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139:(native) species, or one that is found only in a single geographical location. Endemism usually results in organisms with specific adaptations to one particular climate or region, and the species would likely face challenges if placed in a different environment. There are far more examples of endemic species than cosmopolitan species; one example being the
330:, but at any one season of the year they are likely to be largely in passage or concentrated at only one end of the range. Also, some such species breed only at one end of the range. Seen purely as an aspect of cosmopolitanism, such distributions could be seen as temporal, seasonal variations.
250:
is cosmopolitan in the sense that every continent except
Antarctica is home to some indigenous species within the Myrmeleontidae, but nonetheless no one species, nor even genus, of the Myrmeleontidae is cosmopolitan. Conversely, partly as a result of human introduction of unnatural
237:
regions or the like. Such distributions might be patchy, or extended, but narrow. Factors of such a nature are taken widely for granted, so they seldom are mentioned explicitly in mentioning cosmopolitan distributions.
155:
The caveat "in appropriate habitat" is used to qualify the term "cosmopolitan distribution", excluding in most instances polar regions, extreme altitudes, oceans, deserts, or small, isolated islands. For example, the
204:
is complicated by physical obstacles such as temperature gradients. These prevent migration of tropical species between the
Atlantic and Indian/Pacific oceans. Conversely, the Northern marine regions and
936:
The
Micropalaeontology of Oceans: Proceedings of the Symposium held in Cambridge from 10 to 17 September 1967 under the title 'Micropalaeontology of Marine Bottom Sediments'
221:
Another aspect of cosmopolitanism is that of ecological limitations. A species that is apparently cosmopolitan because it occurs in all oceans might in fact occupy only
88:; most cosmopolitan species are known to be highly adaptable to a range of climatic and environmental conditions, though this is not always so. Killer whales (
184:, say, complete absence from Australia. Terminology varies, and there is some debate whether the true opposite of endemism is pandemism or cosmopolitanism.
333:
Other complications of cosmopolitanism on a planet too large for local populations to interbreed routinely with each other include genetic effects such as
172:
also is in use, but not all authors are consistent in the sense in which they use the term; some speak of pandemism mainly in referring to diseases and
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Cosmopolitanism of a particular species or variety should not be confused with cosmopolitanism of higher taxa. For example, the family
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322:, present similar examples, but in yet other species there are less familiar complications: some migratory birds such as the
1027:
435:. The term can also apply to some diseases. It may result from a broad range of environmental tolerances or from rapid
939:
869:
653:"Marine biogeographical disjunction in temperate Australia: historical landbridge, contemporary currents, or both?"
272:, there generally will be variation between regional sub-populations. Such variation commonly is at the level of
486:
Z. Jack Tseng; Xiaoming Wang; Graham J. Slater; Gary T. Takeuchi; Qiang Li; Juan Liu; Guangpu Xie (2014).
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176:, and some as a term intermediate between endemism and cosmopolitanism, in effect regarding pandemism as
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92:) are among the most well-known cosmopolitan species on the planet, as they maintain several different
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932:"The distribution of marine dinoflagellates in relation to physical and chemical conditions"
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Zarzyczny, Karolina M.; Rius, Marc; Williams, Suzanne T.; Fenberg, Phillip B. (March 2024).
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421:
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Cosmopolitan distributions can be observed both in extinct and extant species. For example,
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899:"Distribution of planktonic foraminifera in surface sediments of the south-west Pacific"
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488:"Himalayan Fossils of the Oldest Known Pantherine Establish Ancient Origin of Big Cats"
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Even where a cosmopolitan population is recognised as a single species, such as indeed
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mountain ranges, an environment to which the cats have adapted over millions of years.
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probably is the only cosmopolitan member of its family; the rest of the family
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is highly cosmopolitan, yet is neither oceanic nor polar in its distribution.
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domestically for centuries, now occurs in most urban areas around the world.
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is another example, as it is found around the world. Other examples include
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and every coastal and open-water region in-between. Such a taxon (usually a
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that extends across most or all of the surface of the Earth, in appropriate
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species might be present only in forests, or mountainous regions, or sandy
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all have cosmopolitan distribution, extending over most of the Earth's
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cosmopolitanism and endemism. Rather than allow ubiquitous travel, the
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100:(migratory) populations in every major oceanic body on Earth, from the
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125:
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339:
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702:"The ecological and evolutionary consequences of tropicalisation"
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For an example of subspecific variation, consider the so-called "
234:
543:
Richard C. Russell; Domenico
Otranto; Richard L. Wall (2013).
405:
401:
180:. This means near cosmopolitanism, but with major gaps in the
811:"Recovery from the most profound mass extinction of all time"
858:
Ian F. Spellerberg; John
William David Sawyer, eds. (1999).
27:
Distribution of an organism across all or most of the world
758:
Do
Species Exist: Principles of Taxonomic Classification
860:"Ecological patterns and types of species distribution"
815:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
782:
Costas B. Krimbas; Jeffrey R. Powell (21 August 1992).
967:. In Patrick E. O'Sullivan; Colin S. Reynolds (eds.).
546:
135:
The extreme opposite of a cosmopolitan species is an
522:. John Wiley & Sons. 15 July 2009. p. 164.
519:
Encyclopedia of
Ecology and Environmental Management
307:; both of them are in the same cosmopolitan species
600:Early Palaeozoic Biogeography and Palaeogeography
367:was cosmopolitan in the Early Triassic after the
597:D. A. T. Harper; T. Servais (27 January 2014).
225:, or only particular ranges of depths, or only
627:Areography: Geographical Strategies of Species
242:Regional and temporal variation in populations
903:New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics
8:
603:. Geological Society of London. p. 31.
934:. In B. M. Funnell; W. R. Riedel (eds.).
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834:
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213:, too warm for many species to traverse.
314:Other cosmopolitan species, such as the
865:An Introduction to Applied Biogeography
478:
624:Eduardo H Rapoport (22 October 2013).
120:, as a species; another example, the
7:
971:. The Lakes Handbook. Vol. 1.
570:Michael G. Simpson (19 July 2010).
311:, but their ranges barely overlap.
809:Sahney, S.; Benton, M. J. (2008).
25:
785:Drosophila Inversion Polymorphism
706:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
651:Waters, Jonathan M. (July 2008).
369:Permian-Triassic extinction event
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678:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00481.x
492:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
439:compared to the time needed for
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46:
576:. Academic Press. p. 720.
128:'), in addition to having been
969:Limnology and Limnetic Ecology
916:10.1080/00288306.1963.10420065
1:
1003:The dictionary definition of
755:Werner Kunz (2 August 2013).
326:occur from the Arctic to the
343:gulls, and the formation of
229:, for example. Analogously,
124:(commonly referred to as a '
657:Diversity and Distributions
291:", which is the subspecies
265:have modest distributions.
1044:
940:Cambridge University Press
870:Cambridge University Press
726:10.1016/j.tree.2023.10.006
301:, which is the subspecies
164:Related terms and concepts
143:, a species found only in
788:. CRC Press. p. 23.
630:. Elsevier. p. 251.
374:In the modern world, the
294:Apis mellifera scutellata
116:distribution, or exhibit
74:cosmopolitan distribution
930:D. B. Williams (1971).
897:S. Kustanowich (1963).
304:Apis mellifera capensis
217:Ecological delimitation
40:and its range (in blue)
963:Judit Padisák (2005).
827:10.1098/rspb.2007.1370
761:. Wiley. p. 211.
458:Gondwanan distribution
549:. CABI. p. 157.
393:Copidosoma floridanum
209:are separated by the
192:A related concept in
1028:Cosmopolitan species
975:. pp. 251–308.
112:) is said to have a
718:2024TEcoE..39..267Z
669:2008DivDi..14..692W
942:. pp. 91–95.
289:African killer bee
255:to the New World,
178:subcosmopolitanism
18:Ubiquitous species
982:978-0-632-04797-0
949:978-0-521-18748-0
883:978-0-521-45712-5
795:978-0-8493-6547-8
768:978-3-527-66426-9
637:978-1-4831-5277-6
610:978-1-86239-373-8
583:978-0-08-092208-9
573:Plant Systematics
556:978-1-78064-037-2
529:978-1-4443-1324-6
410:western honey bee
384:great white shark
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37:Orcinus orca
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872:. pp.
468:Pantropical
390:. The wasp
347:such as in
324:Arctic tern
231:terrestrial
202:World Ocean
196:is that of
1017:Categories
474:References
441:speciation
425:, and the
414:brown rats
382:, and the
380:blue whale
350:Drosophila
297:, and the
274:subspecies
253:apiculture
106:Antarctica
734:0169-5347
687:1366-9516
463:Holarctic
453:Ecoregion
437:dispersal
278:varieties
227:estuaries
174:pandemics
170:pandemism
168:The term
122:rock dove
98:transient
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504:43600250
447:See also
357:Examples
299:Cape bee
158:housefly
94:resident
86:habitats
874:108–132
836:2596898
714:Bibcode
665:Bibcode
432:Mytilus
427:mollusc
211:tropics
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320:osprey
282:morphs
263:Apidae
126:pigeon
500:JSTOR
340:Larus
90:orcas
82:taxon
80:of a
78:range
977:ISBN
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878:ISBN
841:PMID
790:ISBN
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730:ISSN
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632:ISBN
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406:dogs
402:cats
318:and
235:arid
130:bred
96:and
72:, a
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280:or
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