999:(DPKO) in New York, requesting permission to raid the weapons caches; the UN refused Dallaire's request to raid the arms, and rebuked him for exceeding his mandate. Dallaire's cable also informed the DPKO of the information concerning the genocide; it said: "Since UNAMIR mandate has been ordered to register all Tutsi in Kigali. He suspects it is for their extermination. Example he gave was that in 20 minutes his personnel could kill up to 1000 Tutsis." Dallaire received little support from the administrative head of UNAMIR, Cameroonian Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh; the RPF accused Booh-Booh of partiality towards President Habyarimana and the Hutu elite. UNAMIR operated with very limited resources, and its efforts to install the transitional government were obstructed by President Habyarimana and the hardliners throughout early 1994. By April, the Security Council threatened to terminate UNAMIR's mandate if it did not make progress.
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Despite the failure of UNAMIR in its main mission, its humanitarian services during the 1994 genocide are recognised to this day as having saved the lives of thousands or tens of thousands of
Rwandan Tutsi and Hutu moderates who would have otherwise been killed. However, the actions of the UN in Rwanda (and particularly the Head of Peacekeeping Operations at the time,
1308:, PTSD and suicide. While Dallaire's issues have been the focus of much attention, particularly in Canada, very little attention has been paid to the plight of the front line soldiers of the Canadian Contingent to UNAMIR who suffered from a rash of suicides, marital breakdowns and career ending diagnoses of PTSD following their return from Rwanda.
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commenced; he also urged Kagame not to resume the civil war, to avoid escalating the violence and to give UNAMIR a chance to rein in the killings. Neither side was interested in a ceasefire, the government because it was controlled by the génocidaires, and the RPF because it considered it necessary to fight to stop the killings. UNAMIR's
856:(e) To investigate at the request of the parties or on its own initiative instances of alleged non-compliance with the provisions of the Arusha Peace Agreement relating to the integration of the armed forces, and pursue any such instances with the parties responsible and report thereon as appropriate to the Secretary-General;
3614:
815:, a comprehensive agreement to create a power-sharing government, on the fourth of August. Both the RPF and Rwandan government requested UN assistance in implementing the agreement. In early August, NMOG I was replaced by NMOG II, consisting of about 130 members, in preparation for a UN-led peacekeeping force.
1082:
protested, arguing that the force should be strengthened and given a new mandate to protect the thousands of refugees it was protecting, but the UN Security
Council refused, telling Dallaire that UNAMIR would be effectively withdrawn unless the belligerents agreed to a ceasefire by early May. According to
1114:
UNAMIR II and subsequent resolutions were still unclear on the right to use force in stopping the genocide. In one of
Dallaire's parting cables, he said that "the force has been prevented from having a modicum of self-respect and effectiveness on the ground". Unfortunately, in the face of the mayhem
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to little avail. Eventually, on 17 May 1994, the UN agreed to reinforcement, that would deliver nearly 5,500 troops and much needed personnel carriers and other equipment to UNAMIR, which would be henceforth known as UNAMIR II. The new soldiers did not start arriving until June, and following the end
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rendered it powerless to intervene militarily, and most of its
Rwandan staff were killed in the early days of the genocide, severely limiting its ability to operate. UNAMIR was therefore largely reduced to a bystander role, and Dallaire later labelled it a "failure". Its most significant contribution
880:
On 5 April 1994, the UN voted to extend the mandate of UNAMIR to 29 July 1994, after expressing "deep concern at the delay in the establishment of the broad-based transitional
Government and the Transitional National Assembly" and "concern at the deterioration in security in the country, particularly
1258:
Countries that contributed troops to UNAMIR throughout its existence were: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chad, Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Germany, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, India, Jordan, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Netherlands, Niger, Nigeria,
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Following the death of
Habyarimana, Dallaire liaised repeatedly with both the Crisis Committee and the RPF, in an attempt to re-establish peace. He addressed the government forces during the night of 6 April, expressing regret at Habyarimana's death but urging them to restrain the killings that had
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operating as part of UNAMIR. These troops were murdered after handing over their weapons to
Rwandan government troops. They were advised to do so by their battalion commander who was unclear on the legal issues with authorising them to defend themselves, even though they had already been under fire
661:
refugees who had fled anti-Tutsi purges in Rwanda between 1959 and 1963. It portrayed itself as a democratic, multi-ethnic movement and demanded an end to ethnic discrimination, to economic looting of the country by government elites and a stop to the security situation that continued to generate
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Following the end of the main killings the challenges for UNAMIR (and the many NGOs who arrived in the country) were to maintain the fragile peace, stabilise the government and, most importantly, care for the nearly 4 million displaced people in camps within Rwanda, Zaire, Tanzania, Burundi, and
1081:
On 12 April, the
Belgian government, which was one of the largest troop contributors to UNAMIR, and had lost ten soldiers protecting Prime Minister Uwilingiliyimana, announced that it was withdrawing. Belgium also favoured a complete withdrawal of UNAMIR, and lobbied for this in the UN. Dallaire
1250:
After the late arrival of the much-needed troop support, UNAMIR continued to carry out its mandate to the best of its abilities. In 1996, however, with assertion from the new
Rwandese government that UNAMIR had failed in its priority mission, the UN withdrew the UNAMIR mandate on 8 March 1996.
994:
The United
Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) had been in Rwanda since October 1993, with a mandate to oversee the implementation of the Arusha Accords. UNAMIR commander Dallaire learned of the Hutu Power movement during the early phase of deployment; in January 1994, a government
785:. The negotiations for a peace settlement continued in Arusha, interrupted by a massive RPF offensive in early February 1993. Rwanda continued to allege Ugandan support for the RPF, which both the RPF and Uganda duly denied, but resulting in both countries sending letters to President of the
1267:
Twenty-seven members of UNAMIR – 22 soldiers, three military observers, one civilian police and one local staff – lost their lives during the mission. The genocide and the spectre of mission failure had a profound effect on Dallaire. On his return to Canada he was diagnosed with acute
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Though understaffed and abandoned, members of the UNAMIR forces did manage to save the lives of thousands of Tutsis in and around Kigali and the few areas of UN control. Dallaire requested the immediate insertion of approximately 5,000 troops, but his request was denied.
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forces led the UNAMIR forces to move to a more defensive footing. UNAMIR thus contributed support to the military and civilian authorities in Rwanda, while the UN continued to place pressure on Habyarimana and the RPF to return to the ideas set forth in the Accords.
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1094:, which held the rotating presidency of the UN Security Council, was the lone voice supporting reinforcement, and in late April, persuaded the council to postpone UNAMIR's withdrawal, despite continuing reluctance from the United States and United Kingdom.
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and civilians at risk in Rwanda, including through the establishment and maintenance, where feasible, of secure humanitarian areas; (b) To provide security and support for the distribution of relief supplies and humanitarian relief operations".
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of the genocide in July, the role of UNAMIR II was largely confined to maintaining security and stability. UNAMIR withdrew from Rwanda in 1996, following the withdrawal of support by the RPF-led government.
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announced that Brigadier-General Dallaire was to be appointed the Chief Military Observer for UNOMUR, which reached its authorised strength of 81 observers by September. NMOG I was deployed inside Rwanda.
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700:, the former colonial power, cut all support to the Habyarimana regime, which viewed the action as abandonment. Thwarted by the French, the RPF suffered a humiliating retreat back into the
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1243:(who became president several years later—and still is today—but effectively controlled the country from July 1994 through the present) reaffirmed his commitment to the Arusha Accords.
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informant alerted Dallaire to a group who were rapidly arming militias and planning mass extermination of Tutsi, and led UNAMIR to a secret arms cache. Dallaire sent a cable to the UN
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Uganda. The massive camps around Lake Kivu in the northwest of Rwanda were holding about 1.2 million people and this was creating enormous security, health, and ecological problems.
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748:, which was created immediately after the invasion. The first plans for mass murder of Tutsi were also developed toward the end of 1990, mostly in a series of secret meetings in
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1074:, as well as other secure UN sites. UNAMIR also assisted with the evacuation of foreign nationals; a group of Belgian soldiers, who had been sheltering 2,000 Rwandans at the
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in Rwanda and this diplomatic watering down of UNAMIR's mandate, many UN member states delayed contributing personnel for some time, until the main wave of killings ceased.
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1255:) have been used by some as examples of the over-bureaucratic and dithering approach of the UN. (General Dallaire was particularly critical of Annan's performance.)
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The RPF thus managed to retain control of a sliver of land in the north, from which it continued to launch raids. Comparing the RPF and FAR as he saw them in 1993,
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859:(f) To monitor the process of repatriation of Rwandese refugees and resettlement of displaced persons to verify that it is carried out in a safe and orderly manner;
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Squabbling between interested parties delayed the UNAMIR goal of assisting the formation of the transitional government following the inauguration of President
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soldiers, despite the fact that Rwanda had been a Belgian colony, and normally the UN bans the former colonial power from serving in such peace-keeping roles.
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noted that the rebels "had won all recent contests because of their superior leadership, training, experience, frugality, mobility, discipline and morale."
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on 5 January 1994. The violent clashes that followed, including the assassinations of two major political leaders and the ambush of a UNAMIR-led convoy of
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The French intervention of two parachute companies, explained as an attempt to protect its own nationals, actually blocked the RPF advance on the capital
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832:(a) To contribute to the security of the city of Kigali inter alia with in a weapons-secure area established by the parties in and around the city;
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Troop contributing countries were Belgium, Bangladesh, Ghana, and Tunisia. Around 400 of the troops in this early part of the mission were
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Its authorised strength was 2,500 personnel, but it took some five months of piecemeal commitments for the mission to reach this level.
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Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
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846:(c) To monitor the security situation during the final period of the transitional government’s mandate, leading up to the elections;
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738:("cockroaches"), who were accused of secretly aiding the RPF invaders. Anti-Tutsi propaganda was spread through the publication
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789:(UNSC) requesting that military observers be deployed along the border to verify that military supplies were not crossing.
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camps, also radicalised the Hutu populace. The Tutsi civilians in Rwanda, roughly 14% of the population, were labelled
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1288:, where he was studying and writing about different forms of conflict resolution. On 25 March 2005, he was appointed a
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609:. The mission lasted from October 1993 to March 1996. Its activities were meant to aid the peace process between the
1375:. Peace and Security Section of DPI in cooperation with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations. (c)United Nations
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A number of ceasefire agreements were signed by the RPF and government, including one signed on 22 July 1992 in
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657:'s southern border into northern Rwanda. The RPF was composed of over 4,000 soldiers, mostly the children of
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943:. In August 1994, Dallaire, suffering from severe stress, was replaced as Force Commander by Major-General
884:
On 21 April 1994, the Security Council voted to reduce the number of troops from 2,500 to 270 personnel in
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For the next six weeks, approximately, UNAMIR coordinated peace talks between the Hutu government and the
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from India. The Deputy Force Commander was Brigadier-General (promoted Major-General after the mission)
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1276:. He was eventually released from the Canadian army service on medical grounds. Dallaire received the
633:
and outbreak of fighting. Its mandate extended past the RPF overthrow of the government and into the
625:(RPF). The UNAMIR has received much attention for its role in failing, due to the limitations of its
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986:
A military building chalkboard in Kigali. Note the names "Dallaire", UNAMIR Force Commander, and "
811:
In the meantime, talks in Arusha had reconvened on 16 March 1993, resulting in the signing of the
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835:(b) To monitor observance of the cease-fire agreement, which calls for the establishment of
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The Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG) or head of the mission, was
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2037:"Interviews - Philip Gourevitch : The Triumph Of Evil : FRONTLINE : PBS"
1322:
1280:(the first) for his acts of bravery. In 2004–2005, he was awarded a fellowship at the
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was to provide refuge for thousands of Tutsi and moderate Hutu at its headquarters in
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However, the RPF invasion, which displaced approximately 600,000 people into crowded
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near Kigali. What followed was the collapse of the unstable peace in Rwanda and the
947:, also from Canada. In December 1995, Tousignant was replaced by Brigadier General
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on 22 June 1993 to deploy along the Ugandan side of the border. Seven days later,
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with significant support from the Rwandan refugees in the country. However, the
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777:(OAU) establishing a 50-member Neutral Military Observer Group (NMOG I) led by
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1353:"RESOLUTION 872 (1993) Adopted by the Security Council at its 3288th meeting"
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1090:, was particularly keen to "get out of Rwanda" and "leave it to its fate".
869:(h) To investigate and report on incidents regarding the activities of the
601:
on 5 October 1993. It was intended to assist in the implementation of the
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1993 UN attempt to mediate peace in Rwanda prior to the Rwandan genocide
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swept into Kigali and ended the genocide that had lasted 100 days, and
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On 6 April 1994, a plane carrying President Habyarimana and President
17:
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the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) (1993-1996)
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Military intervention: cases in context for the twenty-first century
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708:, the collapse of the RPF was prevented through the leadership of
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2177:"President Kagame attends the Milken Institute Global Conference"
704:
along the border. After the demoralising death of Major-General
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https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/unamir.htm
28:
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Shake Hands With the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda
920:. At the beginning of July 1994, Booh-Booh was replaced by
1304:. He also speaks publicly about his experiences relating to
2339:
Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira
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refugees. It was supported by the Ugandan government of
1086:, the United States, having recently suffered losses in
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Memorial for the dead Belgian UNAMIR personnel in Kigali
2202:
Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda
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and ten Belgian members of 2nd Commando Battalion, the
1400:(compiling several individual reports), 31 March 2004
605:, signed on 4 August 1993, which was meant to end the
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A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide
637:. The mission is thus regarded as a major failure.
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59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1126:United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda Medal
839:and assembly zones and the demarcation of the new
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866:activities in conjunction with relief operations;
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599:United Nations Security Council Resolution 872
68:"United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda"
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928:. The military head and Force Commander was
794:United Nations Observer Mission Uganda–Rwanda
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2549:National Unity and Reconciliation Commission
891:On 17 May 1994, the Security Council passed
591:United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
135:United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
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119:Learn how and when to remove this message
2166:. New York: Basic, 2002. 329–390. Print.
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1493:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 71.
1371:Department of Public Information (DPI).
853:, primarily through training programmes;
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1783:
1647:
1340:
758:, a network of associates based around
674:(FAR) was saved by reinforcements from
299:
2156:. "Rwanda: 'Mostly In A Listening Mode
1442:, Carroll & Graf: New York, 2003,
1351:UN Security Council (5 October 1993).
843:and other demilitarisation procedures;
1543:, Rwanda - UNAMIR: Background, un.org
1470:, Rwanda - UNAMIR: Background, un.org
997:Department of Peacekeeping Operations
862:(g) To assist in the coordination of
7:
3648:United Nations Special Service Medal
3451:United Nations Emergency Force Medal
1054:Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana
689:, who had been in power since 1973.
57:adding citations to reliable sources
3980:Military operations involving India
3975:United Nations operations in Rwanda
1282:Carr Center for Human Rights Policy
1459:Melvern 2004, pp. 14-15. See also
1394:"Rwanda/UN: Acknowledging Failure"
1025:Skulls in Murambi Technical School
990:", UNAMIR Kigali sector commander.
696:. In contrast, the government of
25:
1300:; he serves on the committee for
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283:Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre
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240:(September 1994 – December 1994)
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33:
3408:Orders, decorations, and medals
3323:
1590:United Nations Security Council
1520:United Nations Security Council
1163:90 days' service to the Mission
1144:Obverse and ribbon of the medal
1048:Among the first targets of the
787:United Nations Security Council
682:, who backed the government of
666:, who had come to power in the
411:International Criminal Tribunal
263:United Nations Security Council
228:(October 1993 – September 1994)
44:needs additional citations for
2303:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
2243:at the United Nations Archives
1355:. Security Council. p. 1.
978:Operations before the genocide
320:Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa
1:
1479:Melvern 2004, pp. 12 & 19
1270:posttraumatic stress disorder
1061:for approximately two hours.
775:Organization of African Unity
1489:William J. Lahneman (2004).
252:(December 1994 – March 1996)
2047:Public Broadcasting Service
1553:Rwanda - UNAMIR: Background
728:internally displaced person
653:rebel group invaded across
4006:
3461:United Nations Korea Medal
3441:United Nations Peace Medal
3436:Captain Mbaye Diagne Medal
3262:History of UN peacekeeping
2507:Great Lakes refugee crisis
2205:. Cornell University Press
2199:Barnett, Michael. (2002).
1534:United Nations Involvement
1439:Shake Hands with the Devil
1188:Great Lakes refugee crisis
1076:École Technique Officielle
1006:
635:Great Lakes refugee crisis
504:Great Lakes refugee crisis
348:Habyarimana and Ntaryamira
196:(October 1993 – July 1994)
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1416:, Verso: New York, 2004,
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1088:the UN mission in Somalia
139:
3946:NATO Non-Article 5 Medal
3935:NATO Non-Article 5 Medal
3360:Updated in November 2023
1572:Rwanda - UNAMIR: Mandate
208:(July 1994 – March 1996)
2687:Peacekeeping Operations
2534:Rwandan genocide denial
2454:Rwandan Patriotic Front
2313:Belgian colonial empire
1373:"Rwanda-UNAMIR mandate"
1298:Liberal Party of Canada
914:Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh
864:humanitarian assistance
651:Rwandan Patriotic Front
623:Rwandan Patriotic Front
467:International community
462:Rwandan Patriotic Front
194:Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh
3426:Dag Hammarskjöld Medal
2616:Double genocide theory
2595:Kwibuka T20 Tournament
2479:Operation Support Hope
2459:International response
1171:United Nations forces.
1026:
1018:
991:
744:, a forerunner to the
472:United Nations Mission
3309:Women in peacekeeping
3304:United Nations Police
1558:16 March 2007 at the
1461:Historical Background
1058:Paracommando Regiment
1024:
1016:
985:
908:Composition of UNAMIR
828:UNAMIR mandate was:
805:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
792:This resulted in the
773:that resulted in the
597:) was established by
486:Opération "Turquoise"
427:Impuzamugambi militia
382:Musha Church massacre
3294:United Nations Medal
1843:, pp. 238, 239.
1824:, pp. 236, 237.
1539:23 June 2007 at the
1466:23 June 2007 at the
1398:AfricaFocus Bulletin
1336:References and notes
953:Henry Kwami Anyidoho
939:during the mission)
802:UN Secretary-General
798:approved by the UNSC
672:Rwandan Armed Forces
645:In October 1990 the
280:Human skulls at the
168:Peacekeeping mission
53:improve this article
3356:Politics portal
2564:Genocide memorials
2491:UNSC Resolution 935
2469:Opération Turquoise
2218:. New York: Verso.
1805:, pp. 219 220.
1296:as a member of the
849:(d) To assist with
734:("accomplices") or
719:Lieutenant-General
687:Juvénal Habyarimana
627:rules of engagement
617:government and the
478:UN Security Council
432:Interahamwe militia
399:Parties responsible
258:Parent organization
136:
3080:Asia & Pacific
2762:Asia & Pacific
2522:Massacres of Hutus
2318:Rwandan Revolution
2135:United Nations (I)
2033:Gourevitch, Philip
1286:Harvard University
1272:(PTSD); he became
1231:In July 1994, the
1119:After the genocide
1067:Chapter VI mandate
1031:Cyprien Ntaryamira
1027:
1019:
992:
841:demilitarised zone
762:, the First Lady.
760:Agathe Habyarimana
752:prefecture of the
520:Massacres of Hutus
387:Nyarubuye massacre
330:Rwandan Revolution
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3869:Mandated Missions
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2328:Rwandan Civil War
2308:Kingdom of Rwanda
2298:History of Rwanda
1610:www.aljazeera.com
1585:"S/RES/918(1994)"
1515:"S/RES/846(1993)"
1318:History of Rwanda
1278:Aegis Trust Award
1229:
1228:
1180:Rwandan Civil War
1084:Philip Gourevitch
933:Brigadier-General
897:displaced persons
702:Virunga Mountains
684:Rwandan President
647:Rwandan Civil War
629:, to prevent the
621:-dominated rebel
607:Rwandan Civil War
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315:History of Rwanda
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1009:Rwandan genocide
783:Ekundayo Opaleye
668:Ugandan Bush War
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1604:Stein, Chris.
1596:
1593:. 17 May 1994.
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2835:Past missions
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2609:Historigraphy
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2558:Commemoration
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2421:Impuzamugambi
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2225:1-85984-588-6
2221:
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2104:
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2098:
2093:
2087:
2086:Dallaire 2005
2082:
2079:
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2068:
2067:Dallaire 2005
2063:
2060:
2048:
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2034:
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2025:
2020:
2014:
2013:Dallaire 2005
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
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1939:Dallaire 2005
1935:
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1927:
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1920:Dallaire 2005
1916:
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1882:Dallaire 2005
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1860:Dallaire 2005
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1841:Dallaire 2005
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1803:Dallaire 2005
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1765:Dallaire 2005
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1746:Dallaire 2005
1742:
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1728:
1727:Dallaire 1994
1723:
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1715:
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1708:Dallaire 2005
1704:
1701:
1696:
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1689:Dallaire 2005
1685:
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1677:
1671:
1670:Dallaire 2005
1666:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1631:, p. 98.
1630:
1629:Dallaire 2005
1625:
1622:
1611:
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1600:
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1500:0-7425-2951-7
1496:
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1456:
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1449:
1448:0-7867-1510-3
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1422:1-85984-588-6
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:Linda Melvern
1406:
1403:
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1207:December 1993
1206:
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1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
989:
984:
977:
975:
972:
968:
963:
961:
956:
955:from Ghana.
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
937:Major-General
934:
931:
927:
923:
922:Shahryar Khan
919:
915:
907:
905:
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868:
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861:
858:
855:
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848:
845:
842:
838:
834:
831:
830:
829:
823:
819:Establishment
818:
816:
814:
809:
806:
803:
799:
795:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
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756:
751:
747:
743:
742:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
706:Fred Rwigyema
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
685:
681:
677:
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669:
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648:
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276:
272:
271:
264:
261:
255:
251:
246:
239:
234:
227:
222:
217:
211:
207:
206:Shahryar Khan
202:
195:
190:
185:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
123:
120:
112:
101:
98:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70: –
69:
65:
64:Find sources:
58:
54:
48:
47:
42:This article
40:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
3737:
3347:
3334:
3321:
2902:
2629:Bibliography
2539:Gacaca court
2485:
2430:
2411:Genocidaires
2395:Perpetrators
2374:Musha Church
2214:
2200:
2180:. Retrieved
2171:
2161:
2149:
2120:Melvern 2004
2115:
2108:Melvern 2004
2081:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2040:
2027:
2008:
2001:Melvern 2004
1996:
1989:Melvern 2004
1984:
1970:Prunier 1999
1965:
1958:Melvern 2004
1953:
1934:
1922:, p. 6.
1915:
1901:Prunier 1999
1896:
1855:
1836:
1822:Prunier 1999
1817:
1798:
1784:Prunier 1999
1779:
1760:
1741:
1722:
1703:
1684:
1648:Prunier 1999
1643:
1624:
1613:. Retrieved
1609:
1599:
1588:
1579:
1567:
1548:
1529:
1518:
1509:
1490:
1484:
1475:
1455:
1437:
1429:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1327:
1302:Human Rights
1266:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1230:
1113:
1105:
1096:
1080:
1063:
1047:
1028:
993:
964:
957:
911:
890:
883:
881:in Kigali."
879:
876:
827:
810:
791:
764:
753:
739:
735:
731:
725:
714:
691:
644:
594:
590:
588:
544:Bibliography
509:Gacaca court
471:
436:
417:Genocidaires
173:Legal status
149:Abbreviation
115:
106:
96:
89:
82:
75:
63:
51:Please help
46:verification
43:
26:
3850:MINURCAT II
3237:(1991–2003)
3231:(1988–1991)
3225:(1973–1979)
3219:(1963–1964)
3207:(1956–1967)
3198:Middle East
3190:(1996–2002)
3184:(1996–2002)
3178:(1996–1998)
3172:(1995–2002)
3166:(1995–1999)
3160:(1995–1996)
3154:(1993–2009)
3148:(1992–1995)
3131:(2006–2012)
3125:(2002–2005)
3119:(1994–2000)
3113:(1992–1993)
3107:(1991–1992)
3101:(1988–1990)
3095:(1965–1966)
3089:(1962–1963)
3072:(2017–2019)
3066:(2004–2017)
3060:(1997–2000)
3042:(1996–1997)
3036:(1993–1996)
3030:(1991–1995)
3024:(1989–1992)
3018:(1965–1966)
3001:(2013–2023)
2995:(2007–2020)
2989:(2007–2010)
2983:(2005–2011)
2977:(2004–2006)
2971:(2004–2017)
2965:(2003–2018)
2959:(2003–2004)
2953:(2000–2008)
2947:(1999–2010)
2941:(1999–2005)
2935:(1998–1999)
2929:(1998–2000)
2923:(1997–1999)
2917:(1995–1997)
2905:(1993–1996)
2899:(1993–1997)
2893:(1993–1994)
2887:(1993–1995)
2881:(1992–1994)
2875:(1992–1993)
2869:(1991–1995)
2863:(1989–1991)
2857:(1989–1990)
2851:(1960–1964)
2802:Middle East
2634:Filmography
2426:Interahamwe
2239:Records of
1424:, pp. 13-16
1241:Paul Kagame
1204:Established
1176:Campaign(s)
1168:Eligibility
1160:Awarded for
1092:New Zealand
967:Habyarimana
949:Shiva Kumar
873:and police.
871:gendarmerie
710:Paul Kagame
613:-dominated
549:Filmography
250:Shiva Kumar
3969:Categories
3908:NATO Medal
3894:NATO Medal
2915:UNAVEM III
2365:Massacres
2361:Chronology
2323:Hutu Power
2291:Background
1615:2020-02-19
1263:Casualties
1253:Kofi Annan
935:(promoted
837:cantonment
641:Background
444:RTLM radio
372:Chronology
340:Hutu Power
309:Background
79:newspapers
3070:MINUJUSTH
2885:UNOSOM II
2867:UNAVEM II
2500:Aftermath
2379:Nyarubuye
2052:28 August
2042:Frontline
1102:UNAMIR II
1039:shot down
538:Resources
498:Aftermath
176:Completed
157:Formation
3922:INTERFET
3748:UNPREDEP
3708:UNPROFOR
3479:Military
3342:Category
3272:Timeline
3267:Missions
3164:UNPREDEP
3146:UNPROFOR
3064:MINUSTAH
3009:Americas
2987:MINURCAT
2873:UNOSOM I
2861:UNAVEM I
2754:Inactive
2748:Americas
2568:Bisesero
2447:Response
2212:(2004).
1574:, un.org
1562:, un.org
1556:Archived
1537:Archived
1464:Archived
1312:See also
1306:genocide
1274:suicidal
1050:genocide
1003:Genocide
930:Canadian
926:Pakistan
918:Cameroon
901:refugees
781:General
779:Nigerian
771:Tanzania
717:Canadian
615:Rwandese
456:Response
293:a series
291:Part of
3860:MONUSCO
3796:UNMISET
3658:MINURSO
3608:UNIIMOG
3568:UNEF II
3548:UNFICYP
3508:UNMOGIP
3486:General
3419:General
3410:of the
3329:Outline
3255:Related
3229:UNIIMOG
3223:UNEF II
3123:UNMISET
3099:UNGOMAP
3058:MIPONUH
3046:MINUGUA
2999:MINUSMA
2939:UNAMSIL
2933:UNOMSIL
2927:MINURCA
2786:UNFICYP
2769:UNMOGIP
2732:MINUSCA
2714:MONUSCO
2708:MINURSO
2588:Nyamata
2583:Ntarama
2578:Murambi
2432:Kangura
2404:by the
2369:Gikondo
1450:, p. 67
1239:leader
1212:Website
1035:Burundi
988:Marchal
960:Belgian
824:Mandate
750:Gisenyi
741:Kangura
736:inyenzi
732:ibyitso
698:Belgium
438:Kangura
93:scholar
3836:MINUCI
3792:UNTAET
3788:UNAMET
3768:UNTAES
3738:UNAMIR
3718:UNOSOM
3688:ONUSAL
3678:UNAMIC
3668:UNIKOM
3638:UNAVEM
3588:UNIFIL
3558:UNIPOM
3518:UNOGIL
3340:
3327:
3277:Canada
3243:(2012)
3241:UNSMIS
3235:UNIKOM
3213:(1958)
3211:UNOGIL
3205:UNEF I
3188:UNCPSG
3176:UNTAES
3170:UNMIBH
3152:UNOMIG
3139:Europe
3105:UNAMIC
3093:UNIPOM
3054:(1997)
3052:UNTMIH
3048:(1997)
3040:UNSMIH
3028:ONUSAL
3016:DOMREP
2993:UNAMID
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