33:
55:
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explained that her father's death changed her feelings for the
President: "After I lost my father I felt differently toward the President. He seemed to fill the place and to be more agreeable in every way than any younger man ever was or could be." Because he had been widowed less than two years and her father had died so recently, they married in the presence of just a few family members in New York City on June 26, 1844. A public announcement followed the ceremony. They had seven children before Tyler died in 1862, and his wife never remarried. In 1888, Julia Gardiner told journalist
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of
Indiana, and about 400 guests. Captain Stockton decided to fire the larger of the ship's two long guns, Peacemaker, to impress his guests. Peacemaker was fired three times on the trip downriver and was loaded to fire a salute to George Washington as the ship passed Mount Vernon on the return trip.
448:
Attempting to copy the "Oregon gun," but not understanding the importance of
Ericsson's hoop construction, Stockton instead heavily reinforced it at the breech simply by making the metal of the gun thicker, ending up with a weight of more than 27,000 lb (12,000 kg), more than half again as
700:
four months later. She had declined
President Tyler's marriage proposal a year earlier, and sometime in 1843, they agreed they would marry but set no date. The President had lost his first wife in September 1842, and at the time of the explosion, he was almost 54. Julia was not yet 24. She later
705:
that at the moment of the
Peacemaker explosion, "I fainted and did not revive until someone was carrying me off the boat, and I struggled so that I almost knocked us both off the gangplank". She said she later learned that President Tyler was her rescuer. Some historians question her account.
589:
Rather than ascribe responsibility for the explosion to individuals, Tyler wrote to
Congress the next day that the disaster "must be set down as one of the casualties which, to a greater or lesser degree, attend upon every service, and which are invariably incident to the temporal affairs of
444:
technology, creating a larger gun of more impressive appearance but lower strength. Stockton rushed "Peacemaker" and mounted it without much testing. According to Kilner, "Peacemaker" was "fired only five times before certifying it as accurate and fully proofed."
318:
on
February 16, 18, and 20, during which "Peacemaker" was fired several times. The Tyler administration promoted the ship as part of its campaign for naval expansion, and Congress adjourned for February 20 so that members could tour the ship. Former President
709:
The
Peacemaker disaster prompted a reexamination of the process used to manufacture cannons. This led to the development of new techniques that produced cannons that were stronger and more structurally sound, such as the systems pioneered by
760:, she was surveyed and found to require $ 68,000 ($ 2.49 million in present-day terms) to replace decaying timber and make other repairs. The price was deemed unacceptable, and a second survey was ordered. She was broken up at the
509:
Secretary Gilmer urged those aboard to view a final shot with the
Peacemaker. When Captain Stockton pulled the firing lanyard, the gun burst. Its left side failed, spraying hot metal across the deck and fragmentation into the crowd.
432:
could withstand. Originally named "The Orator" by
Ericsson, Stockton renamed it the "Oregon gun." It was shipped to the United States in 1841, where it was tested, reinforced to prevent cracks, and proof-fired more than 150 times.
420:, was built by Mersey Iron Works in Liverpool, England. It could fire a 225-pound (102 kg), 12 in (300 mm) shot 5 mi (8.0 km) using a 50 lb (23 kg) charge. Its revolutionary design used "
449:
heavy as the Oregon gun. This produced a gun with the typical weakness of a wrought iron gun, the breech unable to withstand the transverse forces of the charge. This meant it was almost certain to burst at some point.
323:, now a congressman and skeptical of both territorial expansion and the armaments required to support it, said the Navy welcomed politicians "to fire their souls with patriotic ardor for a naval war".
876:
of New Jersey, an eyewitness, described Armistead as "a stout black man about 23 or 24 years old" and reported that he lived for a short while after the explosion and that "neither the surgeon of the
2769:
2374:
643:
conducted its own inquiry, which criticized many details of the manufacturing process, as well as the use of a welded band for reinforcement rather than the shrinking technique used on the
2575:
563:
651:, sought another $ 15,000 for his additional efforts and expertise. He sued Stockton for payment and won in court, but the funds were never appropriated. Stockton went on to serve as
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2610:
2401:
639:
investigated the cause of the explosion and found that all those involved had taken appropriate precautions. At Stockton's request, the Committee on Science and Arts of the
555:
Another 16 to 20 people were injured, including several members of the ship's crew, Senator Benton, and Captain Stockton. The president was below decks and not injured.
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571:
436:
Captain Stockton wanted his ship to carry two long guns, so he designed and directed the construction of "Peacemaker", another 12 in (300 mm) muzzleloader, by
2535:
2483:
656:
1847:
2814:
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567:
635:
were promptly scrapped. Still, Tyler won Congressional approval to construct a single gun on the dimensions of the Peacemaker, fired once and never mounted. A
314:
sailed to Washington on February 13. Washingtonians displayed great interest in the ship and her guns. She made trial trips with passengers on board down the
2824:
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969:
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from April 1841 to March 1843, when he became Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Construction, Equipment, and Repairs. He was a lifelong friend of Upshur.
2779:
2448:
2443:
683:
2488:
2352:
2053:
907:
1476:
Pearson, Lee M. (Spring 1966). "The "Princeton" and the "Peacemaker": A Study in Nineteenth-Century Naval Research and Development Procedures".
897:
David Gardiner, but that was an error. His son, David L. Gardiner, had recently been appointed Tyler's aide-de-camp with the rank of colonel.
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578:
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1015:
873:
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187:
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1979:
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2006:
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In 1851, her "Ericsson semi-cylinder" design engines and some usable timbers were incorporated in the construction of the second
180:
339:
was the first ship with screw propellers powered by an engine mounted below the waterline to protect them from gunfire. Her two
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805:
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During construction and in the years following, Stockton attempted to claim complete credit for the design and construction of
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32:
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based in Philadelphia, founded by John Henry Towne and a Mr. S. V. Verrick, and also notable for building the engines of the
590:
mankind". He said it should not affect lawmakers' positive assessment of Stockton and his improvements in ship construction.
198:
562:, and there would be no Constitutional mechanism to fill an intra-term vacancy in the position of Vice-President until the
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President Tyler hosted a public reception for Stockton in the White House on February 27, 1844. On February 28, USS
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from 1837 to 1842. He was a political ally of Calhoun and an advocate of the resettlement of free blacks in Africa.
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809:
259:
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291:, and returned to Philadelphia on October 20 to finish outfitting. On November 22, Captain Stockton reported, "
1907:
990:
Jared Cohen, Accidental Presidents: Eight Men Who Changed America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2019) p. 37
566:
was ratified in 1967; therefore he had no Vice-President. If Tyler had been killed in the incident, under the
2598:
912:
1759:
1733:
1707:
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was Tyler's replacement for Secretary of State Upshur. Upshur was about to win Senate approval of a treaty
506:
The guests aboard viewed the first set of firings and then retired below decks for lunch and refreshments.
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2682:
2663:
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2034:
The American President: A Complete History: Detailed Biographies, Historical Timelines, Inaugural Speeches
1241:
840:
636:
559:
486:
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356:
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216:
96:
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sailed on January 1, 1844, for New York, where she received her two big guns, "Peacemaker" and "Oregon".
193:, and injuring others, including a United States Senator and Captain Stockton. The disaster on board the
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890:
429:
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78:
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620:
596:
204:, who was aboard but below decks, was not injured. The ship's reputation in the Navy never recovered.
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1407:
A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent
860:
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689:
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and drove a 14 ft (4.3 m) six-bladed screw. Ericsson also designed the ship's collapsible
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2423:
2317:
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1519:
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608:
477:, on a demonstration cruise down the Potomac with Tyler, members of his cabinet, former First Lady
371:
340:
251:
804:'s Thomson Hall, which was constructed as a private residence in 1825 by Robert Stockton's father
457:
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1501:
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856:
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263:
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197:
killed more top U.S. government officials in one day than any other tragedy in American history.
165:
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1998:
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2002:
1975:
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1964:
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1214:
Edward L. Beach, The United States Navy, A 200-year History, chapter 8, The Gun and the Ship
889:
He managed the property his wealthy wife had inherited and had served for four years in the
761:
715:
679:
664:
659:. Ericsson had a distinguished career in naval design and is best known for his work on USS
574:
498:
494:
296:
285:
1484:(2). Johns Hopkins University Press and the Society for the History of Technology: 163–83.
733:
2498:
1648:
All the Presidents' Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of America's First Families
1401:
675:
530:
242:, who had secured political support for the ship's construction. The ship was named after
162:
1367:
Accident on Steam-ship "Princeton"...: Report [of] the Committee on Naval Affairs
1685:
682:
when he died. Under Calhoun, annexation was delayed and became a principal issue in the
2646:
2616:
2525:
1991:
1136:
940:
793:
478:
403:
273:
183:
859:(1815–1816). He commanded several ships beginning in 1830 and was responsible for the
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1813:
1646:
1505:
965:
753:
749:
671:
352:
315:
281:
228:
176:
20:
551:, a Maryland attorney with decades of experience as a state and federal officeholder
647:. Ericsson, whom Stockton had originally paid $ 1,150 for designing and outfitting
548:
421:
417:
413:
179:
pleasure cruise for dignitaries, one gun exploded, killing six people, including
1086:
Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848
518:
232:
2340:
1936:
1330:
The Invisibles: The Untold Story of African American Slaves in the White House
1059:
This Vast Southern Empire: Slaveholders at the Helm of American Foreign Policy
711:
702:
410:
247:
201:
2745:
2732:
1382:
880:
nor any other person could discover the slightest wound or injury about him".
855:
Beverley Kennon (1793–1844) served in the U.S Navy and saw action during the
539:
Armistead, an enslaved African-American who worked as President Tyler's valet
389:
348:
277:
154:
151:
2025:
929:"The court found that every precaution skill could devise had been taken."
1309:. Vol. IV. New York: James T. White & Company. 1897. p. 552
1114:. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press. p. 300.
424:", placing red-hot iron hoops around the breech end of the weapon, which
299:
and received visitors on board for inspection. On November 30, she towed
220:
1089:. Vol. 11. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co. pp. 515–6.
1497:
917:
836:
441:
223:. The designer of the ship and main supervisor of construction was the
1864:
On exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition, Hampton Roads, Virginia, 1907.
1035:"Explosion on the Potomac: The 1844 Calamity Aboard the USS Princeton"
757:
360:
224:
1489:
306:
down the Delaware and later returned to the Philadelphia Navy Yard.
276:
on October 12, 1843. She departed Philadelphia on October 17 for a
732:
370:
1815:
Decision at Sea: Five Naval Battles That Shaped American History
1410:(1st ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 65–66.
741:
Bell at Stockton Street and Bayard Lane in Princeton, New Jersey
393:
2313:
2073:
1159:
Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants
696:
when her father David died in the Peacemaker explosion, became
2309:
756:
from August 17, 1847, to June 24, 1849. Upon her return from
2066:, Naval Historical Center, Online Library of Selected Images
1383:"Further Particulars of the Accident on Board the Princeton"
670:
To succeed Gilmer as Secretary of the Navy, Tyler appointed
258:
and hometown of the prominent Stockton family. The ship was
1970:(1st ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp.
781:
The "Oregon" gun is on display inside the main gate of the
1083:
Adams, John Quincy (1876). Adams, Charles Francis (ed.).
2576:
Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1993:
Lincoln's Navy: The Ships, Men and Organization, 1861–65
1434:
Minding the Machines: Preventing Technological Disasters
266:
on September 9, 1843, with Captain Stockton commanding.
1332:. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press. pp. 175–78.
284:, where she raced and easily beat the British steamer
2060:
by Ann Blackman, U.S. Naval Institute, September 2005
906:
Born in 1785, his federal career included service as
295:
will be ready for sea in a week." On November 28, he
2770:
Industrial fires and explosions in the United States
1524:
Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
1156:
Bauer, Karl Jack Bauer; Roberts, Stephen S. (1991).
440:
of New York City. "Peacemaker" was built with older
238:. The construction was partly supervised by Captain
2656:
2591:
2563:
2506:
2416:
2253:
2107:
134:
126:
118:
110:
102:
92:
84:
74:
64:
1990:
1963:
1812:
1645:
1381:
1230:
2459:William Henry Harrison 1840 presidential campaign
1193:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
402:Ericsson had also designed the ship to mount one
1189:"Obituary Notice of Samuel Vaughan Merrick, Esq"
2434:Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1829–1830
2041:Artillery: An Illustrated History of its Impact
1766:. Wilmington, North Carolina. November 23, 1849
1558:Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J. (2010).
2536:List of federal judges appointed by John Tyler
2484:Provisional Congress of the Confederate States
1564:(3rd ed.). Facts on File. pp. 62ff.
1306:The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography
558:Tyler had become President after the death of
2325:
2085:
1848:"NH 2082-A Bell of USS Princeton (1843-1849)"
1210:
1208:
1206:
535:Bureau of Construction, Equipment and Repairs
428:the gun and greatly increased the charge the
8:
568:terms of the Presidential line of succession
1526:. The Historian of the United States Senate
1062:. Harvard University Press. pp. 92–3.
1011:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
970:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
893:. Contemporaneous accounts refer to him as
752:from 1845 to 1847. She later served in the
2332:
2318:
2310:
2092:
2078:
2070:
1854:. U. S. Naval History and Heritage Command
1792:. U. S. Naval History and Heritage Command
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1390:. Baltimore, MD. March 1, 1844. p. 1.
1112:Millard Fillmore: Biography of a President
846:. It was later renamed Merrick & Sons.
215:was laid down on October 20, 1842, at the
27:
2101:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1844
1819:. Oxford University Press. p. 100n.
800:. It was later installed on the porch of
631:Plans to construct more ships modeled on
2449:1840 United States presidential election
2444:1836 United States presidential election
2375:President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate
1187:Goodwin, Daniel R. (December 16, 1870).
964:This article incorporates text from the
456:
19:For other ships with the same name, see
1966:The United States Navy : 200 years
1639:
1637:
1561:First Ladies: A Biographical Dictionary
1431:Evan, William M.; Manion, Mark (2002).
1000:
998:
996:
983:
828:
592:
1908:"Princeton in 1874: A Bird's Eye View"
1740:. Richmond, Virginia. October 26, 1849
1617:"D.C. Disaster Concluded in a Romance"
1594:"An Explosion That Changed The Nation"
1224:
1222:
1220:
343:, designed by Ericsson, were built by
2479:Virginia Secession Convention of 1861
2018:John Tyler, Champion of the Old South
657:United States Senator from New Jersey
59: United States
7:
2815:Steamships of the United States Navy
1714:. Washington D.C. September 10, 1849
1141:. Fergus Printing Company. pp.
2825:1844 disasters in the United States
2785:Maritime incidents in February 1844
2367:Vice President of the United States
1592:Walters, Kerry (October 23, 2013).
1037:. Charleston. SC: The History Press
572:President pro tempore of the Senate
172:was launched on September 5, 1843.
1020:Naval History and Heritage Command
545:, a New York lawyer and politician
465:lithograph depicting the explosion
14:
1997:. Naval Institute Press. p.
1684:Masich, Andrew (Winter 2015–16).
2810:Sloops of the United States Navy
2711:
2710:
2497:
2295:
2290:
2016:Chitwood, Oliver Perry (1964) .
1277:Blackman, Ann (September 2005).
957:
619:
607:
595:
219:as a 700 long tons (711 t)
53:
31:
2780:History of Alexandria, Virginia
2571:List of memorials to John Tyler
1520:"Biography, Robert F. Stockton"
1364:United States Congress (1844).
1279:"Fatal Cruise of the Princeton"
698:First Lady of the United States
653:Military Governor of California
513:Six men were instantly killed:
392:were mounted within the ship's
175:On February 28, 1844, during a
2356:President of the United States
2036:(Fall River Press, 2007), 120.
1786:"Princeton II (Screw Steamer)"
1437:. Prentice Hall. p. 216.
938:The interview appeared in the
908:Solicitor of the U.S. Treasury
808:. It is now on display at the
796:was displayed during the 1907
1:
2454:1839 Whig National Convention
1708:"The Steam-Frigate Princeton"
1353:. New York, NY. May 10, 1892.
1344:"Obituary, David L. Gardiner"
1251:United States Naval Institute
1006:"Princeton I (Screw Steamer)"
973:. The entry can be found
684:presidential election of 1844
388:Twelve 42-pound (19 kg)
1939:. Historical Marker database
1690:Western Pennsylvania History
2805:Ships built in Philadelphia
1887:(16): 430. January 31, 1930
1285:. Reprinted by Military.com
1110:Rayback, Robert J. (1992).
783:United States Naval Academy
764:that October and November.
2861:
2790:Non-combat naval accidents
2516:Inauguration of John Tyler
2469:Sherwood Forest Plantation
2383:U.S. Senator from Virginia
2177:September (unknown date):
1989:Canney, Donald L. (1998).
1811:Symonds, Craig L. (2005).
1328:Holland, Jesse J. (2016).
1164:Greenwood Publishing Group
1033:Walters, Kerry S. (2013).
835:Merrick & Towne was a
262:on September 5, 1843, and
18:
2835:1844 in the United States
2677:
2495:
2347:
2285:
2219:November (unknown date):
2064:USS Princeton (1843–1849)
2043:(ABC Clio, 2007) 194–202.
2020:. Russell & Russell.
1962:Beach, Edward L. (1986).
1906:M. Halsey Thomas (1971).
1734:"Steam Frigate Princeton"
1138:The Towne Family Memorial
810:Princeton Battle Monument
692:, who was below decks on
272:made a trial trip in the
50:
45:
30:
2830:1844 in military history
2795:Presidency of John Tyler
2698:← Richard Mentor Johnson
2683:← William Henry Harrison
2521:Webster–Ashburton Treaty
2474:Peace Conference of 1861
2464:Tippecanoe and Tyler Too
1229:Taylor, John M. (1984).
663:, the U.S. Navy's first
453:1844 Peacemaker accident
2599:Letitia Christian Tyler
1881:Princeton Alumni Weekly
1652:. Atria Books. p.
1135:Hubbard, Edwin (1880).
602:Captain Robert Stockton
341:vibrating lever engines
2664:John Tyler and slavery
2546:Priscilla Cooper Tyler
1478:Technology and Culture
1056:Karp, Matthew (2016).
910:from 1830 to 1837 and
748:was employed with the
742:
626:First Lady Julia Tyler
564:Twenty-Fifth Amendment
560:William Henry Harrison
523:Secretary of the Navy
487:Nathaniel P. Tallmadge
466:
385:
217:Philadelphia Navy Yard
97:Philadelphia Navy Yard
2641:Harrison Ruffin Tyler
2054:"Fatal Cruise of the
1615:Knutson, Lawrence L.
891:New York State Senate
736:
674:, another Virginian;
460:
422:built-up construction
374:
231:, who later designed
188:Secretary of the Navy
79:Princeton, New Jersey
2775:February 1844 events
2629:John Alexander Tyler
2623:David Gardiner Tyler
2605:Julia Gardiner Tyler
2394:Governor of Virginia
1937:"The Princeton Bell"
1546:Vast Southern Empire
1265:Vast Southern Empire
944:on October 28, 1888.
861:Washington Navy Yard
802:Princeton University
798:Jamestown Exposition
614:President John Tyler
525:Thomas Walker Gilmer
491:William Cabell Rives
475:Alexandria, Virginia
191:Thomas Walker Gilmer
2746:42.3746°N 71.0480°W
2742: /
2669:The General (horse)
2635:Lyon Gardiner Tyler
2548:(acting first lady)
2424:Greenway Plantation
2402:U.S. Representative
1644:Wead, Doug (2003).
787:Annapolis, Maryland
517:Secretary of State
363:for the main guns.
345:Merrick & Towne
2845:Explosions in 1844
2703:George M. Dallas →
2582:Recarving Rushmore
2489:Hollywood Cemetery
1764:Wilmington Journal
1686:"Rodman's Big Gun"
1166:. pp. 53–54.
857:Second Barbary War
743:
641:Franklin Institute
577:would have become
503:Edward A. Hannegan
483:Thomas Hart Benton
467:
463:Currier & Ives
438:Hogg and DeLamater
386:
181:Secretary of State
166:Robert F. Stockton
159:United States Navy
2751:42.3746; -71.0480
2725:
2724:
2531:Treaty of Wanghia
2307:
2306:
1912:Princeton History
1738:Richmond Enquirer
1621:Los Angeles Times
1596:. Huffington Post
913:Chargé d'Affaires
321:John Quincy Adams
256:Revolutionary War
142:
141:
122:September 9, 1843
114:September 5, 1843
88:November 18, 1841
2852:
2840:1844 in Virginia
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2714:
2713:
2541:Texas annexation
2501:
2409:
2397:
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2378:
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2359:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2299:
2294:
2278:
2268:
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2236:
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2222:Lady of St Kilda
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2012:
1996:
1985:
1969:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1933:
1927:
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1903:
1897:
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1892:
1877:"Can't You Hear"
1873:
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1844:
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665:ironclad warship
637:Court of Inquiry
623:
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579:Acting President
575:Willie P. Mangum
499:Spencer Jarnagin
495:Samuel S. Phelps
252:American victory
106:October 20, 1842
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2048:External links
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2039:Kinard, Jeff,
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1981:978-0030447112
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347:. They burned
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1941:. Retrieved
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408:
401:
387:
381:
379:and US Ship
376:
357:range-finder
336:
335:
311:
307:
302:
297:dressed ship
292:
287:
269:
268:
264:commissioned
234:
212:
211:
194:
174:
169:
146:
144:
143:
130:October 1849
119:Commissioned
68:
38:
25:
2749: /
2408:(1816–1821)
2396:(1825–1827)
2385:(1827–1836)
2358:(1841–1845)
2201:Lucy Walker
1242:Proceedings
843:Mississippi
814:Princeton's
794:ship's bell
519:Abel Upshur
481:, Senators
411:smooth bore
409:The gun, a
2820:1843 ships
2800:Ship fires
2764:Categories
2737:71°02′53″W
2734:42°22′29″N
2643:(grandson)
2619:(daughter)
2508:Presidency
2439:Whig Party
2341:John Tyler
2108:Shipwrecks
1548:, pp. 93ff
1289:January 2,
1199:: 584–596.
1121:0945707045
952:References
703:Nellie Bly
390:carronades
248:New Jersey
202:John Tyler
2554:Princeton
2265:Princeton
2263:USS
2231:HMS
2210:HMS
2181:Swiftsure
2179:HMS
2158:HMS
2137:HMS
2056:Princeton
1921:March 20,
1891:March 20,
1852:NH Series
1832:March 29,
1669:March 21,
1577:March 21,
1506:112340342
1450:March 20,
1313:March 15,
1236:Disaster"
1234:Princeton
878:Princeton
775:Princeton
746:Princeton
739:Princeton
728:Princeton
694:Princeton
649:Princeton
633:Princeton
585:Aftermath
473:departed
471:Princeton
377:Princeton
349:hard coal
337:Princeton
332:Machinery
312:Princeton
308:Princeton
301:USS
293:Princeton
278:sea trial
270:Princeton
244:Princeton
233:USS
227:inventor
213:Princeton
199:President
195:Princeton
170:Princeton
147:Princeton
138:Broken up
103:Laid down
69:Princeton
39:Princeton
2716:Category
2649:(father)
2429:Woodburn
2272:21 Aug:
2198:23 Oct:
2188:10 Oct:
2167:26 Jul:
2146:21 May:
2125:29 Jan:
2115:20 Jan:
1404:(2009).
1253:: 148–9.
529:Captain
416:made of
404:long gun
286:SS
282:New York
260:launched
240:Stockton
221:corvette
111:Launched
75:Namesake
2657:Related
2275:Larkins
2261:28 Feb
2233:Pelorus
2229:25 Dec
2191:Minerve
2156:20 Jun
2149:Saladin
2135:11 May
1972:196–221
1498:3102081
1267:, p. 93
918:Belgium
895:Colonel
837:foundry
817:borough
812:, near
806:Richard
661:Monitor
442:forging
382:Raritan
303:Raritan
254:in the
235:Monitor
225:Swedish
163:Captain
93:Builder
85:Ordered
46:History
2592:Family
2377:(1836)
2369:(1841)
2208:7 Nov
2160:Apollo
2139:Gorgon
2118:Créole
2026:424864
2024:
2005:
1978:
1823:
1660:
1568:
1544:Karp,
1504:
1496:
1441:
1414:
1263:Karp,
1170:
1118:
1093:
1066:
962:
819:hall.
768:Legacy
758:Europe
655:and a
645:Oregon
430:breech
359:, and
353:funnel
327:Design
150:was a
2637:(son)
2631:(son)
2625:(son)
2613:(son)
2406:VA–23
2243:Moira
2212:Raven
1790:DANFS
1696:: 22.
1502:S2CID
1494:JSTOR
1347:(PDF)
1249:(9).
1232:"The
823:Notes
155:steam
152:screw
2552:USS
2417:Life
2404:for
2391:23rd
2364:10th
2353:10th
2301:1845
2288:1843
2022:OCLC
2003:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1945:2016
1923:2017
1893:2017
1860:2016
1834:2017
1821:ISBN
1798:2016
1772:2016
1746:2016
1720:2016
1671:2017
1658:ISBN
1628:2016
1602:2016
1579:2017
1566:ISBN
1532:2016
1452:2017
1439:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1315:2017
1291:2014
1168:ISBN
1145:–90.
1116:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1064:ISBN
1043:2016
975:here
841:USS
792:The
737:USS
714:and
397:hull
394:iron
367:Guns
186:and
145:USS
135:Fate
65:Name
37:USS
1999:232
1654:406
1486:doi
1247:110
916:to
785:in
2766::
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1974:.
1914:.
1910:.
1885:30
1883:.
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995:^
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2011:.
1984:.
1947:.
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