1577:, with the parasitic ability to enter a cell. However, if the bacteria were capable of respiration, it would have been beneficial for the larger cell to allow the parasite to live in return for energy and detoxification of oxygen. Chloroplasts probably became symbionts through a similar set of events, and are most likely descendants of cyanobacteria. While not all eukaryotes have mitochondria or chloroplasts, mitochondria are found in most eukaryotes, and chloroplasts are found in all plants and algae. Photosynthesis and respiration are essentially the reverse of one another, and the advent of respiration coupled with photosynthesis enabled much greater access to energy than
1767:
1270:
40:
1590:
5334:
5344:
1357:
1261:, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. Nutritionally, prokaryotes have the ability to utilize a wide range of organic and inorganic material for use in metabolism, including sulfur, cellulose, ammonia, or nitrite. Prokaryotes are relatively ubiquitous in the environment and some (known as extremophiles) thrive in extreme environments.
1810:, unicellular algae that have siliceous cell walls. They are the most abundant form of algae in the ocean, although they can be found in fresh water as well. They account for about 40% of the world's primary marine production, and produce about 25% of the world's oxygen. Diatoms are very diverse, and comprise about 100,000 species.
1542:
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles. Some examples include mitochondria, a nucleus, or the Golgi apparatus. Prokaryotic cells probably transitioned into eukaryotic cells between 2.0 and 1.4 billion years ago. This was an important step in evolution. In contrast to prokaryotes,
1372:
growth. Archaea are generally similar in appearance to bacteria, hence their original classification as bacteria, but have significant molecular differences most notably in their membrane structure and ribosomal RNA. By sequencing the ribosomal RNA, it was found that the
Archaea most likely split
1285:, which are short, circular, self-replicating DNA molecules that are separate from the bacterial chromosome. Plasmids can carry genes responsible for novel abilities, of current critical importance being antibiotic resistance. Bacteria predominantly reproduce asexually through a process called
1525:
are a significant subset of archaea and include many extremophiles, but are also ubiquitous in wetland environments as well as the ruminant and hindgut of animals. This process utilizes hydrogen to reduce carbon dioxide into methane, releasing energy into the usable form of
1233:, with the hydrophilic ends facing outwards. Primitive cells likely used self-assembling fatty-acid vesicles to separate chemical reactions and the environment. Because of their simplicity and ability to self-assemble in water, it is likely that these simple
119:, they are not specialised cells with differing functions. These organisms live together, and each cell must carry out all life processes to survive. In contrast, even the simplest multicellular organisms have cells that depend on each other to survive.
1320:
and trapped sediment left over from cyanobacteria and associated community bacteria, left behind extensive fossil records. The existence of stromatolites gives an excellent record as to the development of cyanobacteria, which are represented across the
1534:, some species of archaea aggregate and transfer DNA between cells. The function of this transfer appears to be to replace damaged DNA sequence information in the recipient cell by undamaged sequence information from the donor cell.
1570:
holds that mitochondria and chloroplasts have bacterial origins. Both organelles contain their own sets of DNA and have bacteria-like ribosomes. It is likely that modern mitochondria were once a species similar to
1844:
1380:
Some archaea inhabit the most biologically inhospitable environments on earth, and this is believed to in some ways mimic the early, harsh conditions that life was likely exposed to. Examples of these
Archaean
1719:, which are spear-like organelles that can be discharged to catch prey, anchor themselves, or for defense. Ciliates are also capable of sexual reproduction, and utilize two nuclei unique to ciliates: a
1653:
are capable of producing their energy using photosynthesis, while heterotrophic protozoa consume food by either funneling it through a mouth-like gullet or engulfing it with pseudopods, a form of
1615:. While there has been considerable debate on the classification of protozoa caused by their sheer diversity, in one system there are currently seven phyla recognized under the kingdom Protozoa:
2754:
Barton, Larry L.; Fardeau, Marie-Laure; Fauque, Guy D. (2014-01-01). "Hydrogen
Sulfide: A Toxic Gas Produced by Dissimilatory Sulfate and Sulfur Reduction and Consumed by Microbial Oxidation".
1804:(green algae), mostly unicellular algae found in fresh water. The chlorophyta are of particular importance because they are believed to be most closely related to the evolution of land plants.
3363:
Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (2015-04-29).
5066:
1206:
Compartmentalization was necessary for chemical reactions to be more likely as well as to differentiate reactions with the external environment. For example, an early RNA replicator
1210:
may have replicated other replicator ribozymes of different RNA sequences if not kept separate. Such hypothetic cells with an RNA genome instead of the usual DNA genome are called '
1373:
from bacteria and were the precursors to modern eukaryotes, and are actually more phylogenetically related to eukaryotes. As their name suggests, Archaea comes from a Greek word
1715:. Ciliates are widely abundant in almost all environments where water can be found, and the cilia beat rhythmically in order to propel the organism. Many ciliates have
3521:
Sugibayashi, Rika; Harumoto, Terue (2000-12-29). "Defensive function of trichocysts in
Paramecium tetraurelia against heterotrich ciliate Climacostomum virens".
4115:
171:
5319:
4774:
2531:
Johnston C, Martin B, Fichant G, Polard P, Claverys JP (2014). "Bacterial transformation: distribution, shared mechanisms and divergent control".
201:
4125:
3964:
5082:
4842:
4005:
3193:
2771:
2665:
2413:
2255:
4439:
1788:, flagellated, mostly unicellular algae that occur often in fresh water. In contrast to most other algae, they lack cell walls and can be
5165:
4085:
4827:
4487:
3913:
3446:
1945:, examples have been reported up to a centimetre thick with a surface area of over a square metre and weighed up to around 20 kg
1860:. Fungi are found in most habitats, although most are found on land. Yeasts reproduce through mitosis, and many use a process called
2926:
Falb, Michaela; Pfeiffer, Friedhelm; Palm, Peter; Rodewald, Karin; Hickmann, Volker; Tittor, Jörg; Oesterhelt, Dieter (2005-10-01).
4899:
4497:
1531:
908:
5144:
5134:
5058:
4333:
1230:
4461:
3813:
1281:
Bacteria are one of the world's oldest forms of life, and are found virtually everywhere in nature. Many common bacteria have
5272:
5139:
4919:
4663:
4365:
4254:
3935:
3574:"Entamoeba histolytica Dmc1 Catalyzes Homologous DNA Pairing and Strand Exchange That Is Stimulated by Calcium and Hop2-Mnd1"
2429:
968:
766:
4407:
1293:. Transformation is a bacterial process for transferring DNA from one cell to another, and is apparently an adaptation for
53:
with a diameter that ranges typically from 1 to 4 centimetres (0.4 to 1.6 in) is among the largest unicellular species
5337:
4668:
1878:
is also an important model organism, since it is a eukaryotic organism that is easy to grow. It has been used to research
5277:
4779:
826:
5347:
4941:
2730:
1530:. They are the only known organisms capable of producing methane. Under stressful environmental conditions that cause
442:
194:
3788:
2300:
126:, for example, are reproductive unicells for multicellular organisms. Additionally, multicellularity appears to have
3743:
1333:(540 million years ago to present day) eons. Much of the fossilized stromatolites of the world can be found in
5043:
4217:
3572:
Kelso AA, Say AF, Sharma D, Ledford LL, Turchick A, Saski CA, King AV, Attaway CC, Temesvari LA, Sehorn MG (2015).
1563:. Metabolic functions in eukaryotes are more specialized as well by sectioning specific processes into organelles.
1337:. There, some of the oldest stromatolites have been found, some dating back to about 3,430 million years ago.
4837:
4634:
4444:
4212:
4105:
1957:
1883:
1348:, and is apparently due to the accumulation of damage that can happen even in the absence of external stressors.
1290:
1069:
786:
3007:
1912:, causing infections of the mouth and/or throat (known as thrush) and vagina (commonly called yeast infection).
1203:, early RNA molecules would have been the basis for catalyzing organic chemical reactions and self-replication.
5260:
5124:
5096:
5071:
5028:
4931:
4924:
4864:
4612:
4580:
4553:
4543:
3692:
3303:
2324:
Kleckner, Nancy; Fisher, Jay K.; Stouf, Mathieu; White, Martin A.; Bates, David; Witz, Guillaume (2014-12-01).
1892:
1870:
1559:
repair of DNA damage and a greater range of genetic diversity by combining the DNA of the parents followed by
746:
410:
135:
3324:
5368:
5265:
5195:
5104:
4832:
4714:
4482:
4078:
2021:
2013:
1312:
are arguably the most successful bacteria, and changed the early atmosphere of the earth by oxygenating it.
5304:
4953:
4894:
4822:
4784:
4685:
4656:
4629:
4624:
4222:
2082:
1527:
1180:
806:
474:
187:
77:
5245:
5119:
5038:
5033:
5018:
5003:
4993:
4909:
4884:
4815:
4719:
4675:
4639:
4607:
4548:
4526:
4507:
4323:
4274:
4269:
4227:
2453:
1897:
1826:
1750:
1744:
1663:
1560:
1556:
1302:
1155:
867:
4370:
3972:
1766:
1739:
that likely employ meiotic recombination for repairing DNA damage acquired under stressful conditions.
3719:
5219:
5114:
5048:
4849:
4764:
4680:
4592:
4575:
4502:
4492:
4202:
4110:
4094:
4046:
3585:
3376:
3248:
3130:
2057:
1874:
ferments carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and alcohol, and is used in the making of beer and bread.
127:
3842:
5282:
5240:
5190:
5109:
4957:
4949:
4879:
4859:
4805:
4739:
4649:
4402:
4345:
4207:
4190:
4168:
2087:
1647:. Protozoa, like plants and animals, can be considered heterotrophs or autotrophs. Autotrophs like
928:
887:
5343:
4021:
3666:"Algae – Biology Encyclopedia – cells, plant, body, human, organisms, cycle, life, used, specific"
3422:
5255:
5207:
5200:
4797:
4709:
4570:
4531:
4355:
4299:
4289:
4249:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4071:
3199:
2556:
2037:
1973:
1849:
1704:
1681:
1675:
1418:
1049:
948:
846:
45:
3789:"Microbiology Online | Microbiology Society | About Microbiology – Introducing microbes – Fungi"
3034:
2247:
1657:. While protozoa reproduce mainly asexually, some protozoa are capable of sexual reproduction.
5297:
5023:
4971:
4565:
4466:
4429:
4424:
4380:
4375:
4328:
4294:
4001:
3931:
3613:
3404:
3276:
3189:
3158:
3099:
3081:
2965:
2947:
2785:
2777:
2767:
2712:
2661:
2602:
2548:
2513:
2480:
Cui, Yanhua; Hu, Tong; Qu, Xiaojun; Zhang, Lanwei; Ding, Zhongqing; Dong, Aijun (2015-06-10).
2409:
2355:
2251:
2214:
2163:
2072:
2062:
2029:
1929:
1921:
1669:
1412:
1334:
1317:
1286:
3995:
2983:
2830:
1478:), prefer high pressure up to 130 MPa, such as deep ocean environments, including the genera
4889:
4456:
4434:
4242:
3603:
3593:
3530:
3394:
3384:
3266:
3256:
3181:
3148:
3138:
3089:
3071:
2955:
2939:
2902:
2759:
2702:
2694:
2592:
2540:
2503:
2493:
2345:
2337:
2204:
2194:
2153:
2005:
1937:
1905:
1794:
1365:
116:
3866:
2373:
1697:, or ciliates, are a group of protists that utilize cilia for locomotion. Examples include
1269:
5250:
4701:
4690:
4644:
4587:
4536:
4316:
4120:
2928:"Living with two extremes: Conclusions from the genome sequence of Natronomonas pharaonis"
1831:
1497:
1369:
1297:
damage in the recipient cell. In addition, plasmids can be exchanged through the use of a
1289:. However, about 80 different species can undergo a sexual process referred to as natural
1029:
530:
3589:
3380:
3252:
3134:
2803:
5090:
4962:
4264:
4259:
4197:
4175:
3950:
3720:"Diatoms are the most important group of photosynthetic eukaryotes – Site du Genoscope"
3608:
3573:
3399:
3364:
3271:
3236:
3153:
3118:
3094:
3059:
2960:
2927:
2707:
2682:
2508:
2481:
2402:
2350:
2325:
2240:
2209:
2182:
1813:
1589:
1277:
in Shark Bay, Western
Australia. It can take a century for a stromatolite to grow 5 cm.
1196:
73:
39:
3534:
2482:"Plasmids from Food Lactic Acid Bacteria: Diversity, Similarity, and New Developments"
5362:
5292:
5170:
5129:
4975:
4869:
4744:
4729:
4397:
4392:
3761:
3470:
2890:
2623:
2092:
2067:
1982:
1948:
1925:
1640:
1567:
1480:
1430:
1309:
1253:. Instead, most prokaryotes have an irregular region that contains DNA, known as the
1246:
1234:
1110:
140:
3203:
2560:
1742:
The
Amebozoa utilize pseudopodia and cytoplasmic flow to move in their environment.
5287:
5235:
5180:
5013:
5008:
4749:
4360:
3890:
2906:
1989:
1952:
1724:
1720:
1654:
1578:
1448:
1425:
1382:
1313:
1274:
1250:
988:
726:
3665:
2113:
3598:
3548:
3389:
2763:
2655:
2597:
2580:
2158:
2141:
5314:
5185:
4966:
4914:
4449:
4279:
4185:
4143:
2052:
1909:
1801:
1778:
1735:
1612:
1464:
1443:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1330:
1326:
672:
634:
156:
81:
3638:
5175:
5076:
4998:
4985:
4874:
4734:
4419:
4306:
4284:
4237:
4232:
4180:
4148:
3185:
2341:
2276:
2077:
1942:
1887:
1729:
1716:
1711:
1699:
1687:
1636:
1616:
1573:
1522:
1514:
1502:
1486:
1475:
1460:
1455:
1436:
1406:
1356:
1294:
1258:
1218:
1008:
151:
108:. Unicellular organisms are thought to be the oldest form of life, with early
85:
17:
3085:
2951:
2781:
1392:, optimum growth temperature of 50 °C-110 °C, including the genera
1199:
is largely still a mystery, in the currently prevailing theory, known as the
80:
that consists of multiple cells. Organisms fall into two general categories:
5309:
5160:
4904:
4724:
4387:
4135:
3639:"algae Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about algae"
3497:
3261:
3143:
2854:
2681:Łapińska, U; Glover, G; Capilla-Lasheras, P; Young, AJ; Pagliara, S (2019).
2235:
2199:
1965:
1865:
1817:
1789:
1781:. They include groups that have both multicellular and unicellular species:
1624:
1620:
1604:
1552:
1508:
1493:
1471:
1211:
1200:
1192:
518:
458:
109:
3617:
3408:
3280:
3162:
3103:
2969:
2789:
2716:
2698:
2606:
2552:
2517:
2359:
2218:
2167:
1428:, optimum growth temperature of less than 15 °C, including the genera
3076:
2498:
5212:
4560:
4414:
3237:"Sex is a ubiquitous, ancient, and inherent attribute of eukaryotic life"
1997:
1821:
1785:
1658:
1644:
1632:
1600:
1345:
1254:
1207:
1090:
539:
521:
145:
97:
89:
69:
3928:
The myxomycetes of
Britain and Ireland : an identification handbook
3058:
Hook, Sarah E.; Wright, André-Denis G.; McBride, Brian W. (2010-01-01).
2756:
2579:
Bernstein, Harris; Bernstein, Carol; Michod, Richard E. (January 2018).
2544:
1820:. Dinoflagellates can be mixotrophic, and are the algae responsible for
1551:. Sex appears to be a ubiquitous and ancient, and inherent attribute of
4854:
4754:
4602:
4597:
4311:
4063:
3060:"Methanogens: methane producers of the rumen and mitigation strategies"
2943:
2242:
The Vital
Question – Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life
1901:
1861:
1755:
1694:
1649:
1548:
1544:
1322:
1282:
1226:
606:
573:
93:
2891:"Extremophiles: An Overview of Microorganism from Extreme Environment"
96:. Many eukaryotes are multicellular, but some are unicellular such as
1879:
1807:
1771:
1608:
1496:, grow optimally in high salt concentrations between 0.2 M and 5.2 M
1341:
583:
555:
123:
1896:
has played a central role in understanding the mechanism of meiotic
88:
organisms. Most prokaryotes are unicellular and are classified into
2895:
International
Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology
2183:"Understanding "green" multicellularity: do seaweeds hold the key?"
1195:
were the precursors to today's unicellular organisms. Although the
4810:
4619:
4518:
2430:"Nature Fact Sheets – Stromatolites of Shark Bay » Shark Bay"
2181:
Coates, Juliet C.; Umm-E-Aiman; Charrier, Bénédicte (2015-01-01).
1857:
1842:
1765:
1588:
1298:
1268:
1222:
1135:
490:
122:
Most multicellular organisms have a unicellular life-cycle stage.
105:
101:
2326:"The bacterial nucleoid: nature, dynamics and sister segregation"
1816:, unicellular flagellated algae, with some that are armored with
4769:
1978:
564:
50:
4067:
2758:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 14. pp. 237–277.
2017:
is the largest bacterium, reaching a length of up to 20 mm
2889:
Gupta, G.N.; Srivastava, S.; Khare, S.K.; Prakash, V. (2014).
1843:
1360:
A bottom-dwelling community found deep in the European Arctic.
1172:
1131:
166:
1603:
are largely defined by their method of locomotion, including
1225:
are placed in water, the hydrophobic tails aggregate to form
3994:
John Wesley Tunnell; Ernesto A. Chávez; Kim Withers (2007).
3117:
van Wolferen M, Wagner A, van der Does C, Albers SV (2016).
1985:, can reach a diameter of 1 to 4 cm (0.4 to 2 in)
1555:
life. Meiosis, a true sexual process, allows for efficient
1446:, optimum growth pH of greater than 8, including the genus
3008:""Extremophiles: Archaea and Bacteria" : Map of Life"
2731:"NOAA Ocean Explorer: Arctic Exploration 2002: Background"
3951:
Researchers Identify Mysterious Life Forms in the Desert.
3891:"Candidiasis | Types of Diseases | Fungal Diseases | CDC"
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
1458:, optimum growth pH of less than 3, including the genera
2142:"Self-assembly and function of primitive cell membranes"
1777:
Unicellular algae are plant-like autotrophs and contain
3660:
3658:
3365:"A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms"
2683:"Bacterial ageing in the absence of external stressors"
4022:"What is the Largest Biological Cell? (with pictures)"
3812:
Alba-Lois, Luisa; Segal-Kischinevzky, Claudia (2010).
3783:
3781:
1961:
achieving a diameter of up to 20 cm (7.9 in)
1928:. However, some unicellular protists and bacteria are
1727:
that undergoes meiosis. Examples of such ciliates are
1661:
with sexual capability include the pathogenic species
1329:(2.5 billion to 540 million years ago), and
2574:
2572:
2570:
3814:"Yeast Fermentation and the Making of Beer and Wine"
1792:(both autotrophic and heterotrophic). An example is
1245:
Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, such as
1237:
predated other forms of early biological molecules.
5228:
5153:
5057:
4984:
4940:
4795:
4699:
4516:
4475:
4344:
4134:
2332:. Growth and development: eukaryotes/ prokaryotes.
32:
2401:
2374:"Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure | Science Primer"
2239:
1847:Transmission electron microscope image of budding
112:possibly emerging 3.5–4.1 billion years ago.
3930:. Slough, England: Richmond Pub. Co. p. 4.
2618:
2616:
2395:
2393:
1932:and visible to the naked eye. Examples include:
1325:(4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago),
2140:Pohorille, Andrew; Deamer, David (2009-06-23).
133:Some organisms are partially unicellular, like
4040:
4038:
4000:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 91.
3748:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
4079:
3492:
3490:
3215:
3213:
2230:
2228:
195:
139:. Additionally, unicellular organisms can be
8:
3714:
3712:
3325:"Endosymbiosis and The Origin of Eukaryotes"
2009:, amoeba, 5 to 38 mm (0.2 to 1 in)
1723:for normal metabolic control and a separate
4047:"What Is the Largest Unicellular Organism?"
3029:
3027:
2825:
2823:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2486:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2271:
2269:
2267:
2135:
2133:
2131:
1257:. Most prokaryotes have a single, circular
4086:
4072:
4064:
3997:Coral reefs of the southern Gulf of Mexico
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3235:Speijer, D.; Lukeš, J.; Eliáš, M. (2015).
1770:A scanning electron microscope image of a
1368:, allowing extremophiles to survive using
202:
188:
3762:"BL Web: Growing dinoflagellates at home"
3607:
3597:
3398:
3388:
3270:
3260:
3152:
3142:
3093:
3075:
2959:
2706:
2596:
2507:
2497:
2475:
2473:
2349:
2208:
2198:
2157:
1377:meaning original, ancient, or primitive.
5320:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
3914:Max Planck Society Research News Release
3843:"Saccharomyces cerevisiae – MicrobeWiki"
3687:
3685:
2033:, ciliates nicknamed trumpet animalcules
1355:
3447:"Ciliophora: ciliates, move with cilia"
2408:. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science.
2277:"Exploring Life's Origins: Fatty Acids"
2105:
1955:, are the largest examples known, with
27:Organism that consists of only one cell
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3352:. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science.
3224:. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Science.
29:
5083:Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
3119:"The archaeal Ced system imports DNA"
1596:, a ciliate, with oral groove visible
7:
2624:"Fossil Record of the Cyanobacteria"
1364:Hydrothermal vents release heat and
1144:
1120:
1099:
1079:
1058:
1038:
1018:
997:
977:
957:
937:
917:
897:
876:
856:
835:
815:
795:
775:
755:
735:
715:
130:many times in the history of life.
4488:Evolutionary developmental biology
2687:Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
2001:, algae, may grow to 3 metres long
1920:Most unicellular organisms are of
1748:is the cause of amebic dysentery.
1316:, structures made up of layers of
115:Although some prokaryotes live in
25:
3744:"Algae Classification: DINOPHYTA"
2585:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
1916:Macroscopic unicellular organisms
5342:
5333:
5332:
3523:European Journal of Protistology
2654:McNamara, Kenneth (2009-09-01).
1924:size and are thus classified as
38:
5145:Extended evolutionary synthesis
4334:Gene-centered view of evolution
4045:Anne Helmenstine (2018-11-29).
3176:Witzany, Guenther, ed. (2017).
2330:Current Opinion in Microbiology
5273:Hologenome theory of evolution
5140:History of molecular evolution
4366:Evolutionarily stable strategy
4255:Last universal common ancestor
2907:10.5958/2230-732X.2014.00258.7
1890:. Furthermore, research using
1856:Unicellular fungi include the
1543:eukaryotes reproduce by using
1:
5067:Renaissance and Enlightenment
3963:Bauer, Becky (October 2008).
3793:www.microbiologyonline.org.uk
3535:10.1016/S0932-4739(00)80047-4
3471:"Introduction to the Ciliata"
3451:www.microscope-microscope.org
2660:. Western Australian Museum.
2041:, largest colpodean ciliates.
1900:and the adaptive function of
1886:as well as to understand the
1824:. Some dinoflagellates, like
5278:Missing heritability problem
4905:Gamete differentiation/sexes
3599:10.1371/journal.pone.0139399
3390:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
3241:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
3123:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2764:10.1007/978-94-017-9269-1_10
2598:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.024
2581:"Sex in microbial pathogens"
2159:10.1016/j.resmic.2009.06.004
1868:is held by the mother cell.
3178:Biocommunication of Archaea
2454:"Conjugation (prokaryotes)"
1951:, protozoans of the phylum
929:Earliest multicellular life
5385:
4910:Life cycles/nuclear phases
4462:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
4024:. Wisegeek.com. 2014-02-23
3549:"amoeba | protozoan order"
2187:Frontiers in Plant Science
1884:neurodegenerative diseases
72:that consists of a single
5328:
4408:Parent–offspring conflict
4213:Earliest known life forms
4101:
3965:"Gazing Balls in the Sea"
3186:10.1007/978-3-319-65536-9
2342:10.1016/j.mib.2014.10.001
1958:Syringammina fragilissima
1754:appears to be capable of
1168:
180:
169:
37:
5261:Cultural group selection
5125:The eclipse of Darwinism
5097:On the Origin of Species
5072:Transmutation of species
3867:"Using yeast in biology"
3670:www.biologyreference.com
3348:Klose, Robert T (2015).
3304:"Origin of Mitochondria"
2400:Smith, Dwight G (2015).
2305:webprojects.oit.ncsu.edu
2146:Research in Microbiology
2115:An Introduction to Cells
2068:Individuality in biology
1871:Saccharomyces cerevisiae
355:−1000 —
335:−1500 —
315:−2000 —
295:−2500 —
275:−3000 —
255:−3500 —
235:−4000 —
215:−4500 —
136:Dictyostelium discoideum
5266:Dual inheritance theory
5105:History of paleontology
3553:Encyclopedia Britannica
3502:Encyclopedia Britannica
3262:10.1073/pnas.1501725112
3144:10.1073/pnas.1513740113
2859:Encyclopedia Britannica
2200:10.3389/fpls.2014.00737
2022:Epulopiscium fishelsoni
2014:Thiomargarita magnifica
1500:, including the genera
375:−500 —
163:Evolutionary hypothesis
4954:Punctuated equilibrium
4275:Non-adaptive radiation
4223:Evolutionary arms race
3693:"siliceous cell walls"
2855:"archaea | prokaryote"
2735:oceanexplorer.noaa.gov
2699:10.1098/rstb.2018.0442
2083:Multicellular organism
1908:. are responsible for
1853:
1774:
1597:
1594:Paramecium tetraurelia
1528:adenosine triphosphate
1361:
1301:in a process known as
1291:genetic transformation
1278:
78:multicellular organism
66:single-celled organism
5246:Evolutionary medicine
5120:Mendelian inheritance
4828:Biological complexity
4816:Programmed cell death
4508:Phenotypic plasticity
4228:Evolutionary pressure
4218:Evidence of evolution
4116:Timeline of evolution
3498:"ciliate | protozoan"
3475:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
3220:Yett, Jay R. (2015).
2628:www.ucmp.berkeley.edu
2499:10.3390/ijms160613172
2246:. WW Norton. p.
2078:Modularity in biology
1846:
1827:Pyrocystis fusiformis
1769:
1751:Entamoeba histolytica
1745:Entamoeba histolytica
1664:Plasmodium falciparum
1592:
1359:
1272:
128:evolved independently
5220:Teleology in biology
5115:Blending inheritance
4493:Genetic assimilation
4356:Artificial selection
4095:Evolutionary biology
3975:on 17 September 2010
3953:Accessed 2011-10-24.
3916:Accessed 21 May 2009
3766:biolum.eemb.ucsb.edu
3724:www.genoscope.cns.fr
3643:www.encyclopedia.com
3427:www.microbeworld.org
2831:"Archaeal Ribosomes"
2808:www.microbeworld.org
2281:exploringorigins.org
2058:Asexual reproduction
1864:, where most of the
1568:endosymbiotic theory
1344:occurs naturally in
1201:RNA world hypothesis
62:unicellular organism
33:Unicellular organism
5283:Molecular evolution
5241:Ecological genetics
5110:Transitional fossil
4900:Sexual reproduction
4740:endomembrane system
4669:pollinator-mediated
4625:dolphins and whales
4403:Parental investment
3926:Ing, Bruce (1999).
3590:2015PLoSO..1039399K
3381:2015PLoSO..1019248R
3253:2015PNAS..112.8827S
3135:2016PNAS..113.2496V
3077:10.1155/2010/945785
2545:10.1038/nrmicro3199
2533:Nat. Rev. Microbiol
2434:www.sharkbay.org.au
2088:Sexual reproduction
1308:The photosynthetic
909:Sexual reproduction
888:Huronian glaciation
5256:Cultural evolution
4371:Fisher's principle
4300:Handicap principle
4290:Parallel evolution
4154:Adaptive radiation
4049:. sciencenotes.org
3871:www.yourgenome.org
2944:10.1101/gr.3952905
2693:(1786): 20180442.
2492:(6): 13172–13202.
1974:Valonia ventricosa
1854:
1850:Ogataea polymorpha
1775:
1682:Giardia duodenalis
1676:Trypanosoma brucei
1598:
1362:
1279:
1214:' or 'ribocytes'.
1156:Quaternary ice age
1091:Earliest tetrapods
1050:Cambrian explosion
1009:Cryogenian ice age
868:Atmospheric oxygen
847:Pongola glaciation
475:Multicellular life
427:Single-celled life
104:, and unicellular
64:, also known as a
46:Valonia ventricosa
5356:
5355:
4972:Uniformitarianism
4925:Sex-determination
4430:Sexual dimorphism
4425:Natural selection
4329:Unit of selection
4295:Signalling theory
4007:978-1-58544-617-9
3195:978-3-319-65535-2
3012:www.mapoflife.org
2938:(10): 1336–1343.
2773:978-94-017-9268-4
2667:978-1-920843-88-5
2415:978-1-58765-084-0
2378:scienceprimer.com
2257:978-0-393-08881-6
2073:Largest organisms
2063:Colonial organism
1839:Unicellular fungi
1830:, are capable of
1762:Unicellular algae
1670:Toxoplasma gondii
1474:, (also known as
1413:Thermus aquaticus
1370:chemolithotrophic
1335:Western Australia
1318:calcium carbonate
1189:
1188:
1173:million years ago
1164:
1163:
1143:
1142:
1119:
1118:
1098:
1097:
1078:
1077:
1070:Andean glaciation
1057:
1056:
1037:
1036:
1017:
1016:
996:
995:
976:
975:
956:
955:
936:
935:
916:
915:
896:
895:
875:
874:
855:
854:
834:
833:
814:
813:
794:
793:
774:
773:
754:
753:
734:
733:
58:
57:
16:(Redirected from
5376:
5346:
5336:
5335:
5135:Modern synthesis
4895:Multicellularity
4890:Mosaic evolution
4775:auditory ossicle
4457:Social selection
4440:Flowering plants
4435:Sexual selection
4088:
4081:
4074:
4065:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4042:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4018:
4012:
4011:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3971:. Archived from
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3923:
3917:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3829:
3818:Nature Education
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3662:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3635:
3622:
3621:
3611:
3601:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3494:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3300:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3079:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3039:www.vet.ed.ac.uk
3031:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2886:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2651:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2576:
2565:
2564:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2407:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2273:
2262:
2261:
2245:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2202:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2161:
2137:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2110:
2006:Gromia sphaerica
1969:, foraminiferans
1938:Brefeldia maxima
1795:Euglena gracilis
1385:are as follows:
1366:hydrogen sulfide
1150:
1145:
1126:
1121:
1105:
1100:
1085:
1080:
1064:
1059:
1044:
1039:
1024:
1019:
1003:
998:
989:Earliest animals
983:
978:
963:
958:
943:
938:
923:
918:
903:
898:
882:
877:
862:
857:
841:
836:
821:
816:
801:
796:
787:Earliest fossils
781:
776:
761:
756:
741:
736:
721:
716:
695:
664:
626:
624:
598:
596:
503:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
204:
197:
190:
184:
174:
167:
42:
30:
21:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5324:
5251:Group selection
5224:
5149:
5053:
4980:
4942:Tempo and modes
4936:
4791:
4695:
4512:
4471:
4347:
4340:
4317:Species complex
4130:
4121:History of life
4097:
4092:
4062:
4061:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4027:
4025:
4020:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3949:
3945:
3938:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3897:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3875:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3851:
3849:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3827:
3825:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3797:
3795:
3787:
3786:
3779:
3770:
3768:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3728:
3726:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3674:
3672:
3664:
3663:
3656:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3636:
3625:
3584:(9): e0139399.
3571:
3570:
3566:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3506:
3504:
3496:
3495:
3488:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3375:(4): e0119248.
3362:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3288:
3247:(29): 8827–34.
3234:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3196:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3129:(9): 2496–501.
3116:
3115:
3111:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3016:
3014:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2992:
2990:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2932:Genome Research
2925:
2924:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2888:
2887:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2839:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2821:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2774:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2578:
2577:
2568:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2462:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2382:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2285:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2265:
2258:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2139:
2138:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2048:
1918:
1841:
1832:bioluminescence
1814:Dinoflagellates
1764:
1587:
1557:recombinational
1540:
1354:
1267:
1243:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1160:
1159:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1030:Ediacaran biota
1022:
1013:
1012:
1001:
992:
991:
981:
972:
971:
969:Earliest plants
961:
952:
951:
941:
932:
931:
921:
912:
911:
901:
892:
891:
880:
871:
870:
860:
851:
850:
839:
830:
829:
827:Earliest oxygen
819:
810:
809:
799:
790:
789:
779:
770:
769:
759:
750:
749:
739:
730:
729:
719:
712:
711:
710:
705:
704:
703:
698:
697:
696:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
671:
667:
666:
665:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
640:
639:
638:
637:
636:
635:
633:
629:
628:
627:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
609:
608:
607:
605:
601:
600:
599:
594:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
578:
577:
576:
569:
568:
567:
560:
559:
558:
551:
550:
549:
544:
543:
542:
535:
534:
533:
526:
525:
524:
514:
513:
512:
507:
506:
505:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
486:
485:
484:
479:
478:
477:
470:
469:
468:
463:
462:
461:
454:
453:
452:
447:
446:
445:
438:
437:
436:
431:
430:
429:
422:
421:
420:
415:
414:
413:
406:
405:
404:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
208:
182:
176:
172:
165:
54:
49:, a species of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5382:
5380:
5372:
5371:
5369:Microorganisms
5361:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5340:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5091:Charles Darwin
5088:
5087:
5086:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5029:Non-ecological
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4969:
4960:
4946:
4944:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4802:
4800:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4782:
4780:nervous system
4777:
4772:
4767:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4704:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4672:
4671:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4600:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4539:
4529:
4523:
4521:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4352:
4350:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4280:Origin of life
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:Microevolution
4262:
4260:Macroevolution
4257:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4198:Common descent
4195:
4194:
4193:
4183:
4178:
4176:Baldwin effect
4173:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4068:
4060:
4059:
4034:
4013:
4006:
3986:
3955:
3943:
3936:
3918:
3906:
3882:
3858:
3834:
3804:
3777:
3753:
3735:
3708:
3681:
3654:
3623:
3564:
3540:
3529:(4): 415–422.
3513:
3486:
3462:
3438:
3414:
3355:
3340:
3316:
3286:
3227:
3209:
3194:
3168:
3109:
3050:
3023:
2999:
2975:
2918:
2870:
2846:
2819:
2795:
2772:
2746:
2722:
2673:
2666:
2639:
2612:
2566:
2523:
2469:
2458:www.nature.com
2445:
2421:
2414:
2389:
2365:
2316:
2292:
2263:
2256:
2224:
2173:
2152:(7): 449–456.
2127:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1970:
1962:
1949:Xenophyophores
1946:
1926:microorganisms
1917:
1914:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1763:
1760:
1629:Cavalier-Smith
1586:
1583:
1539:
1536:
1520:
1519:
1491:
1469:
1453:
1441:
1423:
1353:
1350:
1287:binary fission
1266:
1263:
1242:
1239:
1197:origin of life
1187:
1186:
1177:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1141:
1140:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1004:
994:
993:
987:
986:
984:
974:
973:
967:
966:
964:
954:
953:
949:Earliest fungi
947:
946:
944:
934:
933:
927:
926:
924:
914:
913:
907:
906:
904:
894:
893:
886:
885:
883:
873:
872:
866:
865:
863:
853:
852:
845:
844:
842:
832:
831:
825:
824:
822:
812:
811:
807:LHB meteorites
805:
804:
802:
792:
791:
785:
784:
782:
772:
771:
765:
764:
762:
752:
751:
747:Earliest water
745:
744:
742:
732:
731:
725:
724:
722:
713:
708:
707:
706:
701:
700:
699:
670:
669:
668:
632:
631:
630:
604:
603:
602:
581:
580:
579:
572:
571:
570:
563:
562:
561:
554:
553:
552:
547:
546:
545:
538:
537:
536:
529:
528:
527:
517:
516:
515:
510:
509:
508:
489:
488:
487:
482:
481:
480:
473:
472:
471:
466:
465:
464:
457:
456:
455:
450:
449:
448:
443:Photosynthesis
441:
440:
439:
434:
433:
432:
425:
424:
423:
418:
417:
416:
409:
408:
407:
402:
401:
400:
398:
395:0 —
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
210:
209:
207:
206:
199:
192:
181:
178:
177:
170:
164:
161:
100:, unicellular
84:organisms and
56:
55:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
18:Unicellularity
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5381:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5339:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5293:Phylogenetics
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5196:Structuralism
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5171:Catastrophism
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5130:Neo-Darwinism
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Reinforcement
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4976:Catastrophism
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:Macromutation
4964:
4963:Micromutation
4961:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4870:Immune system
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:symbiogenesis
4728:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4698:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4398:Kin selection
4396:
4394:
4393:Genetic drift
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4343:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4048:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3990:
3987:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3848:
3844:
3838:
3835:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3698:
3697:www.mbari.org
3694:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3517:
3514:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3330:
3329:users.rcn.com
3326:
3320:
3317:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3040:
3036:
3035:"Methanogens"
3030:
3028:
3024:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2989:
2985:
2984:"Acidophiles"
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2657:Stromatolites
2650:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2539:(3): 181–96.
2538:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2320:
2317:
2306:
2302:
2301:"Prokaryotes"
2296:
2293:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2093:Superorganism
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:, a bacterium
2024:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1983:Chlorophyceae
1981:of the class
1980:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:recombination
1895:
1894:
1893:S. cerevisiae
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:S. cerevisiae
1873:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1851:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1809:
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1642:
1641:Microsporidia
1638:
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1602:
1595:
1591:
1584:
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1562:
1561:recombination
1558:
1554:
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1511:
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1483:
1482:
1481:Methanococcus
1477:
1473:
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1467:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:Methanogenium
1427:
1426:Psychrophiles
1424:
1422:
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1415:
1414:
1409:
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1403:
1402:
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1383:extremophiles
1378:
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1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1314:Stromatolites
1311:
1310:cyanobacteria
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:repairing DNA
1292:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1275:stromatolites
1271:
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1132:Earliest apes
1128:
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1112:
1111:Karoo ice age
1107:
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1092:
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179:
175:
173:Life timeline
168:
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148:
147:
142:
141:multinucleate
138:
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107:
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87:
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63:
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48:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
5305:Polymorphism
5288:Astrobiology
5236:Biogeography
5191:Saltationism
5181:Orthogenesis
5166:Alternatives
5095:
5081:
5014:Cospeciation
5009:Cladogenesis
4958:Saltationism
4915:Mating types
4838:Color vision
4823:Avian flight
4745:mitochondria
4483:Canalisation
4361:Biodiversity
4106:Introduction
4051:. Retrieved
4026:. Retrieved
4016:
3996:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3973:the original
3968:
3958:
3946:
3927:
3921:
3909:
3898:. Retrieved
3894:
3885:
3874:. Retrieved
3870:
3861:
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3826:. Retrieved
3821:
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3723:
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3642:
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3552:
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3501:
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3426:
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3328:
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3244:
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3126:
3122:
3112:
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2987:
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2898:
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2734:
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2627:
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2433:
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2377:
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2319:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:
2295:
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2280:
2241:
2190:
2186:
2176:
2149:
2145:
2120:, retrieved
2118:, ThinkQuest
2114:
2108:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2004:
1996:
1990:Acetabularia
1988:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1953:Foraminifera
1936:
1919:
1891:
1875:
1869:
1855:
1848:
1825:
1793:
1786:Euglenophyta
1776:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1734:
1728:
1725:micronucleus
1721:macronucleus
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1655:phagocytosis
1648:
1626:
1599:
1593:
1579:fermentation
1572:
1565:
1541:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1485:
1479:
1459:
1449:Natronomonas
1447:
1444:Alkaliphiles
1435:
1429:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1390:Thermophiles
1379:
1374:
1363:
1339:
1307:
1280:
1247:mitochondria
1244:
1216:
1205:
1190:
1179:
727:Earth formed
426:
150:
144:
134:
132:
121:
114:
65:
61:
59:
44:
5315:Systematics
5186:Mutationism
5004:Catagenesis
4932:Snake venom
4865:Eusociality
4843:in primates
4833:Cooperation
4761:In animals
4581:butterflies
4554:Cephalopods
4544:Brachiopods
4476:Development
4450:Mate choice
4203:Convergence
4186:Coevolution
4144:Abiogenesis
3895:www.cdc.gov
3847:MicrobeWiki
2988:www.els.net
2835:www.els.net
2336:: 127–137.
2053:Abiogenesis
1930:macroscopic
1922:microscopic
1910:candidiasis
1906:Candida spp
1802:Chlorophyta
1790:mixotrophic
1779:chlorophyll
1736:Tetrahymena
1717:trichocysts
1613:pseudopodia
1523:Methanogens
1472:Piezophiles
1465:Picrophilus
1456:Acidophiles
1419:Melanopyrus
1401:Pyrodictium
1395:Pyrobaculum
1331:Phanerozoic
1327:Proterozoic
1303:conjugation
1241:Prokaryotes
1219:amphiphiles
183:This box:
157:Myxogastria
82:prokaryotic
76:, unlike a
5176:Lamarckism
5154:Philosophy
5077:David Hume
5039:Peripatric
5034:Parapatric
5019:Ecological
4999:Anagenesis
4994:Allopatric
4986:Speciation
4950:Gradualism
4875:Metabolism
4735:chromosome
4725:Eukaryotes
4503:Modularity
4420:Population
4346:Population
4307:Speciation
4285:Panspermia
4238:Extinction
4233:Exaptation
4208:Divergence
4181:Cladistics
4169:Reciprocal
4149:Adaptation
4053:2020-01-07
4028:2014-03-01
3969:All at Sea
3937:0855462515
3900:2015-11-23
3876:2015-11-23
3852:2015-11-23
3828:2015-11-23
3798:2015-11-23
3771:2015-11-23
3729:2015-11-23
3702:2015-11-23
3675:2015-11-23
3648:2015-11-23
3558:2015-11-23
3507:2015-11-23
3480:2015-11-23
3456:2015-11-23
3432:2015-11-23
3423:"Protozoa"
3334:2015-11-23
3310:2015-11-23
3222:Eukaryotes
3070:: 945785.
3044:2015-11-22
3017:2015-11-22
2993:2015-11-22
2912:2015-11-22
2901:(2): 371.
2864:2015-11-22
2840:2015-11-22
2813:2015-11-22
2740:2015-11-22
2633:2015-11-22
2463:2015-11-22
2439:2015-11-22
2383:2015-11-22
2310:2015-11-22
2286:2015-10-28
2122:2013-05-30
2100:References
1943:slime mold
1888:cell cycle
1730:Paramecium
1712:Vorticella
1700:Paramecium
1695:Ciliophora
1688:Leishmania
1637:Percolozoa
1625:Choanozoa
1617:Euglenozoa
1574:Rickettsia
1553:eukaryotic
1538:Eukaryotes
1532:DNA damage
1515:Halococcus
1503:Haloarcula
1494:Halophiles
1487:Pyrococcus
1476:barophiles
1461:Sulfolobus
1437:Halorubrum
1407:Pyrococcus
1259:chromosome
1193:protocells
1191:Primitive
519:Arthropods
459:Eukaryotes
152:Plasmodium
110:protocells
86:eukaryotic
5310:Protocell
5161:Darwinism
5049:Sympatric
4798:processes
4686:Tetrapods
4635:Kangaroos
4561:Dinosaurs
4498:Inversion
4467:Variation
4388:Gene flow
4381:Inclusive
4191:Mutualism
4136:Evolution
3979:27 August
3086:1472-3654
2952:1088-9051
2804:"Archaea"
2782:1559-0836
1966:Nummulite
1866:cytoplasm
1818:cellulose
1691:species.
1621:Amoebozoa
1509:Haloferax
1375:archaios,
1235:membranes
1212:ribocells
540:Dinosaurs
5363:Category
5338:Category
5213:Vitalism
5208:Theistic
5201:Spandrel
4885:Morality
4880:Monogamy
4755:plastids
4720:Flagella
4676:Reptiles
4657:sea cows
4640:primates
4549:Molluscs
4527:Bacteria
4415:Mutation
4348:genetics
4324:Taxonomy
4270:Mismatch
4250:Homology
4164:Cheating
4159:Altruism
3618:26422142
3578:PLOS ONE
3409:25923521
3369:PLOS ONE
3350:Protozoa
3306:. Nature
3281:26195746
3204:26593032
3163:26884154
3104:21253540
2970:16169924
2790:25416397
2717:31587633
2607:29111273
2591:: 8–25.
2561:23559881
2553:24509783
2518:26068451
2404:Bacteria
2360:25460806
2238:(2015).
2219:25653653
2168:19580865
2046:See also
2038:Bursaria
1998:Caulerpa
1822:red tide
1706:Stentors
1659:Protozoa
1645:Sulcozoa
1633:Loukozoa
1605:flagella
1601:Protozoa
1585:Protozoa
1346:bacteria
1323:Archaean
1283:plasmids
1265:Bacteria
1255:nucleoid
1231:vesicles
1227:micelles
1208:ribozyme
1181:Ice Ages
574:Primates
522:Molluscs
146:Caulerpa
117:colonies
98:protozoa
90:bacteria
70:organism
68:, is an
5229:Related
5059:History
4920:Meiosis
4855:Empathy
4850:Emotion
4750:nucleus
4691:Viruses
4681:Spiders
4593:Mammals
4576:Insects
4376:Fitness
4312:Species
4111:Outline
3824:(9): 17
3609:4589404
3586:Bibcode
3400:4418965
3377:Bibcode
3272:4517231
3249:Bibcode
3154:4780597
3131:Bibcode
3095:3021854
3064:Archaea
2961:1240075
2708:6792439
2509:4490491
2351:4359759
2210:4299406
2193:: 737.
2030:Stentor
1993:, algae
1902:meiosis
1862:budding
1808:Diatoms
1756:meiosis
1650:Euglena
1581:alone.
1549:meiosis
1545:mitosis
1352:Archaea
1340:Clonal
1273:Modern
1251:nucleus
1149:←
1125:←
1104:←
1084:←
1063:←
1043:←
1023:←
1002:←
982:←
962:←
942:←
922:←
902:←
881:←
861:←
840:←
820:←
800:←
780:←
760:←
740:←
720:←
556:Mammals
531:Flowers
390:–
385:—
380:–
370:–
365:—
360:–
350:–
345:—
340:–
330:–
325:—
320:–
310:–
305:—
300:–
290:–
285:—
280:–
270:–
265:—
260:–
250:–
245:—
240:–
230:–
225:—
220:–
143:, like
124:Gametes
94:archaea
5348:Portal
5024:Hybrid
4860:Ethics
4702:organs
4664:Plants
4650:lemurs
4645:humans
4630:horses
4620:hyenas
4608:wolves
4603:canids
4537:origin
4004:
3934:
3616:
3606:
3407:
3397:
3279:
3269:
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3192:
3161:
3151:
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2705:
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2348:
2254:
2236:Lane N
2217:
2207:
2166:
1880:cancer
1858:yeasts
1772:diatom
1709:, and
1611:, and
1223:lipids
1136:humans
709:
702:
548:
511:
483:
467:
451:
435:
419:
403:
155:, and
4811:Death
4806:Aging
4785:brain
4571:Fungi
4532:Birds
4445:Fungi
4243:Event
4126:Index
3200:S2CID
2557:S2CID
1977:, an
1627:sensu
1609:cilia
1342:aging
1299:pilus
1249:or a
1221:like
1217:When
565:Birds
411:Water
106:fungi
102:algae
5298:Tree
4770:hair
4710:Cell
4613:dogs
4598:cats
4588:Life
4566:Fish
4519:taxa
4002:ISBN
3981:2010
3932:ISBN
3614:PMID
3405:PMID
3277:PMID
3190:ISBN
3159:PMID
3100:PMID
3082:ISSN
3068:2010
2966:PMID
2948:ISSN
2786:PMID
2778:ISSN
2768:ISBN
2713:PMID
2662:ISBN
2603:PMID
2549:PMID
2514:PMID
2410:ISBN
2356:PMID
2252:ISBN
2215:PMID
2164:PMID
1979:alga
1941:, a
1882:and
1733:and
1685:and
1643:and
1566:The
1547:and
1498:NaCl
1484:and
1463:and
1434:and
1416:and
1229:and
767:LUCA
203:edit
196:talk
189:view
92:and
74:cell
51:alga
4796:Of
4765:eye
4715:DNA
4700:Of
4517:Of
3604:PMC
3594:doi
3531:doi
3395:PMC
3385:doi
3267:PMC
3257:doi
3245:112
3182:doi
3149:PMC
3139:doi
3127:113
3090:PMC
3072:doi
2956:PMC
2940:doi
2903:doi
2760:doi
2703:PMC
2695:doi
2691:374
2593:doi
2541:doi
2504:PMC
2494:doi
2346:PMC
2338:doi
2205:PMC
2195:doi
2154:doi
2150:160
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675:h
673:P
662:c
660:i
658:o
656:z
654:o
652:r
650:e
648:t
646:o
644:r
642:P
623:n
621:a
619:e
617:h
615:c
613:r
611:A
595:n
593:a
591:e
589:d
587:a
585:H
502:s
500:t
498:n
496:a
494:l
492:P
20:)
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