United States vehicle emission standards

1486: 1601:-based test; The vehicle is driven so that the wheels of its main driven axle (front or rear) sit atop the dynamometer rotors, when then are unlocked to rotate freely. A special collections line is attached to the tailpipe, and simulated airflow is pushed across the engine to simulate vehicle movement. The test operator then presses the accelerator of the car through a fixed test schedule: the acceleration from the engine translates to force and torque that are measured through the dynamometer, simultaneously mapped against analysis of the emissions from the tailpipe. After completion of the schedule, the computerized system calculates the emissions from the car and determines if it meets the appropriate specification for its model year. 483:

deadline unless specific control measures were established. Among other key provisions was the establishment of required vehicle inspection and maintenance programs (I/M) in nonattainment states and optional in other areas. This required that states establish emission testing facilities for in-use vehicles to make sure they meet emissions requirements, maintained and repaired as necessary to correct any problems before their license was renewed. The EPA was tasked to establish the basic protocols for these facilities. Other states that had met the NAAQS attainment goals could optionally establish I/M programs for existing but were required to follow the EPA's specifications.

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license plates (this also includes past general issue plates from 1975–present with validation stickers used prior to the 1995–present windshield sticker; license plate law in Texas (effective since May 1988) requires new general issue plates after it reaches 8 years of age – license plate law was amended 11.1.16 where TxDMV no longer mandates plate replacement every 8 years with the exception that the license plate is considered legible e.g. loss of reflectivity with the paint base and/or if a license plate is unreadable if a police officer does a probable cause traffic stop)

1127:(ZEV) mandate in 1990. ZEV are defined as vehicles that have no exhaust or evaporative emissions of any regulated pollutant. Vehicle manufacturers were a percentage of their fleet meeting these ZEV standards over a long-term schedule (2% by model year 1998 at its start), but the mandate schedule has shifted based on the unplanned rate of technology advancement and costs, and as of 2020, its current target is to reach 8% ZEV by 2025 determined by fleet credits that account for vehicle range as well as contributions from any low-emission vehicles or 1107: 1454:

Fuel-Efficient" (SAFE) program, the EPA and NHTSA proposed a new "One National Program Rule" that asserted that only the federal government may set emissions standards on September 19, 2019, as to have one consistent set of fuel emission and mileage standards across the country. This rule would include revoking the last set of California waivers that the EPA had granted California in 2013 for its GHG and ZEV programs. California retained its ability to set emission standards that address ozone-formation under the rule.

379: 179: 408:(also known as the Air Quality Act) that expressly prevented states from setting more restrictive emission standards than the federal levels. However, because California has already established its program, it was granted a waiver and allowed to keep its standards. This Act did give states the authority to perform vehicle inspections programs beyond the requirements for new vehicles, though few states took their own action on this. 1549: 1608:. This is a computerized system that continually monitors the performance of the engine and its emission control system. Instead of the dynamometer test, the operator hooks the OBD-II to a standard computer system which downloads the information from the computer. It will warn the operator if the OBD-II determines significant deviations from expected emissions control standards, indicating repairs may be needed. 750:) and 11 the dirtiest. However, bins 9, 10, and 11 are temporary. Only the first ten bins were used for light-duty vehicles below 8,500 pounds (3,900 kg) GVWR, but medium-duty passenger vehicles up to 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) GVWR and to all 11 bins. Manufacturers can make vehicles which fit into any of the available bins, but still must meet average targets for their entire fleets. 1103:

proposed standards for public review in the Federal Register. Based on its own review and public comments, the EPA then grants the waiver unless it has determined that California's requested standards were "arbitrary and capricious" in their findings, that the standards are not needed to "meet compelling and extraordinary conditions", or otherwise are inconsistent with other aspects of the CAA.

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automobiles must have an exhaust emission system – PCV system, air injection pump, controlled spark module) e.g. the absence of a rolling chassis exemption – in some states when an automobile reaches an age limit (as in 25 model years old) the vehicle is exempted or pertaining to motor vehicle laws e.g. classic automobile registration and displaying vintage license plates

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for each model year based on the characteristics of vehicles it actually produces. The new standards established a credit trading system whereby manufacturers that overperform their annual target may sell credits to other manufacturers which they then may use to meet a credit shortfall it has from failing to meet its standards through emissions improvements.

1508:). In 1998 the regulation included engines under 37 kW and introduced more stringent Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards which was scheduled to be phased in between 2000 and 2008. In 2004, US EPA introduced the more stringent Tier 4 standards which was scheduled to be phased in between 2008 and 2015. The testing cycles used for certification follow the 979:/mi and requiring only an annual 1.5% fleet efficiency improvement. The new rule was issued in March 2020. The Trump administration argued the rollback was required due to the increasing costs of cars on consumers that higher efficiencies would only make more expensive. The move was criticized by several environmentalists, 955:. If the average fuel economy of a manufacturer's annual fleet of vehicle production falls below its defined standard, the manufacturer must pay a penalty, then US$ 5.50 per 0.1 mpg under the standard, multiplied by the manufacturer's total production for the U.S. domestic market. This is in addition to any 2650:

annually (both OBDII for 1996–present and ASM to 1995 for motor vehicles registered in the DFW Metroplex and Houston Metro area except for 4-wheel drive/all wheel drive powertrains (4WD/AWD including vehicles over 8500 GVW are subjected to the two-speed idle (TSI) testing; TSI testing to 1995 only in

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14057, "Catalyzing Clean Energy Industries and Jobs Through Federal Sustainability", which in addition to committing the federal government to implement clean transport options such as EVs, also committed to improving the fuel efficiency standards and reversing the Trump administration's actions. The

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Should CAFE targets have been extended through to 2026 under the Obama administration, it would have sought a 54 mpg industry-wide average fuel efficiency for cars and light trucks manufactured in 2026 or later, with automobile manufacturers instructed to increase the fuel economy across all of their

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The EPA's assessment of the state of the country meeting the target NAAQS goals by 1975 was poor, having identified numerous nonattainment areas in the country. With the 1977 Amendment to the CAA, a new deadline of December 31, 1982, for meeting the NAAQS was fixed with no allowance for extending the

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to block rules calling for a 30 percent reduction in GHG emissions by 2016. Members of the auto industry argued that complying with these regulations would require major technological advances and raise the prices of vehicles as much as $ 6,000 per automobile. U.S. District Judge William K. Sessions

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which are stricter than the United States' national Tier regulations. Each standard has several targets depending on vehicle weight and cargo capacity; the regulations cover vehicles with test weights up to 14,000 pounds (6,400 kg). Listed in order of increasing stringency, the standards are:

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problems in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, the U.S. state of California has special dispensation from the federal government to promulgate its own automobile emissions standards. Other states may choose to follow either the national standard or the stricter California standards. The states that

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In nearly all cases, these agencies set standards that are expected to be met on a fleet-wide basis from automobile and other vehicle manufacturers, with states delegated to enforce those standards but not allowed to set stricter requirements. California has generally been the exception, having been

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as president, the EPA and NHTSA moved to reverse the 2019 rule in April 2021, thus returning to the previous status quo for California. Following the EPA granting California its latest request for exemption, seventeen states sued the EPA in May 2022, arguing that because of the impact of California

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stated his concern about California's stricter emission standards and their impact on the costs of manufacturing on the automobile industry, though some political analysts asserted this also tied in with Trump's conservative ideology conflicting with California's more liberal stance. Along with the

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The standards are formatted such that each vehicle has an emissions target as a function of the product of its wheelbase and average track width with separate functions for passenger cars and light trucks with progressively smaller targets by model year. Thus each manufacturer has a unique standard

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The combined fleet fuel economy for new cars and trucks with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds (4,500 kg) or less was projected to average 35.5 miles per gallon (mpg) for the 2016 model year based on the newly-established targets and projected fleet mix. The average for its cars will have to be 42 mpg,

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Only state which still conduct emission testing dating back to the 1967 model year unlike other states using EPA classification (a few still conduct test for 1968–present (1968+ testing is for jurisdictions using defined EPA standards for vehicle classification since the '68 model year and beyond

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more than 2 model years old to 24 model years old; motorcycles, diesel-powered, and automobiles 25 model years or older exempt from emission testing – includes motor vehicles registered as an Antique or Classic under Texas law (either displaying state-mandated vanity license plate or vintage-era

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Only applies to Hamilton (Chattanooga), Davidson, Rutherford, Sumner, Williamson, and Wilson (all part of Greater Nashville area) Counties. Required for registration renewal. Davidson county runs their own emissions programs/facilities with the assistance of the state. Shelby County (Memphis)

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In the mid-20th century, California's economy grew rapidly after the Great Depression, but this economic development was accompanied by an increase in air pollution in the state. As a result, smog started to form in the valleys of Southern California, causing respiratory problems for humans and

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Prior to 2004 emission testing included 1966 and newer model year automobiles – 1984 calendar year phased in the use of an acceleration simulated mode test criteria – a 1998 state law made pre-1973 automobiles exempt from emission testing where it temporarily included a 30-year rolling chassis

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Under Section 209 of the Clean Air Act (CAA), California is given the ability to apply for special waivers to apply its own emission standards for new motor vehicles that are at least as stringent as the federal standards. California applies for this waiver through the EPA, which publishes the

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The two least-restrictive bins for passenger cars, 9 and 10, were phased out at the end of 2006. However, bins 9 and 10 were available for classifying a restricted number of light-duty trucks until the end of 2008, when they were removed along with bin 11 for medium-duty vehicles. As of 2009,

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A set of transitional and initially voluntary "national low emission vehicle" (NLEV) standards were in effect starting in 1999 for northeastern states and 2001 in the rest of the country until Tier II, adopted in 1999, began to be phased in from 2004 onwards. The National Low Emission Vehicle

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Emission testing mandated for motor vehicles registered in the Houston Metropolitan area (Brazoria, Fort Bend, Galveston, Harris, Montgomery), DFW Metroplex (Collin, Dallas, Denton, Ellis, Johnson, Kaufman, Parker, Rockwall, Tarrant), Austin Metropolitan area (Travis, Williamson) and El Paso

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Other states were also facing similar air pollution issues at the same time, but fearing that setting too strict a standard would drive away automobile manufacturers, they considered implementing standards that were less restrictive compared to California, potentially creating a patchwork of

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Testing of existing vehicle emissions, also known as vehicle inspection and maintenance programs (I/M) were introduced as part of the 1977 Amendments to the CAA. The 1970 Amendments introduced target NAAQS goals for air quality which were not met in many parts of the country. With the 1977

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Shortly after Ford, Volkswagen, Honda, and BMW announced their intentions to commit to the Obama-era mileage goals and California's emission standards across their fleets in July 2019, Trump announced his intention to rollback California's waivers. As part of Trump's "Safer, Affordable,

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Motorcycles or mopeds, alternative fuel vehicles, vehicles registered as a Classic Rod, Classic Vehicle or Old Timer and driven 5,000 miles or less per year, vehicles registered as a Replica Vehicle, and fleet vehicles participating in the Continuous Monitoring program are also exempt.

1500:, including equipment and vehicles that are not operated on the public roadways, are used in an extremely wide range of applications, each involving great differences in operating characteristics and engine technology. Emissions from all non-road engines are regulated by categories. 396:, a major component of smog. As a response to this situation, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) was established in 1967 with Haagen-Smit as its first chairman. CARB set stringent vehicle emission standards to reduce air pollution in the state. California established the 1503:

In the United States, the emission standards for non-road diesel engines are published in the US Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 89 (40 CFR Part 89). Tier 1–3 Standards were adopted in 1994 and was phased in between 1996 and 2000 for engines over 37 kW (50

1461:(Case 1:19-cv-02826) in the D.C. District Court in September 2019, asserting the agency, in setting the rule, violated the intent of the CAA. The same group of states also filed suit against the EPA once the EPA issued the revoking of the 2013 waiver in November 2019, in 1161:

argued against this proposal on the basis on the upgrades to their boats would be economically disastrous and would lead to charging their customers higher ticket cost, and affect their ability to stay in business. The two sides reached a compromise to upgrade to

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Within the Tier II ranking, there is a subranking ranging from BIN 1–10, with 1 being the cleanest (Zero Emission vehicle) and 10 being the dirtiest. The former Tier 1 standards that were effective from 1994 until 2003 were different between automobiles and

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identified the air pollutants responsible for the smog: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides emitted from cars and factories through inefficient fuel combustion. Haagen-Smit also discovered that these air pollutants react with sunlight to form

465:). Other pollutants, such as lead, were added later based on EPA review of current conditions. Along with the other activities set by the EPA, the states were to create State Implementation Plans (SIP)s to bring their air quality within the NAAQS by 1975. 428:

with ratification by Congress to consolidate all of the environmental-related executive-branch programs to a single entity; the new agency was the primary agency for administering the CAA going forward. Among the provisions related to vehicle emissions:

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from the fuel system and which have 150,000-mile/15-year warranties on emission-control components. Several ordinary gasoline vehicles from the 2001 and later model years qualify as PZEVs. If a PZEV has technology that can also be used in ZEVs like an

3162:"73478 Federal Register / Vol. 81, No. 206 / Tuesday, October 25, 2016 / Rules and Regulations ... 49 CFR Parts 523, 534, 535, and 538 ... Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles—Phase 2" 1152:

On September 21, 2021, CARB proposed a plan to upgrade all engines in cars, trucks, and boats to EPA "Tier 3" levels by the end of 2024, and the "Tier 4" level, which is more restrictive, by 2035. Tier 4 engine technology does not yet exist. The

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Section 177 of the CAA grants the ability for states to adopt California emission standards instead of federal ones. As of December 2021, the following states have adopted the California standards, including their standards for ZEV and GHG:

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Emission testing mandated for motor vehicles registered in the counties of Arlington, Fairfax, Loudoun, Prince William, or Stafford, and the cities of Alexandria, Fairfax, Falls Church, Manassas or Manassas Park. Certain hybrids exempt.

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Vehicles must be tested every other year for registration renewal in the Portland and Medford areas. Model Years ≥1975 must be tested in Portland area, and those 20 model year and newer in Medford area. Also all vehicles new to Oregon.

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Testing required for vehicles model years 1996 and later in Kenosha, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Racine, Sheboygan, Washington and Waukesha counties (model years 1996 to 2006 up to 8,500 pounds; model years 2007 or newer up to 14,000 pounds)

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The EPA adopted the Californian fuel economy and greenhouse gas standard as a national standard by the 2016 model year and collaborated with Californian regulators on stricter national emissions standards for model years 2017–2025.

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Additionally, the 1970 CAA Amendment continued California's waiver program through which California can seek exemptions from the EPA's emissions requirements as long as theirs are at least as strict as the EPA's vehicle standards.

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emission standards on vehicle manufacturing, the EPA's actions violate the equal sovereignty granted to the states by the Constitution, since it gives California more power than other states in setting emissions regulations.

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Testing required for vehicles model years 1996 and later in Kenosha, Milwaukee, Ozaukee, Racine, Sheboygan, Washington and Waukesha counties: Model years 2007 and newer which have a gross vehicle rating up to 14,000 pounds

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Reno, Sparks, Washoe Valley and most of the area west of Washoe Valley. Testing is also required in the areas north and east of Reno between Interstate 80 and the 40th degree of north latitude (about midway through Pyramid

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The Amendment also required the EPA to define emission standards for new vehicles to help with the NAAQS emission reduction goals, including standards for fuel and testing of new vehicles to make sure these standards are

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In 2009, President Obama announced a new national fuel economy and emissions policy that incorporated California's contested plan to curb greenhouse gas emissions on its own, apart from federal government regulations.

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Hybrid vehicles that achieve an EPA gas mileage rating of at least 50 miles per gallon are exempt from testing for 3 years after their model year, after which they are then tested at the standard two-year intervals.

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city driving test (averaging about 21 miles per hour (34 km/h)) and the HWFET highway driving test (averaging about 48 miles per hour (77 km/h)) are used for measuring both emissions and fuel economy.

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Annually. Light duty diesel emission inspections are conducted by using an opacity meter and dynamometer. A visual inspection for tampering of emission control devices is also part of the inspection procedure.

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Since the CAA's passage in 1967, California has applied and received more than fifty waivers, which include emission standards across various vehicle classes. Among these include two special sets of waivers:

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EPA issued a new rule in December 2021, to become enforceable by February 2022, that effectively restored the Obama-era standards, through decreasing the fleet-wide emissions target to a projected 161 g CO

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Leatherwood, Sarah E. (2008). "States Take the Wheel—Green Mountain Chrysler Plymouth Dodge Jeep v. Crombie Gives States a Chance to Choose the Direction of Their Automobile Emissions Regulation".

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EPA's air pollution score represents the amount of health-damaging and smog-forming airborne pollutants the vehicle emits. Scoring ranges from 0 (worst) to 10 (best). The pollutants considered are

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to challenge the EPA's revoking. Further, both Minnesota and New Mexico, plaintiffs in both cases, stated they would take steps to adapt California's standards in their states as a result.

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exemption which was repealed in 2006 where 1976 and newer are subjected to state mandated emission testing – California visual inspection strictest in the USA (also similar to Japanese

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vehicles 1976 and newer model-year gas-powered, hybrid, and flex-fuel vehicles; exemptions: new car = ≤6 model-years old are exempt; change of ownership = ≤4 model-years old are exempt

366:(HEW) to encourage research and development towards reducing pollution and working with states to establish their own emission reduction programs. The CAA was amended in 1965 with the 1063:

of combustion. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted per liter or gallon burned varies by fuel type, since each type of fuel contains a different amount of carbon per gallon or liter.

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III dismissed these claims in his ruling. "The court remains unconvinced automakers cannot meet the challenge of Vermont and California's (greenhouse gas) regulations," he wrote.

4590: 773:. Sulfur content in gasoline was limited to an average of 120 parts-per-million (maximum 300 ppm) in 2004, and this was reduced to an average 30 ppm (maximum 80 ppm) for 2006. 837:

Heavy-duty vehicles must comply with more stringent exhaust emission standards and requires ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuel (15 ppm maximum) beginning in 2007 model year.

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Instead of basing emissions on vehicle weight, Tier II standards are divided into several numbered "bins". Eleven bins were initially defined, with bin 1 being the cleanest (

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Only on high population corridor encompassing Castle Rock to Wellington, including Boulder and Greeley. Required for vehicles used in this area. Dynamometer testing used.

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Annual testing. OBDII + catalytic converter tamper check + fuel cap leak test for 2002 or later vehicles. Curb Idle-opacity/tampering testing for 2001 and older vehicles.

1138:(GHG) at stricter levels than federal levels first in 2005 as part of its low-emission vehicle program. The EPA initially refused this waiver based on a decision from the 3194: 2663:

counties; since March 1, 2015, inspection stickers no longer issued where an automobile must pass the safety or emission test prior to renewing automobile registration

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The Greenhouse gas score is determined from the vehicle's estimated fuel economy and its fuel type. The lower the fuel economy, the more greenhouse gas is emitted as a

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a vehicle will produce over its lifetime, based on typical consumer usage. The scoring is from 0 to 10, where 10 represents the lowest amount of greenhouse gases.

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Annual testing. OBDII + catalytic converter tamper check + fuel cap leak test for 1996 or later vehicles. Tailpipe/tampering testing for 1995 and older vehicles.

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was inaugurated as president in 2017, he instructed the NHTSA and EPA to rollback Obama's CAFE standards, increasing the 2026 target to a then-projected 202 g CO

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Vehicles older than 4 years required, this will change to 7 years in 2015. Specially registered cars made before 1975 and special vehicles may be exempted.

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1968 model year or newer. New vehicles on their third registration; first and second registrations are exempted. Hybrids are exempt for five model years.

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vehicle laws which is their equivalent of vehicle inspection) which serves as a model for other states implementing I/M (inspection/maintenance) programs

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have generally been points of debate between the government, vehicle manufacturers, and environmental groups, and has become a point of political debate.

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program covered vehicles below 6,000 pounds (2,700 kg) GVWR and adapted the national standards to accommodate California's stricter regulations.

665:(GVWR) below 8,500 pounds (3,856 kg) and are divided into five categories: one for passenger cars, and four for light-duty trucks (which include 603:

Amendments of 1990. The Tier I standard was adopted in 1991 and was phased in from 1994 to 1997. Tier II standards were phased in from 2004 to 2009.

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The phase-in of new tailpipe and evaporative emission standards begin to phase-in beginning with the 2017 model year along with new fuel standards.

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prior to the 1970 CAA amendments. Several other states have since also received waivers to follow California's standards, which have also become a

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from the EPA for its emissions standards to take effect. Doing so would allow Vermont and other states to adopt these same standards under the

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vehicles 1998 and newer model-year diesel-powered vehicles with a GVWR ≤14,000 pounds; exemptions: none applicable to diesel-powered vehicles

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Biennially. First-time registrations exempt if vehicle has received an emissions certificate from certain states within previous 12 months.

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Periodic Smoke Inspection Program (PSIP) an annual smoke and tamper self-inspection; exemptions: new vehicle = ≤4 model-years old are exempt

983:, as well as the state of California, as the ruling coincided with Trump's efforts to remove the waiver for California emissions exemptions. 1148:(549 U.S. 497 (2007)) which ruled that the EPA did have this authority. In later actions, the EPA granted California its GHG waiver by 2009. 400:(CARB) in 1967, with Haagen-Smit as its first chairman, which among other activities set stringent vehicle emission standards by that year. 5586: 5528: 5511: 4576: 910: 846: 3884: 3624: 127: 583:

Light-duty vehicles are certified for compliance with emission standards by measuring their tailpipe emissions during rigorously-defined

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that determined the EPA did not have the authority to regulate GHG under the CAA; this ruling was challenged in the Supreme Court case

5496: 4921: 4630: 3706: 3517: 3113: 4142:"Background Document and Technical Support for Public Hearings on the Proposed Amendments to the State Implementation Plan for Ozone" 3389: 109: 5631: 5596: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5506: 5181: 4685: 4613: 2857: 261: 160: 63: 1524:

reduces air quality. Emissions from small offroad engines are regulated by the EPA. Specific pollutants subject to limits include

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Air pollution had become a major national focal point by 1970, leading to a major amendment to the CAA. Near the end of 1970, the

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These standards were phased in from 1994 to 1997 and were phased out in favor of the national Tier 2 standard from 2004 to 2009.

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EPA (2014-04-18). "Control of Air Pollution From Motor Vehicles: Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards." Final rule.

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emissions were regulated in the U.S. The EPA faced a lawsuit seeking to compel it to regulate greenhouse gases as a pollutant,

556:. Such states are frequently referred to as "CARB states" in automotive discussions because the regulations are defined by the 3987: 5611: 5538: 5491: 5456: 4926: 4738: 4372: 3729: 3410: 3288: 1017: 952: 883: 868: 639: 557: 450: 404:

regulations across the United States. The automobile industry lobbied to Congress, and the CAA was modified in 1967 with the

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Effective July 2012, any state contracted job requiring heavy duty vehicles must be operated with pollution control devices

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When outside exemption, vehicles up to 32 years old – biennially, else annually. OBD testing done when newer than 10 years

5601: 5533: 5146: 5111: 3323: 3114:"EPA and NHTSA Finalize Historic National Program to Reduce Greenhouse Gases and Improve Fuel Economy for Cars and Trucks" 926: 780:

A second round of California standards, known as Low Emission Vehicle II, is timed to coordinate with the Tier 2 rollout.

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Any gasoline vehicle with a model year of 1975 and newer and a GVWR of 10,500 lbs or less. Motorcycles are exempt.

5616: 5591: 5356: 5191: 5091: 5051: 4901: 4863: 4680: 4482: 4347: 3722: 3563: 3479: 3363: 3091: 3044: 3665: 5697: 5426: 5336: 5301: 5151: 5141: 5136: 5116: 4599: 3682: 492: 312: 308: 134: 3239:"Final Rule: Multi-Pollutant Emissions Standards for Model Years 2027 and Later Light-Duty and Medium-Duty Vehicles" 5565: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5361: 5066: 4981: 4813: 1450:

Obama-era mileage goals, Trump had expressed his intent to revoke California's waivers early on in his presidency.

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required biennially for registration renewal; 1998 model-year and newer receive only visual and OBDII inspections

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required biennially for registration renewal; 2000 model-year and newer receive only visual and OBDII inspections

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Since model year 1994, all LDV and LDT manufactured for use in the United States are required to use the standard

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began to be restricted to a maximum 15 ppm in 2006 and refiners are to be 100% compliant with that level by 2010.

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Reitze Jr., Arnold W. (2017). "The CAA Motor Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Program: Is It Cost Effective?".

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1968 model year or newer. New vehicles on their third registration; first and second registrations are exempted.

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The PZEV and AT-PZEV ratings are for vehicles which achieve a SULEV II rating and also have systems to eliminate

770: 370:(MVAPCA) which gave the HEW Secretary authority to set federal standards for vehicle emissions as early as 1967. 355: 3837:"Trump Administration Announces One National Program Rule on Federal Preemption of State Fuel Economy Standards" 437:(NAAQS), to be set and updated by the EPA. The NAAQS, at passage of the 1970 amendment, included the pollutants 5636: 5421: 5346: 5341: 5236: 5196: 5156: 5061: 5036: 4818: 4618: 3214:"Final Rule for Control of Air Pollution from Motor Vehicles: Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards" 1521: 1135: 1106: 1037: 894: 4097: 3780: 3017: 1586:

Amendments, the CAA required I/M programs in non-attainment states as part of their pollution prevent plans.

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formerly required testing, but ended their program in July 2013 due to funding issues and no state support.

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Every other year before registration renewal; after transfer of ownership; after registration in Wisconsin

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Every other year before registration renewal; after transfer of ownership; after registration in Wisconsin

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organic gases (NMOG) or non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC). The limits are defined in grams per mile (g/mi).

5646: 5416: 5371: 5351: 5326: 5316: 5306: 5296: 5286: 5266: 5251: 5241: 5231: 5201: 5171: 5076: 5016: 4991: 4961: 4951: 4823: 793: 706: 3965: 2974: 5516: 5436: 5411: 5321: 5271: 5226: 5131: 5086: 5026: 5001: 4956: 4843: 4728: 4394: 3723:"States that have Adopted California's Vehicle Standards under Section 177 of the Federal Clean Air Act" 2842: 2290:

GVWR ≥14,000 exempt, as are full time four wheel drive light duty diesels with a wheelbase ≥182 inches.

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Vehicles based in remote areas of Clark and Washoe counties and all other Nevada counties are exempt.

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On September 12, 2007, a judge in Vermont ruled in favor of allowing states to conditionally regulate

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granted a waiver and given allowance to set stricter standards as it had established its own via the

378: 5401: 5291: 5261: 5166: 5121: 5021: 4873: 4848: 4793: 4778: 4623: 1598: 3800:"Major automakers strike climate deal with California, rebuffing Trump on proposed mileage freeze" 5406: 5366: 5276: 4833: 4798: 4788: 4758: 4723: 4713: 4655: 3161: 2950: 2852: 2717: 1433:

Washington passed legislation to meet California's ZEV standards by model year 2022 in March 2020

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Model years ≥ 1995 Must be inspected biennially. Model years ≤ 1995 do not require inspection.

4878: 4858: 4763: 4733: 4650: 4563: 4304: 4258:"Emissions testing is required of motor vehicles registered or commuting in Bernalillo County" 3575: 2923: 2624:

Any diesel vehicle with a model year of 1975 and newer and a GVWR of 10,500 lbs or less.

2285:

Annually. OBDII testing for 1996 model year or newer; Two-Speed Idle Test for older vehicles.

1091: 765:, since sulfur can interfere with the operation of advanced exhaust treatment systems such as 722: 677: 596: 4838: 4803: 4773: 4748: 4708: 4543: 3650: 3567: 2913: 2470:

Testing was also required in the Cincinnati and Dayton Metropolitan areas from 1995 to 2005

980: 726: 553: 442: 3117: 2460:

More than 4 model years old but less than 25 model years old in the Greater Cleveland area

2454:

More than 4 model years old but less than 25 model years old in the Greater Cleveland area

5651: 4853: 4753: 4141: 1957:

Required only in the Chicago metropolitan area and eastern suburbs of St. Louis, Missouri

1529: 1497: 1163: 1021: 991: 956: 906: 627: 438: 421: 296: 822:

New standards were set in March 2024 to be phased in beginning with the 2027 model year.

3851:"Final Rule: One National Program on Federal Preemption of State Fuel Economy Standards" 3600:"California, other U.S. states sue to block EPA from revoking state emissions authority" 3452:"Trump rolls back Obama fuel economy rule, increasing emissions during a climate crisis" 412:

Formation of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Clear Air Act Amendment of 1970

283:(CAA) amendments from 1970 onwards, and executive regulations managed nationally by the 192:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

4828: 4768: 4743: 4645: 4508: 3653: 2941: 2768: 2571: 2407: 1765:

California-based fleets of 2 or more heavy-duty vehicles with a GVWR >14,000 pounds

1533: 1128: 1067: 1053: 1041: 1013: 902: 887: 856: 789: 446: 300: 4147:. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Department of Environmental Protection. February 2007 1548: 5686: 5670: 4119: 2829: 2738: 2319: 2112: 1801:

When outside exemption, diesel trucks less than 10 years – Biennially else annually.

1457:

Subsequent to this rule, California led a collation of 23 states to sue the NHTSA in

1166:

and delay the Tier 4 update for when the technology is available and cost effective.

1075: 831: 584: 517: 425: 4326: 17: 4373:"Rhode Island Diesel Pollution Initiative: Protecting Clean Air in the Ocean State" 4035: 4013: 3991: 3265:"2007 Progress Report: Vehicle and Engine Compliance Activities (EPA-420-R-08-011)" 2918: 2901: 2592: 2545: 2524: 2428: 1446: 1025: 972: 714: 643: 616: 541: 537: 4553: 3781:"Calling Car Pollution Standards "Too High," E.P.A. Sets Up Fight With California" 3710: 3521: 929:. Without such a waiver, Judge Sessions wrote, the Vermont rules will be invalid. 279:

are set through a combination of legislative mandates enacted by Congress through

4014:"ADEQ: Air Quality Division: Vehicle Emissions: What Vehicles Need to be Tested?" 3341: 3139: 1695:

Model Years ≥1967 but more than 5 model years old (Pima County/ Maricopa County)

3753:"Washington State passes bill to become a ZEV state, pushes for ban of gas cars" 3666:"Proposed Amendments to the Commercial Harbor Craft Regulation. Resolution 22-6" 2189: 1809: 1525: 1111: 1029: 762: 718: 608: 501: 454: 76: 4558: 4548: 4075: 3195:"Lacking filters, U.S. cars set to emit a septillion more particles – research" 1040:(NMHC), and total hydrocarbons (THC). This score does not include emissions of 4568: 2819: 2362: 2340: 1505: 1114:, are considered zero-emissions vehicles (ZEV) under California's ZEV mandate. 1060: 855:

Federal emissions regulations cover the primary component of vehicle exhaust,

525: 521: 3671:. Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board. March 24, 2022. p. 38. 3301: 3264: 599:

for light-duty vehicles in the United States were defined as a result of the

3067:"Which states follow California's emission and zero-emission vehicle rules?" 2823: 2761: 2613: 2168: 2046: 1473: 987: 898: 754:

light-duty trucks must meet the same emissions standards as passenger cars.

871:(CAFE) regulations were historically the primary way in which automotive CO 214: 3422: 2927: 1154: 3757: 2689: 2475: 2252: 2210: 2147: 2088: 2025: 1939: 1835: 1781: 1729: 1509: 1490: 1090:) emissions, weighted to reflect each gas's relative contribution to the 513: 505: 497: 4460: 4213: 3904:"Seventeen states sue EPA for letting California set vehicle standards" 2873:

Timeline of major U.S. environmental and occupational health regulation

2793: 2231: 1962: 1690: 1643: 1083: 914: 676:

California's Low-emission vehicle (LEV) program defines six automotive

670: 647: 620: 545: 4188: 3480:"EPA issues new rule to curb tailpipe pollution, fight climate change" 2373:

Model Years ≥1978 but more than 4 model years old (Bernalillo County)

2367:

Model Years ≥1978 but more than 4 model years old (Bernalillo County)

1597:

For model years prior to 1996, emissions tests were performed using a

2550:

more than 2 models years old (inclusive) or 24,000 miles (inclusive)

2496: 2273: 2004: 1667: 922: 758: 588: 533: 529: 4538: 951:

and for its trucks will be 26 mpg by 2016, in coordination with new

901:

to block state emissions standards. A group of automakers including

867:

emissions are proportional to the amount of fuel used, the national

3866:"Minnesota, New Mexico to adopt California vehicle emissions rules" 3571: 1467:

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

1140:

United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

921:

Environmentalists pressed the Administration to grant California a

4166: 2641: 2508:

Same intervals and exemptions as gasoline cars, 8,500 lbs or less

2305:

The Las Vegas Valley and within a five-mile buffer zone around it.

2067: 1918: 1588: 1484: 1131:. The EPA granted the initial request in 1990 and several updates. 1105: 700: 509: 462: 393: 377: 3885:"California will be able to set its own tailpipe standards again" 713:

The last category is largely restricted to electric vehicles and

4036:"ADEQ: Air Quality Division: Vehicle Emissions: Diesel Vehicles" 2668: 2449: 1983: 1520:

Pollution from small engines, such as those used in gas-powered

757:

Tier II regulations also defined restrictions for the amount of

694: 685: 4572: 4057: 3140:"Regulations & Standards | Transportation and Climate" 4533: 3921: 3390:"Obama: CAFE increase to national standard of 35.5mpg by 2016" 1543: 666: 612: 208: 172: 70: 29: 3558:(2006). "Chapter: 6 Light-Duty-Vehicle Emissions Standards". 1820:

more than 4 model years old but less than 25 model years old

1814:

more than 4 model years old but less than 25 model years old

890:

emission standards which are being challenged in the courts.

806:

became a requirement in 2014; gasoline vehicles were exempt.

673:) divided up based on the vehicle weight and cargo capacity. 3092:"Nevada to adopt California zero-emission vehicle standards" 3302:"News Release: 2004-09-24 ARB Approves Greenhouse Gas Rule" 2902:"History of Air Pollution Legislation in the United States" 4189:"EC 4 – Emissions Program Information for Diesel Vehicles" 3491: 3489: 3534:"Vehicle Emissions California Waivers and Authorizations" 1792:

Exempt for first seven model years of gasoline vehicles.

1593:

A representative dynamometer-based emissions test station

491:

Due to its preexisting standards and particularly severe

1158: 3560:

State and Federal Standards for Mobile-Source Emissions

3245:. US EPA- Office of Air and Radiation. February 1, 2024 1560: 1489:

Non-road engines include railway locomotives like this

3819:"Trump moves to kill California's clean car standards" 3593: 3591: 2838:

Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act

1798:

Exempt for first four model years of diesel vehicles.

623:), but Tier II standards are the same for both types. 967:

Trump-era rollback and Biden-era reversal (2017–2021)

3018:"US EPA approves California auto emissions standard" 1441:

Revocation of waivers under the Trump administration

358:

of 1955, encouraging the federal government via the

5579: 5484: 5449: 5210: 4940: 4894: 4887: 4699: 4606: 2848:

AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors

626:These standards specifically restrict emissions of 101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3338:"United States District Court District of Vermont" 2694:more than 2 model years old to 24 model years old 1052:EPA's greenhouse gas score reflects the amount of 897:from new cars and trucks, defeating an attempt by 3798:Eilperin, Juliet; Dennis, Brady (July 25, 2019). 2895: 2893: 4559:Dieselnet: Cars and Light-Duty Trucks—California 2946:"U.S. Climate Change Policy: Made in California" 2906:Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 1946:Biennially, after the vehicle is four years old 1662:Alabama maintains "volunteer emission testing" 1145:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency 877:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency 4327:"Air Quality: Vehicle Inspection Program (VIP)" 4098:"Vehicle Services Exhaust Emission Inspection" 3446: 3444: 3193:Lewis, Barbara; Carey, Nick (April 27, 2022). 433:The 1970 Amendment required EPA to define the 331:standard for vehicle manufacturers to follow. 289:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 4584: 4395:"Emissions in Rhode Island... – Diesel Forum" 4214:"Nevada Emissions Testing Geographical Areas" 3988:"Emission Inspections and Waiver Information" 587:that simulate a typical driving pattern. The 418:United States Environmental Protection Agency 8: 4554:Dieselnet: Cars and Light-Duty Trucks—Tier 2 4549:Dieselnet: Cars and Light-Duty Trucks—Tier 1 3962:"Motor Vehicle Division – Registration FAQs" 552:(2009 model year and later), as well as the 364:Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 4564:Emissions: Vehicle Emission Ratings Decoded 4348:"Official Manual Motor Vehicle Inspections" 3045:"EPA Approves California Emission Standard" 496:have adopted the California standards are: 387:damaging crops.In the 1960s, Dutch chemist 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4891: 4591: 4577: 4569: 3922:"Nonroad Engines, Equipment, and Vehicles" 3625:"California Greenhouse Gas Waiver Request" 2651:El Paso, Travis, and Williamson Counties) 110:"United States vehicle emission standards" 3466:"Federal Register :: Request Access" 2917: 1701:1967–2007 (Pima County/ Maricopa County) 1110:All electric/battery cars, like those of 262:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 3864:Shepardson, David (September 25, 2019). 3839:. EPA. September 19, 2019. News release. 2993: 2991: 2989: 1717:Model year <1991: 55 percent opacity 1610: 1177: 792:or high-pressure gaseous fuel tanks for 354:(CAA) was passed as an extension of the 287:(EPA), and more recently along with the 277:United States vehicle emission standards 239:of all important aspects of the article. 4463:. Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles 4076:"CT Emissions Program – FAQs – Testing" 3598:Shepardson, David (November 15, 2019). 3364:"Carmakers Defeated On Emissions Rules" 2889: 2129:8,501 to 14,000 lbs (Medium duty) 1581:Vehicle inspection in the United States 1426: 1044:(but see Greenhouse gas score, below). 661:Tier I standards cover vehicles with a 528:(2011 model year and later), New York, 368:Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act 307:, and newer versions have incorporated 5703:Environmental law in the United States 4676:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act 4439:"City emissions testing soon no more?" 4397:. TheDieselStop.com. November 22, 2005 2376:Biennially and at change of ownership 2370:Biennially and at change of ownership 1170:State adoption of California Standards 1155:Sportfishing Association of California 990:becoming president in 2021, he signed 574:National Ambient Air Quality Standards 435:National Ambient Air Quality Standards 382:Smog in the Los Angeles valley in 1972 235:Please consider expanding the lead to 4216:. Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles 4194:. Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles 4169:. Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles 2868:Portable Emissions Measurement System 1719:Model year ≥1991: 40 percent opacity 1134:California had requested to regulate 374:California Air Resources Board (CARB) 7: 4534:EPA fuel economy guide for consumers 4238:. New Mexico, Motor Vehicle Division 3291:for more information and references. 1707:Maricopa County: 20 percent opacity 911:Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers 847:Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 99:adding citations to reliable sources 3817:O'Kane, Sean (September 18, 2019). 2843:Regulation on non-exhaust emissions 1884:Annually (Atlanta metro area only) 1540:Existing vehicle emissions standard 1159:Golden Gate Fishermen’s Association 800:(LPG), it qualifies as an AT-PZEV. 688:– Transitional low-emission vehicle 360:United States Public Health Service 317:air pollution from brakes and tires 311:standards. However they lag behind 5693:Air pollution in the United States 4489:. Washington Department of Ecology 4167:"Nevada Emissions Control Program" 3964:. Ador.state.al.us. Archived from 3751:Berman, Bradley (March 11, 2020). 2302:Emissions testing is required in: 1493:modified to meet Tier 4 standards. 703:– Super-ultra low-emission vehicle 341:Legislative and regulation history 25: 4078:. Ctemissions.com. March 17, 2003 3883:Calma, Justine (April 26, 2021). 3779:Tabuchi, Hiroko (April 2, 2018). 2858:List of low emissions locomotives 1606:on-board diagnostic OBD-II system 725:center, unless such sites run on 45:This article has multiple issues. 3990:. Doa.alaska.gov. Archived from 3304:. Arb.ca.gov. September 24, 2004 3043:Daniel Patrascu (July 1, 2009). 2822: 2706:GVWR > 8500 lbs. exempt 1704:Pima County: 30 percent opacity 1547: 406:National Emissions Standards Act 213: 177: 75: 34: 4280:"Which Vehicles Must Be Tested" 4058:"Home :: AirCare Colorado" 3212:US EPA, OAR (August 12, 2016). 1672:≥6 model years old (Anchorage) 478:Clear Air Act Amendment of 1977 291:(NHTSA). These standards cover 285:Environmental Protection Agency 227:may be too short to adequately 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 4483:"Emission check program ended" 3730:California Air Resources Board 3411:Corporate Average Fuel Economy 3289:California Air Resources Board 2919:10.1080/00022470.1982.10465369 2783:Greater than 14,000 lbs. 2750:No emissions testing required 2745:No emissions testing required 2729:No emissions testing required 2724:No emissions testing required 2132:14,000 lbs+ (Heavy duty) 1655:No emissions testing required 1650:No emissions testing required 895:greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 884:California Air Resources Board 869:Corporate Average Fuel Economy 767:selective catalytic converters 558:California Air Resources Board 487:New vehicle emission standards 398:California Air Resources Board 325:California Air Resources Board 237:provide an accessible overview 1: 4120:"Massachusetts Vehicle Check" 3902:Budryk, Zack (May 13, 2022). 1189:Criteria Pollutant Regulation 1098:California emission standards 663:gross vehicular weight rating 4681:Renewable portfolio standard 4417:"Vehicle Inspection Program" 4038:. Azdeq.gov. January 1, 1997 3564:The National Academies Press 3116:. April 2010. Archived from 999:/mi by the 2026 model year. 733:Transitional NLEV: 1999–2003 697:– Ultra-low-emission vehicle 27:Vehicle emission regulations 4600:Energy in the United States 2700:newer than 1996 model year 2139:Heavy duty: J1667 Protocol 493:motor vehicle air pollution 420:(EPA) was formed out of an 346:Clean Air Act of 1963 (CAA) 313:European emission standards 5719: 5476:Vehicle emission standards 4509:"Vehicle emission testing" 3853:. EPA. September 18, 2019. 1578: 1472:Following the election of 963:vehicles by 5% each year. 844: 829: 804:Diesel particulate filters 771:diesel particulate filters 691:LEV – Low-emission vehicle 571: 335:Vehicle emission standards 5665: 3556:National Research Council 2900:Stern, Arther C. (1982). 2878:Vehicle emissions control 1789:Biennially when required 1183: 1180: 1123:California initiated its 1034:non-methane organic gases 356:Air Pollution Control Act 186:This article needs to be 5462:Greenhouse gas emissions 4671:Offshore drilling debate 4641:Energy Policy Act (2005) 4636:Energy Policy Act (1992) 4544:EPA Climate Change guide 4539:EPA Green Vehicles guide 3499:. Epa.gov. June 28, 2006 1522:groundskeeping equipment 1184:Adopted (by model year) 1136:greenhouse gas emissions 1038:non-methane hydrocarbons 761:allowed in gasoline and 4461:"Emissions Inspections" 4305:"DEQ Emissions Testing" 3627:. EPA. October 14, 2016 3000:Environment Law Commons 2863:Motor vehicle emissions 1840:Over 5 model years old 798:liquified petroleum gas 775:Ultra-low sulfur diesel 709:– Zero-emission vehicle 595:Two sets, or tiers, of 5467:State and territory CO 4122:. Massvehiclecheck.com 2944:(September 27, 2017). 1594: 1494: 1465:(Case 19-1239) in the 1115: 913:had sued the state of 834:– EPA diesel standards 794:compressed natural gas 459:photochemical oxidants 383: 5485:Governmental agencies 4666:Nuclear energy policy 4260:. City of Albuquerque 3497:"About EPA's Ratings" 3427:Fuel Economy | US EPA 3344:on September 15, 2007 3324:"Detroit News – Home" 1592: 1488: 1463:California v. Wheeler 1125:zero-emission vehicle 1109: 845:Further information: 830:Further information: 785:evaporative emissions 748:zero-emission vehicle 381: 352:Clean Air Act of 1963 305:particulate emissions 5450:Environmental issues 4375:. Clean Water Action 3482:. December 20, 2021. 3370:. September 13, 2007 1714:J1667 test protocol 1620:Light duty gasoline 1066:The ratings reflect 1048:Greenhouse gas score 1028:(HCHO), and various 851:Massachusetts v. EPA 554:District of Columbia 389:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit 95:improve this article 18:US Emission standard 4686:Secretary of Energy 4614:Energy independence 4236:"Emissions Testing" 4100:. State of Delaware 4062:aircarecolorado.com 3804:The Washington Post 3368:The Washington Post 3120:on February 4, 2011 2975:Oklahoma Law Review 2553:Biennially (OBDII) 2463:Biennially (OBDII) 2457:Biennially (OBDII) 2136:Medium Duty: OBDII 1843:Biennially (OBDII) 1817:Biennially (OBDII) 1613: 1599:chassis dynamometer 1008:Air pollution score 933:Light-duty vehicles 826:Heavy-duty vehicles 579:Light-duty vehicles 568:Criteria pollutants 5698:Emission standards 4656:Fossil fuels lobby 4441:. myfoxmemphis.com 3968:on August 30, 2012 3785:The New York Times 3732:. December 6, 2021 3536:. EPA. May 5, 2016 3174:. October 25, 2016 2951:The New York Times 2853:Emissions standard 1635:Emissions testing 1632:Heavy-duty diesel 1629:Emissions testing 1626:Light-duty diesel 1623:Emissions testing 1611: 1595: 1559:. You can help by 1495: 1459:California v. Chao 1116: 1018:particulate matter 742:Phase 2: 2004–2009 723:hydrogen reforming 678:emission standards 654:Phase 1: 1994–1999 640:particulate matter 632:oxides of nitrogen 597:emission standards 451:particulate matter 384: 293:tailpipe pollution 5680: 5679: 5445: 5444: 4691:Smart grid policy 4661:Hydropower policy 4651:Federal Power Act 3647:Federal Register, 3581:978-0-309-10151-6 3454:. March 31, 2020. 3423:"Gas Guzzler Tax" 3071:Green Car Reports 2813: 2812: 1577: 1576: 1445:Former President 1423: 1422: 1092:greenhouse effect 959:, if applicable. 272: 271: 264: 254: 253: 207: 206: 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 5710: 5187:Washington, D.C. 4892: 4646:Energy subsidies 4607:Politics and law 4593: 4586: 4579: 4570: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4369: 4363: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4352: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4232: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4193: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4146: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3994:on March 6, 2012 3984: 3978: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3727: 3719: 3713: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3688:. 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Wisconsin DMV 4507: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4400: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4371: 4370: 4366: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4284:epa.state.oh.us 4278: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4234: 4233: 4229: 4219: 4217: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4103: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4019: 4017: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3971: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3816: 3815: 3811: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3608: 3606: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3554: 3553: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3495: 3494: 3487: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3065: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3048: 3047:. Autoevolution 3042: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3025: 3024:. June 30, 2009 3016: 3015: 3011: 2997: 2996: 2987: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2942:Tabuchi, Hiroko 2940: 2939: 2935: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2886: 2828: 2821: 2818: 2138: 2131: 1718: 1716: 1706: 1583: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1557:needs expansion 1542: 1534:nitrogen oxides 1530:carbon monoxide 1518: 1483: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1172: 1129:plug-in hybrids 1100: 1089: 1081: 1073: 1050: 1022:carbon monoxide 1014:nitrogen oxides 1010: 1005: 998: 992:Executive Order 978: 969: 957:gas guzzler tax 940: 935: 907:DaimlerChrysler 874: 866: 862: 853: 843: 835: 828: 820: 812: 744: 735: 656: 637: 628:carbon monoxide 581: 576: 570: 489: 480: 439:carbon monoxide 422:executive order 414: 376: 362:under the then- 348: 343: 301:nitrogen oxides 297:carbon monoxide 268: 257: 256: 255: 250: 244: 241: 234: 222:This article's 218: 203: 197: 194: 191: 182: 178: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5716: 5714: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5685: 5684: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5674: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5494: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5457:CAFE standards 5453: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5357:North Carolina 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5147:South Carolina 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5112:North Carolina 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4819:North Carolina 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4616: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4588: 4581: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4529: 4528:External links 4526: 4523: 4522: 4500: 4487:ecology.wa.gov 4474: 4452: 4430: 4408: 4386: 4364: 4339: 4318: 4296: 4271: 4249: 4227: 4205: 4180: 4158: 4133: 4111: 4089: 4067: 4049: 4027: 4005: 3979: 3953: 3951:40 CFR §90.103 3944: 3935: 3913: 3894: 3875: 3856: 3842: 3828: 3809: 3790: 3771: 3743: 3714: 3707:42 U.S.C. 3699: 3674: 3657: 3638: 3616: 3587: 3580: 3572:10.17226/11586 3547: 3525: 3518:42 U.S.C. 3510: 3485: 3471: 3457: 3440: 3414: 3403: 3392:. autoblog.com 3381: 3355: 3329: 3315: 3293: 3280: 3256: 3230: 3204: 3185: 3153: 3131: 3105: 3083: 3058: 3035: 3009: 2985: 2964: 2933: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2771: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2735: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572:South Carolina 2568: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 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1651: 1648: 1646: 1640: 1639: 1638:Special notes 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1575: 1574: 1554: 1552: 1541: 1538: 1517: 1514: 1482: 1479: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192:GHG Regulation 1190: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1171: 1168: 1150: 1149: 1132: 1099: 1096: 1087: 1079: 1071: 1068:carbon dioxide 1049: 1046: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 996: 976: 968: 965: 953:CAFE standards 939: 936: 934: 931: 903:General Motors 888:greenhouse gas 886:passed strict 872: 864: 860: 857:carbon dioxide 849:(California), 842: 839: 827: 824: 819: 816: 811: 808: 790:electric motor 743: 740: 734: 731: 711: 710: 704: 698: 692: 689: 655: 652: 635: 585:driving cycles 580: 577: 572:Main article: 569: 566: 488: 485: 479: 476: 471: 470: 466: 447:sulfur dioxide 413: 410: 375: 372: 347: 344: 342: 339: 315:, which limit 270: 269: 252: 251: 231:the key points 221: 219: 212: 205: 204: 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 151:September 2009 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5715: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5673: 5672: 5671:Energy portal 5668: 5667: 5664: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5582: 5580:Organizations 5578: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5427:West Virginia 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5337:New Hampshire 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5302:Massachusetts 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5192:West Virginia 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5092:New Hampshire 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5052:Massachusetts 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917:Hydroelectric 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4869:West Virginia 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4784:Massachusetts 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4631:Energy policy 4629: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4587: 4582: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4475: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4328: 4322: 4319: 4306: 4300: 4297: 4289:September 26, 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4237: 4231: 4228: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4190: 4184: 4181: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4077: 4071: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4050: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4015: 4009: 4006: 3993: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3867: 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2965: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2830:Energy portal 2825: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2739:West Virginia 2737: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2523: 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2149: 2146: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2113:Massachusetts 2111: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1779: 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