Ultrasound - Knowledge (XXG)

938: 721:, and the power levels used for imaging are too low to cause adverse heating or pressure effects in tissue. Although the long-term effects due to ultrasound exposure at diagnostic intensity are still unknown, currently most doctors feel that the benefits to patients outweigh the risks. The ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle has been advocated for an ultrasound examination – that is, keeping the scanning time and power settings as low as possible but consistent with diagnostic imaging – and that by that principle nonmedical uses, which by definition are not necessary, are actively discouraged. 3595: 1061:(a device that creates a very fine spray), is a popular type of humidifier. It works by vibrating a metal plate at ultrasonic frequencies to nebulize (sometimes incorrectly called "atomize") the water. Because the water is not heated for evaporation, it produces a cool mist. The ultrasonic pressure waves nebulize not only the water but also materials in the water including calcium, other minerals, viruses, fungi, bacteria, and other impurities. Illness caused by impurities that reside in a humidifier's reservoir fall under the heading of "Humidifier Fever". 922:

alternative to high-speed mixers and agitator bead mills. Ultrasonic foils under the moving wire in a paper machine will use the shock waves from the imploding bubbles to distribute the cellulose fibres more uniformly in the produced paper web, which will make a stronger paper with more even surfaces. Furthermore, chemical reactions benefit from the free radicals created by the cavitation as well as from the energy input and the material transfer through boundary layers. For many processes, this sonochemical (see

875:(UIT) uses ultrasound to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of metals. It is a metallurgical processing technique in which ultrasonic energy is applied to a metal object. Ultrasonic treatment can result in controlled residual compressive stress, grain refinement and grain size reduction. Low and high cycle fatigue are enhanced and have been documented to provide increases up to ten times greater than non-UIT specimens. Additionally, UIT has proven effective in addressing 313: 550: 226: 969:

fibers in equidistant planes is measured with a laser and an electro-optical sensor. This could provide the paper industry a quick on-line fiber size measurement system. A somewhat different implementation was demonstrated at Pennsylvania State University using a microchip which generated a pair of perpendicular standing surface acoustic waves allowing to position particles equidistant to each other on a grid. This experiment, called

657:

with poor sensitivity. Ultrasonic imaging uses frequencies of 2 megahertz and higher; the shorter wavelength allows resolution of small internal details in structures and tissues. The power density is generally less than 1 watt per square centimetre to avoid heating and cavitation effects in the object under examination. Ultrasonic imaging applications include industrial nondestructive testing, quality control and medical uses.

3882: 573: 57: 634: 946:

to prove feasibility and establish some of the required ultrasonic exposure parameters. After this phase is complete, the process is transferred to a pilot (bench) scale for flow-through pre-production optimization and then to an industrial scale for continuous production. During these scale-up steps, it is essential to make sure that all local exposure conditions (ultrasonic amplitude,

108: 508: 321: 1248: 546:

computerized systems that automate much of the process. An ultrasonic test of a joint can identify the existence of flaws, measure their size, and identify their location. Not all welded materials are equally amenable to ultrasonic inspection; some materials have a large grain size that produces a high level of background noise in measurements.

645: 1225:

on Non-ionising Radiation (AGNIR) produced a report in 2010, which was published by the UK Health Protection Agency (HPA). This report recommended an exposure limit for the general public to airborne ultrasound sound pressure levels (SPL) of 70 dB (at 20 kHz), and 100 dB (at 25 kHz and above).

1184:

in the late 1950s, the system used a hand-held remote control containing short rod resonators struck by small hammers, and a microphone on the set. Filters and detectors discriminated between the various operations. The principal advantages were that no battery was needed in the hand-held control box

950:

intensity, time spent in the active cavitation zone, etc.) stay the same. If this condition is met, the quality of the final product remains at the optimized level, while the productivity is increased by a predictable "scale-up factor". The productivity increase results from the fact that laboratory,

912:

Ultrasonication offers great potential in the processing of liquids and slurries, by improving the mixing and chemical reactions in various applications and industries. Ultrasonication generates alternating low-pressure and high-pressure waves in liquids, leading to the formation and violent collapse

472:

A common ultrasound application is an automatic door opener, where an ultrasonic sensor detects a person's approach and opens the door. Ultrasonic sensors are also used to detect intruders; the ultrasound can cover a wide area from a single point. The flow in pipes or open channels can be measured by

455:

Both continuous wave and pulsed systems are used. The principle behind a pulsed-ultrasonic technology is that the transmit signal consists of short bursts of ultrasonic energy. After each burst, the electronics looks for a return signal within a small window of time corresponding to the time it takes

1224:

Occupational exposure to ultrasound in excess of 120 dB may lead to hearing loss. Exposure in excess of 155 dB may produce heating effects that are harmful to the human body, and it has been calculated that exposures above 180 dB may lead to death. The UK's independent Advisory Group

945:

Substantial ultrasonic intensity and high ultrasonic vibration amplitudes are required for many processing applications, such as nano-crystallization, nano-emulsification, deagglomeration, extraction, cell disruption, as well as many others. Commonly, a process is first tested on a laboratory scale

886:

When the UIT tool, made up of the ultrasonic transducer, pins and other components, comes into contact with the work piece it acoustically couples with the work piece, creating harmonic resonance. This harmonic resonance is performed at a carefully calibrated frequency, to which metals respond very

777:

Ultrasound technology provides a means for cattle producers to obtain information that can be used to improve the breeding and husbandry of cattle. The technology can be expensive, and it requires a substantial time commitment for continuous data collection and operator training. Nevertheless, this

765:

Diagnostic ultrasound is used externally in horses for evaluation of soft tissue and tendon injuries, and internally in particular for reproductive work – evaluation of the reproductive tract of the mare and pregnancy detection. It may also be used in an external manner in stallions

656:

The potential for ultrasonic imaging of objects, in which a 3 GHz sound wave could produce resolution comparable to an optical image, was recognized by Sergei Sokolov in 1939. Such frequencies were not possible at the time, and what technology did exist produced relatively low-contrast images

605:

Although range finding underwater is performed at both sub-audible and audible frequencies for great distances (1 to several kilometers), ultrasonic range finding is used when distances are shorter and the accuracy of the distance measurement is desired to be finer. Ultrasonic measurements may be

968:

A researcher at the Industrial Materials Research Institute, Alessandro Malutta, devised an experiment that demonstrated the trapping action of ultrasonic standing waves on wood pulp fibers diluted in water and their parallel orienting into the equidistant pressure planes. The time to orient the

545:

for nondestructive testing since the 1960s. Ultrasonic inspection eliminates the use of ionizing radiation, with safety and cost benefits. Ultrasound can also provide additional information such as the depth of flaws in a welded joint. Ultrasonic inspection has progressed from manual methods to

601:

The measured travel time of Sonar pulses in water is strongly dependent on the temperature and the salinity of the water. Ultrasonic ranging is also applied for measurement in air and for short distances. For example, hand-held ultrasonic measuring tools can rapidly measure the layout of rooms.

522:

commonly used to find flaws in materials and to measure the thickness of objects. Frequencies of 2 to 10 MHz are common, but for special purposes other frequencies are used. Inspection may be manual or automated and is an essential part of modern manufacturing processes. Most metals can be

451:

An ultrasonic level or sensing system requires no contact with the target. For many processes in the medical, pharmaceutical, military and general industries this is an advantage over inline sensors that may contaminate the liquids inside a vessel or tube or that may be clogged by the product.

385:

Dogs and cats' hearing range extends into the ultrasound; the top end of a dog's hearing range is about 45 kHz, while a cat's is 64 kHz. The wild ancestors of cats and dogs evolved this higher hearing range to hear high-frequency sounds made by their preferred prey, small rodents. A

668:

is the technique of using sound waves to visualize structures too small to be resolved by the human eye. High and ultra high frequencies up to several gigahertz are used in acoustic microscopes. The reflection and diffraction of sound waves from microscopic structures can yield information not

959:

result in direct scalability, since it may be (and frequently is) accompanied by a reduction in the ultrasonic amplitude and cavitation intensity. During direct scale-up, all processing conditions must be maintained, while the power rating of the equipment is increased in order to enable the

921:

and causes high speed impinging liquid jets and strong hydrodynamic shear-forces. These effects are used for the deagglomeration and milling of micrometre and nanometre-size materials as well as for the disintegration of cells or the mixing of reactants. In this aspect, ultrasonication is an

786:

High-power applications of ultrasound often use frequencies between 20 kHz and a few hundred kHz. Intensities can be very high; above 10 watts per square centimeter, cavitation can be inducted in liquid media, and some applications use up to 1000 watts per square centimeter. Such high

890:

Depending on the desired effects of treatment a combination of different frequencies and displacement amplitude is applied. These frequencies range between 25 and 55 kHz, with the displacement amplitude of the resonant body of between 22 and 50 μm (0.00087 and 0.0020 in).

625:(IPS) technology used to automatically track and identify the location of objects in real time using simple, inexpensive nodes (badges/tags) attached to or embedded in objects and devices, which then transmit an ultrasound signal to communicate their location to microphone sensors. 1209:. The thinness and low weight of graphene combined with its strength make it an effective material to use in ultrasound communications. One suggested application of the technology would be underwater communications, where radio waves typically do not travel well. 1084:

of plastics, high frequency (15 kHz to 40 kHz) low amplitude vibration is used to create heat by way of friction between the materials to be joined. The interface of the two parts is specially designed to concentrate the energy for maximum weld strength.

955:, able to generate progressively larger high-intensity cavitation zones and, therefore, to process more material per unit of time. This is called "direct scalability". It is important to point out that increasing the power of the ultrasonic processor alone does 303:

company has used this to create ring signals that supposedly are only audible to younger humans, but many older people can hear the signals, which may be because of the considerable variation of age-related deterioration in the upper hearing threshold.

773:

industry to improve animal health and the yield of cattle operations. Ultrasound is used to evaluate fat thickness, rib eye area, and intramuscular fat in living animals. It is also used to evaluate the health and characteristics of unborn calves.

2354:

Vertebrate pests: problems and control; Volume 5 of Principles of plant and animal pest control, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Plant and Animal Pests; Issue 1697 of Publication (National Research Council

606:

limited through barrier layers with large salinity, temperature or vortex differentials. Ranging in water varies from about hundreds to thousands of meters, but can be performed with centimeters to meters accuracy

3262: 83:

in healthy young adults. The physical principles of acoustic waves apply to any frequency range, including ultrasound. Ultrasonic devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.

937: 696:

to image the human body for at least 50 years and has become a widely used diagnostic tool. The technology is relatively inexpensive and portable, especially when compared with other techniques, such as

463:

camera, which included a lightweight transducer system to focus the camera automatically. Polaroid later licensed this ultrasound technology and it became the basis of a variety of ultrasonic products.

3056:

Peshkovsky AS, Peshkovsky SL (2010). "Industrial-scale processing of liquids by high-intensity acoustic cavitation-the underlying theory and ultrasonic equipment design principles". In Nowak FM (ed.).

172:

at approximately 100 kHz and thus to generate an ultrasound beam for detecting submerged objects. The idea of locating underwater obstacles had been suggested prior by L. F. Richardson, following the

2593: 598:

and can be detected through the receiver path. By measuring the difference in time between the pulse being transmitted and the echo being received, it is possible to determine the distance.

1049:) and in killing bacteria in sewage. High power ultrasound can disintegrate corn slurry and enhance liquefaction and saccharification for higher ethanol yield in dry corn milling plants. 594:. An ultrasonic pulse is generated in a particular direction. If there is an object in the path of this pulse, part or all of the pulse will be reflected back to the transmitter as an 150:

that produced ultrasound, which he used to measure the hearing range of humans and other animals, demonstrating that many animals could hear sounds above the hearing range of humans.

91:

of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and accelerating chemical processes. Animals such as

87:

Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the

864:, accelerate the effect of drugs in a targeted area, assist in the measurement of the elastic properties of tissue, and can be used to sort cells or small particles for research. 2224:

Kastelein RA, Bunskoek P, Hagedoorn M, Au WW, de Haan D (July 2002). "Audiogram of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) measured with narrow-band frequency-modulated signals".

3345: 3503: 299:

Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, because in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing tends to decrease with age. An American

3254: 1997: 2827: 511:

Principle of flaw detection with ultrasound. A void in the solid material reflects some energy back to the transducer, which is detected and displayed.

3175:

Oie S, Masumoto N, Hironaga K, Koshiro A, Kamiya A (1992). "Microbial contamination of ambient air by ultrasonic humidifier and preventive measures".

2458:

Betts GD, Williams A, Oakley RM (2000). "Inactivation of Food-borne Microorganisms using Power Ultrasound". In Robinson RK, Batt CA, Patel PD (eds.).

390:

is a whistle that emits ultrasound, used for training and calling dogs. The frequency of most dog whistles is within the range of 23 to 54 kHz.

2597: 2519: 1189:, the ultrasound was unlikely to affect neighboring sets. Ultrasound remained in use until displaced by infrared systems starting in the late 1980s. 1103:

to induce the chemical change, as its typical wavelength (in the millimeter range) is too long compared to the molecules. Instead, the energy causes

2972:

Peshkovsky AS, Peshkovsky SL, Bystryak S (July 2013). "Scalable high-power ultrasonic technology for the production of translucent nanoemulsions".

3804: 1287: 2712: 787:

intensities can induce chemical changes or produce significant effects by direct mechanical action, and can inactivate harmful microorganisms.

3441: 3355: 3347:

Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound Part II – Industrial & Commercial Applications – Safety Code 24

3301: 3238: 2861: 2739: 2467: 2439: 2411: 2336: 2208: 2175: 2115: 2085: 1898: 1466: 1406: 1379: 1017:

bubbles near the dirty surface. The collapsing bubbles form tiny shockwaves that break up and disperse contaminants on the object's surface.

2023: 1741:

Vatankhah E, Meng Y, Liu Z, Niu X, Hall NA (May 2023). "Characterization of high intensity progressive ultrasound beams in air at 300 kHz".

1107:

which generates extremes of temperature and pressure in the liquid where the reaction happens. Ultrasound also breaks up solids and removes

382:

also emit clicks which may disturb bats' echolocation, and in other cases may advertise the fact that they are poisonous by emitting sound.

3406: 2689: 3382: 1517:

Entezari MH, Kruus P, Otson R (January 1997). "The effect of frequency on sonochemical reactions III: dissociation of carbon disulfide".

3531: 3317:

Mavroudis V, Hao S, Fratantonio Y, Maggi F, Kruegel C, Vigna G (April 2017). "On the Privacy and Security of the Ultrasound Ecosystem".

1344: 1150: 717:. As currently applied in the medical field, properly performed ultrasound poses no known risks to the patient. Sonography does not use 1371: 1199: 2920: 2386: 1501: 456:

for the energy to pass through the vessel. Only a signal received during this window will qualify for additional signal processing.

3361: 161:, then Director of the School of Physics and Chemistry in Paris, to evaluate it. Chilowski's proposal was to excite a cylindrical, 2793: 2759: 2713:"Ultrasound characteristics of the uterus in the cycling mare and their correlation with steroid hormones and timing of ovulation" 3202:

Kumar A, Maurya R (April 2008). "Efficient Synthesis of Hantzsch Esters and Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives in Aqueous Micelles".

561: 259:

Characterizing extremely high-frequency ultrasound poses challenges, as such rapid movement causes waveforms to steepen and form

2483:

Hangiandreou NJ (2003). "AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents. Topics in US: B-mode US: basic concepts and new technology".

2105: 2950: 2619: 2163: 2663: 1232:, guidelines exist to prevent inertial cavitation from happening. The risk of inertial cavitation damage is expressed by the 1158: 684:

technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs to capture their size, structure and any pathological

408:

have the highest known upper hearing limit at around 160 kHz. Several types of fish can detect ultrasound. In the order

766:

for evaluation of testicular condition and diameter as well as internally for reproductive evaluation (deferent duct etc.).

157:, a Russian engineer named Chilowski submitted an idea for submarine detection to the French Government. The latter invited 2637: 2132: 1827:

Takeda S, Morioka I, Miyashita K, Okumura A, Yoshida Y, Matsumoto K (1992). "Age variation in the upper limit of hearing".

1123:

reported synthesis of Hantzsch esters and polyhydroquinoline derivatives via multi-component reaction protocol in aqueous

1013:

and industrial parts. An ultrasonic cleaner works mostly by energy released from the collapse of millions of microscopic

1640:

Störkel U, Vodopyanov KL, Grill W (21 September 1998). "GHz ultrasound wave packets in water generated by an Er laser".

1277: 3284:

Arp D, Quiring E, Wressnegger C, Rieck K (2017). "Privacy Threats through Ultrasonic Side Channels on Mobile Devices".

872: 41: 37: 3643: 3148:

Neis U, Nickel K, Tiehm A (November 2000). "Enhancement of anaerobic sludge digestion by ultrasonic disintegration".

3073:

Acoustic cavitation theory and equipment design principles for industrial applications of high-intensity ultrasound

1099:

Power ultrasound in the 20–100 kHz range is used in chemistry. The ultrasound does not interact directly with

698: 2001: 252:

at frequencies up to multiple hundreds of kilohertz. Medical imaging equipment uses frequencies in the MHz range.

3764: 2369:

Jackson W, McCartney W, Ashton A (1989). "Protocol for Field Tests of Ultrasonic Devices for Rodent Management".

1262: 1154: 876: 714: 637: 622: 618: 614: 339:) techniques to detect their prey. They can detect frequencies beyond 100 kHz, possibly up to 200 kHz. 1932: 1915: 185:

at the focus of a mirror and use the beam for locating submerged navigational hazards. A prototype was built by

3819: 2834: 2798: 2045:

Surlykke A, Miller LA (1985). "The influence of arctiid moth clicks on bat echolocation; jamming or warning?".

1308: 1142:

When applied in specific configurations, ultrasound can produce short bursts of light in a phenomenon known as

1131: 435: 530:. Lower frequency ultrasound (50–500 kHz) can also be used to inspect less dense materials such as wood, 2267:

Mann DA, Higgs DM, Tavolga WN, Souza MJ, Popper AN (June 2001). "Ultrasound detection by clupeiform fishes".

2074:"The role of arctiid moth clicks in defense against echolocating bats: interference with temporal processing" 3699: 3556: 3524: 1108: 431: 1714:

Takeda H, Otsuka P, Tomoda M, Matsuda O, Wright OB (2019). "3J2-2 GHZ surface-wave ultrasound tomography".

3638: 3548: 1339: 1313: 796: 519: 88: 1916:"How some insects detect and avoid being eaten by bats: Tactics and counter tactics of prey and predator" 3779: 3677: 3594: 3581: 3451:

Grzesik J, Pluta E (1983). "High-frequency hearing risk of operators of industrial ultrasonic devices".

2716: 1329: 1323: 1213: 1206: 486: 153:

The first article on the history of ultrasound was written in 1948. According to its author, during the

861: 728:

being used by some EMT response teams. Furthermore, ultrasound is used in remote diagnosis cases where

2877:

Statnikov ES, Korolkov OV, Vityazev VN (December 2006). "Physics and mechanism of ultrasonic impact".

1365: 3460: 3095: 3020: 2981: 2276: 2233: 1801: 1750: 1649: 1573: 1526: 1431: 1170: 1120: 973:, can be used for applications in material sciences, biology, physics, chemistry and nanotechnology. 850: 842: 725: 367: 194: 1949:"Moth hearing in response to bat echolocation calls manipulated independently in time and frequency" 1396: 420:) have been shown to be able to detect sounds up to 180 kHz, while the other subfamilies (e.g. 3906: 3799: 3709: 3121:

Akin B, Khanal SK, Sung S, Grewell D (2006). "Ultrasound pre-treatment of waste activated sludge".

1006: 982: 927: 821:). Conditions for which ultrasound may be used for treatment include the follow examples: ligament 760: 702: 665: 554: 336: 186: 135: 131: 2031: 193:, but the device was found not to be suitable for this purpose. Langevin's device made use of the 3911: 3885: 3731: 3682: 3517: 3484: 1852: 1774: 1685:

Applications of GHz Ultrasound: Material Characterization and Wave Propagation in Microstructures

1665: 1622: 1229: 1181: 1081: 987: 818: 718: 677: 527: 515: 502: 478: 281: 241:

at frequencies greater than 20 kHz". In air at atmospheric pressure, ultrasonic waves have

234: 33: 3721: 2681: 312: 3376: 1364:

Dance D, Christofides S, Maidment A, McLean I, Ng K, eds. (2014). "12: Physics of Ultrasound".

229:

Approximate frequency ranges corresponding to ultrasound, with rough guide of some applications

3855: 3687: 3476: 3437: 3351: 3297: 3234: 3184: 3038: 2894: 2857: 2735: 2575: 2500: 2463: 2435: 2407: 2382: 2332: 2326: 2292: 2249: 2204: 2171: 2111: 2081: 2073: 1978: 1894: 1844: 1766: 1542: 1497: 1462: 1402: 1375: 1303: 1282: 1267: 970: 880: 834: 802: 801:

Ultrasound has been used since the 1940s by physical and occupational therapists for treating

595: 549: 127: 2352: 276:

The upper frequency limit in humans (approximately 20 kHz) is due to limitations of the

138:

in 1794, when he demonstrated that bats hunted and navigated by inaudible sound, not vision.

3865: 3784: 3748: 3716: 3667: 3576: 3468: 3326: 3289: 3211: 3157: 3130: 3103: 3028: 2989: 2886: 2565: 2557: 2492: 2374: 2284: 2241: 2196: 2164:"Why Do Dogs Like Balls?: More Than 200 Canine Quirks, Curiosities, and Conundrums Revealed" 2054: 1968: 1960: 1927: 1871: 1836: 1809: 1758: 1723: 1696: 1688: 1657: 1614: 1581: 1534: 1489: 1459:

Power Ultrasound in Electrochemistry: From Versatile Laboratory Tool to Engineering Solution

1439: 1334: 1233: 1143: 1112: 1010: 895: 729: 633: 438:. However, no scientific evidence exists on the success of such devices for these purposes. 3086:

Dion JL, Malutta A, Cielo P (November 1982). "Ultrasonic inspection of fiber suspensions".

3860: 3814: 3655: 3613: 3434:

Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation: engineering and biological material characterization

952: 826: 681: 482: 293: 225: 154: 2912: 1483: 1119:

for the reaction to occur over. Both of these effects make the reaction faster. In 2008,

951:

bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic processor systems incorporate progressively larger

3464: 3099: 3024: 2985: 2280: 2237: 1805: 1754: 1653: 1577: 1530: 1435: 3916: 3809: 3794: 3741: 2804: 2767: 2570: 2545: 1973: 1948: 1318: 1253: 1177: 1026: 854: 460: 393: 359: 139: 1661: 1538: 732:

is required, such as scientific experiments in space or mobile sports team diagnosis.

3900: 3774: 3736: 3704: 3659: 3621: 3571: 3566: 1778: 1669: 1603:"A 100-MHz ultrasound imaging system for dermatologic and ophthalmologic diagnostics" 1586: 1561: 1298: 1194: 1094: 923: 838: 706: 649: 587: 371: 249: 198: 158: 80: 3488: 2311: 1856: 1792:

Corso JF (1963). "Bone-conduction thresholds for sonic and ultrasonic frequencies".

1626: 3769: 3033: 3008: 2623: 1272: 1116: 1046: 736: 409: 202: 56: 2667: 2664:"DistanceDoc and MedRecorder: New Approach to Remote Ultrasound Imaging Solutions" 778:

technology has proven useful in managing and running a cattle breeding operation.

572: 3506:: valuable insight on the boundary conditions tending towards abuse of ultrasound 3420: 2890: 860:

Relatively high power ultrasound can break up stony deposits or tissue, increase

473:

ultrasonic flowmeters, which measure the average velocity of flowing liquid. In

328:, which emits sound in the ultrasonic range, used to train dogs and other animals 3789: 3601: 2641: 2140: 1186: 705:(CT). Ultrasound is also used to visualize fetuses during routine and emergency 693: 689: 542: 498: 387: 325: 285: 260: 169: 143: 3009:"Matching a transducer to water at cavitation: acoustic horn design principles" 2942: 724:

Ultrasound is also increasingly being used in trauma and first aid cases, with

3840: 3626: 2993: 2596:. United States Food and Drug Administration. 6 September 2011. Archived from 2200: 1700: 1602: 1292: 1243: 1104: 1065: 1042: 1034: 1014: 992: 947: 918: 907: 830: 300: 277: 242: 214: 206: 123: 48: 3330: 1692: 1149:

Ultrasound is used when characterizing particulates through the technique of

248:

Ultrasound can be generated at very high frequencies; ultrasound is used for

3631: 3561: 3540: 1727: 1058: 1002: 931: 926:) effect leads to a substantial reduction in the reaction time, like in the 710: 524: 405: 379: 363: 347: 179: 165: 115: 107: 72: 3293: 3215: 3042: 2898: 2579: 2561: 2504: 2296: 2253: 2139:. School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University. Archived from 1982: 1964: 1770: 1546: 1493: 320: 17: 3480: 3188: 3161: 3075:. Physics Research and Technology. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. 1848: 644: 197:, which he had been acquainted with whilst a student at the laboratory of 3726: 3694: 2496: 1203: 1124: 1100: 1030: 846: 806: 531: 474: 413: 401: 397: 96: 3134: 1176:

A formerly popular consumer application of ultrasound was in television

1037:

that facilitates particle disintegration or reactions. This has uses in

507: 400:, can hear ultrasound and use such sounds in their navigational system ( 3672: 3472: 2058: 1840: 1762: 1562:"Effect of frequency on sonochemical reactions. I: Oxidation of iodide" 1038: 740: 735:

According to RadiologyInfo, ultrasounds are useful in the detection of

421: 375: 355: 289: 190: 182: 174: 147: 2378: 2288: 2245: 1813: 1618: 1607:

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control

1443: 350:

insects listening for echolocating bats. These include many groups of

213:

sandwiched between two steel plates. Langevin was the first to report

3107: 1069: 914: 822: 814: 810: 770: 748: 744: 685: 535: 343: 256:

ultrasound waves have been generated as high as the gigahertz range.

210: 941:

Schematic of bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic liquid processors

378:

moth that causes it to drop slightly in its flight to evade attack.

2638:"American Institute for Ultrasound in Medicine practice guidelines" 126:

in the 6th century BC, who wrote on the mathematical properties of

3845: 3286:

2017 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P)

1829:

European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology

1367:

Diagnostic Radiology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students

998: 936: 643: 632: 591: 581: 548: 541:

Ultrasound inspection of welded joints has been an alternative to

506: 430:

Commercial ultrasonic systems have been sold for supposed indoors

427:

No bird species have been reported to be sensitive to ultrasound.

319: 311: 238: 224: 119: 106: 76: 68: 55: 1893:. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research. Vol. 5. Springer. 3835: 3058:

Sonochemistry: Theory, Reactions and Syntheses, and Applications

417: 351: 284:

can occur if high‐intensity ultrasound is fed directly into the

162: 3513: 3453:

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

2640:. American Institute for Ultrasound in Medicine. Archived from 688:

with real time tomographic images. Ultrasound has been used by

178:

disaster. Richardson had proposed to position a high-frequency

2622:. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. Archived from 2594:"FDA Radiological Health – Ultrasound Imaging" 2371:

Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials: Sixth Volume

332: 253: 111:

Galton whistle, one of the first devices to produce ultrasound

92: 459:

A popular consumer application of ultrasonic ranging was the

3509: 2974:

Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification

769:

By 2005, ultrasound technology began to be used by the beef

747:(transvaginal or endovaginal) ultrasound in women, and also 1933:

10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0570:HSIDAA]2.0.CO;2

2794:"Extension Effort in Beef Cattle Breeding & Selection" 1422:

Klein E (1948). "Some background history of ultrasonics".

1401:(5th ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 34–35. 1180:

for adjusting volume and changing channels. Introduced by

27:

Sound waves with frequencies above the human hearing range

2620:"Patient Information – Ultrasound Safety" 1212:

Ultrasonic signals have been used in "audio beacons" for

964:

Ultrasonic manipulation and characterization of particles

370:

to escape being caught. Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a

1001:

for jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches,

3378:

Health Effects of Exposure to Ultrasound and Infrasound

2842:

for a pdf version with the author and date information)

2107:

Power of the Dog: Things Your Dog Can Do That You Can't

2080:. Chicago: Chicago University Press. pp. 365–372. 2520:"Medical Imaging – Ultrasound Imaging" 3344:

Part II, industrial, commercial applications (1991).

1998:"Moths Jam Bat Sonar, Throw the Predators Off Course" 1033:

can be disintegrated. High power ultrasound produces

346:

have good ultrasonic hearing, and most of these are

3828: 3757: 3654: 3612: 3547: 2753: 2751: 564:is one technique used to monitor quality of welds. 3381:. Health Protection Agency, UK. pp. 167–170. 1716:Proceedings of Symposium on Ultrasonic Electronics 739:abnormalities and can involve techniques known as 79:. This frequency is the approximate upper audible 553:Non-destructive testing of a swing shaft showing 316:Bats use ultrasounds to navigate in the darkness. 2269:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2226:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1743:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 99:use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles. 1064:Ultrasonic humidifiers are frequently used in 205:. Langevin calculated and built an ultrasound 3525: 3319:Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 3231:Television: Critical Methods and Applications 366:. Upon hearing a bat, some insects will make 8: 3088:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2787: 2785: 2518:Center for Devices and Radiological Health. 1794:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1424:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 586:A common use of ultrasound is in underwater 3007:Peshkovsky SL, Peshkovsky AS (March 2007). 2546:"Ultrasonic imaging: safety considerations" 709:. Such diagnostic applications used during 3532: 3518: 3510: 3123:Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 2453: 2451: 2133:"How Well Do Dogs and Other Animals Hear?" 2072:Tougaard J, Miller LA, Simmons JA (2003). 2000:. National Geographic News. Archived from 1068:, where they are generally referred to as 481:relies on the principle of ultrasound. In 296:, without passing through the middle ear. 3504:Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound 3060:. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. 3032: 2569: 2099: 2097: 2024:"Some Moths Escape Bats By Jamming Sonar" 1972: 1931: 1585: 2425: 2423: 2076:. In Thomas J, Moss CF, Vater M (eds.). 1872:"A Ring Tone Meant to Fall on Deaf Ears" 1202:have conducted ultrasound studies using 997:, are used at frequencies from 20 to 40 571: 2358:. National Academies. 1970. p. 92. 2030:. National Public Radio. Archived from 1488:(Thesis). Veenendaal: Universal Press. 1356: 1288:Focused ultrasound-mediated diagnostics 1057:The ultrasonic humidifier, one type of 960:operation of a larger ultrasonic horn. 2402:Buschow KH, et al., eds. (2001). 648:Head of a fetus, aged 29 weeks, in a " 485:, fluid flow can be measured using an 3071:Peshkovsky AS, Peshkovsky SL (2010). 1642:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 1041:for analytical or chemical purposes ( 335:use a variety of ultrasonic ranging ( 235:American National Standards Institute 217:-related bioeffects from ultrasound. 32:For the application to medicine, see 7: 3385:from the original on 8 November 2011 2432:Ultrasonic Instruments & Devices 1295:— sound at extremely low frequencies 2047:Journal of Comparative Physiology A 1345:Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy 1151:ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy 917:bubbles. This phenomenon is termed 468:Motion sensors and flow measurement 2682:"Ultrasound Imaging of the Pelvis" 1947:Jones G, Waters DA (August 2000). 1398:Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology 1372:International Atomic Energy Agency 1200:University of California, Berkeley 680:is an ultrasound-based diagnostic 523:inspected as well as plastics and 424:) can hear only up to 4 kHz. 25: 3265:from the original on 24 July 2015 2852:Repacholi MH, Benwell DA (1982). 2692:from the original on 25 June 2008 2666:. Epiphan Systems. Archived from 2460:Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology 2078:Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins 1198:reported that researchers at the 751:(transrectal) ultrasound in men. 404:) to orient and to capture prey. 3881: 3880: 3593: 2953:from the original on 31 May 2008 2923:from the original on 10 May 2012 2854:Essentials of Medical Ultrasound 2462:. Academic Press. p. 2202. 2168:Sterling Publishing Company, Inc 1953:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 1326:(also known as hypersonic sound) 1246: 1025:Similar to ultrasonic cleaning, 640:of a fetus at 14 weeks (profile) 610:Ultrasound Identification (USID) 562:Ultrasonic thickness measurement 3261:. economist.com. 11 July 2015. 2434:. Academic Press. p. 752. 1889:Popper A, Fay RR, eds. (1995). 1134:, using different frequencies. 3034:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2006.07.003 1914:Surlykke A, Miller LA (2001). 1159:transcranial pulsed ultrasound 990:, sometimes mistakenly called 1: 3436:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2730:McKinnon AO, Voss JL (1993). 2110:. MacMillan. pp. 35–37. 1601:Passmann C, Ermert H (1996). 1560:Entezari MH, Kruus P (1994). 1539:10.1016/S1350-4177(96)00016-8 743:(transabdominal) ultrasound, 233:Ultrasound is defined by the 189:, the inventor of the vapour 3150:Water Science and Technology 2891:10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.119 2760:"Subiaco Abbey's Angus herd" 2162:Coile DC, Bonham MH (2008). 1587:10.1016/1350-4177(94)90001-9 1278:Contrast-enhanced ultrasound 857:, and scar tissue adhesion. 576:Principle of an active sonar 2310:Beason R (September 2004). 1662:10.1088/0022-3727/31/18/010 1169:Audio can be propagated by 873:Ultrasonic impact treatment 868:Ultrasonic impact treatment 412:, members of the subfamily 209:comprising a thin sheet of 42:Ultrasonic (disambiguation) 38:Ultrasound (disambiguation) 3933: 3233:. Routledge. p. 276. 2544:Ter Haar G (August 2011). 2430:Papadakis EP, ed. (1999). 2406:. Elsevier. p. 5990. 2331:. CRC Press. p. 289. 1870:Vitello P (12 June 2006). 1115:material to give a larger 1092: 980: 905: 794: 758: 699:magnetic resonance imaging 590:; this use is also called 579: 496: 134:in bats was discovered by 46: 31: 3876: 3588: 3421:Resources in your library 3013:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2994:10.1016/j.cep.2013.02.010 2758:Bennett D (19 May 2005). 2404:Encyclopedia of Materials 2201:10.1007/978-1-4612-4356-4 1996:Kaplan M (17 July 2009). 1566:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 1519:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 1263:Acoustic droplet ejection 1155:electroacoustic phenomena 1021:Ultrasonic disintegration 877:stress corrosion cracking 623:Indoor Positioning System 619:Real-Time Locating System 615:Ultrasound Identification 60:An ultrasonic examination 3331:10.1515/popets-2017-0018 2828:"Therapeutic Ultrasound" 2799:West Virginia University 1693:10.3929/ethz-a-005902021 1309:Phased array ultrasonics 568:Ultrasonic range finding 436:ultrasonic algae control 245:of 1.9 cm or less. 122:, starts as far back as 47:Not to be confused with 3557:Architectural acoustics 1728:10.24492/use.40.0_3J2-2 432:electronic pest control 3644:Fletcher–Munson curves 3639:Equal-loudness contour 3549:Acoustical engineering 3294:10.1109/EuroSP.2017.33 3216:10.1055/s-2008-1042908 2947:appliedultrasonics.com 2917:appliedultrasonics.com 2562:10.1098/rsfs.2011.0029 2137:Prof. Strain's website 1965:10.1098/rspb.2000.1188 1687:(Thesis). ETH Zurich. 1494:10.5281/zenodo.4771630 1340:Ultrasonic attenuation 1314:Picosecond ultrasonics 1165:Wireless communication 1130:Ultrasound is used in 942: 833:, joint inflammation, 797:Therapeutic ultrasound 669:available with light. 653: 641: 577: 558: 520:nondestructive testing 512: 493:Nondestructive testing 329: 317: 230: 112: 89:nondestructive testing 81:limit of human hearing 61: 36:. For other uses, see 3780:Hermann von Helmholtz 3678:Fundamental frequency 3582:Sympathetic resonance 3162:10.2166/wst.2000.0174 2913:"UIT Solutions Video" 2734:. Lea & Febiger. 2328:Food plant sanitation 2193:The Sonar of Dolphins 1330:Surface acoustic wave 1324:Sound from ultrasound 1214:cross-device tracking 1053:Ultrasonic humidifier 940: 647: 636: 575: 552: 510: 487:ultrasonic flow meter 442:Detection and ranging 323: 315: 228: 142:in 1893 invented the 110: 59: 2943:"Tools of the Trade" 2670:on 14 February 2011. 2626:on 21 February 2007. 2497:10.1148/rg.234035034 2312:What Can Birds Hear? 1395:Novelline R (1997). 1171:modulated ultrasound 1007:surgical instruments 894:UIT devices rely on 883:and related issues. 851:rheumatoid arthritis 843:impingement syndrome 841:, facet irritation, 782:Processing and power 726:emergency ultrasound 715:obstetric sonography 195:piezoelectric effect 168:by a high-frequency 128:stringed instruments 3800:Werner Meyer-Eppler 3710:Missing fundamental 3465:1983IAOEH..53...77G 3364:on 10 January 2013. 3135:10.2166/ws.2006.962 3100:1982ASAJ...72.1524D 3025:2007UltS...14..314P 2986:2013CEPPI..69...77P 2807:on 14 December 2008 2732:Equine Reproduction 2719:on 31 January 2009. 2281:2001ASAJ..109.3048M 2238:2002ASAJ..112..334K 1806:1963ASAJ...35.1738C 1755:2023ASAJ..153.2878V 1654:1998JPhD...31.2258S 1578:1994UltS....1S..75E 1531:1997UltS....4...49E 1436:1948ASAJ...20..601K 1370:. Vienna, Austria: 1216:of Internet users. 988:Ultrasonic cleaners 983:Ultrasonic cleaning 977:Ultrasonic cleaning 928:transesterification 761:Preclinical imaging 755:Veterinary medicine 713:are referred to as 703:computed tomography 666:Acoustic microscopy 661:Acoustic microscopy 187:Sir Charles Parsons 136:Lazzaro Spallanzani 3683:Frequency spectrum 3473:10.1007/BF00406179 3288:. pp. 35–47. 3255:"Acoustic chatter" 3229:Butler JG (2006). 3183:(292–293): 161–6. 2131:Strain GM (2010). 2059:10.1007/BF00610835 2034:on 10 August 2017. 2028:Talk of the Nation 1876:The New York Times 1841:10.1007/BF00243505 1763:10.1121/10.0019376 1701:20.500.11850/22143 1482:Postema M (2004). 1461:. Hoboken: Wiley. 1230:medical ultrasound 1127:using ultrasound. 1082:ultrasonic welding 1076:Ultrasonic welding 1039:biological science 1003:dental instruments 943: 719:ionizing radiation 678:Medical ultrasound 654: 642: 578: 559: 516:Ultrasonic testing 513: 503:Ultrasonic testing 479:acoustic rheometer 447:Non-contact sensor 368:evasive manoeuvres 330: 318: 282:Auditory sensation 231: 113: 62: 34:Medical ultrasound 3894: 3893: 3856:Musical acoustics 3688:harmonic spectrum 3443:978-0-8493-1462-9 3407:Library resources 3357:978-0-660-13741-4 3350:. Health Canada. 3303:978-1-5090-5762-7 3240:978-0-8058-5415-2 2863:978-1-4612-5806-3 2856:. 3Island Press. 2840:on 12 April 2007. 2826:Watson T (2006). 2801:Extension Service 2741:978-0-8121-1427-0 2686:radiologyinfo.org 2469:978-0-12-227070-3 2441:978-0-12-531951-5 2413:978-0-08-043152-9 2379:10.1520/STP25255S 2373:. pp. 7–12. 2338:978-0-8247-0793-4 2289:10.1121/1.1368406 2246:10.1121/1.1480835 2210:978-1-4612-8745-2 2177:978-1-4027-5039-7 2117:978-0-312-56722-4 2104:Krantz L (2009). 2087:978-0-226-79599-7 2004:on 22 August 2009 1959:(1453): 1627–32. 1900:978-1-4612-2556-0 1814:10.1121/1.1918804 1800:(11): 1738–1743. 1683:Bryner J (2009). 1648:(18): 2258–2263. 1619:10.1109/58.503714 1468:978-1-119-96786-6 1457:Pollet B (2012). 1444:10.1121/1.1906413 1408:978-0-674-83339-5 1381:978-92-0-131010-1 1304:Laser ultrasonics 1283:Delay-line memory 1268:Acoustic emission 1011:diving regulators 971:acoustic tweezers 881:corrosion fatigue 862:skin permeability 835:plantar fasciitis 803:connective tissue 118:, the science of 16:(Redirected from 3924: 3884: 3883: 3785:Carleen Hutchins 3717:Combination tone 3604: 3597: 3577:String vibration 3534: 3527: 3520: 3511: 3492: 3447: 3432:Kundu T (2004). 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3360:. Archived from 3341: 3335: 3334: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3108:10.1121/1.388688 3094:(5): 1524–1526. 3083: 3077: 3076: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3036: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2833:. Archived from 2832: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2803:. Archived from 2789: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2766:. Archived from 2764:Delta Farm Press 2755: 2746: 2745: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2715:. Archived from 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2573: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2455: 2446: 2445: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2143:on 8 August 2011 2128: 2122: 2121: 2101: 2092: 2091: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2020: 2014: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1976: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1886: 1880: 1879: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1680: 1674: 1673: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1589: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1454: 1448: 1447: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1392: 1386: 1385: 1361: 1335:Ultrasonic motor 1256: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1234:mechanical index 1153:or by observing 1144:sonoluminescence 1027:biological cells 953:ultrasonic horns 896:magnetostrictive 791:Physical therapy 730:teleconsultation 360:praying mantises 288:and reaches the 146:, an adjustable 75:greater than 20 21: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3921: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3890: 3872: 3824: 3815:D. Van Holliday 3753: 3722:Mersenne's laws 3656:Audio frequency 3650: 3614:Psychoacoustics 3608: 3607: 3600: 3586: 3543: 3538: 3500: 3495: 3450: 3444: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3401:Further reading 3398: 3388: 3386: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3358: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2837: 2830: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2810: 2808: 2791: 2790: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2770:on 4 April 2007 2757: 2756: 2749: 2742: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2662: 2661: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2550:Interface Focus 2543: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2457: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2414: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2351: 2350: 2346: 2339: 2325:Hui YH (2003). 2324: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2308: 2304: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2190: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2161: 2160: 2156: 2146: 2144: 2130: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2103: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2007: 2005: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1901: 1891:Hearing by Bats 1888: 1887: 1883: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1504: 1485:Medical Bubbles 1481: 1480: 1476: 1469: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1421: 1420: 1416: 1409: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1382: 1374:. p. 291. 1363: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1222: 1178:remote controls 1167: 1140: 1097: 1091: 1078: 1055: 1023: 985: 979: 966: 910: 904: 870: 799: 793: 784: 763: 757: 682:medical imaging 675: 663: 631: 612: 584: 570: 505: 495: 483:fluid mechanics 470: 449: 444: 310: 294:bone conduction 274: 269: 223: 155:First World War 105: 52: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3930: 3928: 3920: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3830: 3829:Related topics 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3810:Joseph Sauveur 3807: 3802: 3797: 3795:Marin Mersenne 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3761: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3692: 3691: 3690: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3664: 3662: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3618: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3499: 3498:External links 3496: 3494: 3493: 3448: 3442: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3396: 3375:AGNIR (2010). 3367: 3356: 3336: 3309: 3302: 3276: 3246: 3239: 3221: 3210:(6): 883–885. 3194: 3167: 3140: 3113: 3078: 3063: 3048: 2999: 2964: 2934: 2904: 2869: 2862: 2844: 2818: 2781: 2747: 2740: 2722: 2703: 2673: 2655: 2644:on 1 July 2015 2629: 2611: 2600:on 3 July 2015 2585: 2536: 2510: 2491:(4): 1019–33. 2475: 2468: 2447: 2440: 2419: 2412: 2394: 2387: 2361: 2344: 2337: 2317: 2302: 2275:(6): 3048–54. 2259: 2216: 2209: 2191:Au WW (1993). 2183: 2176: 2154: 2123: 2116: 2093: 2086: 2064: 2053:(6): 831–843. 2037: 2015: 1988: 1939: 1906: 1899: 1881: 1862: 1819: 1784: 1733: 1706: 1675: 1632: 1613:(4): 545–552. 1593: 1572:(2): S75–S79. 1552: 1509: 1502: 1474: 1467: 1449: 1430:(5): 601–604. 1414: 1407: 1387: 1380: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1321: 1319:Sonomicrometry 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1254:Medical portal 1241: 1238: 1221: 1218: 1192:In July 2015, 1166: 1163: 1139: 1136: 1093:Main article: 1090: 1087: 1077: 1074: 1054: 1051: 1022: 1019: 981:Main article: 978: 975: 965: 962: 906:Main article: 903: 900: 869: 866: 855:osteoarthritis 795:Main article: 792: 789: 783: 780: 756: 753: 674: 673:Human medicine 671: 662: 659: 630: 627: 611: 608: 580:Main article: 569: 566: 494: 491: 469: 466: 461:Polaroid SX-70 448: 445: 443: 440: 394:Toothed whales 309: 306: 273: 270: 268: 265: 222: 219: 144:Galton whistle 140:Francis Galton 104: 101: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3929: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3887: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3805:Lord Rayleigh 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3775:Ernst Chladni 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3738: 3737:Standing wave 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3705:Inharmonicity 3703: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3681: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3572:Soundproofing 3570: 3568: 3567:Reverberation 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3512: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3400: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3325:(2): 95–112. 3324: 3320: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3277: 3264: 3260: 3259:The Economist 3256: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3168: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3144: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3019:(3): 314–22. 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2965: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885:: e533–e538. 2884: 2880: 2873: 2870: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2845: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2707: 2704: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2643: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2556:(4): 686–97. 2555: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2525: 2521: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485:Radiographics 2479: 2476: 2471: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2395: 2390: 2388:0-8031-1281-5 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2365: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2348: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2330: 2329: 2321: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2232:(1): 334–44. 2231: 2227: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2158: 2155: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1892: 1885: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1679: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1636: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1503:90-365-2037-1 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1464: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1418: 1415: 1410: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1391: 1388: 1383: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1360: 1357: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1244: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196: 1195:The Economist 1190: 1188: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1164: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1096: 1095:Sonochemistry 1089:Sonochemistry 1088: 1086: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 994: 989: 984: 976: 974: 972: 963: 961: 958: 954: 949: 939: 935: 933: 929: 925: 924:sonochemistry 920: 916: 909: 901: 899: 898:transducers. 897: 892: 888: 884: 882: 878: 874: 867: 865: 863: 858: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839:metatarsalgia 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 798: 790: 788: 781: 779: 775: 772: 767: 762: 754: 752: 750: 746: 742: 738: 733: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 707:prenatal care 704: 700: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 672: 670: 667: 660: 658: 651: 650:3D ultrasound 646: 639: 635: 628: 626: 624: 620: 616: 609: 607: 603: 599: 597: 593: 589: 588:range finding 583: 574: 567: 565: 563: 556: 551: 547: 544: 539: 537: 533: 529: 526: 521: 518:is a type of 517: 509: 504: 500: 492: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 467: 465: 462: 457: 453: 446: 441: 439: 437: 434:and outdoors 433: 428: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 389: 383: 381: 377: 373: 372:reflex action 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 338: 334: 327: 322: 314: 307: 305: 302: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 271: 266: 264: 262: 257: 255: 251: 250:sonochemistry 246: 244: 240: 236: 227: 220: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 164: 160: 159:Paul Langevin 156: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 109: 102: 100: 98: 94: 90: 85: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 58: 54: 50: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 3850: 3820:Thomas Young 3770:Jens Blauert 3758:Acousticians 3459:(1): 77–88. 3456: 3452: 3433: 3411: 3387:. Retrieved 3377: 3370: 3362:the original 3346: 3339: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3285: 3279: 3267:. Retrieved 3258: 3249: 3230: 3224: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3180: 3176: 3170: 3153: 3149: 3143: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3091: 3087: 3081: 3072: 3066: 3057: 3051: 3016: 3012: 3002: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2957:28 September 2955:. Retrieved 2946: 2937: 2927:28 September 2925:. Retrieved 2916: 2907: 2882: 2878: 2872: 2853: 2847: 2835:the original 2821: 2809:. Retrieved 2805:the original 2797: 2772:. Retrieved 2768:the original 2763: 2731: 2725: 2717:the original 2706: 2694:. Retrieved 2685: 2676: 2668:the original 2658: 2646:. Retrieved 2642:the original 2632: 2624:the original 2614: 2602:. Retrieved 2598:the original 2588: 2553: 2549: 2539: 2527:. Retrieved 2523: 2513: 2488: 2484: 2478: 2459: 2431: 2403: 2397: 2370: 2364: 2353: 2347: 2327: 2320: 2305: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2229: 2225: 2219: 2192: 2186: 2167: 2157: 2145:. Retrieved 2141:the original 2136: 2126: 2106: 2077: 2067: 2050: 2046: 2040: 2032:the original 2027: 2018: 2006:. Retrieved 2002:the original 1991: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1923: 1919: 1909: 1890: 1884: 1875: 1865: 1835:(5): 403–8. 1832: 1828: 1822: 1797: 1793: 1787: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1684: 1678: 1645: 1641: 1635: 1610: 1606: 1596: 1569: 1565: 1555: 1525:(1): 49–54. 1522: 1518: 1512: 1484: 1477: 1458: 1452: 1427: 1423: 1417: 1397: 1390: 1366: 1359: 1273:Bat detector 1227: 1223: 1211: 1193: 1191: 1185:and, unlike 1175: 1168: 1148: 1141: 1129: 1117:surface area 1098: 1079: 1063: 1056: 1047:sonoporation 1024: 991: 986: 967: 956: 944: 930:of oil into 911: 893: 889: 885: 871: 859: 800: 785: 776: 768: 764: 734: 723: 694:sonographers 690:radiologists 676: 664: 655: 617:(USID) is a 613: 604: 600: 585: 560: 540: 514: 471: 458: 454: 450: 429: 426: 410:Clupeiformes 396:, including 392: 384: 341: 337:echolocation 331: 298: 275: 258: 247: 232: 203:Pierre Curie 173: 152: 132:Echolocation 114: 86: 64: 63: 53: 29: 3790:Franz Melde 3765:John Backus 3749:Subharmonic 3602:Spectrogram 3389:16 November 2879:Ultrasonics 2811:27 February 2774:27 February 2711:Pycock JF. 2604:13 November 2524:www.fda.gov 1749:(5): 2878. 1187:radio waves 1109:passivating 887:favorably. 819:scar tissue 543:radiography 499:Macrosonics 388:dog whistle 380:Tiger moths 326:dog whistle 286:human skull 261:shock waves 243:wavelengths 170:Poulsen arc 73:frequencies 18:Ultrasounds 3907:Ultrasound 3901:Categories 3851:Ultrasound 3841:Infrasound 3627:Bark scale 3412:Ultrasound 2792:Wagner W. 1926:(7): 570. 1920:BioScience 1352:References 1293:Infrasound 1207:diaphragms 1138:Other uses 1132:extraction 1121:Atul Kumar 1111:layers of 1105:cavitation 1066:aeroponics 1043:sonication 1035:cavitation 1029:including 1015:cavitation 993:supersonic 948:cavitation 919:cavitation 908:Sonication 902:Processing 831:tendonitis 817:(and also 759:See also: 701:(MRI) and 621:(RTLS) or 528:composites 497:See also: 301:cell phone 278:middle ear 267:Perception 221:Definition 215:cavitation 207:transducer 124:Pythagoras 65:Ultrasound 49:Supersonic 3912:Acoustics 3732:Resonance 3632:Mel scale 3562:Monochord 3541:Acoustics 3177:Microbios 3156:(9): 73. 3129:(6): 35. 2980:: 77–82. 2314:(Report). 2008:26 August 1779:258659463 1670:250886242 1101:molecules 1059:nebulizer 932:biodiesel 913:of small 825:, muscle 807:ligaments 741:abdominal 711:pregnancy 525:aerospace 406:Porpoises 364:lacewings 348:nocturnal 180:hydraulic 166:condenser 116:Acoustics 97:porpoises 77:kilohertz 3886:Category 3727:Overtone 3695:Harmonic 3489:37176293 3383:Archived 3263:Archived 3043:16905351 2951:Archived 2921:Archived 2899:16808946 2690:Archived 2580:22866238 2529:18 April 2505:12853678 2355:(U.S.))) 2297:11425147 2254:12141360 1983:11467425 1857:33698151 1771:37171898 1627:42359059 1547:11233925 1299:Isochoic 1240:See also 1204:graphene 1125:micelles 1031:bacteria 995:cleaners 847:bursitis 638:Sonogram 557:cracking 532:concrete 475:rheology 422:herrings 414:Alosinae 402:biosonar 398:dolphins 292:through 3673:Formant 3481:6654504 3461:Bibcode 3269:23 July 3204:Synlett 3189:1488018 3096:Bibcode 3021:Bibcode 2982:Bibcode 2696:21 June 2571:3262273 2277:Bibcode 2234:Bibcode 2170:: 116. 2147:21 July 1974:1690724 1849:1425644 1802:Bibcode 1751:Bibcode 1650:Bibcode 1574:Bibcode 1527:Bibcode 1432:Bibcode 1070:foggers 827:strains 823:sprains 811:tendons 745:vaginal 686:lesions 629:Imaging 376:noctuid 374:in the 356:beetles 344:insects 308:Animals 290:cochlea 199:Jacques 191:turbine 183:whistle 175:Titanic 148:whistle 103:History 3866:Violin 3700:Series 3487: 3479: 3440: 3409:about 3354: 3300: 3237: 3187: 3041: 2897: 2860: 2738: 2648:1 July 2578: 2568: 2503: 2466: 2438: 2410: 2385: 2335: 2295: 2252: 2207: 2174: 2114: 2084: 1981: 1971: 1897: 1855: 1847: 1777: 1769: 1668: 1625: 1545: 1500: 1465: 1405: 1378: 1220:Safety 1182:Zenith 1157:or by 915:vacuum 815:fascia 813:, and 771:cattle 749:rectal 737:pelvic 555:spline 536:cement 272:Humans 211:quartz 3917:Sound 3861:Piano 3846:Sound 3660:pitch 3622:Pitch 3485:S2CID 2838:(PDF) 2831:(PDF) 1853:S2CID 1775:S2CID 1666:S2CID 1623:S2CID 1113:inert 592:sonar 582:Sonar 477:, an 352:moths 342:Many 239:sound 120:sound 71:with 69:sound 3836:Echo 3742:Node 3668:Beat 3658:and 3477:PMID 3438:ISBN 3391:2011 3352:ISBN 3323:2017 3298:ISBN 3271:2015 3235:ISBN 3208:2008 3185:PMID 3039:PMID 2959:2012 2929:2012 2895:PMID 2858:ISBN 2813:2010 2776:2010 2736:ISBN 2698:2008 2650:2015 2606:2011 2576:PMID 2531:2019 2501:PMID 2464:ISBN 2436:ISBN 2408:ISBN 2383:ISBN 2333:ISBN 2293:PMID 2250:PMID 2205:ISBN 2172:ISBN 2149:2012 2112:ISBN 2082:ISBN 2010:2009 1979:PMID 1895:ISBN 1845:PMID 1767:PMID 1543:PMID 1498:ISBN 1463:ISBN 1403:ISBN 1376:ISBN 1045:and 692:and 596:echo 534:and 501:and 418:shad 362:and 333:Bats 237:as " 201:and 163:mica 95:and 93:bats 40:and 3469:doi 3327:doi 3290:doi 3212:doi 3158:doi 3131:doi 3104:doi 3029:doi 2990:doi 2887:doi 2566:PMC 2558:doi 2493:doi 2375:doi 2285:doi 2273:109 2242:doi 2230:112 2197:doi 2055:doi 2051:156 1969:PMC 1961:doi 1957:267 1928:doi 1837:doi 1810:doi 1759:doi 1747:153 1724:doi 1697:hdl 1689:doi 1658:doi 1615:doi 1582:doi 1535:doi 1490:doi 1440:doi 1228:In 1080:In 999:kHz 957:not 254:UHF 67:is 3903:: 3483:. 3475:. 3467:. 3457:53 3455:. 3321:. 3296:. 3257:. 3206:. 3181:72 3179:. 3154:42 3152:. 3125:. 3102:. 3092:72 3090:. 3037:. 3027:. 3017:14 3015:. 3011:. 2988:. 2978:69 2976:. 2949:. 2945:. 2919:. 2915:. 2893:. 2883:44 2881:. 2796:. 2784:^ 2762:. 2750:^ 2688:. 2684:. 2574:. 2564:. 2552:. 2548:. 2522:. 2499:. 2489:23 2487:. 2450:^ 2422:^ 2381:. 2291:. 2283:. 2271:. 2248:. 2240:. 2228:. 2203:. 2195:. 2166:. 2135:. 2096:^ 2049:. 2026:. 1977:. 1967:. 1955:. 1951:. 1924:51 1922:. 1918:. 1874:. 1851:. 1843:. 1833:65 1831:. 1808:. 1798:35 1796:. 1773:. 1765:. 1757:. 1745:. 1722:. 1720:40 1718:. 1695:. 1664:. 1656:. 1646:31 1644:. 1621:. 1611:43 1609:. 1605:. 1580:. 1568:. 1564:. 1541:. 1533:. 1521:. 1496:. 1438:. 1428:20 1426:. 1236:. 1173:. 1161:. 1146:. 1072:. 1009:, 1005:, 934:. 879:, 853:, 849:, 845:, 837:, 829:, 809:, 805:: 538:. 489:. 358:, 354:, 324:A 280:. 263:. 130:. 3533:e 3526:t 3519:v 3491:. 3471:: 3463:: 3446:. 3393:. 3333:. 3329:: 3306:. 3292:: 3273:. 3243:. 3218:. 3214:: 3191:. 3164:. 3160:: 3137:. 3133:: 3127:6 3110:. 3106:: 3098:: 3045:. 3031:: 3023:: 2996:. 2992:: 2984:: 2961:. 2931:. 2901:. 2889:: 2866:. 2815:. 2778:. 2744:. 2700:. 2652:. 2608:. 2582:. 2560:: 2554:1 2533:. 2507:. 2495:: 2472:. 2444:. 2416:. 2391:. 2377:: 2341:. 2299:. 2287:: 2279:: 2256:. 2244:: 2236:: 2213:. 2199:: 2180:. 2151:. 2120:. 2090:. 2061:. 2057:: 2012:. 1985:. 1963:: 1936:. 1930:: 1903:. 1878:. 1859:. 1839:: 1816:. 1812:: 1804:: 1781:. 1761:: 1753:: 1730:. 1726:: 1703:. 1699:: 1691:: 1672:. 1660:: 1652:: 1629:. 1617:: 1590:. 1584:: 1576:: 1570:1 1549:. 1537:: 1529:: 1523:4 1506:. 1492:: 1471:. 1446:. 1442:: 1434:: 1411:. 1384:. 652:" 416:( 51:. 44:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index