713:(RIT), RASU, the Rangoon Medical College, and the Institute of Education took part in the march, which was supported by onlookers and monks. 50,000 people were present at the Kyaikkasan grounds for the final funeral rites. At 3 p.m., the time of the planned funeral procession, a group of monks handed U Thant's body to the students, who "announced through loudspeakers that they wished to ensure a fitting interment for Thant and criticized the Government's failure to do so". They drove the coffin to the RASU campus and placed it on a makeshift platform in its Convocation Hall. There, the students demanded that the government "find an appropriate burial site and construct a mausoleum befitting such a distinguished figure". Tyn Myint-U, U Thant's son-in-law, reports that thousands of students were present, and Selth notes that the Hall became a platform for left-wing students to make fiery political speeches against Ne Win and the government.
828:
necessities", and more broadly demonstrated that the BSPP had failed to fully develop into a people's party. Selth argues that "outside the armed forces, the regime could not claim the allegiance of any significant social group and that the BSPP's urban cadre failed to enforce law and order as it had to rely on the army to stop the riots." Moreover, he argues that the events showed a lack of "viable alternative leadership able to replace Ne Win and his supporters", and that even the monks had failed to use the protests to effectively challenge the government. Taylor similarly notes that the 1974 crisis was one of the last student-led political uprisings until the end of Ne Win's rule, except for protests during the 100th anniversary of nationalist
643:. For instance, scholar Donald Seekins notes that the funeral crisis was a reawakening of student political activism which had been otherwise dormant since Ne Win shut down the People's Peace Committee in November 1963 and the way that the protests spread from students to the general population was "a pattern that would be apparent on a much larger scale during the unrest of 1988". Historians have also pointed out the powerful symbolism of where the student activists entombed U Thant's body, which was the former site of the RASU Students Union, which had been demolished by the government during the July 1962 crackdown and was a daily reminder for students of those events.
31:
726:
leaders, the family, and government officials. The students leaders and the monks made a three-point proposal of building a mausoleum in
Kandawmin Park (Cantonment Park) at the foot of the famed Shwedagon Pagoda upon the return of the coffin, holding a state funeral befitting U Thant's stature, and granting amnesty to all students and citizens involved in the demonstration. The government agreed to the first and the third points of the proposal and refused the second. The family also did not endorse the second point of the proposal for fear of conflict and reprisal.
536:
457:
608:. Commentator Raja Arumugam argues that the transition was simply a "change of garb", and that Ne Win and his senior commanders merely retired from the army and became civilian government leaders. Moreover, as he contends, the implementation of the new constitution only legitimized the consolidation of military power through the BSPP.
814:
Student sources have claimed that over 100 of their number were killed in the demonstrations. Whatever the exact figure, few could argue with a United States
Embassy official who told international news agencies that 'The military has been very heavy-handed'. In his estimation the Government's casualty count was 'way too low'.
663:
on 1 December 1974. Neither an honour guard nor any official government representatives were present to receive the casket. It was driven to the
Kyaikkasan racetrack grounds past "increasing numbers of people" who had "lined the road 'in silent reverence and, one felt, abject humiliation'". There, it
526:
Citywide riots followed this crackdown, and the government declared martial law. Peace returned to the city by 15 December after the army cracked down on the rioters and protesters. According to official sources, thousands of protesters were arrested and at least eighteen died, but unofficial figures
796:
Reported arrest and casualty figures differ greatly. Selth states that about 2,900 people were arrested but does not mention any fatalities. Maung cites students' accounts that the army killed so many students that "the blood of the dead students flowed in a river on campus and when it congealed, it
766:
200,000), and activist leaders delivered increasingly inflammatory speeches at the mausoleum that not only disclosed scandalous details about Ne Win's private life, but also called for the overthrow of his "fascist" regime. They repeatedly pointed out the contrast between U Thant as a "man of peace"
676:
The way that the body had been received by the government had led to significant unhappiness among the
Burmese public and was a major cause of the events that followed. A commonly cited reason that Ne Win's government refused to provide a state funeral to U Thant is that he held a grudge against for
624:
The public anger aroused by the savage response to these disturbances was soon aggravated by revelations that large quantities of undistributed food, clothing and medicines were rotting in government stockpiles. In addition, widespread floods that August severely reduced the rice harvest, leading to
823:
The violence died down by 15 December, and the military's lockdown on the city eased over the week that followed. House searches and arrests still occurred. 2,000 were questioned, half of whom were students, but unofficial figures ran as high as 7,000. According to official figures, 196 were jailed
788:
Around 2 a.m. on 11 December, a large number of soldiers and policemen broke the gates down with heavy machinery and stormed the campus. Tear gas and baton charges dispersed the students, and despite some resistance, the security forces gained control of the campus by 3 a.m. By 4 a.m., the officers
752:
My family prostrated themselves on the ground before the casket, together with the many young men and women nearby. What seemed like all
Rangoon was lined up along the broad avenues from the campus to the Shwedagon Pagoda a couple of miles away. But it was all not to be. At the last moment the more
739:
The students at the meeting with the family and the government were from what Tyn dubs the "Convocation Hall Group", composed of RASU students. There was, however, another "rival" group of students from the RIT, the "Mandalay Hostel Group", which were against returning the body to the family. These
725:
The student leaders cast votes on the issue of surrendering the body to the family and the votes of the eleven leaders were seven to four in favor. The four negative votes were cast by the two brothers and two other R.I.T. student leaders. A meeting was held at the Town Hall attended by the student
800:
The crackdown sparked mass riots in
Rangoon. Angered by the authorities' treatment of the students, angry crowds attacked police stations, set vehicles ablaze, and damaged markets and cinemas. Government buildings, including the Ministry of Cooperatives, Road Transport Corporation, and the Housing
634:
Selth notes that the funeral crisis " to be forgotten, or dismissed as a mere footnote in
Burmese history". Nevertheless, some historical accounts of the funeral crisis frame its causes in terms of political repression, economic failure, and as part of a broader struggle for democracy and freedom.
771:
The mood on the ground was a mix of solidarity and exhilaration as the tone of the speeches became increasingly defiant of the government. As state intervention loomed, however, students armed with sticks formed "suicide squads" to guard the campus entrances, and "moving speeches were made on the
813:
A Thai newspaper quoted one
Burmese mortician who claimed personally to have examined nearly 50 bodies on the first day. Steinberg states that 13 were killed and 70 wounded, but also cites rumours of over 1000 dead, buried in an unmarked mass grave near the Mingaladon military cantonment area.
804:
The authorities declared martial law and a state of emergency at 4 p.m. Troops entered the city along with armored cars and tanks. With "brutal efficiency", the army fired upon crowds and arrested protesters. State-controlled media described the situation as widespread "mob rule". A curfew was
779:
denounced the students for reneging on their agreement and declared that the students had gone against the wishes of U Thant's family. Furthermore, it charged that the students had illegally used the government's construction materials and occupied the university site (on which to build their
757:
The family fled in fear of a riot. The students entombed the body in the mausoleum they had built, and locked and barricaded the entrances to the campus. Students and monks guarded the entrances and prevented anyone with weapons or cameras from entering. For the next five days, students made
827:
The political implications of the incident mainly revolve around the state of the BSPP government and its reliance on the military to exercise its power. Arumugam argues that the riots were evidence of "urban discontent over the government's failure to provide the people with adequate basic
808:
According to the government, 2,887 persons were arrested, while Taylor reports that 1,800 arrests were made. Fatality figures are also uncertain. While the official figures of dead and wounded, as reported by Taylor, were 9 dead and 74 injured, other sources paint a much more grim picture:
696:
Thant Myint-U reports that Ne Win even sacked his deputy education minister for suggesting to the cabinet that the day of the funeral be made a holiday. Robert Taylor, however, posits that Ne Win's ire at U Thant had lessened over time, and that he had no role in the funeral arrangements.
519:, but before this could happen, another group of student activists took the body to a mausoleum they had constructed at the site of the demolished RASU Students Union building. On 11 December, the government stormed the university grounds, seized the body, and entombed it at the
515:(RASU) took his body away from the official funeral procession and marched it to the university campus where they held their own ceremony for him. The students, Thant's family, and the government came to an agreement to bury the body in a new mausoleum next to the
767:
and the BSPP state as a government that ruled the country through the barrel of a gun. Some students proclaimed the establishment of a "People's Party" as an alternative to the BSPP, though the latter was under the new constitution the only legal political party.
688:
at the time. It was the first time that a call for the overthrow of a UN member state government had been made inside the UN. U Thant was aghast and told U Nu that his action was inappropriate. Ne Win was furious and convinced that U Thant had been plotting with
693:. The general told his men to consider U Thant an "enemy of the state." U Thant flew to Rangoon to explain but Ne Win refused to see him. The rancor was such that U Thant, still officially the country's top diplomat, had difficulty renewing his passport.
758:
passionate speeches at the steps of the
Convocation Hall. They denounced Ne Win and the way he treated U Thant's remains, and spoke about democracy, peace, and freedom. The site had become a veritable "revolutionary center". As Seekins describes:
743:
On 8 December, the coffin was brought to this mausoleum "as a gesture toward the students who had wished him interred there". Draped by the UN flag, it was placed on a dais and surrounded by golden umbrellas, a multicoloured
730:
In contrast, Tyn Myint-U states that he had persuaded the student leaders that a state funeral was no necessary as U Thant had already retired from the UN, and that the students had agreed because Tyn was a family member.
293:
646:
In contrast, historian Robert Taylor holds a different view of the funeral crisis. He writes that the student activists were linked to "amorphous but potent" underground political organisations linked to the
619:
rains and flooding. These economic and political conditions cumulated in workers' strikes in May and June 1974, as well as subsequent rioting and a violent crackdown. According to Burma scholar Andrew Selth:
677:
being a close ally of U Nu. Some historians specifically point towards an incident in 1969 in which U Nu denounced the Ne Win regime at the United
Nations in front of the press as further evidence for this.
558:, the first prime minister of Burma. As the Secretary of Projects for the Prime Minister's office, Thant accompanied Nu on several official trips overseas. Thant also represented Burma at the 1952
668:, U Thant's grandson who was eight years old at the time, a large number of members of the public came to pay their respects. Others put the figure in the thousands or in the tens of thousands.
967:
936:
1214:
801:
Board were also damaged. An official government report states that "38 offices, 4 police stations, 11 cinemas, 65 cars, 4 motorcycles, a diesel train, and 15 traffic posts" were damaged.
1366:
721:
On 6 December, a meeting was held with U Thant's family, a group of student activists from the RASU, and government officials. Accounts of this negotiation differ. Mya Maung writes:
709:
on 5 December. The relative insignificance of the burial site reportedly angered student activists. As such, they had organised themselves to march to the grounds. Students from the
187:
740:
RIT students had begun construction of a mausoleum at the site of the old Students Union building, which had great political and historical significance for the student activists.
611:
Against the backdrop of these political developments, popular discontent against the government grew due to high prices and food shortages. Additionally, rice production along the
1361:
1371:
219:
1266:
780:
mausoleum) without authorisation. There was a two-day lull during which state-owned newspapers and radio kept up a constant barrage of denunciations against the students.
1391:
575:
578:
for the remainder of Hammarskjöld's term. His term was extended in 1962 to five years from the day he took office, and he stood unopposed for a second term in 1966.
651:, and that students were "often a focus of their activities" and "needed little encouragement when given a cause with which to rally opposition to the government".
567:
442:
269:
772:
theme of liberty or death which left the people gathered on the campus in tears". On the night of 10 December, as many as 2,000 people guarded the mausoleum.
1401:
1351:
1396:
180:
959:
1441:
1291:
928:
1206:
497:
342:
1386:
1326:
1306:
173:
281:
1311:
264:
396:
1381:
625:
further food shortages and price increases. As the end of 1974 approached, feelings against Ne Win and the Government were running high.
332:
1411:
447:
1043:
403:
30:
1262:
753:
radical student faction seized the coffin yet again with the intent of burying U Thant at the Student Union site, no matter what.
640:
585:. Remaining in New York, he became a Senior Fellow at the Adlai Stevenson Institute of International Affairs and was awarded the
376:
1321:
710:
601:
559:
1436:
1376:
415:
364:
359:
354:
797:
was taken in bags and pockets by the people". Robert Taylor, in contrast, claims that "no-one was killed and few injured".
337:
214:
1236:
554:
Before holding the role of UN Secretary-General from 1961 to 1971, Thant was a civil servant under the administration of
1431:
1356:
776:
660:
420:
1421:
1406:
1336:
1331:
805:
imposed from 6 p.m. to 6 a.m. and special courts were established to swiftly mete out punishments to those involved.
586:
317:
1416:
790:
520:
648:
508:
410:
327:
605:
307:
127:
234:
1341:
1316:
106:
789:
broke open the mausoleum and retrieved the casket. Early the next morning, the casket was buried at the
437:
259:
247:
110:
582:
512:
300:
242:
1426:
1346:
829:
571:
1100:
1013:
762:
Ordinary citizens flocked to the university to give donations to the demonstrators (an estimated
563:
391:
604:(BSPP) government from military to ostensible civilian rule, and the same year that it adopted
1039:
748:, the flag of the banned Students Union, and a UN flag. Unexpectedly for the family, however:
425:
254:
1092:
1005:
706:
516:
481:
322:
197:
102:
612:
312:
224:
996:
Arumugam, Raja Segaran (1 January 1975). "Burma: A Political and Economic Background".
501:
461:
286:
229:
824:
for rioting and destroying public property, and 100 to 200 were charged with treason.
1300:
745:
665:
636:
386:
276:
916:. Griffith University, Brisbane: Centre for the Study of Australia-Asian Relations.
763:
659:
Escorted by family members and UN personnel, U Thant's body reached Rangoon's
1240:
539:
U Thant, the third Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1961 to 1971
535:
1017:
680:
Thant Myint-U stated that the press conference was arranged entirely by
1104:
616:
549:
493:
489:
84:
68:
685:
598:
1165:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 411–460.
1096:
1009:
589:
in 1972. On 25 November 1974, he died of complications from cancer.
581:
In December 1971, Thant stepped down after being hospitalised for a
488:) was a series of protests and riots in the then-Burmese capital of
1083:
Silverstein, Josef (1976). "Students in Southeast Asian Politics".
165:
635:
Some authors see it as part of a larger pattern that includes the
534:
72:
914:
Death of a Hero: The U Thant Disturbances in Burma, December 1974
94:
State funeral at the old site of Rangoon University Student Union
690:
681:
555:
511:
refusal to give him a state funeral, student activists from the
169:
684:
and without permission from U Thant who was on a mission in
597:
Thant's death occurred only two years after a transition of
1189:
The River of Lost Footsteps: A Personal History of Burma
156:
148:
140:
135:
116:
98:
90:
79:
63:
40:
23:
705:The government had planned to bury U Thant in the
83:Government's refusal to hold a state funeral for
811:
760:
750:
723:
622:
574:was killed in a plane crash in 1961, Thant was
1367:Attacks on buildings and structures in Myanmar
1263:"1974 U Thant uprising – a first hand account"
568:Permanent Representative to the United Nations
630:Relationship with the 1962 and 1988 uprisings
181:
8:
1362:Attacks on universities and colleges in Asia
664:lay in state until 5 December. According to
1372:Attacks on buildings and structures in 1974
1191:. New York City: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1139:. New York City: Praeger. pp. 145–170.
1038:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
991:
989:
987:
985:
188:
174:
166:
29:
20:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
566:in Indonesia. In 1957, he became Burma's
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
1392:Attacks on police stations in the 1970s
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
841:
1200:
1198:
1029:
1027:
1269:from the original on 25 February 2014
1163:General Ne Win: A Political Biography
7:
1292:Photos of the U Thant funeral crisis
1217:from the original on 3 February 2017
513:Rangoon Arts and Sciences University
1402:Attacks on office buildings in Asia
1352:Riots and civil disorder in Myanmar
1070:State and Society in Modern Rangoon
958:Whitman, Alden (26 November 1974).
1397:Attacks on police stations in Asia
927:Tanner, Henry (15 November 1971).
576:appointed acting Secretary-General
14:
970:from the original on 7 April 2018
960:"U Thant Is Dead of Cancer at 65"
939:from the original on 28 June 2021
929:"Two are Pushed for Thant's Post"
641:1962 Rangoon University protests
455:
220:China–Myanmar border (1960–1961)
1442:Political repression in Myanmar
1239:. Asian Tribune. Archived from
711:Rangoon Institute of Technology
602:Burma Socialist Programme Party
1034:John F., Cady (January 1976).
672:Controversy over Ne Win's role
593:Political and economic context
35:Final resting place of U Thant
1:
509:Burmese military government's
1387:20th-century political riots
1327:December 1974 events in Asia
1307:Internal conflict in Myanmar
793:below the Shwedagon Pagoda.
775:That night, the state-owned
52:– 11 December 1974
1312:Student protests in Myanmar
1072:. New York City: Routledge.
1036:The United States and Burma
16:Protests and riots in Burma
1458:
1382:1974 in the United Nations
1207:"The Last Days of U Thant"
777:Burma Broadcasting Service
547:
492:triggered by the death of
448:ethnic armed organisations
123:Riots violently suppressed
1412:Arson attacks on vehicles
1137:The Burma Road to Poverty
791:Kandawmin Garden Mausolea
570:. When Secretary-General
521:Kandawmin Garden Mausolea
485:
207:
44:1 December 1974
28:
1068:Seekins, Donald (2011).
649:Communist Party of Burma
615:declined due to intense
1187:Thant, Myint-U (2007).
1161:Taylor, Robert (2015).
998:Southeast Asian Affairs
498:third Secretary-General
1322:20th century in Yangon
1237:"Peace Eludes U Thant"
912:Selth, Andrew (1989).
816:
769:
755:
728:
627:
540:
474:U Thant funeral crisis
120:Government crackdown
24:U Thant funeral crisis
1437:Vehicle fires in Asia
1377:Controversies in Asia
538:
504:on 25 November 1974.
215:Communist (1948–1988)
111:nonviolent resistance
735:Second coffin snatch
671:
404:Anti-Muslim violence
301:Bombings and attacks
1432:1970s fires in Asia
1357:Attacks on funerals
1135:Maung, Mya (1991).
830:Thakin Kodaw Hmaing
784:Crackdown and riots
701:First coffin snatch
560:UN General Assembly
507:In response to the
1422:Arson in the 1970s
1407:Attacks on cinemas
1337:Funerals by person
1332:1974 controversies
964:The New York Times
933:The New York Times
661:Mingaladon Airport
606:a new constitution
564:Bandung Conference
541:
462:Myanmar portal
126:Public funeral at
819:End of the crisis
527:are much higher.
469:
468:
164:
163:
128:Cantonment Garden
1449:
1417:Arson in Myanmar
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1243:on 18 March 2018
1233:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1109:
1108:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1065:
1050:
1049:
1031:
1022:
1021:
993:
980:
979:
977:
975:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
924:
918:
917:
909:
707:Kyandaw Cemetery
572:Dag Hammarskjöld
517:Shwedagon Pagoda
487:
486:ဦးသန့် အရေးအခင်း
460:
459:
458:
202:
200:
199:Myanmar conflict
190:
183:
176:
167:
103:Civil resistance
59:
57:
51:
49:
33:
21:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1186:
1185:
1170:
1160:
1159:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1112:
1097:10.2307/2756065
1085:Pacific Affairs
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1066:
1053:
1046:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1010:10.1355/SEAA75F
995:
994:
983:
973:
971:
957:
956:
952:
942:
940:
926:
925:
921:
911:
910:
843:
838:
821:
786:
737:
719:
703:
674:
657:
632:
613:Irrawaddy River
595:
552:
546:
533:
470:
465:
456:
454:
452:
294:Northeast India
210:Armed conflicts
203:
198:
196:
194:
75:
55:
53:
47:
45:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1455:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1287:
1286:External links
1284:
1281:
1280:
1254:
1228:
1205:Myint-U, Tyn.
1194:
1168:
1142:
1110:
1091:(2): 189–212.
1075:
1051:
1044:
1023:
981:
950:
919:
840:
839:
837:
834:
820:
817:
785:
782:
736:
733:
718:
715:
702:
699:
673:
670:
656:
653:
631:
628:
594:
591:
587:UN Peace Medal
583:bleeding ulcer
548:Main article:
545:
542:
532:
529:
502:United Nations
478:U Thant crisis
467:
466:
451:
450:
445:
440:
432:Related topics
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
368:
367:
362:
357:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
297:
296:
291:
290:
289:
282:post-2021 coup
279:
274:
273:
272:
267:
262:
252:
251:
250:
245:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
208:
205:
204:
195:
193:
192:
185:
178:
170:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
133:
132:
131:
130:
124:
118:
114:
113:
107:demonstrations
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
81:
77:
76:
67:
65:
61:
60:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1454:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:1974 protests
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:1974 in Burma
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1045:9780674493247
1041:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
988:
986:
982:
969:
965:
961:
954:
951:
938:
934:
930:
923:
920:
915:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
842:
835:
833:
831:
825:
818:
815:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
792:
783:
781:
778:
773:
768:
765:
759:
754:
749:
747:
746:Buddhist flag
741:
734:
732:
727:
722:
716:
714:
712:
708:
700:
698:
694:
692:
687:
683:
678:
669:
667:
666:Thant Myint-U
662:
654:
652:
650:
644:
642:
638:
637:1988 uprising
629:
626:
621:
618:
614:
609:
607:
603:
600:
592:
590:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:and the 1955
561:
557:
551:
544:About U Thant
543:
537:
530:
528:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
483:
479:
475:
464:
463:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
433:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
407:
406:
405:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
373:
372:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
351:
350:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
302:
295:
292:
288:
285:
284:
283:
280:
278:
275:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
256:
253:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
206:
201:
191:
186:
184:
179:
177:
172:
171:
168:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
129:
125:
122:
121:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1271:. Retrieved
1257:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1210:
1188:
1162:
1136:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1035:
1001:
997:
972:. Retrieved
963:
953:
941:. Retrieved
932:
922:
913:
826:
822:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
774:
770:
761:
756:
751:
742:
738:
729:
724:
720:
717:Negotiations
704:
695:
679:
675:
658:
645:
633:
623:
610:
596:
580:
553:
525:
506:
477:
473:
471:
453:
431:
430:
426:2016–present
402:
401:
397:2021–present
381:
370:
369:
349:Coup d'états
348:
347:
299:
298:
270:2016–present
209:
18:
655:The funeral
117:Resulted in
1427:1974 fires
1347:1974 riots
1301:Categories
1273:26 January
1247:26 January
836:References
531:Background
443:combatants
438:ceasefires
136:Casualties
56:1974-12-11
48:1974-12-01
1004:: 41–48.
832:in 1976.
392:2007–2008
265:1991–1992
235:Karen–Mon
80:Caused by
1267:Archived
1221:17 April
1215:Archived
1018:27908240
968:Archived
937:Archived
639:and the
599:Ne Win's
371:Protests
255:Rohingya
157:Arrested
149:Injuries
141:Death(s)
64:Location
1211:Mizzima
1105:2756065
617:monsoon
550:U Thant
500:of the
494:U Thant
490:Rangoon
482:Burmese
239:Kokang
160:Unknown
152:Unknown
144:Unknown
99:Methods
85:U Thant
69:Rangoon
54: (
46: (
1103:
1042:
1016:
974:7 June
943:7 June
686:Africa
496:, the
225:Kachin
1101:JSTOR
1014:JSTOR
230:Karen
91:Goals
73:Burma
1275:2014
1249:2014
1223:2017
1040:ISBN
1002:1975
976:2023
945:2023
691:U Nu
682:U Nu
556:U Nu
472:The
421:2015
416:2013
411:2012
387:1988
382:1974
377:1962
365:2021
360:1988
355:1962
343:2018
338:2013
333:2010
328:2005
323:2003
318:1999
313:1983
308:1947
287:2023
277:Shan
260:1978
248:2015
243:2009
41:Date
1093:doi
1006:doi
476:or
1303::
1265:.
1213:.
1209:.
1197:^
1171:^
1145:^
1113:^
1099:.
1089:49
1087:.
1054:^
1026:^
1012:.
1000:.
984:^
966:.
962:.
935:.
931:.
844:^
523:.
484::
109:,
105:,
71:,
1277:.
1251:.
1225:.
1107:.
1095::
1048:.
1020:.
1008::
978:.
947:.
764:K
480:(
189:e
182:t
175:v
58:)
50:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
