645:, Bulgaria, Greece, and Slovakia; that it is rare in the folk music of Russia, Belarus and Hungary but appears fairly commonly in Jewish music from those areas. The historical ethnomusicologist Walter Zev Feldman describes it as being present in an area from Western Anatolia to Ukraine. Manuel notes that Jewish and Roma musicians may have been important in spreading or maintaining it across cultural zones and imperial borders. Scholars generally agree that its origin is unknown. Certain usages of this scale are common across many of these cultural groups, such as modulations between it and the
533:
20:
721:, a type of freeform Romanian piece which became popular in klezmer music, an association noted by Beregovski in the 1940s. In religious Jewish music, it is considered a "secondary" mode, as it often appears in passing in larger works with complex melodic development, rather than being the basis of an entire piece.
640:
This mode is especially common in areas of
Eastern and Southeastern Europe and the Mediterranean which were under the rule or influence of the Ottoman Empire, and before it the Byzantine Empire. There has not yet been a thorough study of its use across various cultures. In a 1980 study, Slobin noted
712:
music of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, sometimes as a natural result of composing in a Jewish style but occasionally in terms of parody, pathos or cultural references as well. Its reduced popularity in
Yiddish song due to the influence of Western music on musical tastes has been
716:
This scale is very common in
Klezmer music as well. According to Feldman, it is especially present in what he calls the "transitional" klezmer repertoire, a subset of repertoire which is highly influenced by Romanian and Greek music, and not as common among the older "core" klezmer repertoire. In
741:
musicians from there who played at the
Ottoman court, as well as the interplay of Greek, Jewish, Romanian and Roma musical cultures. In the musical cultures there, especially in Moldavia, this scale was commonly used in dances and songs, including in particular the Doina and various ballads, and
766:), and have names and forms which come from the Ottoman makam system, although in some cases the names no longer correspond to the original Ottoman ones. There does not seem to be a universal name for this scale in the Greek context; various names are used, including
705:, and composed Yiddish songs of the early 20th century. Beregovsky, the Soviet researcher of Jewish music working in the 1930s, estimated that this mode was used in 4 or 5 percent of Jewish folk songs and slightly more than 10 percent of instrumental tunes.
803:. As in other regional music, the fourth degree is often flattened or raised alternately within a single piece. Feldman has observed that instrumental melodies shared between Greek and Ashkenazic Jewish traditions are very often composed in this scale.
626:
The main tonal basis of this scale is a minor triad. However, the raised fourth is more difficult to harmonize, and therefore pieces written in this scale are often accompanied by a drone in traditional music, or with diminished chords.
27:
811:
The
Ukrainian Dorian scale most often appears in classical music or modern compositions in pieces which draw on, or refer to, Jewish, Romanian, Ukrainian, or other ethnic music styles. Composers from the
701:(known colloquially as Freygish) are generally said to have a "Jewish" feel which sets them apart from other music. It appears in a number of genres, including religious music, folk songs,
435:"). Because of this association it has also been called the "Duma mode" in the context of Ukrainian music. At other times Idelsohn called it simply a dorian mode with an augmented fourth.
1038:
Rubin, Joel (1997). Stanton, Steve; Knapp, Alexander (eds.). "Alts nemt zikh fun der doyne (Everything comes from the doina): The
Romanian-Jewish Doina: A Closer Stylistic Examination".
1775:
Walden, Joshua S. (Fall 2012). "An essential expression of the people": interpretations of hasidic song in the composition and performance history of Ernest Bloch's Baal Shem".
411:
Although this scale has been used in the music of
Southeastern Europe and Western Asia for centuries, our terms for it only date to the twentieth century. The term Ukrainian
1094:
Beregovski, Moshe (2000). "5. The
Altered Dorian Scale in Jewish Folk Music (On the question of the semantic characteristics of scales), 1946". In Slobin, Mark (ed.).
79:
556:. It can be seen, as Idelsohn originally described it in the 1910s, as a seven-note scale. For example, a C scale in Ukrainian Dorian would consist of C, D, E
577:
However, there are other aspects to its modal usage in traditional music. Its lower range consists of the pentachord Nikriz; in C, the notes would be C, D, E
657:
As stated above, the common
English name for this scale (Ukrainian Dorian) came about because early folklorists and musicologists associated it with the
852:
also employed this scale when referencing Jewish themes. The scale is also widely used in the works of composers drawing on
Romanian themes, such as
66:
including Jewish, Greek, Ukrainian, and Romanian music. Because of its widespread use, this scale has been known by a variety of names including
1759:
1734:
2107:
458:
In folk and religious music from various ethnic groups of Southeastern Europe it has a variety of other names. In the context of Jewish
1915:
1890:
1865:
1692:
1667:
1450:
1338:
1262:
1208:
1065:
1981:
1968:
2336:
1589:
1514:
1287:
1103:
1425:
1726:
Funny, It Doesn't Sound Jewish: How Yiddish Songs and Synagogue Melodies Influenced Tin Pan Alley, Broadway, and Hollywood
388:
368:
358:
353:
313:
1427:
Yiddish American popular songs, 1895 to 1950 : a catalog based on the Lawrence Marwick roster of copyright entries
1561:
Tarsi, Boaz (2020). "Uncovering the music theory of the Ashkenazi liturgical music:'Adonai Malach'as a case study".
661:
epic ballads of Ukraine. These ballads, which date back to the fifteenth century and were historically performed by
2767:
737:
of Wallachia and Moldavia, played a key role in historical exchanges between Western and Ottoman music, including
455:, an American ethnomusicologist, who translated Beregovski's work to English, calls it the "raised-fourth scale".
2772:
813:
545:
378:
348:
2777:
2586:
1179:
Feldman, Walter Z. (1994). "Bulgărească/Bulgarish/Bulgar: The transformation of a klezmer dance genre." (): ".
393:
343:
2533:
2302:
2499:
2625:
2561:
2241:
2102:
895:
734:
698:
646:
553:
942:"At the Intersection of Music Theory and Ideology: A. Z. Idelsohn and the Ashkenazi Prayer Mode Magen Avot"
2782:
2582:
2572:
383:
333:
303:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2592:
2246:
2231:
2226:
2157:
2052:
900:
890:
885:
623:). So, in traditional modal uses it often extends beyond one octave and has variation in its intervals.
463:
424:
439:, a Soviet ethnomusicologist, was critical of Idelsohn's work and preferred the term "altered Dorian" (
1098:(First Syracuse University Press ed.). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. pp. 549–67.
2261:
2178:
2082:
2077:
1961:
674:
549:
2567:
828:
rejected its use in compositions. Modern American Jewish composers have also employed it, including
2671:
2495:
2329:
2164:
2097:
996:
Slobin, Mark (1980). Talmage, Frank (ed.). "The Evolution of a Musical Symbol in Yiddish Culture".
905:
849:
743:
398:
373:
338:
328:
318:
308:
298:
293:
288:
63:
2171:
2112:
865:
678:
641:
it is particularly prevalent in Ukraine, Romania and Moldova, appears sometimes in the music of
532:
1058:
New York klezmer in the early twentieth century: the music of Naftule Brandwein and Dave Tarras
2408:
2190:
1911:
1886:
1861:
1838:
1807:
1755:
1730:
1688:
1663:
1640:
1585:
1543:
1510:
1487:
1446:
1406:
1367:
1334:
1283:
1258:
1204:
1161:
1099:
1061:
961:
857:
436:
2727:
2715:
2709:
2557:
2549:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2251:
2132:
2092:
2057:
2006:
1479:
1398:
1225:
1153:
953:
483:
440:
254:
the seventh chord qualities of the original Dorian scale and the two harmonic Dorian scales
240:
215:
200:
190:
160:
59:
19:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2721:
2691:
2520:
2443:
2418:
2413:
2403:
2385:
2127:
2117:
2062:
2042:
2016:
1954:
1304:
915:
910:
873:
829:
825:
709:
428:
416:
235:
205:
1723:
Gottlieb, Jack (2004). "12. Affinities Between Jewish Americans and African Americans".
2703:
2643:
2635:
2615:
2607:
2577:
2483:
2362:
2353:
2322:
2148:
2122:
2072:
2047:
2011:
919:
869:
861:
694:
431:
and associated this scale with Ukrainian music (particularly in the epic poems called "
55:
51:
1629:"The Development of Chordal Harmony in Greek Rebetika and Laika Music, 1930s to 1960s"
2761:
2697:
2597:
2529:
2510:
2473:
2375:
2256:
2236:
2067:
1977:
853:
837:
817:
738:
620:
521:
471:
467:
83:
54:, often with a variable 4th degree. It has traditionally been common in the music of
101:
the triad qualities of the original Dorian scale and the two harmonic Dorian scales
2539:
2525:
2458:
2448:
2345:
845:
601:, C. In many cases, at some point in the melody the fourth degree is flattened to F
524:
system, which includes Greek music, it is often compared to the pentachord Nikriz.
87:
1468:"Musical Fusion and Allusion in the Core and the Transitional Klezmer Repertoires"
957:
642:
1710:
Jewish Identities: Nationalism, Racism, and Utopianism in Twentieth-Century Music
2515:
2505:
2491:
2438:
2395:
2380:
2370:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2221:
2037:
2032:
2001:
1996:
941:
833:
658:
541:
491:
452:
432:
412:
245:
230:
225:
220:
195:
185:
180:
175:
165:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
94:
47:
1060:(1 ed.). Rochester (NY): University of Rochester Press. pp. 290–391.
474:
and others. Since the 1980s some of these religious terms have been applied to
2287:
2087:
841:
1842:
1811:
1644:
1547:
1491:
1410:
1371:
1165:
1142:"Modal Harmony in Andalusian, Eastern European, and Turkish Syncretic Musics"
965:
1430:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. xxiii.
1754:. Berkeley Los Angeles London: University of California press. p. 46.
795:
This scale appears in a variety of types of Greek popular music, including
1483:
1708:
Moricz, Klara (2008). "2. Zhidï and Yevrei in a Neonationalist Context".
800:
796:
478:
music as well, most commonly Mi Shebeirach. In Russian, it is called the
1946:
1826:
1467:
1355:
595:, C. Below the tonic, however, would typically be the tetrachord G, A, B
2212:
1883:
The one-act operas of Nicolae Bretan : Romania's silenced composer
1796:"The Double Meaning of Jewish Elements in Dimitri Shostakovich's Music"
1628:
1386:
1096:
Old Jewish Folk Music: The Collections and Writings of Moshe Beregovski
789:
730:
702:
670:
517:
479:
475:
466:
it has been named after various prayers it was used in; most commonly "
1795:
1531:
1333:. Edmonton: Canadian Inst. of Ukrainian Studies Press. pp. 8–10.
1141:
713:
observed both in the Soviet Union and the United States by the 1940s.
669:
ballads, this scale is particularly associated with the music of the
662:
459:
1724:
1402:
1387:"Music as Social History: American Yiddish Theater Music, 1882-1920"
1018:(First Schocken ed.). New York: Shocken Books. pp. 184–91.
1157:
693:
This scale is often associated in an English-language context with
2203:
718:
607:, with a possibility to flatten the sixth and seventh degrees to A
531:
18:
1040:
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Jewish Music
1356:"The Music of the Synagogue as a Source of the Yiddish Folksong"
589:, G. Its upper range normally consists of the tetrachord G, A, B
490:) after the ethnic group of that name. In the context of modern
2318:
1950:
1931:
Gnativ, Dymitro (Fall 2022). "Listening to Ukraine: A Primer".
1282:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. pp. 85–6.
1858:
Sounding authentic: the rural miniature and musical modernism
1582:
Das Rebetiko: eine Studie zur städtischen Musik Griechenlands
427:
in the 1910s, who was influenced by the Ukrainian folklorist
1712:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 55–92.
1257:. Urbana, Ill.: Univ. of Illinois Press. pp. 185–93.
1255:
Tenement songs: the popular music of the Jewish immigrants
868:, as well as Ukrainian themes in works by composers like
677:, to the degree that it is often called the Hutsul mode (
1729:. State University of New York Press. pp. 193–223.
665:, were typically composed using this scale. Aside from
540:
The Ukrainian Dorian scale is sometimes described as a
1662:. New York: Oxford university press. pp. 359–60.
1472:
Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies
1827:"Tracing the Origins of Shostakovich's Musical Motto"
1605:
Ordoulidis, Nikos (2011). "The Greek Popular Modes".
1584:(in German). Hamburg: K. D. Wagner. pp. 131–62.
1509:(1st ed.). Northvale, NJ: Aronson. p. 205.
697:
Jewish music, and pieces in Ukrainian Dorian and the
2684:
2652:
2634:
2606:
2548:
2482:
2431:
2394:
2361:
2352:
2311:
2275:
2141:
2025:
1989:
783:
773:
767:
755:
511:
501:
495:
423:) was coined by the pioneering Jewish musicologist
1532:"Observations on Practices of "Nusach" in America"
1445:. New York: Oxford university press. p. 219.
1203:. New York: Oxford university press. p. 383.
1194:
1192:
1190:
1051:
1049:
451:and also in Romanian, Moldavian and Jewish music.
1860:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 36.
1687:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 144.
1009:
1007:
1622:
1620:
1885:. Saarbrücken: Verlag Dr. Muller. p. 87.
1248:
1246:
1135:
2330:
1962:
1777:Journal of the American Musicological Society
1331:Ukrainian musical elements in classical music
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1042:. London: City University Print Unit: 133–64.
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
447:); he agreed it was most common in Ukrainian
8:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
824:(1912); others from that movement including
761:
2358:
2337:
2323:
2315:
1969:
1955:
1947:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1016:Jewish Music in its Historical Development
1424:Heskes, Irene; Marwick, Lawrence (1992).
50:with raised 4th and 6th, and lowered 7th
922:corresponding to Ukrainian Dorian scale.
252:
99:
932:
717:particular, it is associated with the
548:. It shares the same intervals as the
1939:(1). National Flute Association, Inc.
733:, which correspond to the historical
536:Interval diagram for Ukrainian Dorian
520:minor) In contexts influenced by the
7:
1783:(3). University of California Press.
1563:Analytical Approaches to World Music
97:, the other is the Dorian ♭5 scale.
78:. It is also closely related to the
1660:Klezmer: music, history, and memory
1443:Klezmer: music, history, and memory
1201:Klezmer: music, history, and memory
911:Mixolydian mode § Moloch scale
1752:George Gershwin: his life and work
1633:British Journal of Ethnomusicology
14:
946:Journal of Musicological Research
807:Orchestral and contemporary music
754:In Greek music, modes are called
1910:. Scarecrow Books. p. 297.
1280:A history of European folk music
1607:British Postgraduate Musicology
1329:Soroker, Jakov Lʹvovič (1995).
1014:Idelsohn, Abraham Zevi (1967).
1627:Pennanen, Risto Pekka (1997).
1146:Yearbook for Traditional Music
93:It is one of the two harmonic
1:
1303:Baley, Virko; Hrytsa, Sofia.
1056:Rubin, Joel (2020). "Notes".
958:10.1080/01411896.2017.1340033
494:it has variously been called
389:augmented major seventh chord
369:half-diminished seventh chord
359:augmented major seventh chord
354:half-diminished seventh chord
314:half-diminished seventh chord
1908:Masterworks of George Enescu
1658:Feldman, Walter Zev (2016).
1466:Feldman, Walter Zev (2022).
1441:Feldman, Walter Zev (2016).
1199:Feldman, Walter Zev (2016).
636:Traditional and ethnic music
23:Ukrainian Dorian mode on C.
1580:Dietrich, Eberhard (1987).
784:
774:
768:
756:
512:
502:
496:
2799:
2108:Ptolemy's intense diatonic
1856:Walden, Joshua S. (2014).
1825:Brown, Stephen C. (2006).
1505:Levine, Joseph A. (2000).
998:Studies in Jewish Folklore
1507:Synagogue song in America
1000:. Cambridge, MA: 313–330.
814:Jewish art music movement
762:
682:
673:, an ethnic group of the
487:
444:
379:minor major seventh chord
349:minor major seventh chord
2587:descending melodic major
2534:descending melodic minor
1906:Bentoiu, Pascal (2010).
1750:Pollack, Howard (2006).
1683:Loeffler, James (2010).
394:diminished seventh chord
344:diminished seventh chord
2562:ascending melodic minor
2500:ascending melodic major
1794:Braun, Joachim (1985).
1685:The Most Musical Nature
896:Phrygian dominant scale
816:employed it, including
735:Danubian Principalities
699:Phrygian dominant scale
689:Ashkenazic Jewish music
647:Phrygian dominant scale
554:Phrygian dominant scale
2573:Lydian augmented (III)
2346:Modes in Western music
1881:Wood, Charles (2008).
1385:Heskes, Irene (1984).
1354:Wohlberg, Max (1977).
1140:Manuel, Peter (1989).
537:
420:
384:dominant seventh chord
334:dominant seventh chord
304:dominant seventh chord
285:original Dorian scale
132:original Dorian scale
40:Ukrainian Dorian scale
35:
16:Musical scale and mode
2654:Double harmonic scale
2626:Phrygian dominant (V)
2621:Ukrainian Dorian (IV)
1800:The Musical Quarterly
1484:10.1353/sho.2022.0026
1253:Slobin, Mark (1996).
901:Double harmonic scale
891:Hungarian minor scale
708:Its use is common in
535:
425:Abraham Zevi Idelsohn
22:
2667:Hungarian minor (IV)
2593:Half diminished (VI)
2583:Aeolian dominant (V)
2179:17 equal temperament
1530:Tarsi, Boaz (2002).
940:Tarsi, Boaz (2017).
675:Carpathian Mountains
550:Harmonic minor scale
445:Измененный дорийский
2662:Double harmonic (I)
1226:"South East Europe"
906:Melodic minor scale
850:Dmitri Shostakovich
744:Romanian folk music
399:major seventh chord
374:minor seventh chord
339:major seventh chord
329:minor seventh chord
319:major seventh chord
309:minor seventh chord
299:major seventh chord
294:minor seventh chord
289:minor seventh chord
255:
102:
2644:Harmonic major (I)
2616:Harmonic minor (I)
2113:Scale of harmonics
1309:Grove Music Online
1278:Ling, Jan (1997).
1230:Grove Music Online
866:Ciprian Porumbescu
742:persists today in
538:
421:Ukrainisch-dorisch
253:
100:
36:
2768:Heptatonic scales
2755:
2754:
2680:
2679:
2427:
2426:
2216:
2207:
2193:
2191:Escala nordestina
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2103:Phrygian dominant
1933:Flutist Quarterly
1761:978-0-520-24864-9
1736:978-0-7914-8502-6
886:Minor gypsy scale
785:Piraeotiko minore
513:Piraeotiko minore
470:scale", but also
437:Moisei Beregovsky
404:
403:
251:
250:
80:Nikriz pentachord
2790:
2773:Hemitonic scales
2359:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2316:
2267:Ukrainian Dorian
2210:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2043:Diminished scale
1971:
1964:
1957:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1326:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1137:
1110:
1109:
1091:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1020:
1019:
1011:
1002:
1001:
993:
970:
969:
937:
787:
777:
771:
765:
764:
759:
684:
618:
617:
612:
611:
606:
605:
600:
599:
594:
593:
588:
587:
582:
581:
573:
572:
567:
566:
561:
560:
515:
505:
499:
489:
446:
365:Dorian ♭5 scale
325:Dorian ♯4 scale
256:
241:diminished triad
216:diminished triad
212:Dorian ♭5 scale
201:diminished triad
191:diminished triad
172:Dorian ♯4 scale
161:diminished triad
103:
60:Southeast Europe
46:) is a modified
34:
33:
32:
30:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2778:Tritonic scales
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2685:Number of tones
2676:
2648:
2630:
2602:
2544:
2478:
2423:
2390:
2348:
2343:
2307:
2271:
2232:Hungarian minor
2227:Hungarian major
2158:Double harmonic
2137:
2128:Synthetic scale
2053:Double harmonic
2021:
1985:
1975:
1945:
1944:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1403:10.2307/3051563
1384:
1383:
1379:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1181:Ethnomusicology
1178:
1177:
1173:
1139:
1138:
1113:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1075:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1005:
995:
994:
973:
939:
938:
934:
929:
882:
874:Myroslav Skoryk
830:George Gershwin
826:Lazare Saminsky
809:
752:
727:
710:Yiddish theatre
691:
683:Гуцульський лад
655:
653:Ukrainian music
638:
633:
615:
614:
609:
608:
603:
602:
597:
596:
591:
590:
585:
584:
579:
578:
570:
569:
564:
563:
558:
557:
530:
528:Characteristics
488:гуцульський лад
460:cantorial music
429:Filaret Kolessa
409:
236:augmented triad
206:augmented triad
44:Dorian ♯4 scale
28:
26:
25:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2796:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2636:Harmonic major
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2608:Harmonic minor
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2568:Dorian ♭2 (II)
2565:
2558:Jazz minor (I)
2554:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2523:
2521:Mixolydian (V)
2518:
2513:
2511:Phrygian (III)
2508:
2503:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2419:Hypomixolydian
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2262:Romanian major
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:Synthetic mode
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:Harmonic minor
2080:
2078:Harmonic major
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Distance model
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:Musical scales
1976:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1923:
1916:
1898:
1891:
1873:
1866:
1848:
1817:
1786:
1767:
1760:
1742:
1735:
1715:
1700:
1693:
1675:
1668:
1650:
1616:
1597:
1590:
1572:
1553:
1542:(2): 175–219.
1522:
1515:
1497:
1478:(2): 143–166.
1458:
1451:
1433:
1416:
1391:American Music
1377:
1360:Musica Judaica
1346:
1339:
1321:
1295:
1288:
1270:
1263:
1242:
1224:Samson, John.
1216:
1209:
1186:
1171:
1158:10.2307/767769
1111:
1104:
1073:
1066:
1045:
1021:
1003:
971:
952:(3): 208–233.
931:
930:
928:
925:
924:
923:
920:Carnatic music
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
881:
878:
870:Zhanna Kolodub
862:Nicolae Bretan
808:
805:
751:
748:
726:
725:Romanian music
723:
690:
687:
654:
651:
637:
634:
632:
629:
544:with a raised
529:
526:
408:
405:
402:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
322:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
249:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
107:
68:Altered Dorian
56:Eastern Europe
38:In music, the
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2795:
2784:
2783:Modes (music)
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2598:Altered (VII)
2596:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Acoustic (IV)
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2540:Locrian (VII)
2538:
2535:
2531:
2530:natural minor
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:natural major
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2474:Reciting tone
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2303:Bohlen–Pierce
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Jewish nusach
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:Major Locrian
2162:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:Ethnic origin
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Major Locrian
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Flamenco mode
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1949:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1917:9780810876903
1913:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1892:9783639088861
1888:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1867:9780199334667
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1768:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1694:9780300162943
1690:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1669:9780190244514
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1569:(2): 195–234.
1568:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1452:9780190244514
1448:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1340:9781895571066
1336:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1264:9780252065620
1260:
1256:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1210:9780190244514
1206:
1202:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:9781580465984
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1004:
999:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
972:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
936:
933:
926:
921:
918:, the Indian
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:George Enescu
851:
847:
843:
839:
838:Irving Berlin
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:Hebrew Melody
819:
818:Joseph Achron
815:
806:
804:
802:
798:
793:
791:
786:
781:
776:
770:
758:
749:
747:
745:
740:
736:
732:
724:
722:
720:
714:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
688:
686:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
652:
650:
648:
644:
635:
630:
628:
624:
622:
621:natural minor
575:
555:
551:
547:
546:fourth degree
543:
534:
527:
525:
523:
522:Turkish makam
519:
514:
509:
504:
498:
493:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Av HaRachamim
469:
468:Mi Shebeirach
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
324:
323:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
284:
283:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
211:
210:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
131:
130:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
98:
96:
95:Dorian scales
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:Mi Shebeirach
73:
69:
65:
64:Mediterranean
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
31:
21:
2672:Oriental (V)
2620:
2526:Aeolian (VI)
2409:Hypophrygian
2266:
2211:
2202:
2172:Quarter tone
1990:Main Western
1936:
1932:
1926:
1907:
1901:
1882:
1876:
1857:
1851:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1806:(1): 68–80.
1803:
1799:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1751:
1745:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1684:
1678:
1659:
1653:
1636:
1632:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1506:
1500:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1442:
1436:
1426:
1419:
1397:(4): 73–87.
1394:
1390:
1380:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1330:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1298:
1279:
1273:
1254:
1233:. Retrieved
1229:
1219:
1200:
1180:
1174:
1149:
1145:
1095:
1057:
1039:
1015:
997:
949:
945:
935:
846:Ernest Bloch
821:
810:
794:
779:
753:
729:Romania and
728:
715:
707:
692:
666:
656:
639:
631:Use in music
625:
576:
539:
507:
457:
448:
410:
92:
88:Arabic maqam
75:
71:
67:
43:
39:
37:
2516:Lydian (IV)
2506:Dorian (II)
2464:Hypolocrian
2454:Hypoaeolian
2026:Other types
1536:Asian Music
858:Béla Bartók
834:Max Helfman
750:Greek music
542:Dorian mode
492:Greek music
453:Mark Slobin
407:Terminology
246:major triad
231:major triad
226:minor triad
221:minor triad
196:major triad
186:major triad
181:major triad
176:minor triad
166:major triad
156:minor triad
151:major triad
146:major triad
141:minor triad
136:minor triad
72:Hutsul mode
48:minor scale
2762:Categories
2728:Heptatonic
2716:Pentatonic
2710:Tetratonic
2550:Jazz minor
2492:Ionian (I)
2469:Pentatonic
2444:Hypoionian
2414:Hypolydian
2404:Hypodorian
2386:Mixolydian
2276:Non-octave
2252:Neapolitan
2133:Whole tone
2093:Jazz minor
2058:Enharmonic
2007:Pentatonic
1837:: 69–103.
1639:: 65–116.
1591:3889790348
1516:0765761394
1314:7 December
1289:1878822772
1235:7 December
1105:0815628684
927:References
842:Kurt Weill
695:Ashkenazic
62:, and the
2746:Chromatic
2740:Decatonic
2734:Octatonic
2722:Hexatonic
2692:Monotonic
2363:Authentic
2354:Gregorian
2118:Symmetric
2063:Enigmatic
2017:Chromatic
1843:1073-6913
1812:0027-4631
1645:0968-1221
1548:0044-9202
1492:1534-5165
1411:0734-4392
1372:0147-7536
1366:(1): 36.
1305:"Ukraine"
1166:0740-1558
1152:: 70–94.
966:0141-1896
775:Romanikos
769:Karagouna
679:Ukrainian
643:Maramureș
568:, G, A, B
503:Romanikos
497:Karagouna
90:systems.
82:found in
2704:Tritonic
2484:Diatonic
2376:Phrygian
2242:Japanese
2198:Gamelan
2149:Algerian
2073:Harmonic
2012:Diatonic
1831:Intégral
916:Hemavati
880:See also
797:Rebetiko
792:minor).
616:♭
610:♭
604:♮
598:♮
592:♭
586:♯
580:♭
571:♭
565:♯
559:♭
552:and the
42:(or the
2698:Ditonic
2459:Locrian
2449:Aeolian
2257:Persian
2237:Istrian
2213:Slendro
2186:Brazil
2153:Arabic
1183:: 1–35.
820:in his
790:Piraeus
731:Moldova
703:Klezmer
671:Hutsuls
663:Kobzars
518:Piraeus
484:Russian
476:Klezmer
441:Russian
84:Turkish
52:degrees
2439:Ionian
2396:Plagal
2381:Lydian
2371:Dorian
1914:
1889:
1864:
1841:
1810:
1758:
1733:
1691:
1666:
1643:
1588:
1546:
1513:
1490:
1449:
1409:
1370:
1337:
1286:
1261:
1207:
1164:
1102:
1064:
964:
780:Nikriz
763:δρόµοι
757:Dromoi
508:Nikriz
482:mode (
480:Hutsul
464:Nusach
417:German
413:Dorian
2432:Other
2312:Modes
2298:Delta
2293:Gamma
2283:Alpha
2222:Gypsy
2204:Pelog
2038:Blues
2033:Bebop
2002:Minor
1997:Major
801:Laïko
719:Doina
613:and B
259:scale
106:scale
2748:(12)
2742:(10)
2532:and
2498:and
2288:Beta
2088:Jazz
1982:list
1912:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1839:ISSN
1808:ISSN
1756:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1689:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1641:ISSN
1586:ISBN
1544:ISSN
1511:ISBN
1488:ISSN
1447:ISBN
1407:ISSN
1368:ISSN
1335:ISBN
1316:2023
1284:ISBN
1259:ISBN
1237:2023
1205:ISBN
1162:ISSN
1100:ISBN
1062:ISBN
962:ISSN
872:and
864:and
844:and
799:and
739:Roma
667:Dumy
659:Dumy
449:Dumy
433:Dumy
280:7th
127:7th
74:and
29:Play
2736:(8)
2730:(7)
2724:(6)
2718:(5)
2712:(4)
2706:(3)
2700:(2)
2694:(1)
1480:doi
1399:doi
1154:doi
954:doi
782:or
685:).
583:, F
562:, F
510:or
462:or
277:6th
274:5th
271:4th
268:3rd
265:2nd
262:1st
124:6th
121:5th
118:4th
115:3rd
112:2nd
109:1st
86:or
2764::
1937:48
1935:.
1835:20
1833:.
1829:.
1804:71
1802:.
1798:.
1781:65
1779:.
1635:.
1631:.
1619:^
1611:11
1609:.
1565:.
1540:33
1538:.
1534:.
1486:.
1476:40
1474:.
1470:.
1405:.
1393:.
1389:.
1362:.
1358:.
1307:.
1245:^
1228:.
1189:^
1160:.
1150:21
1148:.
1144:.
1114:^
1076:^
1048:^
1024:^
1006:^
974:^
960:.
950:36
948:.
944:.
876:.
860:,
856:,
848:.
840:,
836:,
832:,
778:,
772:,
746:.
681::
649:.
574:.
506:,
500:,
486::
443::
419::
70:,
58:,
2589:)
2585:(
2564:)
2560:(
2536:)
2528:(
2502:)
2494:(
2338:e
2331:t
2324:v
1984:)
1980:(
1970:e
1963:t
1956:v
1920:.
1895:.
1870:.
1845:.
1814:.
1764:.
1739:.
1697:.
1672:.
1647:.
1637:6
1613:.
1594:.
1567:8
1550:.
1519:.
1494:.
1482::
1455:.
1413:.
1401::
1395:2
1374:.
1364:2
1343:.
1318:.
1292:.
1267:.
1239:.
1213:.
1168:.
1156::
1108:.
1070:.
968:.
956::
788:(
760:(
619:(
516:(
415:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
