Ultrasound - Knowledge (XXG)

927: 710:, and the power levels used for imaging are too low to cause adverse heating or pressure effects in tissue. Although the long-term effects due to ultrasound exposure at diagnostic intensity are still unknown, currently most doctors feel that the benefits to patients outweigh the risks. The ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) principle has been advocated for an ultrasound examination – that is, keeping the scanning time and power settings as low as possible but consistent with diagnostic imaging – and that by that principle nonmedical uses, which by definition are not necessary, are actively discouraged. 3584: 1050:(a device that creates a very fine spray), is a popular type of humidifier. It works by vibrating a metal plate at ultrasonic frequencies to nebulize (sometimes incorrectly called "atomize") the water. Because the water is not heated for evaporation, it produces a cool mist. The ultrasonic pressure waves nebulize not only the water but also materials in the water including calcium, other minerals, viruses, fungi, bacteria, and other impurities. Illness caused by impurities that reside in a humidifier's reservoir fall under the heading of "Humidifier Fever". 911:

alternative to high-speed mixers and agitator bead mills. Ultrasonic foils under the moving wire in a paper machine will use the shock waves from the imploding bubbles to distribute the cellulose fibres more uniformly in the produced paper web, which will make a stronger paper with more even surfaces. Furthermore, chemical reactions benefit from the free radicals created by the cavitation as well as from the energy input and the material transfer through boundary layers. For many processes, this sonochemical (see

864:(UIT) uses ultrasound to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of metals. It is a metallurgical processing technique in which ultrasonic energy is applied to a metal object. Ultrasonic treatment can result in controlled residual compressive stress, grain refinement and grain size reduction. Low and high cycle fatigue are enhanced and have been documented to provide increases up to ten times greater than non-UIT specimens. Additionally, UIT has proven effective in addressing 302: 539: 215: 958:

fibers in equidistant planes is measured with a laser and an electro-optical sensor. This could provide the paper industry a quick on-line fiber size measurement system. A somewhat different implementation was demonstrated at Pennsylvania State University using a microchip which generated a pair of perpendicular standing surface acoustic waves allowing to position particles equidistant to each other on a grid. This experiment, called

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with poor sensitivity. Ultrasonic imaging uses frequencies of 2 megahertz and higher; the shorter wavelength allows resolution of small internal details in structures and tissues. The power density is generally less than 1 watt per square centimetre to avoid heating and cavitation effects in the object under examination. Ultrasonic imaging applications include industrial nondestructive testing, quality control and medical uses.

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to prove feasibility and establish some of the required ultrasonic exposure parameters. After this phase is complete, the process is transferred to a pilot (bench) scale for flow-through pre-production optimization and then to an industrial scale for continuous production. During these scale-up steps, it is essential to make sure that all local exposure conditions (ultrasonic amplitude,

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computerized systems that automate much of the process. An ultrasonic test of a joint can identify the existence of flaws, measure their size, and identify their location. Not all welded materials are equally amenable to ultrasonic inspection; some materials have a large grain size that produces a high level of background noise in measurements.

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on Non-ionising Radiation (AGNIR) produced a report in 2010, which was published by the UK Health Protection Agency (HPA). This report recommended an exposure limit for the general public to airborne ultrasound sound pressure levels (SPL) of 70 dB (at 20 kHz), and 100 dB (at 25 kHz and above).

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in the late 1950s, the system used a hand-held remote control containing short rod resonators struck by small hammers, and a microphone on the set. Filters and detectors discriminated between the various operations. The principal advantages were that no battery was needed in the hand-held control box

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intensity, time spent in the active cavitation zone, etc.) stay the same. If this condition is met, the quality of the final product remains at the optimized level, while the productivity is increased by a predictable "scale-up factor". The productivity increase results from the fact that laboratory,

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Ultrasonication offers great potential in the processing of liquids and slurries, by improving the mixing and chemical reactions in various applications and industries. Ultrasonication generates alternating low-pressure and high-pressure waves in liquids, leading to the formation and violent collapse

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A common ultrasound application is an automatic door opener, where an ultrasonic sensor detects a person's approach and opens the door. Ultrasonic sensors are also used to detect intruders; the ultrasound can cover a wide area from a single point. The flow in pipes or open channels can be measured by

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Both continuous wave and pulsed systems are used. The principle behind a pulsed-ultrasonic technology is that the transmit signal consists of short bursts of ultrasonic energy. After each burst, the electronics looks for a return signal within a small window of time corresponding to the time it takes

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Occupational exposure to ultrasound in excess of 120 dB may lead to hearing loss. Exposure in excess of 155 dB may produce heating effects that are harmful to the human body, and it has been calculated that exposures above 180 dB may lead to death. The UK's independent Advisory Group

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Substantial ultrasonic intensity and high ultrasonic vibration amplitudes are required for many processing applications, such as nano-crystallization, nano-emulsification, deagglomeration, extraction, cell disruption, as well as many others. Commonly, a process is first tested on a laboratory scale

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When the UIT tool, made up of the ultrasonic transducer, pins and other components, comes into contact with the work piece it acoustically couples with the work piece, creating harmonic resonance. This harmonic resonance is performed at a carefully calibrated frequency, to which metals respond very

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Ultrasound technology provides a means for cattle producers to obtain information that can be used to improve the breeding and husbandry of cattle. The technology can be expensive, and it requires a substantial time commitment for continuous data collection and operator training. Nevertheless, this

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Diagnostic ultrasound is used externally in horses for evaluation of soft tissue and tendon injuries, and internally in particular for reproductive work – evaluation of the reproductive tract of the mare and pregnancy detection. It may also be used in an external manner in stallions

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The potential for ultrasonic imaging of objects, in which a 3 GHz sound wave could produce resolution comparable to an optical image, was recognized by Sergei Sokolov in 1939. Such frequencies were not possible at the time, and what technology did exist produced relatively low-contrast images

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Although range finding underwater is performed at both sub-audible and audible frequencies for great distances (1 to several kilometers), ultrasonic range finding is used when distances are shorter and the accuracy of the distance measurement is desired to be finer. Ultrasonic measurements may be

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A researcher at the Industrial Materials Research Institute, Alessandro Malutta, devised an experiment that demonstrated the trapping action of ultrasonic standing waves on wood pulp fibers diluted in water and their parallel orienting into the equidistant pressure planes. The time to orient the

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for nondestructive testing since the 1960s. Ultrasonic inspection eliminates the use of ionizing radiation, with safety and cost benefits. Ultrasound can also provide additional information such as the depth of flaws in a welded joint. Ultrasonic inspection has progressed from manual methods to

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The measured travel time of Sonar pulses in water is strongly dependent on the temperature and the salinity of the water. Ultrasonic ranging is also applied for measurement in air and for short distances. For example, hand-held ultrasonic measuring tools can rapidly measure the layout of rooms.

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commonly used to find flaws in materials and to measure the thickness of objects. Frequencies of 2 to 10 MHz are common, but for special purposes other frequencies are used. Inspection may be manual or automated and is an essential part of modern manufacturing processes. Most metals can be

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An ultrasonic level or sensing system requires no contact with the target. For many processes in the medical, pharmaceutical, military and general industries this is an advantage over inline sensors that may contaminate the liquids inside a vessel or tube or that may be clogged by the product.

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Dogs and cats' hearing range extends into the ultrasound; the top end of a dog's hearing range is about 45 kHz, while a cat's is 64 kHz. The wild ancestors of cats and dogs evolved this higher hearing range to hear high-frequency sounds made by their preferred prey, small rodents. A

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is the technique of using sound waves to visualize structures too small to be resolved by the human eye. High and ultra high frequencies up to several gigahertz are used in acoustic microscopes. The reflection and diffraction of sound waves from microscopic structures can yield information not

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result in direct scalability, since it may be (and frequently is) accompanied by a reduction in the ultrasonic amplitude and cavitation intensity. During direct scale-up, all processing conditions must be maintained, while the power rating of the equipment is increased in order to enable the

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and causes high speed impinging liquid jets and strong hydrodynamic shear-forces. These effects are used for the deagglomeration and milling of micrometre and nanometre-size materials as well as for the disintegration of cells or the mixing of reactants. In this aspect, ultrasonication is an

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High-power applications of ultrasound often use frequencies between 20 kHz and a few hundred kHz. Intensities can be very high; above 10 watts per square centimeter, cavitation can be inducted in liquid media, and some applications use up to 1000 watts per square centimeter. Such high

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Depending on the desired effects of treatment a combination of different frequencies and displacement amplitude is applied. These frequencies range between 25 and 55 kHz, with the displacement amplitude of the resonant body of between 22 and 50 μm (0.00087 and 0.0020 in).

614:(IPS) technology used to automatically track and identify the location of objects in real time using simple, inexpensive nodes (badges/tags) attached to or embedded in objects and devices, which then transmit an ultrasound signal to communicate their location to microphone sensors. 1198:. The thinness and low weight of graphene combined with its strength make it an effective material to use in ultrasound communications. One suggested application of the technology would be underwater communications, where radio waves typically do not travel well. 1073:

of plastics, high frequency (15 kHz to 40 kHz) low amplitude vibration is used to create heat by way of friction between the materials to be joined. The interface of the two parts is specially designed to concentrate the energy for maximum weld strength.

944:, able to generate progressively larger high-intensity cavitation zones and, therefore, to process more material per unit of time. This is called "direct scalability". It is important to point out that increasing the power of the ultrasonic processor alone does 292:

company has used this to create ring signals that supposedly are only audible to younger humans, but many older people can hear the signals, which may be because of the considerable variation of age-related deterioration in the upper hearing threshold.

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industry to improve animal health and the yield of cattle operations. Ultrasound is used to evaluate fat thickness, rib eye area, and intramuscular fat in living animals. It is also used to evaluate the health and characteristics of unborn calves.

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Vertebrate pests: problems and control; Volume 5 of Principles of plant and animal pest control, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Plant and Animal Pests; Issue 1697 of Publication (National Research Council

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limited through barrier layers with large salinity, temperature or vortex differentials. Ranging in water varies from about hundreds to thousands of meters, but can be performed with centimeters to meters accuracy

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in healthy young adults. The physical principles of acoustic waves apply to any frequency range, including ultrasound. Ultrasonic devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz.

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to image the human body for at least 50 years and has become a widely used diagnostic tool. The technology is relatively inexpensive and portable, especially when compared with other techniques, such as

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camera, which included a lightweight transducer system to focus the camera automatically. Polaroid later licensed this ultrasound technology and it became the basis of a variety of ultrasonic products.

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Peshkovsky AS, Peshkovsky SL (2010). "Industrial-scale processing of liquids by high-intensity acoustic cavitation-the underlying theory and ultrasonic equipment design principles". In Nowak FM (ed.).

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at approximately 100 kHz and thus to generate an ultrasound beam for detecting submerged objects. The idea of locating underwater obstacles had been suggested prior by L. F. Richardson, following the

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and can be detected through the receiver path. By measuring the difference in time between the pulse being transmitted and the echo being received, it is possible to determine the distance.

1038:) and in killing bacteria in sewage. High power ultrasound can disintegrate corn slurry and enhance liquefaction and saccharification for higher ethanol yield in dry corn milling plants. 583:. An ultrasonic pulse is generated in a particular direction. If there is an object in the path of this pulse, part or all of the pulse will be reflected back to the transmitter as an 139:

that produced ultrasound, which he used to measure the hearing range of humans and other animals, demonstrating that many animals could hear sounds above the hearing range of humans.

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of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and accelerating chemical processes. Animals such as

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Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the

853:, accelerate the effect of drugs in a targeted area, assist in the measurement of the elastic properties of tissue, and can be used to sort cells or small particles for research. 2213:

Kastelein RA, Bunskoek P, Hagedoorn M, Au WW, de Haan D (July 2002). "Audiogram of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) measured with narrow-band frequency-modulated signals".

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Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, because in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing tends to decrease with age. An American

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Principle of flaw detection with ultrasound. A void in the solid material reflects some energy back to the transducer, which is detected and displayed.

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Oie S, Masumoto N, Hironaga K, Koshiro A, Kamiya A (1992). "Microbial contamination of ambient air by ultrasonic humidifier and preventive measures".

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Betts GD, Williams A, Oakley RM (2000). "Inactivation of Food-borne Microorganisms using Power Ultrasound". In Robinson RK, Batt CA, Patel PD (eds.).

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is a whistle that emits ultrasound, used for training and calling dogs. The frequency of most dog whistles is within the range of 23 to 54 kHz.

2586: 2508: 1178:, the ultrasound was unlikely to affect neighboring sets. Ultrasound remained in use until displaced by infrared systems starting in the late 1980s. 1092:

to induce the chemical change, as its typical wavelength (in the millimeter range) is too long compared to the molecules. Instead, the energy causes

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Peshkovsky AS, Peshkovsky SL, Bystryak S (July 2013). "Scalable high-power ultrasonic technology for the production of translucent nanoemulsions".

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intensities can induce chemical changes or produce significant effects by direct mechanical action, and can inactivate harmful microorganisms.

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Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound Part II – Industrial & Commercial Applications – Safety Code 24

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bubbles near the dirty surface. The collapsing bubbles form tiny shockwaves that break up and disperse contaminants on the object's surface.

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Vatankhah E, Meng Y, Liu Z, Niu X, Hall NA (May 2023). "Characterization of high intensity progressive ultrasound beams in air at 300 kHz".

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which generates extremes of temperature and pressure in the liquid where the reaction happens. Ultrasound also breaks up solids and removes

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also emit clicks which may disturb bats' echolocation, and in other cases may advertise the fact that they are poisonous by emitting sound.

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Entezari MH, Kruus P, Otson R (January 1997). "The effect of frequency on sonochemical reactions III: dissociation of carbon disulfide".

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Mavroudis V, Hao S, Fratantonio Y, Maggi F, Kruegel C, Vigna G (April 2017). "On the Privacy and Security of the Ultrasound Ecosystem".

1333: 1139: 706:. As currently applied in the medical field, properly performed ultrasound poses no known risks to the patient. Sonography does not use 1360: 1188: 2909: 2375: 1490: 445:

for the energy to pass through the vessel. Only a signal received during this window will qualify for additional signal processing.

3350: 150:, then Director of the School of Physics and Chemistry in Paris, to evaluate it. Chilowski's proposal was to excite a cylindrical, 2782: 2748: 2702:"Ultrasound characteristics of the uterus in the cycling mare and their correlation with steroid hormones and timing of ovulation" 3191:

Kumar A, Maurya R (April 2008). "Efficient Synthesis of Hantzsch Esters and Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives in Aqueous Micelles".

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Characterizing extremely high-frequency ultrasound poses challenges, as such rapid movement causes waveforms to steepen and form

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Hangiandreou NJ (2003). "AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents. Topics in US: B-mode US: basic concepts and new technology".

2094: 2939: 2608: 2152: 2652: 1221:, guidelines exist to prevent inertial cavitation from happening. The risk of inertial cavitation damage is expressed by the 1147: 673:

technique used to visualize muscles, tendons, and many internal organs to capture their size, structure and any pathological

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have the highest known upper hearing limit at around 160 kHz. Several types of fish can detect ultrasound. In the order

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for evaluation of testicular condition and diameter as well as internally for reproductive evaluation (deferent duct etc.).

146:, a Russian engineer named Chilowski submitted an idea for submarine detection to the French Government. The latter invited 2626: 2121: 1816:

Takeda S, Morioka I, Miyashita K, Okumura A, Yoshida Y, Matsumoto K (1992). "Age variation in the upper limit of hearing".

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reported synthesis of Hantzsch esters and polyhydroquinoline derivatives via multi-component reaction protocol in aqueous

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and industrial parts. An ultrasonic cleaner works mostly by energy released from the collapse of millions of microscopic

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Störkel U, Vodopyanov KL, Grill W (21 September 1998). "GHz ultrasound wave packets in water generated by an Er laser".

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Arp D, Quiring E, Wressnegger C, Rieck K (2017). "Privacy Threats through Ultrasonic Side Channels on Mobile Devices".

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Neis U, Nickel K, Tiehm A (November 2000). "Enhancement of anaerobic sludge digestion by ultrasonic disintegration".

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Acoustic cavitation theory and equipment design principles for industrial applications of high-intensity ultrasound

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Power ultrasound in the 20–100 kHz range is used in chemistry. The ultrasound does not interact directly with

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at frequencies up to multiple hundreds of kilohertz. Medical imaging equipment uses frequencies in the MHz range.

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Jackson W, McCartney W, Ashton A (1989). "Protocol for Field Tests of Ultrasonic Devices for Rodent Management".

1251: 1143: 865: 703: 626: 611: 607: 603: 328:) techniques to detect their prey. They can detect frequencies beyond 100 kHz, possibly up to 200 kHz. 1921: 1904: 174:

at the focus of a mirror and use the beam for locating submerged navigational hazards. A prototype was built by

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Surlykke A, Miller LA (1985). "The influence of arctiid moth clicks on bat echolocation; jamming or warning?".

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When applied in specific configurations, ultrasound can produce short bursts of light in a phenomenon known as

1120: 424: 519:. Lower frequency ultrasound (50–500 kHz) can also be used to inspect less dense materials such as wood, 2256:

Mann DA, Higgs DM, Tavolga WN, Souza MJ, Popper AN (June 2001). "Ultrasound detection by clupeiform fishes".

2063:"The role of arctiid moth clicks in defense against echolocating bats: interference with temporal processing" 3688: 3545: 3513: 1097: 420: 1703:

Takeda H, Otsuka P, Tomoda M, Matsuda O, Wright OB (2019). "3J2-2 GHZ surface-wave ultrasound tomography".

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Grzesik J, Pluta E (1983). "High-frequency hearing risk of operators of industrial ultrasonic devices".

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The first article on the history of ultrasound was written in 1948. According to its author, during the

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being used by some EMT response teams. Furthermore, ultrasound is used in remote diagnosis cases where

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Statnikov ES, Korolkov OV, Vityazev VN (December 2006). "Physics and mechanism of ultrasonic impact".

1354: 3449: 3084: 3009: 2970: 2265: 2222: 1790: 1739: 1638: 1562: 1515: 1420: 1159: 1109: 962:, can be used for applications in material sciences, biology, physics, chemistry and nanotechnology. 839: 831: 714: 356: 183: 1938:"Moth hearing in response to bat echolocation calls manipulated independently in time and frequency" 1385: 409:) have been shown to be able to detect sounds up to 180 kHz, while the other subfamilies (e.g. 3895: 3788: 3698: 3110:

Akin B, Khanal SK, Sung S, Grewell D (2006). "Ultrasound pre-treatment of waste activated sludge".

995: 971: 916: 810:). Conditions for which ultrasound may be used for treatment include the follow examples: ligament 749: 691: 654: 543: 325: 175: 124: 120: 2020: 182:, but the device was found not to be suitable for this purpose. Langevin's device made use of the 3900: 3874: 3720: 3671: 3506: 3473: 1841: 1763: 1674:

Applications of GHz Ultrasound: Material Characterization and Wave Propagation in Microstructures

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at frequencies greater than 20 kHz". In air at atmospheric pressure, ultrasonic waves have

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Dance D, Christofides S, Maidment A, McLean I, Ng K, eds. (2014). "12: Physics of Ultrasound".

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Approximate frequency ranges corresponding to ultrasound, with rough guide of some applications

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Ultrasound has been used since the 1940s by physical and occupational therapists for treating

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The upper frequency limit in humans (approximately 20 kHz) is due to limitations of the

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in 1794, when he demonstrated that bats hunted and navigated by inaudible sound, not vision.

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Power Ultrasound in Electrochemistry: From Versatile Laboratory Tool to Engineering Solution

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Dion JL, Malutta A, Cielo P (November 1982). "Ultrasonic inspection of fiber suspensions".

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Ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation: engineering and biological material characterization

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for the reaction to occur over. Both of these effects make the reaction faster. In 2008,

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bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic processor systems incorporate progressively larger

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is required, such as scientific experiments in space or mobile sports team diagnosis.

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Corso JF (1963). "Bone-conduction thresholds for sonic and ultrasonic frequencies".

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technology has proven useful in managing and running a cattle breeding operation.

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Relatively high power ultrasound can break up stony deposits or tissue, increase

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ultrasonic flowmeters, which measure the average velocity of flowing liquid. In

317:, which emits sound in the ultrasonic range, used to train dogs and other animals 3778: 3590: 2630: 2129: 1175: 694:(CT). Ultrasound is also used to visualize fetuses during routine and emergency 682: 678: 531: 487: 376: 314: 274: 249: 158: 132: 2998:"Matching a transducer to water at cavitation: acoustic horn design principles" 2931: 713:

Ultrasound is also increasingly being used in trauma and first aid cases, with

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Ultrasound is used when characterizing particulates through the technique of

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Ultrasound can be generated at very high frequencies; ultrasound is used for

3620: 3550: 3529: 1716: 1047: 991: 920: 915:) effect leads to a substantial reduction in the reaction time, like in the 699: 513: 394: 368: 352: 336: 168: 154: 104: 96: 61: 3282: 3204: 3031: 2887: 2568: 2550: 2493: 2285: 2242: 2128:. School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University. Archived from 1971: 1953: 1759: 1535: 1482: 309: 3469: 3177: 3150: 3064:. Physics Research and Technology. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. 1837: 633: 186:, which he had been acquainted with whilst a student at the laboratory of 3715: 3683: 2485: 1192: 1113: 1089: 1019: 835: 795: 520: 463: 402: 390: 386: 85: 3123: 1165:

A formerly popular consumer application of ultrasound was in television

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that facilitates particle disintegration or reactions. This has uses in

496: 389:, can hear ultrasound and use such sounds in their navigational system ( 3661: 3461: 2047: 1829: 1751: 1551:"Effect of frequency on sonochemical reactions. I: Oxidation of iodide" 1027: 729: 724:

According to RadiologyInfo, ultrasounds are useful in the detection of

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IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control

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insects listening for echolocating bats. These include many groups of

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sandwiched between two steel plates. Langevin was the first to report

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ultrasound waves have been generated as high as the gigahertz range.

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Schematic of bench and industrial-scale ultrasonic liquid processors

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moth that causes it to drop slightly in its flight to evade attack.

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in the 6th century BC, who wrote on the mathematical properties of

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2017 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P)

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European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology

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Diagnostic Radiology Physics: A Handbook for Teachers and Students

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Ultrasound inspection of welded joints has been an alternative to

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Commercial ultrasonic systems have been sold for supposed indoors

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No bird species have been reported to be sensitive to ultrasound.

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Sonochemistry: Theory, Reactions and Syntheses, and Applications

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can occur if high‐intensity ultrasound is fed directly into the

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International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

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with real time tomographic images. Ultrasound has been used by

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disaster. Richardson had proposed to position a high-frequency

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Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials: Sixth Volume

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Galton whistle, one of the first devices to produce ultrasound

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A popular consumer application of ultrasonic ranging was the

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Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification

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By 2005, ultrasound technology began to be used by the beef

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10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0570:HSIDAA]2.0.CO;2

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Klein E (1948). "Some background history of ultrasonics".

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for adjusting volume and changing channels. Introduced by

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Sound waves with frequencies above the human hearing range

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Ultrasonic signals have been used in "audio beacons" for

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Ultrasonic manipulation and characterization of particles

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to escape being caught. Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a

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for jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches,

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Health Effects of Exposure to Ultrasound and Infrasound

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for a pdf version with the author and date information)

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Power of the Dog: Things Your Dog Can Do That You Can't

2069:. Chicago: Chicago University Press. pp. 365–372. 2509:"Medical Imaging – Ultrasound Imaging" 3333:

Part II, industrial, commercial applications (1991).

1987:"Moths Jam Bat Sonar, Throw the Predators Off Course" 1022:

can be disintegrated. High power ultrasound produces

335:

have good ultrasonic hearing, and most of these are

3817: 3746: 3643: 3601: 3536: 2742: 2740: 553:is one technique used to monitor quality of welds. 3370:. Health Protection Agency, UK. pp. 167–170. 1705:Proceedings of Symposium on Ultrasonic Electronics 728:abnormalities and can involve techniques known as 68:. This frequency is the approximate upper audible 542:Non-destructive testing of a swing shaft showing 305:Bats use ultrasounds to navigate in the darkness. 2258:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2215:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1732:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 88:use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles. 1053:Ultrasonic humidifiers are frequently used in 194:. Langevin calculated and built an ultrasound 3514: 3308:Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 3220:Television: Critical Methods and Applications 355:. Upon hearing a bat, some insects will make 8: 3077:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2776: 2774: 2507:Center for Devices and Radiological Health. 1783:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1413:Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 575:A common use of ultrasound is in underwater 2996:Peshkovsky SL, Peshkovsky AS (March 2007). 2535:"Ultrasonic imaging: safety considerations" 698:. Such diagnostic applications used during 3521: 3507: 3499: 3112:Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 2442: 2440: 2122:"How Well Do Dogs and Other Animals Hear?" 2061:Tougaard J, Miller LA, Simmons JA (2003). 1989:. National Geographic News. Archived from 1057:, where they are generally referred to as 470:relies on the principle of ultrasound. In 285:, without passing through the middle ear. 3493:Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound 3049:. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers. 3021: 2558: 2088: 2086: 2013:"Some Moths Escape Bats By Jamming Sonar" 1961: 1920: 1574: 2414: 2412: 2065:. In Thomas J, Moss CF, Vater M (eds.). 1861:"A Ring Tone Meant to Fall on Deaf Ears" 1191:have conducted ultrasound studies using 986:, are used at frequencies from 20 to 40 560: 2347:. National Academies. 1970. p. 92. 2019:. National Public Radio. Archived from 1477:(Thesis). Veenendaal: Universal Press. 1345: 1277:Focused ultrasound-mediated diagnostics 1046:The ultrasonic humidifier, one type of 949:operation of a larger ultrasonic horn. 2391:Buschow KH, et al., eds. (2001). 637:Head of a fetus, aged 29 weeks, in a " 474:, fluid flow can be measured using an 3060:Peshkovsky AS, Peshkovsky SL (2010). 1631:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 1030:for analytical or chemical purposes ( 324:use a variety of ultrasonic ranging ( 224:American National Standards Institute 206:-related bioeffects from ultrasound. 21:For the application to medicine, see 7: 3374:from the original on 8 November 2011 2421:Ultrasonic Instruments & Devices 1284:— sound at extremely low frequencies 2036:Journal of Comparative Physiology A 1334:Ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy 1140:ultrasound attenuation spectroscopy 906:bubbles. This phenomenon is termed 457:Motion sensors and flow measurement 2671:"Ultrasound Imaging of the Pelvis" 1936:Jones G, Waters DA (August 2000). 1387:Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology 1361:International Atomic Energy Agency 1189:University of California, Berkeley 669:is an ultrasound-based diagnostic 512:inspected as well as plastics and 413:) can hear only up to 4 kHz. 14: 3254:from the original on 24 July 2015 2841:Repacholi MH, Benwell DA (1982). 2681:from the original on 25 June 2008 2655:. Epiphan Systems. Archived from 2449:Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology 2067:Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins 1187:reported that researchers at the 740:(transrectal) ultrasound in men. 393:) to orient and to capture prey. 3870: 3869: 3582: 2942:from the original on 31 May 2008 2912:from the original on 10 May 2012 2843:Essentials of Medical Ultrasound 2451:. Academic Press. p. 2202. 2157:Sterling Publishing Company, Inc 1942:Proceedings. Biological Sciences 1315:(also known as hypersonic sound) 1235: 1014:Similar to ultrasonic cleaning, 629:of a fetus at 14 weeks (profile) 599:Ultrasound Identification (USID) 551:Ultrasonic thickness measurement 3250:. economist.com. 11 July 2015. 2423:. Academic Press. p. 752. 1878:Popper A, Fay RR, eds. (1995). 1123:, using different frequencies. 3023:10.1016/j.ultsonch.2006.07.003 1903:Surlykke A, Miller LA (2001). 1148:transcranial pulsed ultrasound 979:, sometimes mistakenly called 1: 3425:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2719:McKinnon AO, Voss JL (1993). 2099:. MacMillan. pp. 35–37. 1590:Passmann C, Ermert H (1996). 1549:Entezari MH, Kruus P (1994). 1528:10.1016/S1350-4177(96)00016-8 732:(transabdominal) ultrasound, 222:Ultrasound is defined by the 178:, the inventor of the vapour 3139:Water Science and Technology 2880:10.1016/j.ultras.2006.05.119 2749:"Subiaco Abbey's Angus herd" 2151:Coile DC, Bonham MH (2008). 1576:10.1016/1350-4177(94)90001-9 1267:Contrast-enhanced ultrasound 846:, and scar tissue adhesion. 565:Principle of an active sonar 2299:Beason R (September 2004). 1651:10.1088/0022-3727/31/18/010 1158:Audio can be propagated by 862:Ultrasonic impact treatment 857:Ultrasonic impact treatment 401:, members of the subfamily 198:comprising a thin sheet of 31:Ultrasonic (disambiguation) 27:Ultrasound (disambiguation) 3924: 3222:. Routledge. p. 276. 2533:Ter Haar G (August 2011). 2419:Papadakis EP, ed. (1999). 2395:. Elsevier. p. 5990. 2320:. CRC Press. p. 289. 1859:Vitello P (12 June 2006). 1104:material to give a larger 1081: 969: 894: 783: 747: 688:magnetic resonance imaging 579:; this use is also called 568: 485: 123:in bats was discovered by 35: 20: 3865: 3577: 3410:Resources in your library 3002:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2983:10.1016/j.cep.2013.02.010 2747:Bennett D (19 May 2005). 2393:Encyclopedia of Materials 2190:10.1007/978-1-4612-4356-4 1985:Kaplan M (17 July 2009). 1555:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 1508:Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 1252:Acoustic droplet ejection 1144:electroacoustic phenomena 1010:Ultrasonic disintegration 866:stress corrosion cracking 612:Indoor Positioning System 608:Real-Time Locating System 604:Ultrasound Identification 49:An ultrasonic examination 3320:10.1515/popets-2017-0018 2817:"Therapeutic Ultrasound" 2788:West Virginia University 1682:10.3929/ethz-a-005902021 1298:Phased array ultrasonics 557:Ultrasonic range finding 425:ultrasonic algae control 234:of 1.9 cm or less. 111:, starts as far back as 36:Not to be confused with 3546:Architectural acoustics 1717:10.24492/use.40.0_3J2-2 421:electronic pest control 3633:Fletcher–Munson curves 3628:Equal-loudness contour 3538:Acoustical engineering 3283:10.1109/EuroSP.2017.33 3205:10.1055/s-2008-1042908 2936:appliedultrasonics.com 2906:appliedultrasonics.com 2551:10.1098/rsfs.2011.0029 2126:Prof. Strain's website 1954:10.1098/rspb.2000.1188 1676:(Thesis). ETH Zurich. 1483:10.5281/zenodo.4771630 1329:Ultrasonic attenuation 1303:Picosecond ultrasonics 1154:Wireless communication 1119:Ultrasound is used in 931: 822:, joint inflammation, 786:Therapeutic ultrasound 658:available with light. 642: 630: 566: 547: 509:nondestructive testing 501: 482:Nondestructive testing 318: 306: 219: 101: 78:nondestructive testing 70:limit of human hearing 50: 25:. For other uses, see 3769:Hermann von Helmholtz 3667:Fundamental frequency 3571:Sympathetic resonance 3151:10.2166/wst.2000.0174 2902:"UIT Solutions Video" 2723:. Lea & Febiger. 2317:Food plant sanitation 2182:The Sonar of Dolphins 1319:Surface acoustic wave 1313:Sound from ultrasound 1203:cross-device tracking 1042:Ultrasonic humidifier 929: 636: 625: 564: 541: 499: 476:ultrasonic flow meter 431:Detection and ranging 312: 304: 217: 131:in 1893 invented the 99: 48: 2932:"Tools of the Trade" 2659:on 14 February 2011. 2615:on 21 February 2007. 2486:10.1148/rg.234035034 2301:What Can Birds Hear? 1384:Novelline R (1997). 1160:modulated ultrasound 996:surgical instruments 883:UIT devices rely on 872:and related issues. 840:rheumatoid arthritis 832:impingement syndrome 830:, facet irritation, 771:Processing and power 715:emergency ultrasound 704:obstetric sonography 184:piezoelectric effect 157:by a high-frequency 117:stringed instruments 3789:Werner Meyer-Eppler 3699:Missing fundamental 3454:1983IAOEH..53...77G 3353:on 10 January 2013. 3124:10.2166/ws.2006.962 3089:1982ASAJ...72.1524D 3014:2007UltS...14..314P 2975:2013CEPPI..69...77P 2796:on 14 December 2008 2721:Equine Reproduction 2708:on 31 January 2009. 2270:2001ASAJ..109.3048M 2227:2002ASAJ..112..334K 1795:1963ASAJ...35.1738C 1744:2023ASAJ..153.2878V 1643:1998JPhD...31.2258S 1567:1994UltS....1S..75E 1520:1997UltS....4...49E 1425:1948ASAJ...20..601K 1359:. Vienna, Austria: 1205:of Internet users. 977:Ultrasonic cleaners 972:Ultrasonic cleaning 966:Ultrasonic cleaning 917:transesterification 750:Preclinical imaging 744:Veterinary medicine 702:are referred to as 692:computed tomography 655:Acoustic microscopy 650:Acoustic microscopy 176:Sir Charles Parsons 125:Lazzaro Spallanzani 3672:Frequency spectrum 3462:10.1007/BF00406179 3277:. pp. 35–47. 3244:"Acoustic chatter" 3218:Butler JG (2006). 3172:(292–293): 161–6. 2120:Strain GM (2010). 2048:10.1007/BF00610835 2023:on 10 August 2017. 2017:Talk of the Nation 1865:The New York Times 1830:10.1007/BF00243505 1752:10.1121/10.0019376 1690:20.500.11850/22143 1471:Postema M (2004). 1450:. Hoboken: Wiley. 1219:medical ultrasound 1116:using ultrasound. 1071:ultrasonic welding 1065:Ultrasonic welding 1028:biological science 992:dental instruments 932: 708:ionizing radiation 667:Medical ultrasound 643: 631: 567: 548: 505:Ultrasonic testing 502: 492:Ultrasonic testing 468:acoustic rheometer 436:Non-contact sensor 357:evasive manoeuvres 319: 307: 271:Auditory sensation 220: 102: 51: 23:Medical ultrasound 3883: 3882: 3845:Musical acoustics 3677:harmonic spectrum 3432:978-0-8493-1462-9 3396:Library resources 3346:978-0-660-13741-4 3339:. Health Canada. 3292:978-1-5090-5762-7 3229:978-0-8058-5415-2 2852:978-1-4612-5806-3 2845:. 3Island Press. 2829:on 12 April 2007. 2815:Watson T (2006). 2790:Extension Service 2730:978-0-8121-1427-0 2675:radiologyinfo.org 2458:978-0-12-227070-3 2430:978-0-12-531951-5 2402:978-0-08-043152-9 2368:10.1520/STP25255S 2362:. pp. 7–12. 2327:978-0-8247-0793-4 2278:10.1121/1.1368406 2235:10.1121/1.1480835 2199:978-1-4612-8745-2 2166:978-1-4027-5039-7 2106:978-0-312-56722-4 2093:Krantz L (2009). 2076:978-0-226-79599-7 1993:on 22 August 2009 1948:(1453): 1627–32. 1889:978-1-4612-2556-0 1803:10.1121/1.1918804 1789:(11): 1738–1743. 1672:Bryner J (2009). 1637:(18): 2258–2263. 1608:10.1109/58.503714 1457:978-1-119-96786-6 1446:Pollet B (2012). 1433:10.1121/1.1906413 1397:978-0-674-83339-5 1370:978-92-0-131010-1 1293:Laser ultrasonics 1272:Delay-line memory 1257:Acoustic emission 1000:diving regulators 960:acoustic tweezers 870:corrosion fatigue 851:skin permeability 824:plantar fasciitis 792:connective tissue 107:, the science of 3913: 3873: 3872: 3774:Carleen Hutchins 3706:Combination tone 3593: 3586: 3566:String vibration 3523: 3516: 3509: 3500: 3481: 3436: 3421:Kundu T (2004). 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3349:. 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Van Holliday 3742: 3711:Mersenne's laws 3645:Audio frequency 3639: 3603:Psychoacoustics 3597: 3596: 3589: 3575: 3532: 3527: 3489: 3484: 3439: 3433: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3390:Further reading 3387: 3377: 3375: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3347: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3163: 3162: 3158: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3044: 3043: 3039: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2780: 2779: 2772: 2762: 2760: 2759:on 4 April 2007 2746: 2745: 2738: 2731: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2620: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2539:Interface Focus 2532: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2506: 2505: 2501: 2471: 2470: 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