521:
Evidence exists that horse-dealers from
Kamboja in the Uttarapatha were trading horses as far as Sri Lanka. Dr Don Martino notes that the merchants from northwest Kamboja had been conducting horse trade with Sri Lanka following the west coast of India since remote antiquity
563:
A regular horse trade between the nations of
Uttarapatha and those of eastern, western and southern India is attested to have been going on as late as the medieval ages. King Devapala (810-850 CE) of Bengal, King Vishnuvardhana Hoysala (1106–1152 CE) of
296:
Numerous
Puranic literature terms refer to the Bahlikas, Pahlavas, Sakas, Paradas, Ramathas, Kambojas, Daradas, Tushars, Chinas, Barbaras, Keikayas, Abhiras, Sindhus, Soviras and others as the tribes of Uttarapatha
631:, the crossing of the two highways made Sarnath (just outside Varanasi) a major place of exchange of goods and ideas in ancient India. Sanyal argues that this is why the Buddha gave his first sermon at Sarnath.
174:
The boundaries of
Uttarapatha, as a region, are nowhere precisely defined in the Buddhist or any other ancient source. According to some writers, the Uttarapatha included the whole of Northern India, from
382:
Documentation exists that the nations from the
Uttarapatha like Kamboja, Gandhara and Kashmira were actively engaged in commercial intercourse not only with the states of Gangetic valley but also with
498:, present Carasadda) in the Gandhara-Kamboja region who also had their trade settlement in Myanmar. The name Irrawaddy for the chief river of Burma (Myanmar) was copied from river Irrawati (
638:
for the southern part of India has originated from this ancient
Dakshinapatha. The philosophies of the easterners were disseminated precisely by the intercourse that went on along the
320:. Buddhist and Puranic sources attest that the merchants and horse-dealers from Uttarapatha would bring horses and other goods for sale down to eastern Indian places like Savatthi (
833:
466:
and nations of
Southeast Asia. Huge trade ships sailed from there directly to south Myanmar. This trade had been going on for hundreds of years before the
828:
823:
634:
Later, Dakshinapatha was also the name lent to the region of India lying to the south of Vindya through which the
Dakshinapatha passed. The name
818:
790:
434:
The ancient Pali literature says that merchants from the nations of
Uttarapatha were engaged in international trade following the well-known
808:
760:
782:
Early
Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
813:
316:
and the horse-dealers. There are ancient references to an ongoing trade between the nations of Uttarapatha and the states of
154:. This route became increasingly important due to increasing maritime contacts with the seaports on the eastern coast of
355:
gives an account of the ancient roadways. It refers to Uttarapatha (northern highway) which linked the territories of
587:
peninsula. The Roman gold coins imported from Rome into Gandhara were usually melted into bullion in these regions.
470:. Some merchants from northern India had settled in Myanmar, in the ports and towns located at the mouths of
435:
87:
in just one term. The pronunciation of the word varies depending on the regional language of the speaker.
511:
665:
569:
583:
trade (1 CE to 200 CE) coming into Gandhara/Kamboja and Bactria region in Uttarapatha through the
546:
786:
756:
728:
623:), onwards to the western coast of India and running in the southern direction. According to
660:
549:. The terms Kaboja and Kabojiya are the ancient Sinhalese forms of the Uttarapatha Kamboja.
471:
379:, 207.43; Foreign Trade and Commerce in Ancient India, 2003, p 107, Prakash Chandra Prasad)
218:
364:
206:
72:
44:
635:
628:
475:
467:
396:
282:
274:
266:
250:
802:
655:
612:
596:
503:
479:
258:
254:
214:
116:
68:
64:
60:
162:
rule. Later, Uttarapatha was the name lent to the vast expanse of region which the
580:
530:
495:
388:
376:
341:
329:
234:
136:
780:
750:
691:
403:(circa c 127 BCE), he found to his great surprise that bamboos and textiles from
620:
443:
426:
352:
333:
148:
56:
36:
409:
On personal enquiry, he learnt that these goods were brought to eastern India (
233:
The Buddhist texts include the remaining fourteen of the Mahajanapadas, namely
671:
499:
317:
80:
32:
692:"Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road"
534:
463:
451:
604:
556:
of the fourth century specifically attests to a group of people known as
400:
368:
278:
270:
210:
184:
180:
96:
76:
48:
24:
616:
584:
573:
518:
and built a Cetiya, there. An inscription also makes a similar record.
447:
384:
360:
337:
325:
246:
188:
132:
608:
565:
515:
459:
455:
439:
414:
410:
372:
356:
321:
299:
286:
238:
159:
151:
144:
140:
120:
112:
312:
Uttarapatha was famous from very early times for its fine breed of
422:
421:
and then carried all the way from eastern India to Bactria across
418:
392:
345:
313:
262:
155:
128:
84:
40:
20:
242:
176:
194:
The Jambudvipa region to the south of Uttarapatha was known as
755:. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. pp. 71–76.
752:
Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography
625:
Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography
139:. The eastern terminus of the Uttarapatha was Tamraliptika or
107:, for road. Initially, the term Uttarapatha referred to the
572:(1185 CE) had powerful fleets of Kamboja horses in their
16:
Part of the Jambudvipa in puranic and shramanic cosmology
482:) rivers. The case in point is of two merchant brothers
55:
is sometimes used to denote the geographical regions of
115:, crossed the Indo-Gangetic watershed, ran through the
537:
attest the existence of a Kamboja Goshatha or Samgha (
111:, the main trade route that followed along the river
302:
list of the Uttarapatha countries of the Bhuvanakosa
729:"Online Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names"
429:along the Uttarapatha or the northern high road
579:There is also good archaeological evidence of
198:(or the Middle Country) in Buddhist texts and
8:
619:) in the Mahajanapada of Ashmaka (in modern
442:and other places used to sail from ports of
438:. Merchants from Kamboja, Gandhara, Sovira,
399:. When the Chinese envoy Chiang Kien was in
529:Several ancient cave inscriptions found in
716:Vipassana Newsletter Vol. 7, No. 10 Dec 97
524:Epigraphia Zeylanka, Vol II, No 13, p 76
682:
506:. There is also a tradition in Ceylon (
7:
217:or great nations referred to in the
31:as the name of the Northern part of
541:) and a Grand Kamboja Trade Guild (
221:and Chulla-Niddesa belonged to the
834:Historic trails and roads in India
595:Corresponding to Uttarapatha, the
14:
462:) for trade with Southern India,
829:Historical geography of Pakistan
568:and King Valabhi Deva of Valbhi/
407:were sold in the local markets.
183:in the north-west, and from the
690:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
560:living in Rohana in Sri Lanka.
436:Kamboja-Dvaravati Caravan Route
824:History of international trade
749:Sanjeev, Sanyal (2012-11-15).
666:Pali definition of Uttarapatha
205:According to Buddhist texts,
1:
95:The name is derived from the
819:Locations in Hindu mythology
696:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
785:, BRILL, pp. 197–201,
35:(equivalent of present-day
850:
514:visited the east coast of
508:recorded in the Pūjāvaliya
123:(Gandhara) and further to
395:and other nations in the
809:Ancient Indian geography
143:located at the mouth of
814:Historic sites in India
615:valley to Pratisthana (
351:The great Indian epic,
47:. In modern times, the
779:Neelis, Jason (2010),
603:which originated from
543:Kabojiya Mahapughyanam
454:Pattana (modern Nalla-
213:, two of the sixteen
512:Tapassu and Bhalluka
488:Bhalluka or Bhalluka
187:in the north to the
607:, followed through
405:south-western China
601:southern high road
202:in Puranic texts.
164:northern high road
109:northern high road
792:978-90-04-18159-5
103:, for north, and
841:
795:
767:
766:
746:
740:
739:
737:
736:
725:
719:
712:
706:
705:
703:
702:
687:
661:Grand Trunk Road
599:was the name of
478:) and Salavana (
219:Anguttara Nikaya
849:
848:
844:
843:
842:
840:
839:
838:
799:
798:
793:
778:
775:
773:Further reading
770:
763:
748:
747:
743:
734:
732:
731:. Palikanon.com
727:
726:
722:
713:
709:
700:
698:
689:
688:
684:
680:
652:
593:
539:Gote Kabojhiana
502:) of the north
310:
231:
179:in the east to
172:
93:
73:Northeast India
45:Hindu mythology
39:), one of the "
17:
12:
11:
5:
847:
845:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
801:
800:
797:
796:
791:
774:
771:
769:
768:
761:
741:
720:
707:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
669:
663:
658:
651:
648:
646:trade routes.
644:Dakishinapatha
629:Sanjeev Sanyal
592:
589:
397:Southeast Asia
309:
306:
230:
227:
191:in the south.
171:
168:
92:
89:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
846:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
804:
794:
788:
784:
783:
777:
776:
772:
764:
762:9788184756715
758:
754:
753:
745:
742:
730:
724:
721:
717:
711:
708:
697:
693:
686:
683:
677:
673:
670:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:Dakshinapatha
654:
653:
649:
647:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Dakshinapatha
590:
588:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
561:
559:
555:
550:
548:
545:) in ancient
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:, south-west
390:
386:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
301:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
277:(or Maccha),
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
215:Mahajanapadas
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
90:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
69:Eastern India
66:
65:Central India
62:
61:Western India
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
781:
751:
744:
733:. Retrieved
723:
715:
710:
699:. Retrieved
695:
685:
643:
639:
633:
624:
600:
594:
591:Trade routes
578:
562:
557:
554:Sihalavatthu
553:
552:A Pali text
551:
542:
538:
531:Anuradhapura
528:
523:
520:
507:
496:Pushkalavati
492:Pokkharavati
491:
487:
483:
474:, Citranga (
433:
408:
404:
389:Suvarnabhumi
381:
377:Shanti Parva
359:(perhaps of
350:
342:Pragjyotisha
311:
298:
295:
291:Majjhimadesa
290:
265:(or Vatsa),
232:
222:
204:
199:
196:Majjhimadesa
195:
193:
173:
163:
137:Central Asia
124:
108:
104:
100:
94:
52:
28:
18:
640:Uttarapatha
621:Maharashtra
444:Bharukaccha
427:Afghanistan
375:countries (
353:Mahabharata
334:Pataliputra
223:Uttarapatha
166:traversed.
158:during the
57:North India
53:uttarapatha
37:North India
29:Uttarapatha
803:Categories
735:2012-09-19
701:2023-06-26
678:References
672:Uttarakuru
668:(metta.lk)
570:Saurashtra
413:) through
385:Brahmadesh
318:East India
293:division.
229:Literature
200:Madhyadesa
81:Bangladesh
41:continents
33:Jambudvipa
27:texts use
574:cavalries
535:Sri Lanka
472:Irrawaddy
464:Sri Lanka
452:Supparaka
650:See also
642:and the
605:Varanasi
585:Gujarati
558:Kambojas
446:(modern
401:Gandhara
369:Gandhara
308:Commerce
279:Surasena
271:Panchala
211:Gandhara
185:Himalaya
181:Gandhara
125:Zariaspa
97:Sanskrit
77:Pakistan
49:Sanskrit
25:Buddhist
19:Ancient
617:Paithan
613:Narmada
609:Ujjaini
547:Sinhala
510:) that
484:Tapassu
480:Salween
476:Sittang
458:, near
448:Bharuch
365:Kamboja
361:Magadha
338:Magadha
326:Benares
289:in the
247:Magadha
207:Kamboja
189:Vindhya
133:Bactria
91:History
789:
759:
636:Deccan
566:Mysore
516:Ceylon
504:Panjab
468:Buddha
460:Mumbai
456:Sopara
450:) and
440:Sindhu
415:Yunnan
411:Bengal
373:Yavana
357:Kirata
340:) and
322:Kosala
314:horses
300:Kirfel
287:Assaka
283:Avanti
275:Matsya
239:Kosala
170:Region
160:Maurya
152:Bengal
145:Ganges
141:Tamluk
121:Taxila
117:Punjab
113:Ganges
101:uttara
99:terms
83:, and
714:Ref:
581:Roman
490:from
423:India
419:Burma
393:China
346:Assam
263:Vamsa
259:Chedi
255:Malla
251:Vajji
156:India
135:) in
129:Balkh
105:patha
85:Nepal
51:word
43:" in
21:Hindu
787:ISBN
757:ISBN
611:and
500:Ravi
486:and
425:and
371:and
330:Kasi
285:and
267:Kuru
243:Anga
235:Kasi
209:and
177:Anga
149:West
23:and
627:by
533:in
526:).
363:),
348:).
332:),
324:),
304:).
147:in
127:or
119:to
805::
694:.
576:.
494:(=
431:.
417:,
387:,
367:,
281:,
273:,
269:,
261:,
257:,
253:,
249:,
245:,
241:,
237:,
225:.
79:,
75:,
71:,
67:,
63:,
59:,
765:.
738:.
718:.
704:.
522:(
344:(
336:(
328:(
297:(
131:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.