2450:
2428:
2402:
2380:
217:
1196:
It is possible to use personal pronouns as possessive pronouns by placing them before the relevant noun (for comparisonâadjectives are placed after the noun). However, there exist distinct forms of possessives, which will be discussed later.
1694:
There are certain verbs that refer to the act of speaking, perceiving, or thinking, and these verbs are often followed by a dependent clause that provides more information about the action. These dependent clauses are called
411:
Additional names in
Loukotka are Manare and Uncasica (presumably a spelling variant of UnkasĂa/UncacĂa), as well as Morcote, of which nothing is known. Manare, at the source of the Casanare, is Eastern Tunebo.
1378:
In general, adjectives are placed after the noun, although there are instances where they can be placed before it. Nevertheless, the majority of the time, adjectives are utilized in the verbal form:
3088:
2560:
1453:
Verbs in Uwa language can be divided into the following categories: transitive, intransitive, bitransitive, impersonal, objective clause, auxiliary and copular.
1215:
Additionally, there exists an intensifier-reflexive pronoun that is analogous to the
English âoneselfâ or âaloneâ. The pronoun itself is subject to inflection:
3513:
704:
3029:
285:
There are half a dozen known varieties. Communication between modern varieties can be difficult, so they are considered distinct languages.
3081:
2553:
700:
1277:
The possessive pronouns in Uwa, just like the personal pronouns, make a proximal-distal distinction in the 3rd person. These are:
3506:
3761:
3074:
3055:
226:
3756:
2546:
3459:
340:
Berich lists the dialects CobarĂa; Agua Blanca (= UncasĂa, Tamarana, Sta Marta); Rinconada, TegrĂa, BĂłcota, & BĂĄchira
2903:
203:
3751:
3499:
2111:. It indicates that something can or must be done. It can also function as a way to express command without using the
519:
2683:
3480:
3246:
2848:
2802:
2520:
Diccionario bilingĂŒe: Uw cuwa (Tunebo) - Español, Español - Uw Cuwa (Tunebo) con una grĂĄmatica uw cuwa (tuneba)
236:
3050:
293:
57:
300:
3195:
3097:
2711:
2449:
2427:
2401:
2379:
676:
655:
648:
625:
611:
602:
597:
583:
578:
573:
566:
561:
541:
536:
481:
469:
464:
452:
447:
727:
is not explicitly marked on a verb; however, it is possible to mark a group of human referents using the
3452:
2569:
3595:
3271:
2830:
2030:
can be marked three ways. Future, ability or obligation, and stative verbs are negated with the word
1863:
1108:
The personal pronouns distinguish between the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person (which is further divided into
304:
61:
3564:
3551:
3368:
3332:
2918:
2812:
2640:
1982:
indicate the intention to be fulfilled by the action of the verb. The action occurs in the future.
732:
590:
323:
3522:
3405:
3360:
3309:
3286:
3170:
3165:
3142:
3111:
2979:
2878:
2873:
2840:
2825:
2726:
2658:
2653:
2602:
504:
308:
266:
98:
3601:
3541:
3415:
3236:
3155:
1756:
is most frequently preceded by the intentional form of the verb without the declarative suffix:
3711:
3679:
3350:
3266:
3231:
3218:
3180:
3160:
3121:
2959:
2949:
2888:
2853:
2663:
2615:
2583:
618:
524:
509:
319:
3674:
3669:
3635:
3629:
3394:
3322:
3294:
3261:
3241:
3208:
3203:
3175:
2989:
2923:
2898:
2820:
2797:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2706:
2691:
2648:
2620:
2504:
499:
330:
3705:
3586:
3576:
3570:
3559:
3464:
3447:
3425:
3399:
3373:
3340:
3251:
3150:
3116:
3034:
3019:
2994:
2974:
2954:
2928:
2913:
2908:
2883:
2868:
2774:
2716:
2673:
2630:
2610:
2112:
787:âthat which is broughtâ). Other nouns cannot be affixed with the aforementioned suffixes.
514:
90:
2200:
1049:
343:
Cassani lists SĂnsiga, TegrĂa, UnkasĂa (= Margua), Pedraza, Manare, DobokubĂ (= MotilĂłn)
385:
Bontoca (perhaps the same as the BĂłkota = KaibakĂĄ cited in Osborn), of the mountains of
3732:
3536:
3420:
3410:
3389:
3345:
3317:
3276:
3256:
3226:
3185:
2999:
2984:
2969:
2933:
2893:
2863:
2858:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2701:
2668:
2625:
2505:
Diccionario etnolingĂŒĂstico y guĂa bibliogrĂĄfica de los pueblos indĂgenas sudamericanos
1644:
640:
71:
2224:
Four tenses can be distinguished: present, past, immediate past and immediate future.
1697:
853:
The subject of an intransitive clause or the object of a transitive clause, i.e., the
195:
3745:
3717:
3689:
3684:
3648:
3642:
3612:
3606:
2764:
2754:
2749:
2696:
1631:
express involuntary actions or states that befall a person; those include verbs like
1109:
858:
398:
1822:
follow the verb or adjective and carry the tense and mood suffixes. These include:
2513:
Diccionario BilingĂŒe Tunebo-Español, Español-Tunebo con una breve gramĂĄtica tuneba
2473:
2964:
1563:
take three arguments, which means three participants are involved in the action:
1063:
corn parrot eat leave-NEG frighten-IMP our-GEN-EMP already plant-PASS-USIT-DECL.
720:
430:
208:
1066:
Shoo away the parrots so that they don't eat the corn. Ours is already planted.
216:
3024:
2442:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2394:
2385:
2372:
2364:
791:
671:
668:
643:
531:
442:
435:
270:
2040:
in the main verb and with an interrogative word in the same clause, plus an
476:
459:
188:
129:
46:
174:
159:
148:
138:
3066:
2310:
are used to mark questions in the present and past tenses, respectively.
724:
274:
244:
232:
42:
2538:
1367:
556:
240:
3491:
2214:
2196:
386:
1780:
1580:
2185:
2181:
2159:
2080:
2069:
1933:
1734:
1000:
2204:
2084:
2011:
1903:
1802:
1730:
1677:
1611:
1539:
1490:
1425:
1387:
1053:
939:
893:
837:
292:
central dialects CobarĂa and TegrĂa on the northern slopes of the
2335:
1947:
1011:
1943:
3495:
3070:
2542:
2155:
1899:
1607:
1520:
1087:
1045:
1022:
935:
916:
833:
814:
2177:
337:
Umaña (2012) lists CobarĂa, TegrĂa, Agua Blanca, Barro Negro.
2007:
1791:
1543:
1486:
889:
1673:
1060:
Eb quehrĂłs yay ay-ti quehwÌu-wa. Is-ay-an bar ri-jac-cua-no.
967:
in the 1st person singular pronoun of transitive sentences.
2472:
MĂĄrquez, MarĂa Elena; BerichĂĄ; Zubiri, JesĂșs Olza (1988).
2065:
1026:
751:âsonsâ). Verbal nouns are derived from verbs by appending
719:. Nouns can be divided into three groups: personal nouns,
243:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2533:
1643:. Due to their inherent non-agentivity, impersonal verbs
407:
Unkasia, along the
Chitiga and Marga rivers (Telban 1988)
394:
Pedraza or
Bethuwa , along the Venezuelan border; extinct
2475:
GramĂĄtica de la lengua tuneba: morfosintaxis del cobarĂa
2318:
Adverbs are positioned immediately following the verb:
1200:
The demonstrative pronouns make a two-way distinction:
56:
the largest groups live on the northern slopes of the
2290:
2031:
1868:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1751:
1708:
1702:
1207:
1201:
782:
776:
766:
756:
746:
740:
3698:
3662:
3622:
3585:
3550:
3529:
3473:
3438:
3382:
3359:
3331:
3308:
3285:
3217:
3194:
3141:
3132:
3104:
3043:
3012:
2942:
2839:
2811:
2773:
2725:
2682:
2639:
2601:
2592:
2576:
2213:
we clothing not who-ERG-CONT good 3-COL-CONT marry-
2210:
Is oya bĂĄr bin-at-ra ay Ă©y-in-ra yĂ©hwÌ-ajar-cua-no.
2118:The inability is indicated by appending the suffix
1510:
take two arguments, thus implying two participants:
202:
186:
127:
122:
87:
77:
67:
52:
38:
21:
2494:Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysken, Pieter C. (2004).
269:language spoken by between 1,800 and 3,600 of the
1441:In noun phrases, the adjective tends to take the
781:âthe comingâ, OR the patient of an action, e.g.,
1078:is used to identify a referent being addressed:
397:SĂnsiga, in the Guican mountains, recorded from
152: â Barro Negro Tunebo (Eastern Tunebo/
2478:(in Spanish). Universidad CatĂłlica del Tachira.
1112:), as well as between the singular and plural:
794:: ergative, absolutive, genitive and vocative.
797:The subject of a transitive clause, i.e., the
3507:
3082:
2554:
1460:take one argument, with just one participant:
8:
2036:. Inability or impossibility is marked with
1623:I'm going to leave the calabash for Babcara.
404:TegrĂa or Tagrinuwa, along the CobarĂa River
277:, out of a total population of about 7,000.
963:suffix. It can replace the ergative marker
955:The owner of a referent is marked with the
178: â Western Tunebo (Aguas Blancas/
3514:
3500:
3492:
3138:
3089:
3075:
3067:
2598:
2561:
2547:
2539:
2220:We poor people cannot marry the good ones.
735:use a different term instead of using the
215:
18:
2044:suffix on the focused word of focus. The
1701:. In Uwa, examples of such verbs include
2226:
1873:, which comes from the word for âto beâ.
1620:Babcara DEST calabash leave go-PRES-DECL
1279:
1217:
1114:
493:
424:
2357:
2282:
2107:is indicated in the verb by the suffix
2093:still everything-EMP.NEG learn-NEG-DECL
2023:In four days I'm going to do the house.
237:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
365:Yithkaya (= San Miguel / Barro Negro),
329:and the extinct dialect SĂnsiga near
163: â Central Tunebo (CobarĂa/
7:
16:Chibchan language spoken in Colombia
2386:Barro Negro Tunebo (Eastern Tunebo/
314:an eastern group at a place called
2522:. Instituto LingĂŒĂstico de Verano.
2289:One of the exceptions is the word
2096:I have not yet learned everything.
1617:Babcar ac cuncuari bacĂĄy bi-ca-ro.
765:(refers to multiple actors, e.g.,
14:
2048:suffix is used on the main verb:
1366:The Uwa language uses a base-10 (
288:Adelaar (2004) lists the living
2462:Adelaar & Muysken (2004:109)
2448:
2426:
2400:
2378:
1963:There are a number of different
723:, and other. The plurality of a
391:CobarĂa, along the CobarĂa River
353:Rikuwa (DukarĂșa, = Agua Blanca),
3056:Providence Island Sign Language
1967:that can appended to the verb.
142: â Angosturas Tunebo/
2434:Western Tunebo (Aguas Blancas/
1811:I ten DEST go-INTEN think-DECL
1740:âAs-ra bar be-n-ro,â wa-no-ra.
1689:I'm tired . / I've had enough.
948:suitcase-ERG my tire-PRES-DECL
1:
2498:. Cambridge University Press.
1814:I plan on going for ten days.
350:Bethuwa (= Pedraza, extinct),
2090:Ahajira bahnaqu-i sĂn-ti-ro.
1808:As ucasi ac be-n sĂ©hlwÌa-ro.
846:mouse-ERG corn eat-PRES-DECL
755:(refers to one actor, e.g.,
2020:four house clean-INTEN-DECL
1552:I-ERG machete buy-DECL-CNTR
951:The suitcase is killing me.
849:A mouse is eating the corn.
3778:
2496:The Languages of the Andes
715:All isolated verbs end in
3726:
1322:
1307:
1292:
1282:
1157:
1142:
1127:
1117:
480:
223:
214:
31:
26:
3481:Venezuelan Sign Language
2518:Edna R. Headland, 1997.
2511:Edna R. Headland, 1994.
2408:Central Tunebo (CobarĂa/
1912:thirst give be-PRES-DECL
3051:Colombian Sign Language
2330:
2322:
2291:
2191:
2173:
2165:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2075:
2060:
2052:
2032:
2017:Bacat ubach tuwÌ-in-ro.
2002:
1994:
1986:
1939:
1928:
1920:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1869:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1797:
1786:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1752:
1746:I said, âI'm leaving .â
1725:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1686:I already tire-PST-DECL
1668:
1660:
1652:
1602:
1594:
1586:
1576:
1568:
1534:
1526:
1515:
1499:I day return-INTEN-DECL
1481:
1473:
1465:
1431:Carson bacsoy racat-ro.
1420:
1412:
1404:
1382:
1208:
1206:(proximal, âthisâ) and
1202:
1082:
1040:
1032:
1017:
1006:
995:
987:
979:
971:
930:
922:
911:
884:
876:
868:
828:
820:
809:
783:
777:
767:
757:
747:
741:
378:the latter all extinct
368:Bahiyakuwa (= SĂnsiga),
294:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
58:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
3762:Languages of Venezuela
3098:Languages of Venezuela
3030:San AndrĂ©sâProvidencia
771:âthose who carryâ) or
303:in the departments of
225:This article contains
3757:Languages of Colombia
2570:Languages of Colombia
1645:lack full conjugation
1549:Aj-ĂĄt bajĂt wĂĄ-ro-ra.
1502:I will return by day.
1496:Asa rĂcara wiqui-n-ro
1434:pants black want-DECL
903:I down go-INTEN-DECL.
843:BĂłnit-at eb yĂĄ-ca-ro.
346:Osborn (1989) lists
299:a western group near
381:Fabre (2005) lists:
261:, commonly known as
2502:Alain Fabre, 2005.
2228:
1909:Cuc wini reh-ca-ro.
1555:I bought a machete.
1437:I want black pants.
1110:proximal and distal
945:Ow-at as cuĂĄ-ca-ro.
801:is marked with the
775:(the action, e.g.,
761:âhe who carriesâ),
701:ergativeâabsolutive
362:KaibakĂĄ (= BĂłkota),
359:Kubaruwa (CobarĂa),
356:Tagrinuwa (TegrĂa),
318:in the lowlands of
3752:Chibchan languages
3523:Chibchan languages
2577:Official languages
2365:Angosturas Tunebo/
2227:
2192:yĂ©hwÌ-ajar-cua-no.
1956:sad be-NEG AUX-IMP
1953:Cue reh-ti ja-wÌi.
1861:There is only one
1683:As bar seo-jac-ro.
1561:Bitransitive verbs
1458:Intransitive verbs
1212:(distal, âthatâ).
309:Norte de Santander
3739:
3738:
3733:extinct languages
3489:
3488:
3434:
3433:
3105:Official language
3064:
3063:
3008:
3007:
2515:. Ann Arbor: UMI.
2446:(19th ed., 2016)
2424:(19th ed., 2016)
2398:(19th ed., 2016)
2376:(19th ed., 2016)
2279:
2278:
2270:immediate future
1698:objective clauses
1370:) number system.
1359:
1358:
1275:
1274:
1194:
1193:
1104:Personal pronouns
900:As isura be-n-ro.
703:language with an
692:
691:
487:
486:
251:
250:
233:rendering support
229:phonetic symbols.
83:3,550 (2000)
62:BoyacĂĄ Department
3769:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3139:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3068:
2904:Tanimuca-RetuarĂŁ
2599:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2499:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2431:
2430:
2405:
2404:
2383:
2382:
2362:
2337:
2296:
2294:
2287:
2229:
2216:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2161:
2157:
2086:
2082:
2071:
2067:
2035:
2013:
2009:
1949:
1945:
1935:
1905:
1901:
1872:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1804:
1793:
1782:
1755:
1736:
1732:
1712:
1706:
1679:
1675:
1629:Impersonal verbs
1613:
1609:
1582:
1545:
1541:
1522:
1508:Transitive verbs
1492:
1488:
1427:
1389:
1280:
1218:
1211:
1205:
1115:
1089:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1028:
1024:
1013:
1002:
941:
937:
918:
895:
891:
855:absolutive case,
839:
835:
816:
786:
780:
770:
760:
750:
744:
678:
657:
650:
627:
613:
604:
599:
585:
580:
575:
568:
563:
543:
538:
494:
483:
471:
466:
454:
449:
425:
219:
198:
177:
162:
151:
141:
132:
93:
19:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3735:
3722:
3694:
3658:
3618:
3581:
3546:
3525:
3520:
3490:
3485:
3469:
3440:
3430:
3378:
3355:
3327:
3304:
3281:
3247:Mapoyo-Yabarana
3213:
3190:
3134:
3128:
3100:
3095:
3065:
3060:
3039:
3004:
2938:
2849:Barasana-Eduria
2835:
2807:
2803:Northern Embera
2769:
2721:
2678:
2635:
2594:
2588:
2572:
2567:
2534:uwacolombia.org
2530:
2525:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2447:
2432:
2425:
2406:
2399:
2384:
2377:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2328:
2316:
2300:
2299:
2288:
2284:
2250:immediate past
2222:
2208:
2189:
2171:
2163:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2098:
2088:
2073:
2058:
2025:
2015:
2000:
1992:
1961:
1951:
1937:
1926:
1917:
1907:
1892:
1884:
1852:âto enterâ and
1840:âto overcomeâ,
1820:Auxiliary verbs
1816:
1806:
1795:
1784:
1774:
1766:
1748:
1738:
1723:
1707:âto thinkâ and
1691:
1681:
1666:
1658:
1625:
1615:
1600:
1592:
1584:
1574:
1557:
1547:
1532:
1524:
1504:
1494:
1479:
1471:
1451:
1439:
1429:
1418:
1410:
1401:
1391:
1376:
1364:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1068:
1058:
1038:
1030:
1015:
1004:
993:
985:
977:
953:
943:
928:
920:
908:
906:I'm going down.
898:
882:
874:
851:
841:
826:
818:
790:There are four
713:
697:
492:
423:
418:
283:
231:Without proper
194:
173:
172:
158:
157:
147:
146:
137:
136:
128:
118:
103:ChibchaâMotilon
94:
91:Language family
89:
80:
79:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3775:
3773:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3663:ArwakoâChimila
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3623:KunaâColombian
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3591:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3530:WaimĂ (Guaymi)
3527:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3474:Sign languages
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3071:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3044:Sign languages
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2702:Minica Huitoto
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2528:External links
2526:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2464:
2455:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2298:
2297:
2295:âis speakingâ.
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:-jac/-jec/-joc
2241:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2190:
2172:
2164:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2124:
2074:
2059:
2051:
2050:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1938:
1927:
1919:
1918:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1859:
1796:
1785:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1758:
1724:
1717:
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1715:
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1667:
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1533:
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1480:
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1363:
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1324:
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1273:
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1267:
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1252:
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1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1105:
1102:
1081:
1080:
1041:ri-jac-cua-no.
1039:
1031:
1016:
1005:
994:
986:
978:
970:
969:
929:
921:
910:
909:
883:
875:
867:
866:
827:
819:
808:
807:
799:ergative case,
739:suffix (e.g.,
712:
709:
705:SOV word order
696:
693:
690:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
674:
665:
664:
662:
660:
658:
653:
651:
646:
637:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
623:
621:
615:
614:
609:
607:
605:
600:
595:
593:
587:
586:
581:
576:
571:
569:
564:
559:
553:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
539:
534:
528:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
488:
485:
484:
479:
473:
472:
467:
462:
456:
455:
450:
445:
439:
438:
433:
428:
422:
419:
417:
414:
409:
408:
405:
402:
395:
392:
389:
376:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
335:
334:
327:
312:
297:
282:
279:
249:
248:
235:, you may see
221:
220:
212:
211:
206:
200:
199:
192:
184:
183:
133:
125:
124:
123:Language codes
120:
119:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
106:ChibchaâTunebo
97:
95:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
54:
50:
49:
45:, formerly in
40:
39:Native to
36:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3774:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3453:Colonia Tovar
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:Creoles/Other
3011:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:Murui Huitoto
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2412:& TegrĂa/
2411:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2389:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2344:fast come-IMP
2342:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2302:The suffixes
2293:
2286:
2283:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2211:
2207:
2193:
2188:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:Don't be sad.
1957:
1954:
1950:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1858:âto supposeâ.
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1794:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1743:say-DECL-CONT
1741:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1003:
997:
992:
989:
984:
981:
976:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
957:genitive case
952:
949:
946:
942:
932:
927:
924:
919:
913:
907:
904:
901:
897:
886:
881:
878:
873:
870:
865:
863:
860:
856:
850:
847:
844:
840:
830:
825:
822:
817:
811:
806:
804:
800:
795:
793:
792:case suffixes
788:
785:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
738:
734:
733:kinship terms
731:suffix. Some
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
706:
702:
694:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
675:
673:
670:
667:
666:
663:
661:
659:
654:
652:
647:
645:
642:
639:
638:
635:
633:
631:
629:
624:
622:
620:
617:
616:
610:
608:
606:
601:
596:
594:
592:
589:
588:
582:
577:
572:
570:
565:
560:
558:
555:
554:
551:
549:
547:
545:
540:
535:
533:
530:
529:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:
489:
478:
475:
474:
468:
463:
461:
458:
457:
451:
446:
444:
441:
440:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
426:
420:
415:
413:
406:
403:
400:
399:Chita, Boyaca
396:
393:
390:
388:
384:
383:
382:
379:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
348:
347:
344:
341:
338:
332:
331:Chita, BoyacĂĄ
328:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:
291:
290:
289:
286:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
228:
222:
218:
213:
210:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
176:
170:
167:& TegrĂa/
166:
161:
155:
150:
145:
140:
134:
131:
126:
121:
111:
108:
107:
105:
104:
102:
101:
100:
96:
92:
86:
82:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
3728:
3710:
3653:
3641:
3634:
3611:
3594:
3569:
3402:(Maku-Auari)
3299:
3196:Arutani-Sape
2759:
2519:
2512:
2503:
2495:
2474:
2467:
2458:
2441:
2435:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2393:
2387:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2285:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2194:
2176:
2168:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2078:
2063:
2055:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1969:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1942:
1931:
1923:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1864:copular verb
1862:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1800:
1789:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1728:
1721:
1696:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1605:
1597:
1589:
1579:
1571:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1537:
1529:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1484:
1476:
1468:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1407:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1316:
1311:
1301:
1296:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1234:
1214:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1151:
1146:
1136:
1131:
1107:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1085:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1043:
1035:
1020:
1009:
998:
990:
982:
974:
964:
960:
956:
954:
950:
947:
944:
933:
925:
914:
905:
902:
899:
887:
879:
871:
861:
854:
852:
848:
845:
842:
831:
823:
812:
802:
798:
796:
789:
772:
762:
752:
736:
728:
721:verbal nouns
716:
714:
698:
695:Morphosyntax
410:
380:
377:
345:
342:
339:
336:
315:
287:
284:
262:
258:
255:Uwa language
254:
252:
224:
187:
179:
168:
164:
153:
143:
109:
32:
2965:Inga Kichwa
2684:BoraâWitoto
2347:Come quick.
2064:everything-
2038:-ajar/-ajat
2003:tuwÌ-in-ro.
1972:intentional
1915:is thirsty.
1798:sĂ©hlwÌa-ro.
1669:seo-jac-ro.
1641:to be tired
1323:3rd person
1308:2nd person
1293:1st person
1261:3rd person
1246:2nd person
1235:ajmar, amar
1231:1st person
1189:eyina, eyin
1158:3rd person
1143:2nd person
1128:1st person
1007:quehwÌu-wa.
859:null suffix
520:Labio-velar
316:Barro Negro
301:Agua Blanca
239:instead of
3746:Categories
3439:Non-Native
3133:Indigenous
3025:Palenquero
2593:Indigenous
2487:References
2443:Ethnologue
2421:Ethnologue
2395:Ethnologue
2373:Ethnologue
2367:Bahiyakuwa
2341:In ra-wÌi.
2217:-USIT-DECL
2113:imperative
2105:obligation
2076:sĂn-ti-ro.
1895:reh-ca-ro.
1846:âto beâ,
1834:âto putâ,
1753:sĂ©hlwÌanro
1704:sĂ©hlwÌanro
1482:wiqui-n-ro
1399:It is big.
1374:Adjectives
1096:Wanisa-VOC
959:using the
931:cuĂĄ-ca-ro.
857:takes the
699:Uwa is an
672:semi-vowel
644:semi-vowel
490:Consonants
271:Uwa people
144:Bahiyakuwa
135:Variously:
3731:indicate
3552:Talamanca
3441:languages
3406:Nheengatu
3333:Jirajaran
3171:Paraujano
3166:Mandawaca
3135:languages
3122:Maracucho
2980:Nheengatu
2879:Macaguaje
2874:Koreguaje
2826:Guayabero
2813:Guajiboan
2641:Barbacoan
2595:languages
2414:Tagrinuwa
2410:Kubaru'wa
2254:-ira/-iri
2151:bin-at-ra
2061:bahnaqu-i
1974:suffixes
1870:rehquinro
1843:rehquinro
1831:chĂĄquinro
1828:âto doâ,
1825:yajquinro
1750:The verb
1726:wa-no-ra.
1713:âto sayâ.
1603:bi-ca-ro.
1535:wĂĄ-ro-ra.
1421:racat-ro.
1285:singular
1223:singular
1147:baha, bah
1120:singular
1010:frighten-
915:suitcase-
829:yĂĄ-ca-ro.
591:Fricative
416:Phonology
374:and Ruba,
371:BiribirĂĄ,
305:Santander
281:Varieties
189:Glottolog
169:Tagrinuwa
165:Kubaru'wa
130:ISO 639-3
68:Ethnicity
47:Venezuela
3712:Dorasque
3680:Kankuamo
3596:CorobicĂ
3361:Timotean
3351:Jirajara
3310:Guahiban
3287:Chibchan
3272:Ye'kuana
3267:Tamanaku
3232:Japreria
3181:Warekena
3161:Caquetio
3143:Arawakan
2950:Carijona
2889:Pisamira
2854:Carapana
2841:Tucanoan
2831:MacaguĂĄn
2727:Chibchan
2664:Mwelyama
2654:Kokonuco
2616:Cabiyari
2603:Arawakan
2388:Yithkaya
2304:-ca/-qui
2274:-ayquira
2260:present
2174:Ă©y-in-ra
2138:clothing
2028:Negation
1849:rauwinro
1710:waquinro
1637:to vomit
1633:to bleed
1590:calabash
1587:cuncuari
1445:suffix.
1396:big-DECL
1393:cĂșmac-ro
1383:cĂșmac-ro
1362:Numerals
1327:proximal
1162:proximal
1072:vocative
1018:Is-ay-an
885:be-n-ro.
810:BĂłnit-at
805:suffix:
784:rojoquey
768:yewÌquin
758:yewÌquib
725:referent
505:Alveolar
324:Casanare
275:Colombia
267:Chibchan
245:Help:IPA
196:tune1260
154:Yithkaya
99:Chibchan
43:Colombia
3729:Italics
3675:Chimila
3670:Arhuaco
3636:Chibcha
3565:Cabécar
3542:NgÀbere
3537:Buglere
3460:Italian
3369:MucuchĂ
3323:Guahibo
3262:Sikiana
3242:Macushi
3219:Cariban
3204:Arutani
3176:Piapoco
3117:Llanero
3112:Spanish
3020:Llanero
2924:Wajiara
2919:WaimajĂŁ
2899:Siriano
2821:Guahibo
2798:Eperara
2775:Chocoan
2745:Chimila
2735:Arhuaco
2707:Muinane
2692:Andoque
2649:Awa Pit
2621:Piapoco
2584:Spanish
2331:ra-wÌi.
2314:Adverbs
2308:-ya/-yi
2235:Suffix
2101:Ability
2053:Ahajira
1965:affixes
1940:ja-wÌi.
1664:already
1572:Babcara
1530:machete
1485:return-
1368:decimal
1337:uiyinay
1288:plural
1226:plural
1184:eya, ey
1137:isa, is
1132:asa, as
1123:plural
1099:Wanisa!
1093:Wanis-u
1086:Wanisa-
1083:Wanis-u
1074:suffix
1036:already
980:quehrĂłs
745:âsonâ;
619:Vibrant
525:Glottal
510:Palatal
401:in 1871
265:, is a
259:Uw Cuwa
241:Unicode
33:Uw Cuwa
3706:BorƩca
3602:Maléku
3577:Teribe
3571:Huetar
3560:Bribri
3465:Romani
3448:German
3426:Yaruro
3416:SanumĂĄ
3400:Jukude
3374:Timote
3341:Ayoman
3252:Panare
3237:KapĂłng
3156:Baniwa
3151:Arawak
3035:Romani
2995:Ticuna
2975:Kichwa
2955:Cocama
2929:Wanano
2914:Tuyuca
2909:Tatuyo
2884:Macuna
2869:Desano
2717:Ocaina
2674:TotorĂł
2631:Yucuna
2611:Achawa
2436:Rikuwa
2292:tewÌro
2232:Tense
2215:IMPOSS
2197:IMPOSS
2195:marry-
2079:learn-
2006:clean-
1929:reh-ti
1882:thirst
1801:think-
1719:âAs-ra
1569:Babcar
1474:rĂcara
1413:bacsoy
1405:Carson
1354:eyinay
1344:distal
1250:behmar
1179:distal
1172:uiyina
1044:plant-
999:leave-
983:parrot
813:mouse-
778:raquey
500:Labial
387:Guican
320:Arauca
263:Tunebo
209:Tunebo
180:Rikuwa
53:Region
27:Tunebo
3699:Other
3587:Votic
3421:Warao
3411:Ninam
3390:Betoi
3383:Other
3346:Gayon
3318:Cuiba
3277:Yukpa
3257:Pemon
3227:Carib
3186:Wayuu
3000:Yukpa
2985:Nukak
2970:Kakwa
2960:CofĂĄn
2943:Other
2934:Yauna
2894:Siona
2864:Cuiba
2859:Cubeo
2793:Chami
2788:Catio
2783:Baudo
2669:Pasto
2659:Misak
2626:Wayuu
2352:Notes
2334:come-
2240:past
2120:-ajar
2056:still
2008:INTEN
1998:house
1995:ubach
1987:Bacat
1855:Ăłraro
1837:tenro
1792:INTEN
1769:ucasi
1672:tire-
1598:leave
1595:bacĂĄy
1527:bajĂt
1516:Aj-ĂĄt
1487:INTEN
1449:Verbs
1424:want-
1416:black
1408:pants
1332:uiyay
1312:bahay
1255:bemar
1240:ijmĂĄr
996:ay-ti
934:tire-
912:Ow-at
890:INTEN
877:isura
773:-quey
763:-quin
753:-quib
742:wacjĂĄ
711:Nouns
669:Nasal
532:Nasal
515:Velar
431:Front
421:Vowel
3718:Pech
3690:Wiwa
3685:Kogi
3649:Kuna
3643:Duit
3630:BarĂ
3613:Voto
3607:Rama
3395:HodĂŻ
3295:BarĂ
3209:Sapé
2990:PĂĄez
2765:Wiwa
2755:Kuna
2750:Kogi
2740:BarĂ
2697:Bora
2326:fast
2306:and
2205:DECL
2201:USIT
2186:CONT
2169:good
2160:CONT
2154:who-
2109:-ata
2085:DECL
2012:DECL
1990:four
1978:and
1970:The
1904:DECL
1900:PRES
1890:give
1887:wini
1803:DECL
1787:be-n
1781:DEST
1735:CONT
1731:DECL
1729:say-
1678:DECL
1612:DECL
1608:PRES
1581:DEST
1544:CNTR
1540:DECL
1538:buy-
1491:DECL
1426:DECL
1388:DECL
1386:big-
1349:eyay
1302:isay
1297:ajĂĄy
1270:imar
1203:ucha
1167:uiya
1070:The
1054:DECL
1050:USIT
1046:PASS
1021:our-
975:corn
940:DECL
936:PRES
894:DECL
880:down
838:DECL
834:PRES
832:eat-
824:corn
748:sasa
641:Oral
557:Stop
443:High
436:Back
322:and
307:and
253:The
72:U'wa
3654:Uwa
3300:Uwa
2760:Uwa
2440:at
2418:at
2392:at
2370:at
2336:IMP
2264:-ca
2182:COL
2156:ERG
2146:not
2143:bĂĄr
2135:oya
2103:or
2081:NEG
2070:NEG
2066:EMP
2046:-ti
2033:bĂĄr
1976:-in
1948:IMP
1944:AUX
1934:NEG
1932:be-
1924:sad
1921:Cue
1898:be-
1879:Cuc
1790:go-
1772:ten
1674:PST
1661:bar
1606:go-
1521:ERG
1477:day
1466:Asa
1317:bay
1265:ima
1209:eya
1152:baa
1088:VOC
1033:bar
1027:EMP
1023:GEN
1012:IMP
1001:NEG
991:eat
988:yay
965:-at
961:-ay
917:ERG
888:go-
815:ERG
803:-at
737:-in
729:-in
477:Low
460:Mid
273:of
227:IPA
204:ELP
175:tnb
160:tuf
149:tbn
139:tnd
110:Uwa
22:Uwa
3748::
2323:In
2166:ay
2130:we
2127:Is
2122::
2115:.
2042:-i
1980:-n
1867:,
1777:ac
1761:As
1653:As
1639:,
1635:,
1577:ac
1519:I-
1443:-a
1076:-u
972:Eb
926:my
923:as
869:As
864::
862:-â
821:eb
717:-a
707:.
677:wÌ
579:kÊ·
257:,
60:,
3515:e
3508:t
3501:v
3090:e
3083:t
3076:v
2562:e
2555:t
2548:v
2508:.
2438:)
2416:)
2390:)
2203:-
2199:-
2184:-
2180:-
2178:3
2158:-
2083:-
2068:.
2010:-
1946:-
1902:-
1764:I
1733:-
1676:-
1656:I
1647:.
1610:-
1542:-
1489:-
1469:I
1056:.
1052:-
1048:-
1025:-
938:-
896:.
892:-
872:I
836:-
656:j
649:w
626:r
612:h
603:Ê
598:s
584:Ê
574:k
567:t
562:b
542:n
537:m
482:a
470:o
465:e
453:u
448:i
333:.
326:,
311:,
296:,
247:.
182:)
171:)
156:)
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