518:
to war against
Ugaunians. They burned Otepää and returned with captives and booty. Ugaunians and Sackalians retaliated, raided territories of the Letts and burned their worst enemies alive. The Livonians and the Bishop of Riga wanted peace and sent the priest Alabrand to Otepää to negotiate. Alabrand used the gathering of Ugaunians to preach the Christianity to them. Some pagan Ugaunians wanted to kill him because of his preaching, but his status as the messenger of the bishop protected him. Ugaunians made peace with the Bishop of Riga, the leader of the
513:), saw the crusaders as potential allies against their traditional adversaries. The Ugaunians wanted to continue the truce with their new neighbors, but the crusaders had a list of preconditions. They demanded that the Ugaunians pay reparation for an old incident. Many years ago the Ugaunians, upon the advice of the Livonians, had robbed a caravan of German merchants by the Daugava river. In 1207 the crusaders sent a priest called Alabrand to Ugaunia to demand compensation, but did not receive an answer. Next year the Letts and
565:
receive baptism. They told that all who had been involved in the robbery of German merchants had already been killed. The priests Otto and Peter
Kakuwalda were sent to baptize them. Hearing about that, prince Vladimir of Pskov attacked Ugaunians. Ugaunians and German crusaders fortified Otepää and avenged Russians, raiding lands of Pskov and Novgorod. After that Ugaunians went with crusaders, Livonians and Letts against Estonian pagan provinces
55:
564:
in 1215 and burned him alive, his sons burned alive all
Ugaunian men they could catch to avenge. They also tortured Ugaunians to force them to show hiding places in the woods. When all Ugaunian provinces were burnt down, the people still alive sent messengers to Riga, asking for peace and promised to
517:
sent a new delegation to
Ugaunia and returned with Ugaunian envoys. Ugaunians were offered "eternal peace" if they accept Christianity and return everything they had robbed from Germans and Letts. Ugaunians refused and left, threatening the Letts with "very sharp lances". The crusaders and Letts went
579:
544:, sent an army against Ugaunians. They besieged Otepää and fought there for eight days. Defenders of the fort suffered a shortage of food and water and were forced to ask for peace. Ugaunians had to accept Orthodox baptism and pay a tribute of 400 "nogata" marks. (
607:. Ugaunians decided to side with Novgorodians. Russian princes of Pskov, Novgorod and Suzdal sent huge troops of 20,000 men to Ugaunia. The people of Tarbatu sent them large gifts and Otepää welcomed them too. The Russians left
497:
made frequent raids against
Ugaunians in the 12th century but never succeeded to subjugate them. Fort Bear's Head was conquered in 1116 and 1193, Tarbatu in 1134 and 1192. Ugaunians themselves made several raids against Pskov.
623:
defenders killed. Bishop
Hermann started to fortify Otepää and Tarbatu. He chose Tarbatu/Dorpat to be his residence. Bishop Hermann and his Ugaunian subjects fought frequently against Novgorod and were defeated by prince
535:
556:. Ugaunians continued to raid Lettish territories. Wars between Ugaunians and Letts lasted the whole decade. The elders of Ugaunians and Letts had deep personal feuds. When Ugaunians captured
599:
In 1220 Ugaunians rebelled against the
Germans. Sackalians sent bloody swords with which they had killed Germans to Ugaunians of Tarbatu and Otepää. In Tarbatu they decided by lot whether to
611:
as their prince to rule
Ugaunians and any other Estonian province around he could gathered tax from. In 1224 crusaders retook all provinces in mainland Estonia. After casting lot, bishop
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876:
584:
sent messengers through all of
Estonia to besiege Germans and Ugaunians at Otepää. Harrians and Oeselians came and even already baptized Sackalians. While troops of 20,000 of
615:
was given rule over
Ugaunia while Sackala was given to the order. Otepää was happy over the rule of bishop Hermann but Tarbatu was still ruled by Vetseke and his
869:
385:) in present-day Linnamägi Hill in the town of Otepää. The hill is indeed shaped like a head of a bear, thought to have been a holy animal for
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987:
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At the beginning of the 13th century, a new powerful enemy appeared. German crusaders had established a foothold at the mouth of the
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726:
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433:, defeated them and established fort Yuryev (literally "Yury's" - Yury being Yaroslav's Christian name) in what is modern day
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397:(literally, "Mother River"). It was erected around 600 AD on the east side of Toome Hill (Toomemägi) in what is today
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to the gods an ox or their priest Hartwig, who was equally fat. Luckily for the priest, the lot fell upon the
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is Estonian word for pelts). The same summer Ugaunians of Otepää surrendered to crusader commander Bertold of
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attacked Otepää, Ugaunians along with crusaders made raids against Novgorod, Vironians and
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has also been used as a disparaging word for an unsophisticated country person. Rulers of
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and started to expand and christen local tribes. The Ugaunians' southern neighbors, the
353:. An alternate theory proposes that the name "Ugaunia" could have been derived from the
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437:. Kievan rule of Tartu/Tarbatu may have lasted 30 years until 1061, when, according to
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is the Latvian name for the Ugaunia county) is still the modern national name for
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calls for speeding up the harvest work because Ugaunians might attack.
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457:). In modern Estonian literature, the province of Ugaunia is called
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481:) are enemy warriors and robbers. For example, a folk song from
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807:"Could Kedipiv in East-Slavonic Chronicles be Keava hill fort?"
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The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia
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The flag of the student organisation Ugaunia (see: Ugala)
401:. Due to its location, Ugandi always bore the brunt of
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after Ugaunians, their ancient warlike neighbors. In
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is derived by associating "Ugaunia" with the name of
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632:in 1242. Ugaunia became subsequently known as the
983:States and territories disestablished in 1224
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290:. Ugandi corresponded roughly to the present
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389:. Another important Ugaunian stronghold was
317:The county was first mentioned in print by
286:. Ugandi had an area of approximately 3000
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863:
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321:After the Northern crusades it became the
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469:, the country of Estonia is still called
357:language word "Ug", meaning "South" (cf.
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413:around their North-Eastern boundaries.
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720:Historical Dictionary of Estonia; p.63
441:chronicles, Yuryev was burned down by
429:organized a military campaign against
254:county between the east coast of Lake
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750:The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
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814:Estonian Journal of Archaeology
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886:Ancient counties of Estonia
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16:Ancient county of Estonia
85: • Coordinates
780:Tvauri, Andres (2012).
613:Hermann of Buxhoeveden
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156:• Disestablished
805:Mäesalu, Ain (2012).
786:. pp. 33, 59, 60
630:Battle on Lake Peipus
495:Principality of Pskov
284:Principality of Pskov
820:(16supplser): 199.
740:at books.google.com
696:Yaroslav I the Wise
634:Bishopric of Dorpat
427:Yaroslav I the Wise
369:for "bear's head";
323:Bishopric of Dorpat
197:Bishopric of Dorpat
144:• Established
103: /
701:Iziaslav I of Kiev
405:' attacks against
258:and west coast of
19:For the ship, see
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666:Rulers of Estonia
575:Vladimir of Pskov
527:Mstislav the Bold
491:Novgorod Republic
475:Estonian folklore
409:, as they called
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1008:Valga County
1003:Tartu County
998:Põlva County
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829:. Retrieved
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788:. Retrieved
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586:Novgorodians
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308:Valga County
304:Tartu County
302:and half of
300:Põlva County
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184:Succeeded by
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112:58.17; 26.83
993:Võru County
947:Soopoolitse
912:Jogentagana
831:27 December
790:27 December
676:Soopoolitse
651:Jogentagana
578: [
534: [
455:Harionenses
341:. The name
296:Võru County
252:independent
110: /
977:Categories
707:References
617:Ruthenians
558:Tālivaldis
507:Latgalians
447:Sackalians
445:(probably
403:East Slavs
375:Caput Ursi
359:Yugoslavia
349:Hill near
282:, and The
260:Lake Pskov
244:Low German
37:county of
927:Nurmekund
621:Ruthenian
601:sacrifice
573:. Prince
487:"Ugalane"
451:Oeselians
387:Ugaunians
347:Uandimägi
272:Nurmekund
256:Võrtsjärv
250:) was an
897:Alempois
768:Igaunija
640:See also
590:Œselians
531:Vladimir
483:Viljandi
479:ugalased
471:Igaunija
421:In 1030
367:Ugaunian
335:Ugaunija
331:Igaunija
240:Ugaunija
228:Ungannia
29:Ungannia
738:Ugaunia
628:in the
609:Vetseke
594:Votians
571:Vironia
562:Trikāta
542:Polatsk
467:Latvian
425:Prince
417:History
395:Emajõgi
391:Tarbatu
379:Russian
339:Estonia
327:Latvian
292:Estonia
236:Latvian
232:Ugaunia
149:unknown
131:History
98:26°50′E
95:58°10′N
67:Tarbatu
63:Capital
46:unknown
952:Ugandi
942:Sakala
932:Revala
755:
725:
671:Sakala
567:Jerwia
554:Wenden
459:Ugandi
443:Sosols
423:Kievan
407:Chudes
363:Otepää
355:Slavic
351:Otepää
343:Ugandi
280:Tālava
276:Sakala
220:Ugandi
134:
71:Otepää
31:Ugandi
957:Vaiga
937:Saare
917:Lääne
907:Järva
902:Harju
810:(PDF)
582:]
550:nahad
546:Nogat
538:]
511:Letts
465:. In
463:Ugala
435:Tartu
431:Chuds
399:Tartu
371:Latin
325:. In
288:hides
264:Vaiga
224:Latin
48:–1224
962:Viru
922:Mõhu
833:2016
792:2016
753:ISBN
723:ISBN
588:and
569:and
529:and
509:(or
493:and
306:and
268:Mõhu
248:Uggn
160:1224
77:Area
822:doi
560:of
548:or
461:or
453:or
230:or
979::
816:.
812:.
636:.
605:ox
596:.
580:ru
536:ru
522:.
449:,
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329:,
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298:,
278:,
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226::
69:,
878:e
871:t
864:v
835:.
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818:1
794:.
365:(
333:(
222:(
23:.
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