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education would be impartial to all, regardless of gender, citizenship-status, race, or religion. Slavery was officially outlawed, jury trial provisions amended, a state prison established, institutions for the disabled would be supported by the state, lending state money to companies and corporations would be prohibited, and the roster for voter-elected state officials would be expanded. A provision was also attached that, if the draft was accepted, allowed
Congress to prescribe a condition of admission, possibly leaving room for the subject of polygamy to be debated later, though the
467:. This was not because the delegates were opposed to the idea of women’s suffrage; on the contrary, both the republican and the democrat political parties in Utah had initially expressed their support for the moment and promised to include the issue in the convention agenda. Rather, as the date of the convention drew near, some delegates began to worry that attempting to pass the new constitution with political rights for women would be more complicated than, with the sentiment being “wait til we are a state, then we will give to women suffrage.”
453:
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156:. The Constitution was made up of eight articles and a preamble defining the proposed boundaries. The articles established three branches of government, limited voting rights to white men, and mentioned the separation of church as well as the freedom of religion. Slavery was not mentioned. The provisions on religion were written to persuade congress that the state would not be a Latter-day Saint theocracy.
45:
483:
about his concerns within the convention. Outside of the convention there were a number of businesses and individuals opposed to suffrage that held their own meetings. Such movements led people to consider whether it was worth trying to pass the constitution with women's suffrage, or if it was better to get the constitution passed first and then worry about suffrage.
241:. In 1872 a constitutional convention was held to draw up a brand new constitution for the state of Deseret, one that could gain support from the increasing non-Mormon population. Beginning in the 1860's, Brigham Young pushed for Latter-day Saints to become more economically self-sufficient, which led to boycotts of non-Mormon businesses, adding to existing tensions.
204:. In 1852, Latter-day Saints openly acknowledged the practice of polygamy within the territory, igniting nationwide hostilities against them. Utah had also voted to become a slave territory in 1852 and remained one until Congress prohibited slavery in all U.S. territories in 1862. The statehood application was rejected, and President
228:, which penalized anyone married to more than one spouse, disincorporated the Church, and limited the amount of property the Church could possess to $ 50,000. These measures were not thoroughly enforced. The Utah legislature sent a slightly-altered version of the Constitution to Congress in 1867, but it was ignored.
474:, which stripped away voting rights not only from men and women practicing polygamy, but from all women residing in the Utah territory. Upon losing voting rights, women suffragist movements waited and prepared for the opportunity regain them. In a letter to women in Utah in July 1894, women's rights advocate
257:
The fifth attempt at statehood saw a slightly revised version of the 1872 constitution. For the first time some of the convention's delegates were women, and the new draft was for the "Constitution of the State of Utah" rather than the State of
Deseret. This convention was held just after the passage
249:, a newspaper published by the church, denied the notion of giving up polygamy for statehood. Further, Congress' imposed provision would have to be approved in a territorial election, which was unlikely. This draft died in a House committee in congress, the fourth failed attempt at gaining statehood.
118:
No other territory in the United States has had requests for statehood denied or ignored by
Congress as many times as Utah. Utah's territorial government unsuccessfully applied for statehood six times before the Constitutional Convention of 1895. To Congress, Utah was un-American for several reasons,
490:
and Lucy
Heppler were not willing to see their window of opportunity close. They, and many other women, gathered signatures from twenty Utah counties in support of women's suffrage. The number of signatures in favor of women's voting rights surpassed those opposed to it, and so suffrage was included
336:
That the constitution was formed as republican (no distinction in civil or political rights on account of race, doesn’t contain anything that’s in conflict with the US constitution, and people both from the United States government and from the citizens governed in the Utah territory agreeing to the
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parties to draft another constitution, with great resistance from the
Liberal party. The new draft included an anti-polygamy provision, while church leaders still clung to the practice. The new draft included provisions to veto parts of a bill, ten-year tax tax exemption status for mines, individual
244:
The 1872 iteration of the constitution was more complex than the previous versions, having based much of it on Nevada's constitution. Utah had voted to allow women voting rights in 1870, and this constitution protected voting rights for men and women over the age of twenty-one. Legislation regarding
432:
not wanting to deny that portion of the population their representatives and risk failing to comply with the number of delegates listed in the
Enabling Act, and still wanting to begin on March 4 as instructed, established a temporary president, James N. Kimball, on the second day of the convention.
431:
On the third day of the convention, John Henry Smith, an apostle in the church, was made permanent president of the assembly. The delay in choosing a permanent president of the assembly was the result of a vacancy in the five delegate seats from the third precinct of Salt Lake City. Utah delegates,
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and worked with both
Republicans and Democrats until it was approved by Congress and signed by President Grover Cleveland on July 16, 1894. This act made it possible for Utah to organize another constitutional convention in which a Constitution and a state government would be made. It provided
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While the majority of the delegates supported women being able to vote, some of them worried that including the suffrage clause in the Utah State
Constitution would put the whole constitution at risk of being denied, either by the people of Utah or by Congress. B. H. Roberts was particularly vocal
435:
There were a total of 33 committees organized for the convention. These ranged from committees in charge of logistical details (such as the
Committee on Site and Furniture, the Committee on Stenographer, and the Committee on Standing Committees) to committees in charge of different sections of the
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with the other states. The
Enabling Act also outlined how many delegates each county would be able to send to the convention, what day they would begin (March 4, 1895), and any other stipulations or provisions that must be included in the constitution in order for Utah to receive statehood. These
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appointed Brigham Young, who was still the president of the church, to be the governor of the territory. The territory's borders were considerably smaller than what was proposed, but still spanned across present-day Utah, Nevada, and a small portion of Colorado. At the time of application, United
439:
Then there were the committees which dealt with a number of important topics relevant to their state politics, including committees for Federal Relations, Education and School Lands, Public Buildings and State Institutions, Water Rights/Agriculture, Public Lands, Taxation and Public Debt, Public
187:
Discontent between the people of Utah and their federally appointed government leaders and judges contributed to another attempt at gaining statehood. This time, the people of Utah faced obstacles much greater than just having a small population; Two of the major roadblocks to statehood were the
478:
advised, “Now in the formative period of your constitution is the time to establish justice and equality to all the people…. Once ignored in your constitution–you’ll be as powerless to secure recognition as we are in the older states.” Women could not vote for which delegates should attend the
179:
States Congress was busy trying to resolve the issue of slavery, but Utah's small population also contributed to its denial of statehood, as a minimum number of 60,000 eligible voters was a standard benchmark in creating a new state and Utah only had around 11,380 residents.
109:
in California led to many Americans traveling through the area. These events marked an end to the Latter-day Saints' isolation from the United States. Latter-day Saint leaders quickly sought to become a United States territory, and statehood became the goal around 1849.
278:
early in 1887. Yet another amendment to the initial Edmunds Act, the Edmunds–Tucker Act disenfranchised women and anyone who supported polygamy, eliminated the Church's legal status, and would allow the government to seize church assets. In June 1887, the
347:
Unappropriated public lands and lands held by Indian tribes in Utah will be under the jurisdiction of Congress, and the State of Utah will not tax Congress for land and property in Utah (but they may tax Indians who own land who have separated from their
147:
The first attempt at a constitution was initially just to govern a territory, but leaders decided to apply for statehood instead in hopes of attaining greater autonomy, as territorial leaders would have been appointed by the United States President. The
299:
in which the practice of polygamy was prohibited in the Utah territory. In the following years, the People's Party and the Liberal Party would disband. Church leaders were working with national Republican officials on progressing towards statehood.
479:
constitutional convention, but they still found ways to make their voices heard. They held rallies before the convention and had influential women speak at the convention on why it was important for Utah as a whole for women to be able to vote.
236:
By 1870, Utah had gained a population of over 86,000, despite having lost territory to the new state of Nevada. The demographics of the territory had changed as other people began pouring in, primarily because of mining opportunities in the
443:
Also among the committees was the Committee on Elections and Right of Suffrage, notable because of how much statewide attention the question of women’s suffrage had garnered leading up to and during the Utah Constitutional Convention.
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replacing Young as the territorial governor. However, Brigham Young, still president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, retained great power in the Mormon-dominant population of Utah.
367:
262:, which strengthened the enforcement of the anti-polygamy laws in effect from the Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act. Once again, the draft failed in a congress committee. By this time, the Non-Mormon
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and congratulated them on their successful fight for suffrage. She believed that if women in Utah could achieve voting rights, nationwide women's suffrage was also possible.
208:
went on to accuse Brigham Young of being a theocratic dictator in Utah and stirring up an insurrection. Thousands of federal troops were sent to depose Young, leading to the
59:, Utah was unlike any other territory in the United States. Mormons had a history of moving from state-to-state in response to conflict and persecution. From its founding in
344:
Religious tolerance is observed and no person is treated poorly because of their religion (with the understanding that polygamy and plural marriages are prohibited forever).
494:
Utah women played an important role in advancing the women's suffrage movement nationwide. After the constitutional convention, Susan B. Anthony visited Utah along with
417:
The first day of the convention was March 4, 1895, and the last day was May 8 of the same year, with delegates working on fifty-five days of the sixty-six day period.
329:
That the delegates meet on the agreed date to organize a convention, and that on that day after they’ve officially organized they declare their support of the
288:
and corporate irrigation facilities would not be taxed, and strict limits on local government debt. Once again, the draft failed in congressional committee.
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The Utah Constitutional Convention of 1895 was made up of 107 delegates. The convention’s proceedings were held in a courtroom on the third floor of the
266:
was actively opposing statehood, as it would give voting power to the Mormon electorate instead of having officials chosen by the federal government.
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A third Constitution, virtually the same as the previous two, was sent to Congress and denied in 1862. That same year, Congress passed the
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lobbied Congress for Utah statehood. While its request for statehood was denied, Utah did become a United States territory as part of the
470:
Women had previously enjoyed the right to vote in the Utah Territory between 1870 and 1887, but had lost that right following the 1887
101:
In 1848, the land occupied by the Latter-day Saint settlers was part of the vast area acquired by the United States as a result of the
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constitution (like the Legislative, Judiciary and Executive committees, and the Committee on the Preamble and Declaration of Rights).
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131:
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1440:
1019:. Oxford commentaries on the state constitutions of the United States. Utah. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
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1689:""For the Advancement and Betterment of Humanity": The Fight for Women's Suffrage at Utah's Constitutional Convention"
1127:
1043:, edited by Spencer W. McBride, Brent M. Rogers, and Keith A. Erekson, 128–45. Cornell University Press, 2020. p. 132
716:
635:
102:
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1039:
Smith, Stephen Eliot. “Political Perceptions of Mormon Polygamy and the Struggle for Utah Statehood, 1847–1896.” In
152:, a political council originally established by Joseph Smith, produced the initial Constitution for the provisional
189:
1126:
Forstall, Richard L. (ed.). Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790–1990 (PDF) (Report).
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51:, Second President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and first governor of the Utah Territory
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Public schools will be established and maintained, open to all and free from sectarian rule (see
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Contingent Citizens: Shifting Perceptions of Latter-Day Saints in American Political Culture
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94:, led the Latter-day Saints westward into Mexican territory along what is now known as the
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414:(For a complete list of delegates, see List of Utah Constitutional Convention Delegates).
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1613:"Women's Place Is in the Constitution: The Struggle for Equal Rights in Utah in 1895"
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295:, the fourth President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, issued a
36:, leading to Utah's admittance into the union as the 45th state on January 4, 1896.
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within the Utah State Constitution, restoring to women in Utah the right to vote.
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One of the most controversial issues that was addressed during the convention was
283:, composed mostly of Latter-day Saints, joined with the Liberal, Republican, and
24:'s seventh and final attempt to be admitted to the United States as a state. The
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98:. They arrived in what would become the Utah Territory in the summer of 1847.
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of the 107 delegates present at the Utah Constitutional Convention of 1895:
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provisions are outlined in Section 3 of the Act, and include the following:
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Stephen A. Douglas presented the proposed Constitution before Congress, and
120:
1153:
969:. Utah centennial series. Salt Lake City: Univ. of Utah Press. p. 15.
44:
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Pressure on the church came to an all-time high when Congress passed the
209:
90:, the Latter-day Saints left Nauvoo. The second President of the church,
72:
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was held from March 4, 1895 to May 8, 1895. The 1895 convention was the
668:
Harrison Tuttle Shurtliff ( Salt Lake All Other Areas Delegation )
366:
130:
1545:
68:
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Territory debts and liabilities shall be assumed by the State.
967:
Charter for statehood: the story of Utah's state constitution
674:
Joseph John Williams ( Salt Lake All Other Areas Delegation )
662:
James Frederic Green ( Salt Lake All Other Areas Delegation )
650:
John Rutledge Bowdle ( Salt Lake All Other Areas Delegation )
991:"History of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"
659:
Arthur John Cushing ( Salt Lake All Other Areas Delegation )
749:
Charles Carroll Goodwin ( Salt Lake Precinct 5 Delegation )
722:
Alonzo Hazelton Raleigh ( Salt Lake Precinct 3 Delegation )
704:
William Grant Van Horne ( Salt Lake Precinct 2 Delegation )
755:
Charles Stetson Varian ( Salt Lake Precinct 5 Delegation )
686:
Charles William Symons ( Salt Lake Precinct 1 Delegation )
671:
George B. Squires ( Salt Lake All Other Areas Delegation )
502:. Anthony addressed a large congregation of women at the
1154:"Emancipation in the Federal Territories, June 19, 1862"
689:
Herbert Guion Button ( Salt Lake Precinct 2 Delegation )
518:
Delegates at the Utah Constitutional Convention of 1895.
1640:"Women's Suffrage in Utah (U.S. National Park Service)"
707:
George Rhodes Emery ( Salt Lake Precinct 3 Delegation )
677:
Dennis Clay Eichnor ( Salt Lake Precinct 1 Delegation )
935:
Charles Nettleton Strevell ( Weber County Delegation )
785:
James Christian Peterson ( Sanpete County Delegation )
698:
Richard Mackintosh ( Salt Lake Precinct 2 Delegation )
695:
Richard G. Lambert ( Salt Lake Precinct 2 Delegation )
758:
Francis Asbury Hammond ( San Juan County Delegation )
665:
Harry Haynes ( Salt Lake All Other Areas Delegation )
440:
Officers Salaries and the Militia, and Mines/Mining.
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1573:
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752:
William F. James ( Salt Lake Precinct 5 Delegation )
692:
Samuel Hood Hill ( Salt Lake Precinct 2 Delegation )
917:
James Nathaniel Kimball ( Weber County Delegation )
770:
Christen Peter Larsen ( Sanpete County Delegation )
626:
Joseph Eldredge Robinson ( Kane County Delegation )
539:
William Henry Gibbs ( Box Elder County Delegation )
316:in congress. The following year, he introduced the
1045:http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctvq2vx34.16
830:Elmer Ellsworth Corfman ( Utah County Delegation )
821:David Brainerd Stover ( Tooele County Delegation )
794:George Parcust Miller ( Sevier County Delegation )
767:Joseph Loftus Jolley ( Sanpete County Delegation )
530:Andrew Smith Anderson ( Beaver County Delegation )
427:, President of the 1895 Constitutional Convention
1519:"State of Utah Constitutional Convention - Day 2"
914:Frederick John Kiesel ( Weber County Delegation )
899:Louis Bernhardt Adams ( Weber County Delegation )
896:Willis Eugene Robison ( Wayne County Delegation )
608:John Foy Chidester ( Garfield County Delegation )
548:John David Peters ( Box Elder County Delegation )
340:It also needed to include these four provisions:
312:, a Democrat, won the election and became Utah's
1540:
1538:
866:Joseph Ephraim Thorne ( Utah County Delegation )
818:Thomas H. Clark Jr. ( Tooele County Delegation )
815:James David Murdock ( Summit County Delegation )
701:Elias Morris ( Salt Lake Precinct 2 Delegation )
683:Frank Pierce ( Salt Lake Precinct 1 Delegation )
680:Jacob Moritz ( Salt Lake Precinct 1 Delegation )
605:William Gibson Sharp ( Emery County Delegation )
848:John Daniel Holladay ( Utah County Delegation )
782:Jeremiah Day Page ( Sanpete County Delegation )
1634:
1632:
1582:"Suffrage in Utah's Constitutional Convention"
1354:"The Manifesto and the End of Plural Marriage"
932:Hiram Hupp Spencer ( Weber County Delegation )
641:Rufus Albern Allen ( Piute County Delegation )
617:Louis Laville Coray ( Juab County Delegation )
566:William H. Maughan ( Cache County Delegation )
551:Charles Henry Hart ( Cache County Delegation )
824:Lycurgus Johnson ( Uintah County Delegation )
632:Daniel Thompson ( Millard County Delegation )
620:Joseph Alonzo Hyde ( Juab County Delegation )
614:Robert W. Heyborne ( Iron County Delegation )
321:Utah a path to enter the Union as a State on
8:
929:Robert McFarland ( Weber County Delegation )
836:George Cunningham ( Utah County Delegation )
773:Lauritz Larsen ( Sanpete County Delegation )
602:Jasper Robertson ( Emery County Delegation )
581:Noble Warrum Jr. ( Cache County Delegation )
545:William Lowe ( Box Elder County Delegation )
629:Charles Crane ( Millard County Delegation )
563:James Paton Low ( Cache County Delegation )
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1441:"Utah History To Go - Utah's Constitution"
1322:
1320:
926:Thomas Maloney ( Weber County Delegation )
902:William Driver ( Weber County Delegation )
875:William Buys ( Wasatch County Delegation )
839:Andreas Engberg ( Utah County Delegation )
827:John Sell Boyer ( Utah County Delegation )
599:William Howard ( Emery County Delegation )
542:Peter Lowe ( Box Elder County Delegation )
611:Mons Peterson ( Grand County Delegation )
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833:William Creer ( Utah County Delegation )
812:David Keith ( Summit County Delegation )
656:( Salt Lake All Other Areas Delegation )
590:Chester Call ( Davis County Delegation )
513:
451:
419:
43:
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905:David Evans ( Weber County Delegation )
851:Hyrum Lemmon ( Utah County Delegation )
797:Joel Ricks ( Sevier County Delegation )
554:Henry Hughs ( Cache County Delegation )
459:, leader in the women's rights movement
79:. After the church's founder and first
623:George Ryan ( Juab County Delegation )
1130:. pp. 162–163. Retrieved Dec 1, 2023.
75:, where they established the city of
7:
402:, Charles S. Varian, C. C. Goodman,
135:Map of the borders for the proposed
746:( Salt Lake Precinct 4 Delegation )
740:( Salt Lake Precinct 4 Delegation )
734:( Salt Lake Precinct 4 Delegation )
728:( Salt Lake Precinct 3 Delegation )
719:( Salt Lake Precinct 3 Delegation )
713:( Salt Lake Precinct 3 Delegation )
380:Salt Lake City and County Building
373:Salt Lake City and County Building
123:, economy, polygamy, and slavery.
14:
63:in 1830, the church had moved to
1189:(1–4): 94 – via issuu.com.
995:newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org
893:( Washington County Delegation )
887:( Washington County Delegation )
114:Previous statehood applications
363:1895 Constitutional Convention
337:new Utah State Constitution).
139:and the actual border for the
55:Since its early settlement by
18:Utah Constitutional Convention
1:
1015:White, Jean Bickmore (2011).
965:White, Jean Bickmore (1996).
881:( Wasatch County Delegation )
779:( Sanpete County Delegation )
764:( Sanpete County Delegation )
1443:. 2004-10-13. Archived from
809:( Summit County Delegation )
803:( Summit County Delegation )
791:( Sevier County Delegation )
638:( Morgan County Delegation )
536:( Beaver County Delegation )
382:. Notable attendees include
1580:better_admin (2020-04-16).
1415:The Utah State Constitution
1378:The Utah State Constitution
1358:www.churchofjesuschrist.org
1328:The Utah State Constitution
1300:The Utah State Constitution
1239:The Utah State Constitution
1223:The Utah State Constitution
1141:The Utah State Constitution
1128:United States Census Bureau
1093:The Utah State Constitution
1017:The Utah State Constitution
923:( Weber County Delegation )
911:( Weber County Delegation )
596:( Davis County Delegation )
587:( Davis County Delegation )
578:( Cache County Delegation )
572:( Cache County Delegation )
560:( Cache County Delegation )
103:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1749:
1687:Grow, Elsie (2023-04-01).
1177:Ivins, Stanley S. (1957).
872:( Utah County Delegation )
863:( Utah County Delegation )
857:( Utah County Delegation )
845:( Utah County Delegation )
647:( Rich County Delegation )
1693:Utah Historical Quarterly
1482:"A Constitution for Utah"
1183:Utah Historical Quarterly
1179:"A Constitution for Utah"
314:non-voting representative
1705:10.5406/26428652.91.2.05
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202:twin relics of barbarism
1106:, Charter for Statehood
576:Ingwald Conrad Thoresen
486:Women suffragists like
465:voting rights for women
226:Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act
1668:Better Days Curriculum
1586:Better Days Curriculum
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1506:Charter for Statehood
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1080:Charter for Statehood
1067:Charter for Statehood
654:George Mousley Cannon
594:Brigham Henry Roberts
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1550:www.quillproject.net
1158:www.freedmen.umd.edu
946:Constitution of Utah
732:Franklin S. Richards
504:Salt Lake Tabernacle
400:Franklin S. Richards
388:Parley P Christensen
304:Enabling Act of 1894
26:Constitution of Utah
762:Parley Christiansen
558:William Jasper Kerr
200:referred to as the
717:William B. Preston
534:John Riggs Murdock
520:
472:Edmunds–Tucker Act
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276:Edmunds–Tucker Act
212:, and resulted in
169:Compromise of 1850
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53:
1395:archives.utah.gov
1026:978-0-19-977928-4
976:978-0-87480-529-1
921:Theodore B. Lewis
879:Joseph R. Murdock
870:Samuel R. Thurman
789:Theodore Brandley
510:List of delegates
500:Emmeline B. Wells
356:Education in Utah
331:U.S. Constitution
310:Joseph L. Rawlins
270:1887 constitution
253:1882 constitution
239:Wasatch Mountains
232:1872 constitution
220:1862 constitution
183:1856 constitution
161:John M. Bernhisel
141:Territory of Utah
127:1849 constitution
107:discovery of gold
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476:Susan B. Anthony
457:Susan B. Anthony
448:Women's suffrage
425:John Henry Smith
396:Orson F. Whitney
384:John Henry Smith
293:Wilford Woodruff
176:Millard Fillmore
154:State of Deseret
150:Council of Fifty
137:State of Deseret
34:Grover Cleveland
28:was accepted by
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1733:History of Utah
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22:Utah Territory
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49:Brigham Young
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27:
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1696:
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1671:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
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1500:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1465:
1460:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
1435:
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1409:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
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1377:
1372:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:
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1335:
1327:
1314:Ivins, p. 98
1299:
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1289:Ivins, p. 97
1285:
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1161:. Retrieved
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999:. Retrieved
997:. 2016-08-01
994:
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488:Ruth May Fox
485:
481:
469:
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377:
339:
335:
328:
318:Enabling Act
307:
290:
273:
256:
247:Deseret News
243:
235:
223:
186:
158:
146:
117:
100:
96:Mormon Trail
84:Joseph Smith
54:
17:
15:
1644:www.nps.gov
1523:le.utah.gov
1468:, pp. 47–48
1417:, pp. 11–12
1343:, pp. 38–39
1267:, pp. 32–33
1212:, pp. 26–27
1082:, pp. 20–21
260:Edmunds Act
198:Republicans
1699:(2): 158.
1673:2023-12-01
1649:2023-12-01
1622:2023-12-03
1591:2023-12-01
1555:2023-12-01
1528:2023-12-01
1491:2023-12-01
1451:2023-12-01
1400:2023-12-01
1363:2023-12-01
1254:, p. 28–29
1163:2023-12-01
1001:2023-12-01
952:References
909:Lorin Farr
408:Lorin Farr
285:Democratic
119:including
40:Background
1713:0042-143X
1225:, pp. 7–8
308:In 1892,
297:manifesto
291:In 1890,
173:President
121:theocracy
81:President
1727:Category
940:See also
524:counties
210:Utah War
194:polygamy
73:Illinois
65:Missouri
61:New York
30:Congress
1508:, p. 85
1504:White,
1464:White,
1430:, p. 42
1426:White,
1413:White,
1380:, p. 11
1376:White,
1339:White,
1330:, p. 10
1326:White,
1298:White,
1280:, p. 31
1276:White,
1263:White,
1250:White,
1237:White,
1221:White,
1208:White,
1139:White,
1108:, p. 22
1091:White,
1078:White,
1069:, p. 20
1065:White,
348:tribe).
258:of the
196:, what
190:slavery
1711:
1302:, p. 9
1241:, p. 8
1143:, p. 6
1095:, p. 5
1023:
973:
333:; and
171:, and
105:. The
77:Nauvoo
71:, and
1617:issuu
1486:issuu
1104:White
1709:ISSN
1021:ISBN
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498:and
410:and
371:The
192:and
163:and
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1701:doi
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143:.
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