479:(BIBFRAME), which aims at providing a replacement for MARC that provides greater granularity and easier re-use of the data expressed in multiple catalogs. Beginning in 2013, OCLC Research exposed data detailing how various MARC elements have been used by libraries in the 400 million MARC records (as of early 2018) contained in WorldCat. The MARC formats are managed by the MARC Steering Group, which is advised by the MARC Advisory Committee. Proposals for changes to MARC are submitted to the MARC Advisory Committee and discussed in public at the American Library Association (ALA) Midwinter and ALA Annual meetings.
36:
470:
The future of the MARC formats is a matter of some debate among libraries. On the one hand, the storage formats are quite complex and are based on outdated technology. On the other, there is no alternative bibliographic format with an equivalent degree of granularity. The billions of MARC records in
367:
MARC 21 was designed to redefine the original MARC record format for the 21st century and to make it more accessible to the international community. MARC 21 has formats for the following five types of data: Bibliographic Format, Authority Format, Holdings Format, Community Format, and
Classification
223:
in a MARC record provides particular information about the item the record is describing, such as the author, title, publisher, date, language, media type, etc. Since it was first developed at a time when computing power was low, and space precious, MARC uses a simple three-digit numeric code (from
142:
software need to structure their catalog records as per an industry-wide standard, which is MARC, so that bibliographic information can be shared freely between computers. The structure of bibliographic records almost universally follows the MARC standard. Other standards work in conjunction with
244:
standard to define the structure of each record. This includes a marker to indicate where each record begins and ends, as well as a set of characters at the beginning of each record that provide a directory for locating the fields and subfields within the record.
280:
transmission standard, not a content standard. The actual content that a cataloger places in each MARC field is usually governed and defined by standards outside of MARC, except for a handful of fixed fields defined by the MARC standards themselves.
430:
and adopted by it and others as a means of facilitating the sharing of, and networked access to, bibliographic information. Being easy to parse by various systems allows it to be used as an aggregation format, as it is in software packages such as
171:
developed MARC between 1965 and 1968, making it possible to create records that could be read by computers and shared between libraries. By 1971, MARC formats had become the US national standard for dissemination of
231:
using a single letter or number designation. The 260, for example, is further divided into subfield "a" for the place of publication, "b" for the name of the publisher, and "c" for the date of publication.
185:
986:
211:
The MARC standards define three aspects of a MARC record: the field designations within each record, the structure of the record, and the actual content of the record itself.
54:
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001-999) to identify each field in the record. MARC defines field 100 as the primary author of a work, field 245 as the title and field 260 as the publisher, for example.
1462:
1114:
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289:(LCSH) are a list of authorized subject terms used to describe the main subject content of the work. Other cataloging rules and classification schedules can also be used.
1097:
850:
827:
493:
152:
511:
1289:
184:, created in 1999 as a result of the harmonization of U.S. and Canadian MARC formats, and UNIMARC. UNIMARC is maintained by the Permanent UNIMARC Committee of the
1482:
240:
MARC records are typically stored and transmitted as binary files, usually with several MARC records concatenated together into a single file. MARC uses the
1050:
380:
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MARC records containing classification data. For example, the
Library of Congress Classification has been encoded using the MARC 21 Classification format.
1299:
414:
and allows the use of Hebrew, Cyrillic, Arabic, Greek, and East Asian scripts. MARC 21 in UTF-8 format allows all the languages supported by
Unicode.
1079:
619:"Character Sets: MARC-8 Encoding Environment: MARC 21 Specifications for Record Structure, Character Sets, and Exchange Media (Library of Congress)"
1189:
977:
384:
328:
describe the intellectual and physical characteristics of bibliographic resources (books, sound recordings, video recordings, and so forth).
248:
In 2002, the
Library of Congress developed the MARCXML schema as an alternative record structure, allowing MARC records to be represented in
286:
1360:
1472:
476:
320:. An authority record establishes an authorized form of each heading, with references as appropriate from other forms of the heading.
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MARC 21 is a result of the combination of the United States and
Canadian MARC formats (USMARC and CAN/MARC). MARC 21 is based on the
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969:
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MARC encodes information about a bibliographic item, not information about the content of that item; this means it is a
1507:
1477:
1326:
1321:
1315:
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provide copy-specific information on a library resource (call number, shelf location, volumes held, and so forth).
963:
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285:, for example, defines how the physical characteristics of books and other items should be expressed. The
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description of items catalogued by libraries, such as books, DVDs, and digital resources. Computerized
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151:(RDA) provide guidelines on formulating bibliographic data into the MARC record structure, while the
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91:
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1103:
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tens of thousands of individual libraries (including over 50,000,000 records belonging to the
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155:(ISBD) provides guidelines for displaying MARC records in a standard, human-readable form.
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372:, the European Institutions and the major library institutions in the United States, and
180:. There are several versions of MARC in use around the world, the most predominant being
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252:; the fields remain the same, but those fields are expressed in the record in XML
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Data Format. Currently MARC 21 has been implemented successfully by The
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17:
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MARC records updates and data conversions through XML transformations
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based on the common MARC 21 standards. MARCXML was developed by the
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373:
913:
605:
576:
McCallum, Sally H. (2002). "MARC: Keystone for
Library Automation".
344:
MARC records describing a service-providing agency, such as a local
1028:
996:
812:
Joudrey, Daniel N., Arlene G. Taylor, and David P. Miller (2015).
407:
388:
186:
International
Federation of Library Associations and Institutions
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alone) create inertia. The
Library of Congress has launched the
1032:
249:
29:
902:
891:
Understanding MARC Bibliographic
Machine Readable Cataloging
601:
599:
256:. Libraries typically expose their records as MARCXML via a
199:, and community information, in addition to the format for
316:
provide information about individual names, subjects, and
191:
The MARC 21 family of standards now includes formats for
1007:"Library of Congress Announces Standard MARCXML Schema"
681:
50:
784:
Online
Dictionary for Library and Information Science
188:(IFLA), and is widely used in some parts of Europe.
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1398:
1346:
1308:
1219:
1208:
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1130:
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102:
90:
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
1012:Interpreting MARC: Where’s the Bibliographic Data?
835:Joudrey, Daniel N., and Arlene G. Taylor (2018).
704:"Bibliographic Framework Initiative Update Forum"
494:International Standard Bibliographic Description
153:International Standard Bibliographic Description
606:Joudrey and Taylor, Organization of Information
1044:
924:Network Development and MARC Standards Office
814:Introduction to Cataloging and Classification
512:Maschinelles Austauschformat für Bibliotheken
435:, though that package merges it into a wider
8:
975:MAB information, Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
849:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
826:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
509:
452:Lossless and reversible conversion from MARC
85:
442:The MARCXML primary design goals included:
1216:
1051:
1037:
1029:
800:MARC 21 Formats: Background and Principles
227:Fields above 008 are further divided into
1463:1960s establishments in the United States
634:
632:
555:"Henriette Avram, 'Mother of MARC,' Dies"
455:Data presentation through XML stylesheets
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
57:, without removing the technical details.
946:Kevin J. Comerford (12 September 1996).
296:
578:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
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207:Record structure and field designations
27:Digital formats for library cataloguing
842:
819:
84:
1483:Library cataloging and classification
736:. OCLC Research. 2013. Archived from
55:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
682:"Bibliographic Framework Initiative"
287:Library of Congress Subject Headings
176:. Two years later, they became the
477:Bibliographic Framework Initiative
25:
661:"MARC XML Design Considerations"
145:Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules
34:
914:MARC frequently asked questions
837:The Organization of Information
707:(BIBFRAME, Library of Congress)
283:Resource Description and Access
149:Resource Description and Access
1265:Military Grid Reference System
1249:International Map of the World
394:MARC 21 allows the use of two
341:Community Information records
167:, American computer scientist
1:
1333:Ordnance Survey National Grid
997:Converting MARCBN into MARC21
461:Existence of validation tools
449:Flexibility and extensibility
1318:(north-east Atlantic region)
1002:Library of Congress: MARCXML
348:or tax assistance provider.
1413:ITU-T country calling codes
1327:National Topographic System
1322:Irish grid reference system
1316:ICES Statistical Rectangles
871:Tennant, Roy (2002-10-15).
858:Coyle, Karen (2011-07-25).
121:machine-readable cataloging
1524:
1418:ITU-T mobile calling codes
919:List of MARC country codes
1473:Bibliography file formats
1436:Maidenhead Locator System
1384:United Kingdom post codes
860:"MARC21 as Data: A Start"
760:"MARC Advisory Committee"
590:10.1109/MAHC.2002.1010068
970:Amazon to MARC Converter
935:"Tools For MARC Records"
734:"MARC Usage in WorldCat"
446:Simplicity of the schema
197:classification schedules
104:Internet media type
333:Classification records
123:) is a standard set of
1373:New Zealand post codes
948:"Notes on MARC Format"
929:MARC 21 Character Sets
897:MARC authority records
839:. Libraries Unlimited.
816:. Libraries Unlimited.
510:
325:Bibliographic records
260:, often following the
178:international standard
1369:(Republic of Ireland)
1356:Australian post codes
1018:Issue 11, 2010-09-21
956:bit.listserv.museum-l
893:, a good introduction
684:. Library of Congress
663:. Loc.gov. 2004-12-30
642:. Library of Congress
557:. Library of Congress
410:. MARC-8 is based on
201:bibliographic records
1067:Administrative codes
864:The Code4Lib Journal
782:Reitz, J. M. (2004)
640:"MARC 21 XML Schema"
195:, holdings records,
1498:XML-based standards
1493:Metadata publishing
1488:Library of Congress
1468:1970s introductions
1408:ITU-R country codes
1378:Postal Index Number
939:Library of Congress
907:Library of Congress
903:"MARC 21 home page"
805:Library of Congress
764:Library of Congress
712:Library of Congress
428:Library of Congress
299:
165:Library of Congress
143:MARC, for example,
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1508:Metadata standards
1478:Library automation
1440:Historical :
1275:Open Location Code
1110:MARC country codes
980:2016-04-14 at the
524:metadata standards
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215:Field designations
174:bibliographic data
140:library management
92:Filename extension
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1270:Natural Area Code
1200:FIFA country code
1190:Aircraft prefixes
1163:IANA country code
1145:ICAO airport code
1140:IATA airport code
1074:FIPS country code
1014:by Jason Thomale
740:on April 14, 2015
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353:Holdings records
312:Authority records
193:authority records
163:Working with the
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16:(Redirected from
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1195:IOC country code
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873:"MARC must die"
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1300:WMO squares
1213:place codes
1076:(FIPS 10-4)
769:January 22,
406:encoded as
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258:web service
97:.mrc, .marc
1457:Categories
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1088:(FIPS 6-4)
719:2013-12-11
688:2 February
667:2013-12-11
646:2013-12-11
540:References
489:Cataloging
424:XML schema
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1285:UN/LOCODE
1229:C-squares
1115:SGC codes
1104:GSS codes
1082:(FIPS 55)
1024:1940-5758
992:2709:1996
952:Newsgroup
845:cite book
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1389:ZIP Code
1367:Eircodes
1363:(Brazil)
1329:(Canada)
1309:Regional
1210:Geodesic
1117:(Canada)
978:Archived
744:April 8,
608:, p. 262
561:June 22,
520:Metadata
500:ISO 2709
483:See also
412:ISO 2022
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242:ISO 2709
130:for the
1380:(India)
1255:Mapcode
1234:Geohash
1183:numeric
1178:alpha-3
1173:alpha-2
1121:UN M.49
960:Usenet:
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623:loc.gov
505:JACKPHY
433:MetaLib
418:MARCXML
404:Unicode
363:MARC 21
272:Content
266:OAI-PMH
182:MARC 21
159:History
147:(AACR)/
128:formats
125:digital
49:Please
18:UNIMARC
1244:GEOREF
1221:Global
1022:
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529:Z39.50
496:(ISBD)
466:Future
400:MARC-8
374:Canada
254:markup
866:(14).
516:(MAB)
408:UTF-8
389:Z39.2
303:Name
221:field
219:Each
1335:(UK)
1280:QDGC
1123:(UN)
1100:(EU)
1098:NUTS
1020:ISSN
851:link
828:link
771:2018
746:2015
690:2013
563:2013
522:and
385:ANSI
381:NISO
138:and
117:MARC
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1361:CEP
1290:UTM
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437:DTD
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