31:
1401:
alone accounts for over 12% of all consonants encountered in connected text, due to the presence of the phoneme in the ergative and oblique singular and plural case suffixes, the third person singular and plural ergative verbal agreement prefix, the adverbial derivative suffix, the present and
1444:, but every other consonant can begin a word. Restrictions on word-final consonants have not yet been investigated; however, Ubykh has a slight preference for open syllables (CV) over closed ones (VC or CVC). The pharyngealised consonants
128:
language, has the largest consonant inventory of all documented languages that do not use clicks, and also has the most disproportional ratio of phonemic consonants to vowels. It has consonants in at least eight, perhaps nine, basic
1270:
The three postalveolar series have traditionally been called "postalveolar", "alveolo-palatal", and "retroflex", respectively, and have been transcribed with their associated symbols.
2723:, affected by the secondary articulation of the consonants that surround them. Eleven basic phonetic vowels appear, mostly derived from the two phonemic vowels adjacent to
153:, although some analyses view a large proportion of the clicks in these languages as clusters, which would bring them closer into line with the Caucasian languages.
1452:
have not been noted word-finally, but this is probably a statistical anomaly due to the rarity of these consonants, each being attested only in a handful of words.
3116:
3090:
COCOON archive (COllections de COrpus Oraux Numériques) where several Ubykh stories recorded by Dumézil with French and
English translation can be found
3767:
3378:
3901:
3383:
3346:
3042:
3024:
2075:
770:
2435:
2428:
1177:
52:
2402:
2288:
2103:
1727:
1145:
1027:
805:
410:
3109:
1974:
1965:
664:
655:
2920:
74:
3218:
2217:
2089:
1870:
1718:
941:
791:
553:
401:
3604:
3591:
3145:
2064:
1492:
1397:('now') the only real native word to contain the phoneme. The frequency of consonants in Ubykh is quite variable; the phoneme
761:
167:
113:
95:
2868:
argues that there are three vowels which correspond to Dumézil's respectively and this is evident in the minimal triplet of
3802:
3170:
2573:
Palatalisation of the uvular consonants is no longer phonemic, also being replaced in many instances by gemination (standard
3762:
3727:
3368:
3160:
3102:
2203:
2112:
1861:
1741:
1487:
A divergent dialect of Ubykh spoken by Osman Güngör, an inhabitant of
Karacalar in Balıkesir province was investigated by
927:
819:
544:
424:
125:
3358:
3311:
3155:
2185:
2178:
2082:
1988:
1711:
897:
784:
678:
394:
2162:
1958:
881:
648:
1381:
are almost exclusively noted in words where they are associated with another pharyngealised consonant (for instance,
45:
39:
3740:
3286:
3241:
3175:
3150:
2728:
2705:
2421:
2226:
2139:
2132:
1884:
1704:
1695:
1688:
1409:
difference can be phonemic when so many consonants are involved. However, the alveolopalatal labialised fricatives
1166:
977:
955:
853:
846:
710:
687:
576:
567:
456:
433:
380:
366:
316:
292:
3459:
3388:
3246:
3231:
2196:
2121:
1854:
920:
830:
537:
3063:
56:
3772:
3464:
3398:
3363:
2674:
1778:
1771:
463:
3906:
3616:
3509:
3479:
3444:
3236:
3180:
3165:
2248:
2241:
1847:
1833:
1826:
1757:
1750:
984:
523:
509:
440:
1284:
There is no standard IPA notation for the laminal-closed postalveolar series. They are transcribed ⟨
3870:
3657:
3474:
3373:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2804:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2735:
2642:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2515:
1951:
1942:
1935:
1513:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1331:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1264:
966:
634:
620:
188:
109:
105:
91:
2910:
1459:
is not common in native Ubykh vocabulary, appearing mostly in loan words. However, the phoneme carries a
3491:
3484:
3393:
3306:
3301:
2610:
2469:
2390:
2350:
2341:
2334:
1214:
1135:
1091:
1077:
130:
2609:
as a separate vowel, but most other linguists do not accept this analysis, preferring one with simpler
3860:
3722:
3632:
3611:
3521:
3258:
3059:
2025:
2018:
1900:
1893:
717:
583:
3850:
3757:
3735:
3692:
3677:
3642:
3586:
3531:
3526:
3405:
3291:
3268:
3213:
2051:
2004:
1997:
1675:
1324:
748:
694:
353:
134:
3747:
3556:
3501:
3496:
3451:
3410:
3203:
3129:
2812:
2275:
2262:
2153:
2039:
1928:
1792:
1508:
1422:
1260:
Note the large number of basic series; Ubykh has basic consonants at nine places of articulation.
1016:
613:
183:
138:
3647:
3094:
3008:
Documents anatoliens sur les langues et les traditions du
Caucase, III: Nouvelles études oubykhs
3003:
1488:
3875:
3840:
3825:
3809:
3797:
3782:
3752:
3712:
3682:
3662:
3652:
3596:
3576:
3566:
3551:
3536:
3431:
3426:
3353:
3323:
3318:
3296:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3253:
3072:
3048:
3038:
3020:
2916:
2808:
2689:
2171:
1840:
1819:
1800:
1670:
1662:
1576:
1548:
1533:
1518:
1184:
1084:
1005:
998:
904:
890:
874:
867:
738:
731:
627:
516:
502:
484:
477:
373:
348:
335:
244:
223:
208:
193:
3855:
3787:
3777:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3687:
3672:
3667:
3581:
3571:
3439:
3333:
3226:
3208:
3198:
2800:
1555:
1528:
1503:
1320:
230:
203:
178:
150:
142:
3865:
3830:
3792:
3697:
3637:
3561:
3546:
3541:
3514:
3341:
3328:
2777:
2457:
2328:
1523:
1426:
1204:
1071:
198:
1413:
were sometimes realised as alveolar labialised fricatives , and the uvular ejective stop
1385:'handful'), but are occasionally found outside this context (for example, the verb root
3880:
3835:
2859:
121:
20:
3895:
2724:
2653:
2255:
2210:
2146:
2096:
2057:
2032:
2011:
1981:
1907:
1877:
1785:
1764:
1734:
1681:
1648:
1629:
1610:
1598:
991:
948:
934:
913:
860:
837:
812:
798:
777:
754:
724:
701:
671:
641:
590:
560:
530:
470:
447:
417:
387:
359:
328:
304:
285:
273:
256:
1809:
1460:
1341:
All but four of the 84 consonants are found in native vocabulary. The plain velars
492:
2731:
consonants. The phonetic vowels are and . In general, the following rules apply:
1402:
imperfect tense suffixes, and in suffixes denoting several non-finite verb forms.
2510:
Güngör's speech differed phonologically from
Standard Ubykh in a number of ways:
2785:
2665:
1377:('the sound of glass breaking'). As well, the pharyngealised labial consonants
149:(or !Xóõ), may have larger consonant inventories due to their extensive use of
2699:
2658:
2551:
1655:
1641:
1622:
1569:
1273:
The laminal and apical postalveolar series are more accurately transcribed as
3076:
2936:
J. C., Catford (1977). "MOUNTAIN OF TONGUES: THE LANGUAGES OF THE CAUCASUS".
3125:
3052:
2850:
and zero is often not phonemic, and may be dropped root-internally as well:
2720:
2683:
2634:
1406:
145:, more than any other documented language. Some Khoisan languages, such as
2542:
Pharyngealisation is no longer distinctive, surviving only on the lexemes
101:
2625:, appear in some loanwords. The question of whether an additional vowel
2799:
appears initially very frequently, particularly in the function of the
1405:
Very few allophones of consonants are noted, mainly because a small
2717:
1417:
was often pronounced as a glottal stop in the past tense suffix -
1463:
concept of rolling or a repeated action in a few verbs, notably
3098:
3089:
2834:
Both vowels appear without restriction finally, although when
146:
24:
1263:
The glottal stop is also noted, but only as an allophone of
2629:
should be retained is of some debate, since it differs from
2562:), and in at least one instance by ejectivisation (standard
1495:
representation of the
Karacalar Ubykh consonant inventory.
2772:
Other, more complex vowels have been noted as allophones:
2601:
Ubykh has very few basic phonemic vowels. The analysis in
170:
representation of the
Standard Ubykh consonant inventory.
2776:('you did it') can become , for instance. On occasion,
2827:
itself may be dropped to provide an even shorter form
2807:
is extremely restricted initially, appearing only in
2550:('to bark'), and being replaced in many instances by
100:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3818:
3625:
3419:
3191:
1296:⟩, etc. by Catford, or sometimes as ⟨
2518:have merged into the corresponding bilabial stops
3035:Phonetic and phonological studies of !Xóõ Bushman
2846:('the father'). In fact, the alternation between
2529:have merged with their postalveolar counterparts
1393:is mainly found in interjections and loans, with
114:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2838:is unstressed finally, it tends to be dropped:
2792:('young man') has been noted as as well as .
16:Phonology of the extinct NW Caucasian language
3110:
2858:('hoe'). This kind of allomorphy is called a
1440:is found initially only in the personal name
8:
2641:, it is often derived from two instances of
1349:are found mainly in loans and onomatopoeia:
3117:
3103:
3095:
1436:has not been attested word-initially, and
1337:/tʷ, dʷ, tʷʼ/ are in free variation with .
2588:has, at least in some cases, merged with
2525:The labialised alveolopalatal fricatives
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
2716:Even with so few vowels, there are many
2647:
1497:
172:
38:This article includes a list of general
2974:
2962:
2950:
2889:
2865:
2633:not in length but in quality. However,
2897:
2842:('father') becomes the definite form
1527:
1522:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1345:and the voiced labiodental fricative
1334:are labiodental, the others bilabial.
202:
197:
182:
177:
175:
7:
2986:
2811:forms where all three arguments are
2602:
104:. For the distinction between ,
1330:Out of the labials, the fricatives
1389:'to explode, to burst'). Finally,
44:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3010:, Paris: Librairie A. Maisonneuve
2704:
2688:
2673:
2468:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2401:
2349:
2340:
2333:
2287:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2225:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2184:
2177:
2161:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2120:
2111:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2063:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1934:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1808:
1799:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1694:
1687:
1213:
1183:
1176:
1165:
1144:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1026:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
965:
954:
947:
940:
933:
926:
919:
912:
903:
896:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
836:
829:
818:
811:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
760:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
700:
693:
686:
677:
670:
663:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
619:
589:
582:
575:
566:
559:
552:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
491:
483:
476:
469:
462:
455:
446:
439:
432:
423:
416:
409:
400:
393:
386:
379:
372:
365:
3065:Dictionnaire de la langue oubykh
3037:, Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag,
2819:('he gave it to him') (normally
1369:('estate, legacy') from Turkish
29:
3902:Northwest Caucasian phonologies
2915:. Annual Reviews Incorporated.
2584:The voiced retroflex affricate
1493:International Phonetic Alphabet
168:International Phonetic Alphabet
96:International Phonetic Alphabet
3071:, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget,
2880:('I milk them; I reap them').
2566:('roasted maize') → Karacalar
2514:the labialised alveolar stops
1421:, due to the influence of the
1315:and the labiodental fricative
1:
3015:Fenwick, Rohan S. H. (2011),
2938:Annual Review of Anthropology
2912:Annual Review of Anthropology
3347:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
2909:Siegel, Bernard J. (1977).
3923:
2539:seems to have disappeared.
1491:in the 1960s. Below is an
1361:('slat, batten') from Laz
18:
3136:
3019:, Munich: Lincom Europa,
2577:('to cough') → Karacalar
2456:
2389:
2327:
2050:
1669:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1517:
1512:
1483:Karacalar Ubykh Phonology
1203:
1134:
1070:
747:
347:
228:
221:
214:
207:
192:
187:
3033:Traill, Anthony (1985),
2780:sonorants (particularly
2621:. Other vowels, notably
162:Standard Ubykh Phonology
3379:Regional North American
1471:('to roll around') and
92:phonetic transcriptions
59:more precise citations.
3803:Dialects and varieties
3374:Received Pronunciation
3219:American Sign Language
2784:) may even decay into
1353:('crow') from Turkish
131:places of articulation
89:This article contains
2558:('dog') → Karacalar
1365:'roofing shingle'),
3728:Proto-Indo-European
3384:White South African
1455:The alveolar trill
126:Northwest Caucasian
3017:A Grammar of Ubykh
2965:, p. 266–269.
2876:('I reap X'), and
2546:('to be ill') and
1319:are only found in
1304:⟩, ⟨
1300:⟩, ⟨
1292:⟩, ⟨
1288:⟩, ⟨
3889:
3888:
3389:Standard Canadian
3130:world's languages
3044:978-3-87118-669-1
3026:978-3-86288-050-8
2896:See for instance
2809:ditransitive verb
2714:
2713:
2508:
2507:
2278:
2174:
2060:
1931:
1822:
1684:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1257:
1256:
1019:
893:
757:
616:
505:
362:
343:
338:
331:
324:
319:
312:
307:
300:
295:
288:
281:
276:
269:
264:
259:
252:
247:
240:
233:
226:
219:
85:
84:
77:
3914:
3741:Kerkrade dialect
3364:General American
3119:
3112:
3105:
3096:
3079:
3070:
3055:
3029:
3011:
3004:Dumézil, Georges
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2906:
2900:
2894:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2806:
2801:definite article
2798:
2791:
2788:. For instance,
2783:
2775:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2708:
2692:
2677:
2648:
2644:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2517:
2472:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2405:
2353:
2344:
2337:
2291:
2274:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2188:
2181:
2170:
2165:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2124:
2115:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2067:
2056:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1991:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1927:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1818:
1812:
1803:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1691:
1680:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1498:
1479:('to slither').
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1318:
1314:
1311:The velar stops
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1217:
1187:
1180:
1169:
1148:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1030:
1015:
1008:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
969:
958:
951:
944:
937:
930:
923:
916:
907:
900:
889:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
840:
833:
822:
815:
808:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
764:
753:
741:
734:
727:
720:
713:
704:
697:
690:
681:
674:
667:
658:
651:
644:
637:
630:
623:
612:
593:
586:
579:
570:
563:
556:
547:
540:
533:
526:
519:
512:
501:
495:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
450:
443:
436:
427:
420:
413:
404:
397:
390:
383:
376:
369:
358:
342:phar. & lab.
341:
334:
327:
322:
315:
311:phar. & lab.
310:
303:
298:
291:
284:
279:
272:
267:
262:
255:
250:
243:
238:
229:
222:
215:
173:
151:click consonants
133:and 29 distinct
111:
107:
80:
73:
69:
66:
60:
55:this article by
46:inline citations
33:
32:
25:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3814:
3768:Scottish Gaelic
3621:
3475:Standard Modern
3415:
3227:Modern Standard
3187:
3132:
3123:
3086:
3068:
3058:
3045:
3032:
3027:
3014:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2949:
2945:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2599:
1674:
1542:
1489:Georges Dumézil
1485:
1281:, respectively.
352:
217:
164:
159:
119:
118:
117:
81:
70:
64:
61:
51:Please help to
50:
34:
30:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3920:
3918:
3910:
3909:
3907:Ubykh language
3904:
3894:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3805:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3773:Serbo-Croatian
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
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3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
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3640:
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3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
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3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3599:
3594:
3589:
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3579:
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3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
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3529:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3469:
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3462:
3454:
3449:
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3442:
3434:
3429:
3423:
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3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3085:
3084:External links
3082:
3081:
3080:
3056:
3043:
3030:
3025:
3012:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2979:
2975:Dumézil (1965)
2967:
2963:Dumézil (1965)
2955:
2951:Fenwick (2011)
2943:
2928:
2921:
2901:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2872:('I milk X'),
2866:Fenwick (2011)
2860:zero allomorph
2823:). Even then,
2786:vowel nasality
2770:
2769:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2639:diachronically
2635:phonologically
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2571:
2540:
2534:
2523:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
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2207:
2200:
2193:
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2175:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2150:
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2127:
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2072:
2070:
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2054:
2048:
2047:
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2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1969:
1962:
1955:
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1946:
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1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1484:
1481:
1432:The consonant
1339:
1338:
1335:
1328:
1309:
1308:⟩, etc.
1282:
1271:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1254:
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1172:
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1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
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1111:
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1024:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
972:
970:
963:
961:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
917:
910:
908:
901:
894:
886:
885:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
841:
834:
827:
825:
823:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
774:
767:
765:
758:
751:
745:
744:
742:
735:
728:
721:
714:
707:
705:
698:
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684:
682:
675:
668:
661:
659:
652:
645:
638:
631:
624:
617:
609:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
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594:
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573:
571:
564:
557:
550:
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541:
534:
527:
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513:
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488:
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467:
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453:
451:
444:
437:
430:
428:
421:
414:
407:
405:
398:
391:
384:
377:
370:
363:
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345:
344:
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332:
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308:
301:
296:
289:
282:
277:
270:
265:
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248:
241:
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234:
227:
220:
212:
211:
206:
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196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
163:
160:
158:
155:
112:⟩, see
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
37:
35:
28:
21:Ubykh language
19:Main article:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3919:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3882:
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3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
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3786:
3784:
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3779:
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3726:
3724:
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3716:
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3711:
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3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3617:Luxembourgish
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3605:Maastrichtian
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
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3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
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3490:
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3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
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3463:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3277:
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3270:
3267:
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3257:
3255:
3252:
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3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3146:Orthographies
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3101:
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3097:
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3074:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3057:
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3050:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2922:9780824319069
2918:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2898:Traill (1985)
2893:
2890:
2883:
2881:
2867:
2863:
2861:
2832:
2814:
2810:
2802:
2793:
2787:
2779:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2636:
2613:distinction:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2583:
2572:
2553:
2541:
2535:
2524:
2516:/dʷ//tʷ//tʷʼ/
2513:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2471:
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2326:
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2321:
2319:
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2313:
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2277:
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2269:
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2264:
2260:
2257:
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2250:
2246:
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2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2144:
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2137:
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2128:
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2123:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2098:
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2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
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1995:
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1986:
1983:
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1960:
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1821:
1817:
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1811:
1806:
1802:
1797:
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1505:
1499:
1496:
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1490:
1482:
1480:
1477:/χˤʷəχˤʷərda/
1462:
1461:phonaesthetic
1453:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1408:
1403:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1336:
1329:
1326:
1322:
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1199:
1197:
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1189:
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1179:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
996:
993:
989:
986:
982:
979:
975:
973:
971:
968:
964:
962:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
936:
932:
929:
925:
922:
918:
915:
911:
909:
906:
902:
899:
895:
892:
888:
887:
883:
879:
876:
872:
869:
865:
862:
858:
855:
851:
848:
844:
842:
839:
835:
832:
828:
826:
824:
821:
817:
814:
810:
807:
803:
800:
796:
793:
789:
786:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
766:
763:
759:
756:
752:
750:
746:
743:
740:
736:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
715:
712:
708:
706:
703:
699:
696:
692:
689:
685:
683:
680:
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
660:
657:
653:
650:
646:
643:
639:
636:
632:
629:
625:
622:
618:
615:
611:
610:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
592:
588:
585:
581:
578:
574:
572:
569:
565:
562:
558:
555:
551:
549:
546:
542:
539:
535:
532:
528:
525:
521:
518:
514:
511:
507:
504:
500:
499:
494:
489:
486:
482:
479:
475:
472:
468:
465:
461:
458:
454:
452:
449:
445:
442:
438:
435:
431:
429:
426:
422:
419:
415:
412:
408:
406:
403:
399:
396:
392:
389:
385:
382:
378:
375:
371:
368:
364:
361:
357:
355:
350:
346:
340:
337:
333:
330:
326:
321:
318:
314:
309:
306:
302:
297:
294:
290:
287:
283:
278:
275:
271:
266:
261:
258:
254:
249:
246:
242:
237:
236:
232:
225:
213:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
171:
169:
161:
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
124:, an extinct
123:
115:
103:
99:
97:
93:
79:
76:
68:
58:
54:
48:
47:
41:
36:
27:
26:
22:
3871:West Frisian
3845:
3658:Massachusett
3171:Prepositions
3140:
3064:
3034:
3016:
3007:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2946:
2937:
2931:
2911:
2904:
2892:
2864:
2833:
2813:third person
2794:
2771:
2763:/Cʲə/→
2754:/Cʷə/→
2745:/Cʲa/→
2736:/Cʷa/→
2715:
2600:
2509:
1514:Postalveolar
1486:
1473:/χˤʷəχˤʷəda/
1454:
1442:/pˤʼapˤʼəʒʷ/
1431:
1404:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1340:
189:Postalveolar
166:Below is an
165:
120:
108:and ⟨
90:
71:
65:January 2010
62:
43:
3601:Limburgish
3492:Greenlandic
3369:New Zealand
3302:Northern Wu
3161:Determiners
3141:Phonologies
3126:Phonologies
2987:Vogt (1963)
2767:/əj/→
2758:/əw/→
2749:/aj/→
2740:/aw/→
2729:palatalised
2603:Vogt (1963)
2568:/tsaqʼapʼə/
2564:/tsaqˤapˤə/
2391:Approximant
1656:fortis lab.
1469:/bəqˤʼərda/
1429:languages.
1383:/qˤʼaapˤʼa/
1136:Approximant
57:introducing
3896:Categories
3861:Vietnamese
3732:Ripuarian
3723:Portuguese
3633:Macedonian
3612:Lithuanian
3522:Hindustani
3359:Australian
3312:Historical
3259:Belarusian
3156:Adjectives
3060:Vogt, Hans
2997:References
2795:The vowel
2774:/ajəwʃqʼa/
2725:labialised
2721:allophones
2554:(standard
2552:gemination
2520:/b//p//pʼ/
1663:phar. lab.
1465:/bəqˤʼəda/
1343:/k//ɡ//kʼ/
1332:/v//vˤ//f/
1327:loanwords.
1325:Circassian
1313:/k//ɡ//kʼ/
157:Consonants
135:fricatives
40:references
3851:Ukrainian
3758:Sardinian
3736:Colognian
3693:Old Saxon
3678:Norwegian
3643:Maldivian
3587:Latgalian
3532:Icelandic
3527:Hungarian
3406:Esperanto
3292:Cantonese
3269:Bulgarian
3242:Levantine
3214:Afrikaans
3077:994582720
2852:/maqʷəta/
2821:/jəntʷən/
2058:voiceless
2052:Fricative
1682:voiceless
1676:Affricate
1423:Kabardian
1387:/tʼaapˤʼ/
1379:/pˤ//pˤʼ/
755:voiceless
749:Fricative
360:voiceless
354:Affricate
141:, and 20
139:sibilants
3748:Romanian
3557:Japanese
3515:Biblical
3502:Hawaiian
3497:Gujarati
3460:Standard
3452:Galician
3440:Parisian
3411:Estonian
3342:Standard
3287:Mandarin
3283:Chinese
3247:Tunisian
3232:Egyptian
3204:Acehnese
3176:Pronouns
3151:Grammars
3062:(1963),
3053:12908481
3006:(1965),
2856:/maqʷta/
2817:/əntʷən/
2790:/najnʃʷ/
2611:vertical
2605:retains
2531:/ʃʷ//ʒʷ/
2527:/ɕʷ//ʑʷ/
2276:ejective
1929:ejective
1509:Alveolar
1407:acoustic
1367:/makʼəf/
1351:/ɡaarɡa/
1017:ejective
614:ejective
184:Alveolar
106:/ /
102:Help:IPA
3876:Yiddish
3841:Turkish
3826:Tagalog
3810:Swedish
3798:Spanish
3783:Slovene
3753:Russian
3713:Persian
3683:Occitan
3663:Medumba
3653:Marathi
3597:Latvian
3577:Kurdish
3567:Konkani
3552:Italian
3537:Ingrian
3506:Hebrew
3480:Ancient
3465:Bernese
3456:German
3436:French
3432:Finnish
3427:Faroese
3354:English
3324:Cornish
3319:Chukchi
3297:Hokkien
3279:Catalan
3274:Burmese
3264:Bengali
3254:Avestan
3223:Arabic
3128:of the
2878:/ɐsʃɐn/
2874:/ɐsʃɜn/
2870:/ɐsʃɨn/
2829:/ntʷən/
2815:, e.g.
2654:Central
1671:Plosive
1549:laminal
1541:laminal
1534:Glottal
1519:Palatal
1395:/hənda/
1363:k'avari
1359:/kawar/
1321:Turkish
349:Plosive
224:laminal
216:laminal
209:Glottal
194:Palatal
143:uvulars
94:in the
53:improve
3856:Uyghur
3788:Somali
3778:Slovak
3718:Polish
3708:Pashto
3703:Ottawa
3688:Ojibwe
3673:Nepali
3668:Navajo
3582:Kyrgyz
3572:Korean
3510:Modern
3471:Greek
3445:Quebec
3399:Middle
3338:Dutch
3334:Danish
3237:Hejazi
3209:Adyghe
3199:Abkhaz
3075:
3051:
3041:
3023:
2940:: 290.
2919:
2597:Vowels
2548:/qˤʷə/
2544:/abˤa/
2172:voiced
1820:voiced
1642:fortis
1623:fortis
1570:fortis
1556:apical
1543:closed
1529:Uvular
1504:Labial
1427:Adyghe
1411:/ɕʷʑʷ/
891:voiced
503:voiced
231:apical
218:closed
204:Uvular
179:Labial
110:
42:, but
3866:Welsh
3846:Ubykh
3831:Tamil
3793:Sotho
3763:Scots
3698:Oromo
3648:Māori
3638:Malay
3592:Latin
3562:Kiowa
3547:Irish
3542:Inuit
3485:Koine
3329:Czech
3181:Verbs
3166:Nouns
3069:(PDF)
2884:Notes
2844:/atʷ/
2840:/tʷə/
2778:nasal
2718:vowel
2666:Close
2579:/qːa/
2575:/qʲa/
2560:/wːa/
2556:/wˤa/
2458:Trill
2329:Nasal
1966:t̠͡ʃʼ
1636:lenis
1617:lenis
1605:lenis
1593:lenis
1583:lenis
1577:phar.
1564:lenis
1524:Velar
1438:/pˤʼ/
1419:/qʼa/
1375:/vər/
1371:vakıf
1355:karga
1205:Trill
1072:Nasal
672:t͡ɕʷʼ
656:t̠͡ʃʼ
336:phar.
323:plain
299:plain
280:plain
268:plain
251:plain
245:phar.
239:plain
199:Velar
137:, 27
122:Ubykh
98:(IPA)
3881:Zuni
3836:Taos
3073:OCLC
3049:OCLC
3039:ISBN
3021:ISBN
2917:ISBN
2765:and
2756:and
2747:and
2738:and
2700:Open
2659:Back
2637:and
2627:/aa/
2617:and
2607:/oː/
2590:/dʒ/
2586:/ɖʐ/
2040:qːʷʼ
1989:ʈ͡ʂʼ
1982:tɕʷʼ
1959:t͡sʼ
1862:d̠͡ʒ
1841:(bˤ)
1719:t̠͡ʃ
1649:lab.
1630:lab.
1611:lab.
1599:lab.
1588:sib.
1450:/wˤ/
1448:and
1446:/mˤ/
1434:/pˤ/
1425:and
1415:/qʼ/
1323:and
1279:/ʃ̺/
1277:and
1275:/ʃ̻/
1265:/qʼ/
914:(zʷ)
838:(xʷ)
778:(sʷ)
739:qˤʷʼ
679:ʈ͡ʂʼ
665:t͡ɕʼ
649:t͡sʼ
561:d͡ʑʷ
545:d̠͡ʒ
418:t͡ɕʷ
402:t̠͡ʃ
329:lab.
317:pal.
305:lab.
293:pal.
286:lab.
274:lab.
263:sib.
257:lab.
3819:T–Z
3626:M–S
3420:F–L
3394:Old
3307:Old
3192:A–E
2848:/ə/
2836:/ə/
2825:/ə/
2805:/ə/
2797:/a/
2782:/n/
2727:or
2684:Mid
2643:/a/
2631:/a/
2623:/u/
2619:/a/
2615:/ə/
2537:/ɣ/
2263:ʁːʷ
2154:χːʷ
2033:qʷʼ
2026:qːʼ
2012:kʷʼ
2005:kːʼ
1975:tɕʼ
1943:pːʼ
1885:ɖ͡ʐ
1878:dʑʷ
1855:d͡z
1801:qˤʷ
1793:qːʷ
1742:ʈ͡ʂ
1735:tɕʷ
1712:t͡s
1457:/r/
1399:/n/
1391:/h/
1373:),
1357:),
1347:/v/
1317:/v/
1306:t͜ʆ
1294:t͡ŝ
1006:ʁˤʷ
875:χˤʷ
732:qˤʼ
725:qʷʼ
711:qʲʼ
702:kʷʼ
688:kʲʼ
642:tʷʼ
628:pˤʼ
568:ɖ͡ʐ
554:d͡ʑ
538:d͡z
485:qˤʷ
425:ʈ͡ʂ
411:t͡ɕ
395:t͡s
147:Taa
3898::
3047:,
2862:.
2854:~
2831:.
2803:.
2678:)
2645:.
2581:).
2570:).
2436:wː
2342:mː
2289:ɬʼ
2256:ʁʷ
2249:ʁː
2211:ʒʷ
2186:vː
2147:χʷ
2140:χː
2097:ʃʷ
2019:qʼ
1998:kʼ
1952:tʼ
1936:pʼ
1908:ɡʷ
1901:ɡː
1871:dʑ
1834:bː
1813:)
1804:)
1786:qʷ
1779:qː
1765:kʷ
1758:kː
1728:tɕ
1696:pː
1475:~
1467:~
1185:wˤ
1085:mˤ
1028:ɬʼ
999:ʁˤ
992:ʁʷ
978:ʁʲ
949:ʑʷ
935:ʒʷ
905:vˤ
868:χˤ
861:χʷ
847:χʲ
813:ɕʷ
799:ʃʷ
718:qʼ
695:kʼ
635:tʼ
621:pʼ
591:ɡʷ
577:ɡʲ
531:dʷ
517:bˤ
496:)
478:qˤ
471:qʷ
457:qʲ
448:kʷ
434:kʲ
388:tʷ
374:pˤ
3118:e
3111:t
3104:v
2989:.
2977:.
2953:.
2925:.
2706:a
2690:ə
2675:u
2672:(
2592:.
2533:.
2522:.
2470:r
2429:w
2422:j
2403:l
2351:n
2335:m
2242:ʁ
2227:ʐ
2218:ʑ
2204:ʒ
2197:z
2179:v
2163:h
2133:χ
2122:x
2113:ʂ
2104:ɕ
2090:ʃ
2083:s
2076:ɬ
2065:f
1894:ɡ
1848:d
1827:b
1810:ʔ
1807:(
1798:(
1772:q
1751:k
1705:t
1689:p
1673:/
1302:ʓ
1298:ʆ
1290:ẑ
1286:ŝ
1267:.
1215:r
1178:w
1167:j
1146:l
1092:n
1078:m
985:ʁ
967:ɣ
956:ʐ
942:ʑ
928:ʒ
921:z
898:v
882:h
854:χ
831:x
820:ʂ
806:ɕ
792:ʃ
785:s
771:ɬ
762:f
584:ɡ
524:d
510:b
493:ʔ
490:(
464:q
441:k
381:t
367:p
351:/
116:.
78:)
72:(
67:)
63:(
49:.
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