by the Senate on March 17, 2021, by a vote of 98–0.
401:
2228:
1784:
1618:
275:
served as the US trade representative from 2013 to 2017, with
1530:
Obama taps Penny Pritzker, Mike Froman for top economic jobs
1443:"Mission of the USTR | United States Trade Representative"
299:, the current U.S. trade representative, was nominated by
1844:
President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology
1755:
1641:
1639:
532:, the USTR published a list of places where large-scale
422:
National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers
1489:"15 CFR § 2002.1 - Trade Policy Committee Review Group"
150:
402:
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
140:
Executive Office of the President of the United States
2065:
Office of Social Innovation and Civic Participation
2057:
Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
2001:
1840:
Initiative on Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
1818:
227:is the current United States Trade Representative.
145:
135:
118:
110:
102:
88:
74:
66:
61:
56:
Flag of the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
44:
Seal of the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative
1646:Office of the United States Trade Representative.
1619:"Issue Areas | United States Trade Representative"
1941:Office of E-Government and Information Technology
1877:Committee for the Preservation of the White House
1532:. CBS News (2013-05-02). Retrieved on 2013-08-12.
327:History of the United States Trade Representative
2387:Office of the United States Trade Representative
2117:(White House Operations, White House Personnel,
1761:Office of the United States Trade Representative
1510:"15 CFR § 2002.2 - Trade Policy Staff Committee"
165:Office of the United States Trade Representative
33:Office of the United States Trade Representative
2407:Foreign relations agencies of the United States
1812:Executive Office of the United States President
2028:(Office of Media Affairs, Office of Research,
1836:Corporation for National and Community Service
2240:
1796:
337:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988
8:
1949:Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs
1706:. American Bar Association. pp. 18–19.
1418:United States International Trade Commission
530:International Intellectual Property Alliance
32:
2412:Members of the Cabinet of the United States
540:List of United States trade representatives
2247:
2233:
2225:
1803:
1789:
1781:
1468:"15 CFR § 2002.0 - Trade Policy Committee"
1382:
240:The head of the office holds the title of
81:Office of the Special Trade Representative
50:
175:responsible for developing and promoting
1606:https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/IF11016.pdf
570:
491: Out-of-Cycle Review/Status Pending
2090:Office of the National Security Advisor
1968:National Science and Technology Council
1960:Office of Science and Technology Policy
1937:Office of the Chief Performance Officer
1927:Office of Mail and Messenger Operations
1848:President's Intelligence Advisory Board
1551:Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies
1434:
1964:Office of the Chief Technology Officer
1955:Office of National Drug Control Policy
1945:Office of Federal Financial Management
398:Association of Southeast Asian Nations
307:Office of WTO and Multilateral Affairs
31:
1852:President's Management Advisory Board
566:Nominee for U.S. Trade Representative
7:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1540:
1538:
2427:United States Trade Representatives
2256:United States Trade Representatives
1889:Office of the Chief Floral Designer
2392:Foreign trade of the United States
1974:Office of the Trade Representative
1732:United States Trade Representative
1413:International Trade Administration
445:, and other agencies and sources.
242:United States Trade Representative
25:
394:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
321:Generalized System of Preferences
250:Executive Office of the President
181:Executive Office of the President
2365:
1992:
1863:Council on Environmental Quality
1423:United States Commercial Service
1345:
1319:
1289:
1252:
1226:
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1166:
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1021:
988:
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819:
793:
760:
727:
701:
668:
642:
600:
173:United States federal government
38:
2193:, Office of Records Management)
2150:Presidential Innovation Fellows
1933:Office of Management and Budget
1897:Graphics and Calligraphy Office
1832:Council for Community Solutions
1579:10.2979/indjglolegstu.24.2.0345
1563:10.2979/indjglolegstu.24.2.0345
2084:Office of the Social Secretary
2061:Office of National AIDS Policy
467: Priority Foreign Country
285:World Trade Organization (WTO)
1:
2115:Management and Administration
2030:Office of the Press Secretary
1770:USTR Reports and Publications
223:. Based in Washington, D.C.,
2402:Cabinet of the United States
2016:Office of the Chief of Staff
1983:Office of the Chief of Staff
1979:Office of the Vice President
1893:Office of the Executive Chef
1858:Council of Economic Advisers
1679:. American Bar Association.
1400:3 years, 188 days
1337:3 years, 250 days
1244:3 years, 213 days
1158:3 years, 362 days
1095:2 years, 196 days
980:4 years, 283 days
896:3 years, 349 days
870:3 years, 203 days
778:2 years, 140 days
485: Section 306 Monitoring
439:U.S. departments of commerce
2191:Presidential Correspondence
2145:Office of Political Affairs
1700:Masterson, John T. (2004).
1673:Masterson, John T. (2004).
1545:Claussen, Kathleen (2017).
1006:4 years, 15 days
929:3 years, 81 days
837:4 years, 96 days
745:1 year, 300 days
719:3 years, 42 days
686:2 years, 46 days
660:1 year, 302 days
618:4 years, 20 days
511:Uruguay Round Agreement Act
2448:
2422:United States trade policy
2164:Council on Women and Girls
2049:Office of Digital Strategy
2045:Counselor to the President
1648:"Reports and Publications"
1069:1 year, 12 days
811:1 year, 91 days
521:
452:
364:Industry and manufacturing
2363:
2262:
2209:Presidential Food Service
2125:National Economic Council
2105:Intergovernmental Affairs
2094:Homeland Security Advisor
2020:Office of Senior Advisors
2011:Office of Cabinet Affairs
1990:
1918:Homeland Security Council
1908:National Security Council
1885:Office of the Chief Usher
1371:
1369:
1278:
1276:
1129:
1127:
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747:
690:
688:
631:
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611:
606:
599:
596:
591:
557:U.S. Trade Representative
473: Priority Watch List
388:Trade organizations (The
185:U.S. Trade Representative
49:
37:
18:U.S. trade representative
2397:Anti-dumping authorities
2026:Office of Communications
1923:Office of Administration
528:In 2006, along with the
390:World Trade Organization
252:. To fill the post, the
221:World Trade Organization
27:United States trade body
2432:United States diplomacy
2417:United States trade law
2100:Gun Violence Prevention
2053:Domestic Policy Council
2034:Office of Speechwriting
426:National Trade Estimate
415:National Trade Estimate
376:Services and Investment
2178:Scheduling and Advance
2155:Presidential Personnel
2135:Oval Office Operations
2130:National Trade Council
1903:National Space Council
534:copyright infringement
507:
493:
449:The Special 301 Report
361:Government procurement
313:Doha Development Round
189:Cabinet-level position
183:, it is headed by the
171:) is an agency of the
128:, Trade Representative
114:$ 73 million (FY 2021)
2213:Transportation Agency
2201:Communications Agency
1881:Office of the Curator
502:
462:
385:Trade and development
367:Intellectual property
177:American trade policy
1654:on November 11, 2013
382:Textiles and apparel
269:Obama administration
2110:Legislative Affairs
1873:Executive Residence
952:Charlene Barshefsky
683:September 21, 1971
373:Preference Programs
244:(USTR), which is a
216:Trade Expansion Act
191:that serves as the
34:
2139:Personal Secretary
2003:White House Office
1912:Deputies Committee
1174:Demetrios Marantis
1037:February 23, 2005
1003:February 22, 2005
808:December 31, 1980
716:December 24, 1974
713:November 12, 1971
615:December 30, 1966
612:December 10, 1962
494:
455:Special 301 Report
291:served during the
2374:
2373:
2222:
2221:
2160:Public Engagement
1713:978-1-59031-359-6
1686:978-1-59031-359-6
1404:
1403:
1361:January 20, 2021
1334:January 20, 2021
1327:Robert Lighthizer
1268:January 20, 2017
1241:January 20, 2017
1119:January 21, 2009
1092:January 20, 2009
1000:February 7, 2001
977:January 20, 2001
956:Acting: 1996–1997
923:January 22, 1993
902:George H. W. Bush
893:January 20, 1993
890:February 6, 1989
867:January 20, 1989
831:January 23, 1981
742:January 20, 1977
657:January 20, 1969
569:
552: Denotes an
545:
524:Notorious markets
518:Notorious markets
498:Trade Act of 1974
400:(ASEAN), and the
352:Economy and trade
289:Robert Lighthizer
161:
160:
16:(Redirected from
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1996:
1995:
1820:Executive Office
1805:
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1650:. Archived from
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608:Christian Herter
604:
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479: Watch List
478:
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319:(TRIPS) and the
293:Trump Presidency
281:Robert Holleyman
157:
154:
152:
119:Agency executive
97:Washington, D.C.
95:600 17th St. NW
75:Preceding agency
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2197:Military Office
2187:Executive Clerk
2183:Staff Secretary
2119:Visitors Office
1997:
1993:
1988:
1868:Digital Service
1828:Advisory Boards
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1152:March 18, 2009
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1113:
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1031:
996:Robert Zoellick
974:April 12, 1996
963:March 18, 1997
960:April 12, 1996
955:
954:
926:April 12, 1996
860:Clayton Yeutter
834:April 29, 1985
772:March 30, 1977
739:March 26, 1975
680:August 6, 1969
654:March 24, 1967
624:John F. Kennedy
589:Days in office
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2168:Jewish Liaison
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2013:
2007:
2005:
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1998:
1991:
1989:
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1971:
1957:
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1750:External links
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1635:
1610:
1608:on 2021-01-14.
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2205:Medical Unit
1973:
1776:Google Books
1756:USTR website
1735:. Retrieved
1731:
1722:
1702:
1695:
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1668:
1658:November 25,
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1628:November 14,
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
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1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1446:
1437:
1280:Donald Trump
1131:Barack Obama
1085:Susan Schwab
935:Bill Clinton
801:Reubin Askew
784:Jimmy Carter
676:Carl Gilbert
650:William Roth
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231:Organization
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89:Headquarters
29:
1515:January 19,
1494:January 19,
1473:January 19,
1353:Maria Pagan
1260:Maria Pagan
1059:Rob Portman
886:Carla Hills
751:Gerald Ford
583:Term start
443:agriculture
358:Environment
355:Enforcement
349:Agriculture
344:Issue areas
201:Switzerland
2381:Categories
2352:Lighthizer
2322:Barshefsky
2080:First Lady
1737:August 27,
1429:References
1397:Incumbent
827:Bill Brock
262:Ambassador
236:Leadership
1587:158184598
1571:1080-0727
1452:March 12,
1373:Joe Biden
586:Term end
577:Portrait
301:Joe Biden
254:president
103:Employees
2327:Zoellick
1623:ustr.gov
1447:ustr.gov
1407:See also
1148:Ron Kirk
396:(APEC),
205:Brussels
2332:Portman
2307:Yeutter
2292:Strauss
2277:Gilbert
2075:Fellows
2040:Counsel
1763:in the
409:Reports
404:(OECD).
392:(WTO),
267:In the
246:Cabinet
209:Belgium
146:Website
2347:Froman
2337:Schwab
2317:Kantor
2282:Eberle
2267:Herter
1710:
1683:
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1357:Acting
1301:Acting
1264:Acting
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1178:Acting
1115:Acting
1033:Acting
562:
555:Acting
550:
489:
483:
477:
471:
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258:Senate
203:, and
197:Geneva
67:Formed
2312:Hills
2302:Brock
2297:Askew
1583:S2CID
1575:JSTOR
370:Labor
153:.ustr
2342:Kirk
2287:Dent
2272:Roth
1739:2022
1708:ISBN
1681:ISBN
1660:2013
1630:2018
1567:ISSN
1517:2022
1496:2022
1475:2022
1454:2021
509:The
441:and
420:The
335:The
279:and
187:, a
169:USTR
163:The
155:.gov
70:1962
2357:Tai
1559:doi
1379:19
1316:18
1223:17
1137:16
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434:NTE
430:NTE
428:or
151:www
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1981:(
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