31:
30:
198:
723:
347:, although some of it is in Arabic as well, demonstrating his high education. His satire is generally divided into three topics: religion, politics, and ethics. In regards to religion, he criticizes the clergy for their hypocrisy, such as meddling in other people's lives and especially hijacking the right to reprehend freethinkers. Ubayd's most famous work is
148:("Mouse and Cat"), a political satire which attacks religious hypocrisy. Although a highly popular figure in his own time, Ubayd's work received little attention from modern scholars until recently, due to provocative and bawdy texts in the majority of his works. His style of satire has been compared to the French
176:
at the start of the
Islamic era. The Zakani family was made up of two branches; one being notable for its field in religion, while the other, to which Ubayd belonged, consisted of landowners and bureaucrats. Ubayd himself was born in Qazvin, most likely before 1319. Iran was then under
2802:
Contemporary
Persian and Classical Persian are the same language, but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary. At one time, Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world. Today it is the official language of
353:("Mouse and Cat"), a political satire which attacks religious hypocrisy. The work was considered risky, due to being made during a time where one could face death for criticizing religious leaders.
335:), to whom he dedicated several panegyrics. Ubayd had little love for his hometown Qazvin, preferring Shiraz instead. He died sometime between 1369 and 1371, possibly in Shiraz.
324:
for the deceased Abu Ishaq Inju, who had been his most important patron. He later returned to Shiraz during the reign of
Mubariz al-Din Muhammad's son and successor
2842:
2832:
756:
809:
2882:
2862:
299:) captured Shiraz and had Abu Ishaq Inju executed. Ubayd was consequently forced to leave Shiraz, most likely leaving for the domains of the
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683:
592:
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804:
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1844:
864:
1952:
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1655:
742:
1134:
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1927:
1733:
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1957:
884:
828:
222:(1329) as a gifted poet and a well-educated writer. This comment was made in the same year as the composition of
1415:
1238:
2457:
2400:
2341:
230:, was a compilation of proverbs of prophets and sages. After the fall of the Ilkhanate in 1335, Ubayd fled to
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110:
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35:
A compilation of works by Ubayd Zakani and Fakhr al-Din Bushaq-e a'tima (died 1420). From a manuscript of
2567:
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1154:
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844:
1974:
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383:, Ubayd was "perhaps the most remarkable parodist and satirical writer produced by Persia." Ubayd and
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960:
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874:
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273:. Ubayd also dedicated some of his poems to Abu Ishaq Inju's minister Rukn al-din Amid al-Mulk.
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36:
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2405:
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1605:
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164:
Ubayd was from the Zakani family, which was descended from the Banu
Khafaja, an
2808:
2512:
2420:
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1902:
1337:
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1149:
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653:
621:
384:
254:
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990:
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276:
Ubayd was part of Abu Ishaq Inju's circle of poets, which included an elder
206:
182:
54:
722:
1549:
1256:
1029:
986:
370:
153:
667:
Being Funny Is Not that Funny: Contemporary
Editorial Cartooning in Iran
2062:
1278:
1202:
1144:
849:
269:
1271:
629:
1709:
1489:
1286:
1052:
1042:
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316:
239:
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227:
169:
67:
50:
1741:
1474:
1172:
321:
281:
196:
669:. Vol. 79. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 117–144.
387:(d. 1926) are considered the most illustrious Iranian satirists.
2804:
1523:
1420:
365:. His work has been compared to that of the 18th-century French
173:
165:
1771:
942:
826:
776:
738:
531:
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242:
control. There he joined the court of the Injuid ruler
610:
Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies
608:
Haidari, A. A. (1986). "A Medieval
Persian Satirist".
115:
2756:
2710:
2616:
2442:
2360:
2251:
2142:
2122:
2106:
2050:
2004:
1988:
1795:
1782:
1702:
1667:
1598:
1566:
1501:
1457:
1330:
1211:
1061:
969:
953:
226:, one of Ubayd's first works. The book, written in
216:, who was a fellow Qazvini, describes Ubayd in his
85:
77:
60:
44:
21:
678:. University of Washington Press. pp. 1–182.
591:
361:Ubayd is regarded as one of the best satirists in
253:), to whom he wrote a considerable segment of his
185:) rule, widely considered to be the golden age of
805:Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress
138:era, regarded as one of the best satirists in
750:
125:
8:
518:
201:Map showing the political situation in the
1792:
1779:
1768:
950:
939:
823:
810:Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island
773:
757:
743:
735:
599:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
117:Ḵwājeh Niẓām al-Dīn ʿUbayd Allāh al-Zākānī
98:Khwajeh Nizam al-Din Ubayd Allah al-Zakani
29:
18:
2811:and one of the two official languages of
479:
429:
205:in 1345, ten years after the fall of the
658:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 5
535:
494:
467:
446:
395:
574:
562:
550:
16:14th-century Persian poet and satirist
2843:Obscenity controversies in literature
7:
616:(1). University of London: 117–127.
506:
2833:14th-century Persian-language poets
652:Khorramshahi, Baha'-al-Din (2002).
126:
106:خواجه نظام الدین عبید الله الزاکانی
105:
654:"Hafez ii. Hafez's life and times"
14:
845:Counsels of Adurbad-e Mahrspandan
721:
212:The contemporary Persian writer
2774:Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi
2205:Mohammad Hanif (Iranian writer)
330:
309:
294:
248:
2883:Iranian people of Arab descent
1845:Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani
865:Karnamak-i Artaxshir-i Papakan
1:
1953:Mohammad-Reza Shafiei Kadkani
1193:Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al-Daylami
168:tribe that had immigrated to
2863:14th-century Iranian writers
120:; d. 1370), better known as
1656:Mohammad Qoli Salim Tehrani
693:Meneghini, Daniela (2008).
343:Most of Ubayd's work is in
116:
2899:
1734:Mirza Mohammad Taqi Sepehr
676:Shiraz in the Age of Hafez
590:de Bruijn, J.T.P. (2002).
142:. His most famous work is
2800:
1958:Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar
1778:
1767:
1494:Emad al-Din Faqih Kermani
949:
938:
885:Shahrestanha-ye Eranshahr
835:
822:
785:
772:
665:Kowsar, Nikahang (2012).
622:10.1017/S0041977X00042531
257:, and also his acclaimed
28:
2873:Poets from the Ilkhanate
2373:Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh
1416:Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo
1239:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
1135:Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani
795:Old Persian inscriptions
314:), to whom he dedicated
284:. However, in 1357, the
2723:Houshang Moradi Kermani
2327:Houshang Moradi Kermani
2322:Jaafar Modarres-Sadeghi
2307:Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh
2218:Zeyn al-Abedin Maraghei
1718:Zayn al-Abidin Shirvani
1692:Abbas Foroughi Bastami
381:Edward Granville Browne
290:Mubariz al-Din Muhammad
39:, dated April/May 1540.
2868:Jalayirid-period poets
2838:Censorship in the arts
2175:Ghassem Hashemi Nezhad
1726:Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
1347:Shams al-Din Qays Razi
1090:Khwaja Abdullah Ansari
706:Wing, Patrick (2014).
674:Limbert, John (2004).
603:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
320:. Ubayd also wrote an
209:
2711:Children's literature
2568:Rasoul Mollagholipour
2458:Rakhshan Bani-E'temad
2401:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
2396:Alireza Koushk Jalali
2342:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
2228:Shahriyar Mandanipour
1470:Shah Ni'matullah Wali
1314:Kamal al-Din Esfahani
1155:Ayn-al-Quzat Hamadani
926:Shikand-gumanig Vizar
909:Anthology of Zadspram
712:Encyclopaedia Iranica
699:Encyclopaedia Iranica
645:registration required
200:
2608:Sohrab Shahid-Saless
2473:Pouran Derakhshandeh
2453:Mohammad Reza Aslani
2391:Amir Reza Koohestani
2150:Ali Mohammad Afghani
1820:Mohammad Reza Aslani
1749:Mahmud Saba Kashani
1485:Fazlallah Astarabadi
1361:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1356:Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī
1306:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1188:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1002:Abu Tahir Khosrovani
790:Behistun Inscription
326:Shah Shoja Mozaffari
305:Shaykh Uways Jalayir
2878:Injuid-period poets
2533:Varuzh Karim-Masihi
2272:Abolhassan Etessami
2190:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
2042:Abdul Ali Mustaghni
2027:Khalilullah Khalili
1967:Manouchehr Sheybani
1943:Tahereh Saffarzadeh
1850:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
1807:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
1449:Zu'l-Fiqar Shirvani
1294:Faramarz-e Khodadad
880:Shabuhragan of Mani
660:. pp. 465–469.
565:, pp. 119–120.
521:, pp. 465–469.
373:. According to the
2853:People from Qazvin
2677:Ebrahim Pourdavoud
2662:Ahmad Kamyabi Mask
2632:Najaf Daryabandari
2493:Behrouz Gharibpour
2337:Shahrnush Parsipur
2312:Aboutorab Khosravi
2214:Aboutorab Khosravi
2078:Gulrukhsor Safieva
1996:Edward Haghverdian
1660:Rasa Salim Tehrani
1379:Abu'l Majd Tabrizi
1366:Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi
1022:Abusaeid Abolkheir
961:Muhammad ibn Wasif
916:Zand-i Wahman yasn
875:Dana-i Menog Khrat
860:Book of Arda Viraf
766:Persian literature
363:Persian literature
214:Hamdallah Mustawfi
210:
140:Persian literature
72:Muzaffarid kingdom
2848:Iranian satirists
2820:
2819:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2743:Farhad Hasanzadeh
2682:Hamid Samandarian
2623:Amrollah Abjadian
2588:Fereydoun Rahnema
2553:Mohsen Makhmalbaf
2538:Samuel Khachikian
2523:Ebrahim Hatamikia
2434:Mohammad Yaghoubi
2430:Mirza Aqa Tabrizi
2297:Houshang Golshiri
2210:Houshang Golshiri
2170:Mahshid Amirshahi
2155:Ghazaleh Alizadeh
2138:
2137:
2073:Abolqasem Lahouti
2068:Iskandar Khatloni
1981:Fereydoon Moshiri
1928:Mohammad Mokhtari
1888:Forugh Farrokhzad
1840:Manouchehr Atashi
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1695:
1684:
1647:
1643:Abdul-Qādir Bēdil
1636:
1623:
1615:
1586:
1582:Muhtasham Kashani
1578:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1434:Nozhat al-Majales
1430:
1388:
1375:
1371:Mahmud Shabistari
1338:Abu Tahir Tarsusi
1323:
1310:
1302:
1291:
1283:
1275:
1243:
1224:Suzani Samarqandi
1168:Abu-al-Faraj Runi
1159:
1131:
1123:
1119:Masud Sa'd Salman
1115:
1107:
1094:
1086:
1078:
1034:
1026:
997:Abu Shakur Balkhi
934:
933:
870:Cube of Zoroaster
840:Ayadgar-i Zariran
818:
817:
593:"ʿUbayd-I Zākānī"
519:Khorramshahi 2002
114:
95:
94:
2890:
2764:Aydin Aghdashloo
2593:Rasul Sadr Ameli
2583:Kambuzia Partovi
2543:Abbas Kiarostami
2528:Abdolreza Kahani
2508:Ebrahim Golestan
2488:Farrokh Ghaffari
2483:Bahman Farmanara
2416:Abbas Nalbandian
2292:Ebrahim Golestan
2259:Jalal Al-e-Ahmad
2195:Soudabeh Fazaeli
2093:Mirzo Tursunzoda
2088:Payrav Sulaymoni
1923:Shams Langeroodi
1879:Parviz Eslampour
1835:Aminollah Rezaei
1802:Ahmadreza Ahmadi
1793:
1780:
1769:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1693:
1682:
1651:Naw'i Khabushani
1645:
1634:
1621:
1613:
1584:
1576:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1480:Abu Ali Qalandar
1428:
1386:
1373:
1321:
1308:
1300:
1289:
1281:
1269:
1262:Najm al-Din Razi
1241:
1157:
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1032:
1024:
951:
940:
905:Dadestan-i Denig
824:
774:
759:
752:
745:
736:
731:
726:
725:
715:
702:
689:
670:
661:
648:
641:
604:
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572:
566:
560:
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548:
539:
533:
522:
516:
510:
504:
498:
492:
483:
477:
471:
465:
450:
444:
433:
427:
334:
333: 1358–1384
332:
313:
312: 1356–1374
311:
298:
297: 1314–1358
296:
252:
251: 1343–1357
250:
224:Nawādir al-amṯāl
129:
128:
119:
109:
107:
33:
19:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2788:
2779:Ehsan Yarshater
2752:
2738:Poopak NikTalab
2706:
2697:Ahmad Tafazzoli
2612:
2603:Parviz Shahbazi
2558:Dariush Mehrjui
2518:Abolfazl Jalili
2438:
2356:
2317:Mostafa Mastoor
2282:Simin Daneshvar
2247:
2243:Iraj Pezeshkzad
2238:Mansour Koushan
2185:Simin Daneshvar
2134:
2118:
2102:
2046:
2000:
1984:
1975:She'r-e Nimaa'i
1938:Yadollah Royaee
1913:Siavash Kasraie
1893:Hossein Monzavi
1883:Parvin E'tesami
1870:Hushang Ebtehaj
1860:Simin Behbahani
1815:Qeysar Aminpour
1791:
1774:
1755:
1698:
1688:Neshat Esfahani
1663:
1619:Asir-e Esfahani
1594:
1562:
1497:
1453:
1406:Bahram-e-Pazhdo
1343:Awhadi Maraghai
1326:
1252:Falaki Shirvani
1229:Hassan Ghaznavi
1207:
1203:Mahsati Ganjavi
1163:Uthman Mukhtari
1057:
965:
945:
930:
921:Drakht-i Asurig
831:
814:
781:
768:
763:
727:
720:
705:
695:"ʿObayd Zākāni"
692:
686:
673:
664:
651:
642:
607:
589:
586:
581:
573:
569:
561:
557:
549:
542:
534:
525:
517:
513:
505:
501:
493:
486:
478:
474:
466:
453:
445:
436:
428:
397:
393:
359:
341:
329:
308:
293:
247:
219:Tarikh-i guzida
203:Iranian plateau
195:
162:
65:
49:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
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2845:
2840:
2835:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
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2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2748:Ramak NikTalab
2745:
2740:
2735:
2733:Hengameh Mofid
2730:
2728:Babak NikTalab
2725:
2720:
2718:Samad Behrangi
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2657:Saleh Hosseini
2654:
2652:Ramak NikTalab
2649:
2647:Sadegh Hedayat
2644:
2639:
2637:Mohammad Ghazi
2634:
2629:
2627:Jaleh Amouzgar
2624:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2598:Mohammad Sadri
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Reza Mirkarimi
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Bahman Ghobadi
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:Asghar Farhadi
2475:
2470:
2468:Hajir Darioush
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:Hengameh Mofid
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2377:Mohsen Yalfani
2375:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2347:Bahram Sadeghi
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:Sadegh Hedayat
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:Nader Ebrahimi
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:Reza Amirkhani
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2130:Muhammad Iqbal
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2098:Satim Ulugzade
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2058:Sadriddin Ayni
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2037:Massoud Nawabi
2034:
2032:Youssof Kohzad
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Wasef Bakhtari
2014:
2008:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1948:Sohrab Sepehri
1945:
1940:
1935:
1933:Nosrat Rahmani
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1830:Ahmad NikTalab
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1811:Hormoz Alipour
1809:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1675:Hatef Esfahani
1671:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1629:
1624:
1622:(c. 1620–1648)
1616:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1529:Kamal Khujandi
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1439:Khwaju Kermani
1436:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1389:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:Nizami Ganjavi
1295:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1103:Qatran Tabrizi
1100:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
984:
979:
973:
971:
967:
966:
964:
963:
957:
955:
947:
946:
943:
936:
935:
932:
931:
929:
928:
923:
918:
913:
910:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
855:Book of Jamasp
852:
847:
842:
836:
833:
832:
827:
820:
819:
816:
815:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
786:
783:
782:
777:
770:
769:
764:
762:
761:
754:
747:
739:
733:
732:
717:
716:
703:
690:
684:
671:
662:
649:
605:
585:
582:
580:
579:
577:, p. 120.
567:
555:
553:, p. 119.
540:
538:, p. 119.
523:
511:
499:
497:, p. 118.
484:
480:de Bruijn 2002
472:
470:, p. 117.
451:
449:, p. 118.
434:
430:Meneghini 2008
394:
392:
389:
358:
355:
340:
337:
278:Khwaju Kermani
244:Abu Ishaq Inju
194:
191:
187:Persian poetry
161:
158:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
81:Poet, satirist
79:
75:
74:
62:
58:
57:
46:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2895:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2785:
2784:Ahmad Kasravi
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Ali Latifiyan
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2692:Jafar Shahidi
2690:
2688:
2687:Jalal Sattari
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Mohammad Moin
2670:
2668:
2667:Ahmad Shamlou
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2642:Lili Golestan
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Fereydun Gole
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Bahram Beyzai
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:Saeed Aghighi
2448:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Bahram Beyzai
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:Short stories
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2233:Abbas Maroufi
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2223:Ahmad Mahmoud
2221:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Reza Ghassemi
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Reza Baraheni
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:Loiq Sher-Ali
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:Nadia Anjuman
2010:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Ahmad Shamlou
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:Hushang Irani
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Reza Baraheni
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Kalim Kashani
1625:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1590:'Orfi Shirazi
1588:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Salman Savaji
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Badr Shirvani
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1426:Homam Tabrizi
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Pur-Baha Jami
1409:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1320:
1319:Shams Tabrizi
1317:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Faramarz Nama
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:Ahmad Ghazali
1138:
1136:
1133:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1111:Nizam al-Mulk
1109:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1074:Nasir Khusraw
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1048:Kisai Marvazi
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:Shahid Balkhi
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
992:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
972:
968:
962:
959:
958:
956:
952:
948:
941:
937:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:Menog-i Khrad
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
834:
830:
825:
821:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
760:
755:
753:
748:
746:
741:
740:
737:
730:
729:Poetry portal
724:
719:
713:
709:
708:"Mozaffarids"
704:
700:
696:
691:
687:
685:9780295802886
681:
677:
672:
668:
663:
659:
655:
650:
646:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
600:
594:
588:
587:
583:
576:
571:
568:
564:
559:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
528:
524:
520:
515:
512:
508:
503:
500:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
476:
473:
469:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
439:
435:
431:
426:
424:
422:
420:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
396:
390:
388:
386:
382:
379:
376:
372:
368:
367:Enlightenment
364:
356:
354:
352:
351:
350:Mush-o Gorbeh
346:
339:Literary work
338:
336:
327:
323:
319:
318:
306:
302:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
271:
266:
265:
260:
256:
245:
241:
238:, then under
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:
215:
208:
204:
199:
192:
190:
188:
184:
180:
175:
171:
167:
159:
157:
155:
151:
150:Enlightenment
147:
146:
145:Mush-o Gorbeh
141:
137:
133:
123:
118:
112:
103:
99:
91:
90:Mush-o Gorbeh
88:
86:Notable works
84:
80:
76:
73:
69:
63:
59:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
20:
2702:Abbas Zaryab
2578:Jafar Panahi
2548:Majid Majidi
2386:Bahman Forsi
2352:Goli Taraqqi
2277:Javad Mojabi
2267:Sadeq Chubak
2263:Shamim Bahar
2160:Bozorg Alavi
2114:Asad Gulzoda
1971:Nima Yooshij
1908:Bijan Jalali
1825:Aref Qazvini
1773:Contemporary
1710:Mirza Ghalib
1680:Azar Bigdeli
1639:Saba Kashani
1632:Hazin Lāhiji
1611:Saib Tabrizi
1574:Vahshi Bafqi
1558:Baba Faghani
1534:Ahli Shirazi
1509:Ubayd Zakani
1508:
1384:Amir Khusrau
1374:(1288–1320s)
1351:Sultan Walad
1178:Banu Goshasp
1127:Omar Khayyam
1017:Rabia Balkhi
900:Jamasp Namag
711:
698:
675:
666:
657:
613:
609:
597:
570:
558:
536:Haidari 1986
514:
502:
495:Limbert 2004
475:
468:Haidari 1986
447:Haidari 1986
360:
348:
342:
315:
280:and a young
275:
268:
262:
259:Ushshaq-nama
258:
223:
217:
211:
172:in northern
163:
143:
134:poet of the
122:Ubayd Zakani
121:
97:
96:
89:
37:Safavid Iran
23:Ubayd Zakani
2858:1371 deaths
2813:Afghanistan
2617:Translators
2573:Amir Naderi
2443:Screenplays
2426:Pari Saberi
2406:Bijan Mofid
2332:Bijan Najdi
2022:Raziq Faani
2005:Afghanistan
1918:Esmail Khoi
1875:Bijan Elahi
1751:(1813–1893)
1745:(1808–1854)
1737:(1801–1880)
1729:(1800–1871)
1721:(1779–1837)
1713:(1797–1869)
1694:(1798–1857)
1683:(1722–1781)
1646:(1642–1720)
1635:(1692–1766)
1614:(1607–1670)
1606:Taleb Amoli
1585:(1500–1588)
1577:(1523–1583)
1553:(1487–1524)
1545:(1483–1556)
1537:(1454–1535)
1429:(1238–1314)
1387:(1253–1325)
1309:(1149–1209)
1301:(1141–1209)
1290:(1126–1189)
1282:(1120–1190)
1242:(1155–1191)
1158:(1098–1131)
1130:(1048–1131)
1122:(1046–1121)
1114:(1018–1092)
1106:(1009–1072)
1093:(1006–1088)
1085:(1058–1111)
1077:(1004–1088)
912:Warshtmansr
575:Kowsar 2012
563:Kowsar 2012
551:Kowsar 2012
378:orientalist
267:mixed with
156:(d. 1778).
127:عبید زاکانی
48:before 1319
2827:Categories
2809:Tajikistan
2513:Ali Hatami
2421:Akbar Radi
2368:Reza Abdoh
2107:Uzbekistan
2051:Tajikistan
1903:Iraj Mirza
1247:Adib Sabir
1183:Borzu-Nama
1150:Manuchehri
1098:Asadi Tusi
1082:Al-Ghazali
1069:Bābā Tāher
1033:(980–1037)
1025:(967–1049)
890:Bundahishn
601:(12 vols.)
391:References
385:Iraj Mirza
286:Muzaffarid
261:(1350), a
255:panegyrics
160:Background
78:Occupation
2757:Essayists
1465:Ibn Yamin
991:Shahnameh
944:Classical
800:Ganjnameh
638:193216638
507:Wing 2014
301:Jalayirid
207:Ilkhanate
183:Ilkhanate
130:), was a
111:romanized
66:possibly
64:1369–1371
55:Ilkhanate
2123:Pakistan
1865:Dehkhoda
1550:Ismail I
1400:Golestān
1322:(d.1248)
1219:Iranshah
1030:Avicenna
987:Ferdowsi
371:Voltaire
154:Voltaire
2063:Farzona
1989:Armenia
1279:Khaqani
1198:Mu'izzi
1145:Hujwiri
1012:Bal'ami
850:Dēnkard
584:Sources
375:British
369:writer
345:Persian
317:qasidas
270:ghazals
264:masnavi
152:writer
132:Persian
113::
102:Persian
2143:Novels
1783:Poetry
1542:Fuzuli
1519:Hatefi
1490:Nasimi
1396:Bustan
1287:Anvari
1272:c.1220
1270:(1142–
1053:Ayyuqi
1043:Asjadi
1038:Unsuri
982:Daqiqi
977:Rudaki
829:Middle
682:
636:
630:617673
628:
357:Legacy
303:ruler
288:ruler
240:Injuid
232:Shiraz
228:Arabic
179:Mongol
170:Qazvin
136:Mongol
68:Shiraz
51:Qazvin
2361:Plays
1742:Qaani
1703:1800s
1668:1700s
1599:1600s
1567:1500s
1502:1400s
1475:Hafez
1458:1300s
1392:Saadi
1331:1200s
1267:Attar
1257:Am'aq
1212:1100s
1173:Sanai
1062:1000s
634:S2CID
626:JSTOR
322:elegy
282:Hafez
2805:Iran
1796:Iran
1524:Jami
1421:Rumi
970:900s
954:800s
680:ISBN
236:Fars
193:Life
174:Iran
166:Arab
61:Died
45:Born
779:Old
618:doi
234:in
2829::
2807:,
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596:.
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331:r.
310:r.
295:r.
249:r.
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108:,
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