2849:
1015:, this is partly based on the historical facts and Umar's character and actions. He holds that Umar "truly as all evidence indicates was a man of honour, dignity and a ruler worthy of every respect". As a result of this and his short term in office, it is difficult to assess the achievements of his caliphate and his motives. Indeed, Kennedy calls Umar "the most puzzling character among the Marwanid rulers". As Kennedy states "He was a pious individual who attempted to solve the problems of his day in a way which would reconcile the needs of his dynasty and state with the demands of Islam". In the assessment of
711:
front. The nomination of Umar voided the wishes of Abd al-Malik, who sought to restrict the office to his direct descendants. The elevation of Umar, a member of a cadet branch of the dynasty, in preference to the numerous descendants of Abd al-Malik surprised these princes. According to
Wellhausen, "nobody dreamed of this, himself least of all". Raja managed the affair, calling the Umayyad princes into Dabiq's mosque and demanding that they recognize Sulayman's will, which Raja had kept secret. Only after the Umayyads accepted did Raja reveal that Umar was the caliph's nominee.
909:
732:
78:
749:(non-Arab Muslims). This was mainly relevant to the non-Arab troops in the Muslim army, who had not been entitled to the same shares in spoils, lands and salaries given to Arab soldiers. The policy also applied to Muslim society at large. Under previous Umayyad rulers, Arab Muslims had certain financial privileges over non-Arab Muslims. Non-Arab converts to Islam were still expected to pay the
753:(poll tax) that they paid before becoming Muslims. Umar put into practice a new system that exempted all Muslims, regardless of their heritage, from the jizya tax. He also added some safeguards to the system to make sure that mass conversion to Islam would not cause the collapse of the finances of the Umayyad government. Under the new tax policy, converted
969:
Blankinship considers this reasoning to be "insufficient". He proposed it was the massive losses faced by the Arabs in their abortive siege against
Constantinople, including the destruction of their navy, that caused Umar to view his positions in al-Andalus, separated by the rest of the Caliphate by sea, and
968:
Umar is often deemed a pacifist by the sources and Cobb attributes the caliph's war-weariness to concerns over the diminishing funds of the caliphal treasury. Wellhausen asserts that Umar was "disinclined to wars of conquest, well-knowing that they were waged, not for God, but for the sake of spoil".
817:
Shortly after his accession, Umar overhauled the administrations of the provinces. He appointed competent men that he could control, indicating his intention "to keep a close eye on provincial administration". Wellhausen noted that the caliph did not leave the governors to their own devices in return
773:
Whosoever accepts Islam, whether
Christian, Jew or Zoroastrian, of those now subject to taxes and who joins himself to the body of the Muslims in their abode, forsaking the abode in which he was before, he shall have the same rights and duties as they have, and they are obliged to associate with him
1010:
The unanimous view in the Muslim traditional sources is that Umar was pious and ruled like a true Muslim in singular opposition to the other
Umayyad caliphs, who were generally considered "godless usurpers, tyrants and playboys". The tradition recognized Umar as an authentic caliph, while the other
973:
as acutely vulnerable to
Byzantine attack. Thus he favored withdrawing Muslim forces from these two regions. This same calculus led to him to consider withdrawing Muslim forces from Transoxiana so as to shore up the defenses of Syria. Shaban views Umar's efforts to curb offensives as linked to the
710:
According to the traditional Muslim sources, when
Sulayman was on his deathbed in Dabiq, he was persuaded by Raja to designate Umar as his successor. Sulayman's son Ayyub had been his initial nominee, but predeceased him, while his other sons were either too young or away fighting on the Byzantine
722:
According to the historian
Reinhard Eisener, Raja's role in the affair was likely "exaggerated"; "more reasonable" was that Umar's succession was the result of "traditional patterns, like seniority and well-founded claims" stemming from Caliph Marwan I's original designation of Umar's father, Abd
778:
Possibly to stave off potential blowback from opponents of the equalization measures, Umar expanded the
Islamization drive that had been steadily strengthening under his Marwanid predecessors. The drive included measures to distinguish Muslims from non-Muslims and the inauguration of an Islamic
977:
Although he halted further eastward expansion, the establishment of Islam in a number of cities in
Transoxiana, precluded Umar's withdrawal of Arab troops from there. During his reign, the Muslim forces in al-Andalus conquered and fortified the Mediterranean coastal city of
642:. Umar tolerated many of these scholars' open criticism of the Umayyad government's conduct. However, other accounts hold that he showed himself to be materialistic during his early career. On al-Walid's orders, Umar undertook the reconstruction and expansion of the
578:. Following the death of Umar's father, Abd al-Malik recalled Umar to Damascus, where he arranged Umar's marriage to his daughter, Fatima. Umar had two other wives: his maternal cousin Umm Shu'ayb or Umm Uthman, the daughter of Shu'ayb or Sa'id ibn Zabban of the
377:, ruling from 717 until his death in 720. He is credited to have instituted significant reforms to the Umayyad central government, by making it much more efficient and egalitarian. His rulership is marked by the first official collection of
942:, closer to the Syrian frontier. He commissioned an expedition in the summer of 718 to facilitate their withdrawal. Umar kept up the annual summer raids against the Byzantine frontier, out of the obligation to
563:, which had become the seat of his father's governorship between 686 and his death in 705. He received his education in Medina, however, which was retaken by the Umayyads under Umar's paternal uncle, Caliph
818:
for their forwarding of the provincial revenues; rather, he actively oversaw his governors' administrations and his main interest was "not so much the increase of power as the establishment of right".
681:, an influential religious figure in the Umayyads' court, Umar served as a principal adviser of Sulayman. He accompanied the latter when he led the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca in 716 and on his return to
1002:. Umar had purchased a plot there with his own funds and was buried in the village, where the ruins of his tomb, built at an unknown date, are still visible. Umar was succeeded by Yazid II.
650:, al-Walid's powerful viceroy over the eastern half of the Caliphate. According to Cobb, this served as Umar's "undoing" as al-Hajjaj pressured the caliph to dismiss Umar in May/June 712.
821:
He subdivided the vast governorship established over Iraq and the eastern
Caliphate under Abd al-Malik's viceroy al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf. Sulayman's appointee to this super-province,
723:
al-Aziz, as Abd al-Malik's successor, which had not materialized due to Abd al-Aziz predeceasing Abd al-Malik. Umar acceded without significant opposition on 22 September 717.
833:
coast to the caliphal treasury. In place of Ibn al-Muhallab, he appointed Abd al-Hamid ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Zayd ibn al-Khattab, a member of Caliph Umar I's family, to
715:
voiced his opposition, but relented after being threatened with violence. A potential intra-dynastic conflict was averted with the designation of a son of Abd al-Malik,
3079:
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in Medina beginning in 707. Under Umar's generally lenient rule, the Hejaz became a refuge for Iraqi political and religious exiles fleeing the persecutions of
957:
to disperse a group of Turks who had launched damaging raids against the province. In 718, he successively deployed Iraqi and Syrian troops to suppress the
623:, whose rule over Medina had been harsh for its inhabitants. Umar took up the post in February/March 706 and his jurisdiction later extended to Mecca and
2281:
974:
resentment of the Yamani elements of the army, who Shaban views to have been politically dominant under Umar, at excessive deployments in the field.
489:). His lineage from the much-respected Caliph Umar would later be much emphasized by historians to differentiate him from the other Umayyad rulers.
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Early Islam Between Myth and History: Al-Ḥaṣan Al-Baṣrī (d. 110H/728CE) and the Formation of His Legacy in Classical Islamic Scholarship
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or possibly to his Khunasira estate, Umar fell ill. He died between 5 February and 10 February 720, at the age of 39, in the village of
913:
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tax), but upon conversion, their land would become the property of their villages and would thus remain liable to the full rate of the
2728:
630:
Information about his governorship is scant, but most traditional accounts note that he was a "just governor", according to historian
2522:
2425:
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246:
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769:(land tax). This compensated for the loss of income due to the diminished jizya tax base. He issued an edict on taxation stating:
620:
522:), died in quick succession in 683 and 684, respectively, Umayyad authority collapsed across the Caliphate and the Umayyads of the
157:
1019:, Umar acted to prevent the collapse of the caliphate by "maintaining the unity of the Arabs; removing the grievances of the
881:
870:
662:. He remained in al-Walid's court in Damascus until the caliph's death in 715, and according to the 9th-century historian
659:
613:, al-Walid's intention was to use Umar to reconcile the townspeople of Medina to Umayyad rule and "obliterate [
574:), in 692. Having spent much of his youth in Medina, Umar developed ties with the city's pious men and transmitters of
877:
faction, Umar chose them based on their reliability and integrity, rather than opposition to Sulayman's government.
3000:
2753:
2698:
2256:
2170:
866:
167:
552:), was ultimately recognized by these tribes as caliph and, with their support, reasserted Umayyad rule in Syria.
541:). The Umayyad exiles took refuge in Syria, where loyalist Arab tribes supported the dynasty. Umar's grandfather,
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Califes, émirs et cadis : le droit califal et l'articulation de l'autorité judiciaire à l'époque umayyade
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809:(sayings and actions attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad), fearing that some of it might be lost.
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Despite his dismissal, Umar remained in al-Walid's favor, being the brother of the caliph's first wife,
559:
and appointed Umar's father to the province. Umar spent part of his childhood in Egypt, particularly in
2989:
2975:
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873:(Upper Mesopotamia). Although many of these appointees were pupils of al-Hajjaj or affiliated with the
825:, was dismissed and imprisoned by Umar for failing to forward the spoils from his earlier conquest of
2833:
2603:
922:
396:. It was during his three-year reign that Islam was accepted by huge segments of the populations of
3049:
3044:
2556:
647:
643:
53:
2121:
The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads
930:
After his accession in late 717, Umar ordered the withdrawal of the Muslim army led by his cousin
2688:
2375:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
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2214:
2180:
2125:
2101:
610:
417:
371:
238:
102:
2527:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
2441:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
2286:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
416:. However despite this, his reign witnessed the Umayyads gaining many new territories in the
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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXI: The Victory of the Marwānids, A.D. 685–693/A.H. 66–73
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pilgrimage in Mecca and showed favor toward the Islamic legal scholars of Medina, notably
471:
467:
344:
322:
302:
62:
2499:
2783:
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2239:
2194:
2157:
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At some point in 717, he dispatched a force under Ibn Hatim ibn al-Nu'man al-Bahili to
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678:
512:
405:
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3038:
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2542:
2333:
2301:
2226:
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799:
666:, he performed the funeral prayers for al-Walid. The latter's brother and successor,
663:
430:
211:
2589:
2139:
686:
586:. From his wives he had seven known children, as well as seven other children from
409:
404:. He also ordered the withdrawal of the Muslim forces in various fronts such as in
17:
2593:
2569:
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2436:
2415:
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2337:
2119:
2095:
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in northern Syria, where Sulayman directed the massive war effort to conquer the
2927:
2823:
2456:
995:
954:
830:
207:
2877:
2798:
885:
826:
780:
599:
413:
82:
2509:
2218:
2210:
2947:
2932:
2838:
2828:
2484:
2317:
2197:(1994). "Were the Qays and Yemen of the Umayyad Period Political Parties?".
862:
743:
The most significant reform of Umar was effecting the equality of Arabs and
682:
631:
587:
583:
579:
493:
685:. Likewise, he was at the caliph's side at the Muslims' marshaling camp at
2813:
2788:
2666:
1085:
979:
958:
947:
893:
716:
624:
542:
526:, including Medina, were expelled by supporters of the rival caliph, the
497:
475:
425:
290:
132:
2504:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
965:
in Iraq, though some sources say the revolt was settled diplomatically.
896:. He chose these governors because of their perceived neutrality in the
2778:
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In God's Path: the Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire
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970:
939:
935:
501:
297:
285:
805:
Umar is credited with having ordered the first official collection of
991:
806:
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759:
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560:
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397:
378:
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188:
98:
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The Works of Ibn Wāḍiḥ al-Yaʿqūbī (Volume 3): An English Translation
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from their abortive siege against Constantinople to the regions of
2706:
2396:
The Historian of Islam at Work: Essays in Honor of Hugh N. Kennedy
943:
907:
842:
750:
745:
730:
619:] the evil memory" of the preceding Umayyad governors, namely
556:
527:
523:
401:
393:
389:
385:
332:
946:. He remained in northern Syria, often residing at his estate in
1288:
874:
834:
635:
479:
440:
2710:
2571:
The Meaning of Mecca: The Politics of Pilgrimage in Early Islam
1023:; and reconciling political life with the claims of religion."
598:
Shortly after his accession, Abd al-Malik's son and successor,
2393:
Marsham, Andrew (2022). "Kinship, Dynasty, and the Umayyads".
2032:
2030:
2028:
788:
615:
492:
At the time of his birth, another branch of the Umayyads, the
433:
according to some Sunni scholars. He was honorifically called
2062:
2060:
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The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
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1934:
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1854:
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1745:
1743:
1741:
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1670:
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2598:. Trans. Philip Khuri Hitti. New York: Columbia University.
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1521:
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1829:
1827:
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1701:
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2124:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1493:, v. 23: pp. 202-03, 206 ff., 214, 217; v. 24: pp. 3-4;
439:(Umar II) after his maternal great-grandfather, Caliph
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
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1433:, v. 23: pp. 131-33, 139, 145, 148, 156, 183, 201-03;
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and the mandated universal education to the populace.
2605:
The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition (12 vols.)
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1502:
1474:
1442:
555:
In 685, Marwan ousted Ibn al-Zubayr's governor from
434:
358:
60:
51:
2911:
2856:
2762:
2342:(Second ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
2304:(January 1955). "The Fiscal Rescript of ʿUmar II".
1686:
609:), appointed Umar governor of Medina. According to
328:
318:
308:
296:
284:
237:
218:
195:
177:
173:
163:
153:
145:
138:
128:
118:
108:
96:
32:
2143:
2094:Biesterfeldt, Hinrich; Günther, Sebastian (2018).
787:, He put a stop to the ritual cursing of Caliph
370: – February 720) was the eighth
1506:
1490:
1478:
1462:
1446:
1430:
1011:Umayyads were viewed as kings. In the view of
898:tribal factionalism between the Qays and Yaman
429:and the sixth righteous caliph of Islam after
2722:
798:), the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, in
470:clan resident in the city, while his mother,
8:
2078:
2066:
2036:
1450:
423:Umar was considered by many to be the first
35:
1952:
1940:
1913:
1860:
1799:
950:, where he built a fortified headquarters.
2729:
2715:
2707:
2612:
2257:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2171:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2007:
1976:
1964:
1901:
1889:
1872:
1763:
1751:
1674:
1527:
1040:
1031:
29:
2265:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 821–822.
2179:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 821–822.
2595:The Origins of the Islamic State, Part I
2051:
1494:
1466:
1434:
1833:
1818:
1787:
1775:
1728:
1709:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1423:
677:), held Umar in high regard. Alongside
3080:One Thousand and One Nights characters
2205:(1). Walter de Gruyter and Co.: 1–57.
1925:
1465:, v. 23: pp. 33, 71, 76, 114, 131-33;
1268:
1264:
1254:
1156:
1049:
1045:
774:and to treat him as one of themselves.
757:would not pay the jizya (or any other
349:عُمَر بْن عَبْد الْعَزِيز بْن مَرْوَان
2559:(1985). al-Umari, Akram Diya' (ed.).
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1115:
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7:
2661:22 September 717–February 720
2378:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
2019:
1995:
1845:
1607:
1592:
1441:, s.v. "Umar (II) b. Abd al-Aziz");
474:, was a granddaughter of the second
2563:(in Arabic). Al-Riyadh: Dar Taybah.
2561:Tarikh Khalifah ibn Khayyat, 3rd ed
914:Second Arab Siege of Constantinople
348:
36:
1469:, pp. 79, 92–93, 95, 102–03;
998:(also called Dayr al-Naqira) near
916:, as depicted in the 14th-century
900:and justice toward the oppressed.
392:, inviting their rulers to accept
360:ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Marwān
25:
2608:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. 1960–2005.
2399:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 12–45.
1175:10. Zabban ibn al-Asbagh al-Kalbi
1116:9. Amina bint Alqama al-Kinaniyya
1035:Ancestors of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
990:On his way back from Damascus to
654:Courtier of al-Walid and Sulayman
582:tribe, and Lamis bint Ali of the
112:22 September 717 – 4 February 720
2847:
2543:Al-Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Abu Ya'qub
847:al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah al-Hakami
76:
2545:(1883). Houtsma, M. Th. (ed.).
2465:. Vol. Two. Translated by
2280:Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1990).
1687:Biesterfeldt & Günther 2018
1498:
1470:
1438:
793:
672:
604:
569:
547:
536:
517:
506:
484:
445:
341:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan
3070:8th-century monarchs in Europe
2682:Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi
2435:Powers, David S., ed. (1989).
621:Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi
158:Hisham ibn Isma'il al-Makhzumi
27:Umayyad caliph from 717 to 720
1:
2990:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
2976:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
2590:Al-Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Jabir
2501:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
2491:, 63 (2014), p. 147–190.
2414:Mourad, Suleiman Ali (2006).
2145:"ʿUmar (II) b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz"
882:al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani
857:, a brother of the conqueror
660:Umm al-Banin bint Abd al-Aziz
511:) and his son and successor,
364:
199:
181:
114:(2 years, 137 days)
86:
2489:Bulletin d’Études Orientales
1420:Who was his grandfather ==
1086:Marwan I, 4th Umayyad Caliph
384:He dispatched emissaries to
3075:Umayyad governors of Medina
3060:8th-century Umayyad caliphs
2236:"Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik"
1251:Umar II, 8th Umayyad Caliph
500:. When the reigning Caliph
496:, ruled from their capital
435:
359:
191:, Arabia, Umayyad Caliphate
61:
52:
3096:
2699:Uthman ibn Hayyan al-Murri
2483:Tillier, Mathieu. (2014).
2364:. Oxford University Press.
1437:, pp. 95–96, 103–04;
1266:
1150:
1047:
867:Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari
813:Provincial administrations
634:. He often led the annual
466:, belonged to the wealthy
168:Uthman ibn Hayyan al-Murri
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2116:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
1503:Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985
1475:Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985
1443:Khalifah ibn Khayyat 1985
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1289:Umar, 2nd Rashidun Caliph
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3007:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
2983:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
2693:March 706–May 712
2523:The History of al-Ṭabarī
2211:10.1515/islm.1994.71.1.1
1497:, pp. 105, 110–11;
932:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
888:(Iberian Peninsula) and
855:Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili
785:Khalid Yahya Blankinship
462:around 680. His father,
458:Umar was likely born in
226:Fatima bint Abd al-Malik
2969:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir
2568:McMillan, M.E. (2011).
2318:10.1163/157005855X00158
1928:, p. 75, note 263.
839:Adi ibn Artah al-Fazari
739:of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
719:, as Umar's successor.
713:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
532:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
2551:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
1979:, p. 269, note 1.
1141:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan
1060:Al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As
982:in modern-day France.
927:
776:
740:
464:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan
313:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan
2617:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
1505:, pp. 311, 317;
1477:, pp. 293, 311;
1371:3. Umm Asim bint Asim
1006:Assessment and legacy
911:
890:Isma'il ibn Abd Allah
823:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab
771:
734:
640:Sa'id ibn al-Musayyab
203: 5 February 720
2958:Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti
2557:Khalifah ibn Khayyat
2234:Eisener, R. (1997).
1198:5. Layla bint Zabban
963:Shawdhab al-Yashkuri
33:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz
2764:Caliphs of Damascus
2520:, ed. (1985–2007).
1967:, pp. 268–269.
1904:, pp. 269–270.
1610:, pp. 821–822.
1491:Yarshater 1985–2007
1473:, s.v. "Makhzum");
1463:Yarshater 1985–2007
1431:Yarshater 1985–2007
920:translation of the
829:along the southern
648:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
214:, Umayyad Caliphate
18:Umar ibn Abdul Aziz
2913:Caliphs of Córdoba
2689:Governor of Madina
2674:Political offices
2496:Wellhausen, Julius
2457:ibn Sa'd, Muḥammad
2358:Hoyland, Robert G.
2334:Hawting, Gerald R.
2312:(1). Brill: 1–16.
1347:Jamila bint Thabit
928:
923:Manasses Chronicle
859:Qutayba ibn Muslim
741:
594:Governor of Medina
140:Governor of Medina
3032:
3031:
2923:Abd al-Rahman III
2903:Abd al-Rahman III
2705:
2704:
2696:Succeeded by
2664:Succeeded by
2581:978-0-86356-437-6
2548:Historiae, Vol. 2
2534:978-0-7914-7249-1
2476:978-1-897940-90-7
2462:The Men of Madina
2448:978-0-7914-0072-2
2420:. Leiden: Brill.
2406:978-90-04-52523-8
2385:978-0-582-40525-7
2293:978-0-7914-0221-4
2272:978-90-04-10422-8
2186:978-90-04-11211-7
2131:978-0-7914-1827-7
2107:978-90-04-35621-4
2100:. Leiden: Brill.
1955:, pp. 33–34.
1634:, pp. 92–93.
1622:, pp. 90–91.
1501:, s.v. "Murra");
1451:Al-Baladhuri 1916
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
611:Julius Wellhausen
418:Iberian Peninsula
357:
338:
337:
103:Umayyad Caliphate
37:عمر بن عبد العزيز
16:(Redirected from
3087:
2963:Abd al-Rahman IV
2883:Abd ar-Rahman II
2858:Emirs of Córdoba
2851:
2731:
2724:
2717:
2708:
2679:Preceded by
2643:Preceded by
2638:
2631:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2585:
2574:. London: Saqi.
2564:
2552:
2538:
2518:Yarshater, Ehsan
2513:
2480:
2452:
2431:
2410:
2389:
2365:
2353:
2329:
2297:
2276:
2248:Heinrichs, W. P.
2230:
2190:
2166:Heinrichs, W. P.
2147:
2135:
2111:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2055:
2049:
2040:
2034:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1953:Blankinship 1994
1950:
1944:
1941:Blankinship 1994
1938:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1914:Blankinship 1994
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1861:Blankinship 1994
1858:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1822:
1816:
1803:
1800:Blankinship 1994
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1732:
1726:
1713:
1707:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1596:
1590:
1531:
1525:
1510:
1488:
1482:
1460:
1454:
1428:
1041:
1032:
797:
795:
676:
674:
644:Prophet's Mosque
608:
606:
573:
571:
551:
549:
540:
538:
521:
519:
510:
508:
488:
486:
449:
447:
438:
369:
366:
362:
352:
350:
204:
201:
186:
183:
91:
88:
80:
66:
57:
54:Amir al-Mu'minin
39:
38:
30:
21:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3017:
2996:Abd al-Rahman V
2915:
2907:
2868:Abd al-Rahman I
2860:
2852:
2843:
2766:
2758:
2740:
2738:Umayyad dynasty
2735:
2701:
2692:
2684:
2669:
2660:
2655:
2653:Caliph of Islam
2648:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2622:Umayyad dynasty
2618:
2602:
2588:
2582:
2567:
2555:
2541:
2535:
2516:
2494:
2477:
2455:
2449:
2434:
2428:
2413:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2368:
2356:
2350:
2332:
2300:
2294:
2279:
2273:
2240:Bosworth, C. E.
2233:
2195:Crone, Patricia
2193:
2187:
2158:Bosworth, C. E.
2138:
2132:
2114:
2108:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2008:Wellhausen 1927
2006:
2002:
1994:
1983:
1977:Wellhausen 1927
1975:
1971:
1965:Wellhausen 1927
1963:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1902:Wellhausen 1927
1900:
1896:
1890:Wellhausen 1927
1888:
1879:
1873:Wellhausen 1927
1871:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1764:Wellhausen 1927
1762:
1758:
1752:Wellhausen 1927
1750:
1735:
1727:
1716:
1708:
1693:
1689:, p. 1001.
1685:
1681:
1675:Wellhausen 1927
1673:
1662:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1599:
1591:
1534:
1528:Wellhausen 1927
1526:
1513:
1507:Al-Ya'qubi 1883
1489:
1485:
1479:Al-Ya'qubi 1883
1461:
1457:
1449:, p. 339;
1447:Al-Ya'qubi 1883
1445:, p. 311;
1429:
1425:
1418:
1029:
1008:
1000:Ma'arrat Nu'man
988:
906:
904:Military policy
880:Umar appointed
865:. He appointed
815:
792:
783:. According to
729:
708:
703:
671:
656:
603:
596:
568:
546:
535:
516:
505:
483:
472:Layla bint Asim
456:
444:
367:
323:Layla bint Asim
280:
233:
206:
202:
187:
184:
113:
92:
89:
69:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3093:
3091:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3037:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2768:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2657:Umayyad Caliph
2649:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2586:
2580:
2565:
2553:
2539:
2533:
2514:
2492:
2481:
2475:
2453:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2390:
2384:
2366:
2354:
2348:
2330:
2302:Gibb, H. A. R.
2298:
2292:
2277:
2271:
2244:van Donzel, E.
2231:
2191:
2185:
2162:van Donzel, E.
2150:Bearman, P. J.
2136:
2130:
2112:
2106:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2071:
2056:
2054:, p. 162.
2041:
2039:, p. 153.
2024:
2012:
2010:, p. 311.
2000:
1998:, p. 822.
1981:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1894:
1892:, p. 269.
1877:
1875:, p. 270.
1865:
1850:
1838:
1836:, p. 107.
1823:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1778:, p. 822.
1768:
1766:, p. 264.
1756:
1754:, p. 265.
1733:
1714:
1712:, p. 106.
1691:
1679:
1677:, p. 268.
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1597:
1595:, p. 821.
1532:
1530:, p. 267.
1511:
1509:, p. 353.
1483:
1481:, p. 335.
1455:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1013:Gerald Hawting
1007:
1004:
987:
984:
905:
902:
814:
811:
796: 656–661
728:
725:
707:
704:
702:
699:
695:Constantinople
679:Raja ibn Haywa
675: 715–717
655:
652:
607: 705–715
595:
592:
572: 685–705
550: 684–685
539: 683–692
520: 683–684
509: 680–683
487: 634–644
455:
452:
448: 634–644
406:Constantinople
336:
335:
330:
326:
325:
320:
316:
315:
310:
306:
305:
300:
294:
293:
288:
282:
281:
279:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
252:
249:
243:
241:
235:
234:
232:
231:
230:Lamis bint Ali
228:
222:
220:
216:
215:
197:
193:
192:
179:
175:
174:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
94:
93:
81:
73:
72:
68:
67:
63:Khalifat Allah
58:
46:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3092:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2427:90-04-14829-9
2423:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2370:Kennedy, Hugh
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2349:0-415-24072-7
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2154:Bianquis, Th.
2151:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2079:ibn Sa'd 1997
2075:
2072:
2069:, p. 20.
2068:
2067:ibn Sa'd 1997
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2052:Fishbein 1990
2048:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:ibn Sa'd 1997
2033:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1943:, p. 33.
1942:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1916:, p. 34.
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1863:, p. 32.
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1821:, p. 77.
1820:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1802:, p. 31.
1801:
1796:
1793:
1790:, p. 59.
1789:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1731:, p. 72.
1730:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1658:, p. 41.
1657:
1652:
1649:
1646:, p. 98.
1645:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
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1547:
1545:
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1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:McMillan 2011
1492:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:McMillan 2011
1464:
1459:
1456:
1453:, p. 20.
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1435:McMillan 2011
1432:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1409:
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1399:
1397:
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1338:
1337:
1328:
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1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:Asim ibn Umar
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
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1294:
1293:
1290:
1284:
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1125:
1120:
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1080:
1077:
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1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1017:H. A. R. Gibb
1014:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
985:
983:
981:
975:
972:
966:
964:
961:rebellion of
960:
956:
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
925:
924:
919:
915:
910:
903:
901:
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891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
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852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
812:
810:
808:
803:
801:
800:Friday prayer
790:
786:
782:
775:
770:
768:
767:
762:
761:
756:
752:
748:
747:
738:
733:
726:
724:
720:
718:
714:
705:
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688:
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628:
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581:
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566:
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499:
495:
490:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
453:
451:
442:
437:
436:Umar al-Thani
432:
431:Hasan ibn Ali
428:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
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387:
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311:
307:
304:
301:
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287:
283:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
262:Abd al-Rahman
261:
258:
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227:
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107:
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100:
95:
84:
79:
74:
71:
65:
64:
59:
56:
55:
50:
49:
48:
45:
42:
31:
19:
3055:Arab Muslims
3005:
3001:Muhammad III
2988:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2808:
2794:Abd al-Malik
2687:
2651:
2637:February 720
2634:
2627:
2620:
2604:
2594:
2570:
2560:
2547:
2521:
2500:
2488:
2467:Aisha Bewley
2461:
2437:
2416:
2395:
2374:
2361:
2338:
2309:
2305:
2282:
2262:
2255:
2202:
2198:
2176:
2169:
2120:
2096:
2088:Bibliography
2081:, p. 6.
2074:
2022:, p. 2.
2015:
2003:
1972:
1960:
1948:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1868:
1848:, p. 3.
1841:
1834:Kennedy 2004
1819:Hawting 2000
1795:
1788:Hawting 2000
1783:
1776:Eisener 1997
1771:
1759:
1729:Hawting 2000
1710:Kennedy 2004
1682:
1656:Marsham 2022
1651:
1644:Kennedy 2004
1639:
1632:Kennedy 2004
1627:
1620:Kennedy 2004
1615:
1486:
1458:
1426:
1419:
1250:
1020:
1009:
989:
976:
967:
952:
929:
921:
879:
820:
816:
804:
777:
772:
764:
758:
754:
744:
742:
721:
709:
657:
629:
614:
597:
565:Abd al-Malik
554:
491:
457:
424:
422:
410:Central Asia
383:
340:
339:
251:Abd al-Malik
70:
47:
44:
2938:Muhammad II
2928:Al-Hakam II
2824:Al-Walid II
2784:Mu'awiya II
2749:Family tree
2252:Lecomte, G.
2140:Cobb, P. M.
1926:Powers 1989
996:Dayr Sim'an
955:Adharbayjan
693:capital of
513:Mu'awiya II
274:Ubayd Allah
255:Abd al-Aziz
208:Dayr Sim'an
154:Predecessor
119:Predecessor
3050:720 deaths
3045:682 births
3039:Categories
3023:indicates
3013:Hisham III
2916:(929–1031)
2893:al-Mundhir
2888:Muhammad I
2878:Al-Hakam I
2799:Al-Walid I
2774:Mu'awiya I
2261:Volume IX:
886:al-Andalus
827:Tabaristan
781:iconoclasm
664:al-Ya'qubi
600:al-Walid I
588:concubines
454:Early life
414:Septimania
368: 680
185: 680
90: 719
83:Gold dinar
2948:Hisham II
2933:Hisham II
2861:(756–929)
2839:Marwan II
2829:Yazid III
2767:(661–750)
2525:(40 vols)
2510:752790641
2469:. Ta-Ha.
2227:154370527
2219:0021-1818
2199:Der Islam
2175:Volume X:
2020:Gibb 1955
1996:Cobb 2000
1846:Gibb 1955
1608:Cobb 2000
1593:Cobb 2000
959:Kharijite
948:Khunasira
918:Bulgarian
802:sermons.
706:Accession
701:Caliphate
691:Byzantine
683:Jerusalem
632:Paul Cobb
584:Balharith
580:Banu Kalb
494:Sufyanids
354:romanized
247:Abd Allah
205:(aged 40)
164:Successor
149:706 – 712
146:In office
129:Successor
85:of Umar,
3065:Mujaddid
3027:usurpers
3025:Hammudid
2953:Sulayman
2943:Sulayman
2898:Abdullah
2873:Hisham I
2814:Yazid II
2804:Sulayman
2789:Marwan I
2667:Yazid II
2646:Sulayman
2592:(1916).
2498:(1927).
2459:(1997).
2372:(2004).
2360:(2015).
2336:(2000).
2254:(eds.).
2168:(eds.).
2142:(2000).
2118:(1994).
1027:Ancestry
980:Narbonne
894:Ifriqiya
851:Khurasan
717:Yazid II
697:in 717.
668:Sulayman
543:Marwan I
498:Damascus
476:Rashidun
426:mujaddid
329:Religion
291:Marwanid
265:Sulayman
133:Yazid II
123:Sulayman
2834:Ibrahim
2779:Yazid I
2630:ca. 682
2326:4055283
2306:Arabica
2263:San–Sze
971:Cilicia
940:Malatya
936:Antioch
869:to the
831:Caspian
735:Silver
727:Reforms
576:hadiths
530:-based
502:Yazid I
478:caliph
468:Umayyad
379:hadiths
372:Umayyad
356::
303:Umayyad
298:Dynasty
268:Maslama
101:of the
2819:Hisham
2633:
2578:
2531:
2508:
2473:
2445:
2424:
2403:
2382:
2346:
2324:
2290:
2269:
2250:&
2225:
2217:
2183:
2164:&
2128:
2104:
1021:mawālī
992:Aleppo
871:Jazira
807:hadith
766:kharaj
760:dhimmi
755:mawali
746:mawali
737:dirham
561:Hulwan
460:Medina
398:Persia
375:caliph
345:Arabic
319:Mother
309:Father
277:Uthman
189:Medina
99:Caliph
2754:Media
2635:Died:
2628:Born:
2322:JSTOR
2238:. In
2223:S2CID
2148:. In
986:Death
944:jihad
861:, to
843:Basra
751:jizya
687:Dabiq
625:Ta'if
557:Egypt
528:Mecca
524:Hejaz
402:Egypt
394:Islam
390:Tibet
386:China
333:Islam
286:House
239:Issue
212:Syria
109:Reign
2809:Umar
2576:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2506:OCLC
2471:ISBN
2443:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2288:ISBN
2267:ISBN
2215:ISSN
2181:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2102:ISBN
1345:13.
1287:12.
938:and
912:The
875:Qays
863:Sind
853:and
835:Kufa
636:Hajj
480:Umar
441:Umar
412:and
400:and
388:and
271:Zayd
259:Asim
219:Wife
196:Died
178:Born
97:8th
2314:doi
2207:doi
2177:T–U
1499:EI2
1471:EI2
1439:EI2
1313:6.
1249:1.
1139:2.
1084:4.
1058:8.
892:to
884:to
849:to
841:to
789:Ali
616:sic
450:).
3041::
2487:,
2320:.
2308:.
2259:.
2246:;
2242:;
2221:.
2213:.
2203:71
2201:.
2173:.
2160:;
2156:;
2152:;
2059:^
2044:^
2027:^
1984:^
1933:^
1880:^
1853:^
1826:^
1807:^
1736:^
1717:^
1694:^
1663:^
1600:^
1535:^
1514:^
845:,
837:,
794:r.
673:r.
627:.
605:r.
590:.
570:r.
548:r.
537:r.
518:r.
507:r.
485:r.
446:r.
420:.
408:,
365:c.
363:;
351:,
347::
210:,
200:c.
182:c.
87:c.
2730:e
2723:t
2716:v
2584:.
2537:.
2512:.
2479:.
2451:.
2430:.
2409:.
2388:.
2352:.
2328:.
2316::
2310:2
2296:.
2275:.
2229:.
2209::
2189:.
2134:.
2110:.
926:.
791:(
670:(
602:(
567:(
545:(
534:(
515:(
504:(
482:(
443:(
343:(
20:)
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