1957:
1946:
101:
encoding must traditionally be used. Alternatively, SMTPUTF8 allows the use of UTF-8 encoding in email addresses (both in a local part and in domain name) as well as in a mail header section. Various standards had been created to retrofit the handling of non-ASCII data to the originally ASCII-only
150:, an obsolete encoding, had an advantage over Unicode encodings, on obsolete non-8bit-clean networks, in that it does not require a transfer encoding to fit within the seven-bit limits of legacy Internet mail servers. On the other hand,
59:
If the sender's or recipient's email address contains non-ASCII characters, sending of a message requires also encoding of these to a format that can be understood by mail servers.
158:
is usually also transfer encoded to avoid problems across seven-bit mail servers. MIME transfer encoding of UTF-8 makes it either unreadable as a plain text (in the case of
38:
encoding of certain header fields (subject, sender's and recipient's names, sender's organization and reply-to name) and, optionally, body in a content-transfer encoding
849:
791:
27:. Some clients will automatically choose between a legacy encoding and Unicode depending on the mail's content, either automatically or when the user requests it.
1914:
51:
sending the information about the content-transfer encoding and the
Unicode transform used so that the message can be correctly displayed by the recipient (see
404:
189:
to use characters from anywhere in
Unicode even if the HTML source text for the email is in a legacy encoding (e.g. 7-bit ASCII). For details of this see
1899:
2515:
1998:
1919:
709:
694:
938:
617:
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To use
Unicode in certain email header fields, e.g. subject lines, sender and recipient names, the Unicode text has to be encoded using a
227:
504:
467:
181:
have their own 7-bit encoding schemes for non-ASCII characters and can thus be sent without using any special email encodings. E.g.
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301:"MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Three: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text"
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provides support for encoding non-ASCII values such as real names and subject lines in email headers
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326:"Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework"
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with a
Unicode encoding as the charset. To use Unicode in domain part of email addresses,
1113:
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must be used to specify that a
Unicode transformation format is being used for the text.
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162:) or, for some languages and types of text, heavily size inefficient (in the case of
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2007:
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must be transfer encoded to fit SMTP data format. Although not strictly required,
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negotiating the use of UTF-8 encoding in email addresses and reply codes (
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provides a mechanism for allowing non-ASCII email addresses encoded as
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encoding of non-ASCII characters in one of the
Unicode transforms
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1976:
170:
141:
94:
81:
77:
1980:
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Technical requirements for sending of messages containing non-
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provides support for encoding non-ASCII domain names in the
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127:allows the use of UTF-8 in a mail header section
378:SIL's freeware fonts, editors and documentation
1992:
398:
8:
276:"SMTP Extension for Internationalized Email"
349:Abel, Yang; Shawn, Steele (February 2012).
2271:
2018:
1999:
1985:
1977:
1900:Cultural, political, and religious symbols
953:
639:
500:
405:
391:
383:
274:Jiankang, Yao; Wei, Mao (February 2012).
433:ISO/IEC 10646 (Universal Character Set)
219:
16:Relationship between Unicode and email
7:
934:International Components for Unicode
883:Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR)
269:
267:
140:, when using Unicode text in email,
1915:Mathematical operators and symbols
14:
351:"Internationalized Email Headers"
136:As with all encodings apart from
132:Unicode support in message bodies
89:Unicode support in message header
2506:Microsoft Internet Mail and News
1956:
1955:
1945:
1944:
1927:Phonetic symbols (including IPA)
324:Klensin, John C (August 2010).
169:Some document formats, such as
299:Moore, Keith (November 1996).
252:"Setting Outlook to Use UTF-8"
1:
2250:Mozilla Mail & Newsgroups
867:International Ideographs Core
677:International Ideographs Core
618:Alias names and abbreviations
1089:CJK Unified Ideographs (Han)
939:People involved with Unicode
63:Unicode support in protocols
34:characters by email include
203:Comparison of email clients
23:now offer some support for
2722:
929:Ideographic Research Group
924:ConScript Unicode Registry
2665:
1940:
952:
809:Regional indicator symbol
518:Combining grapheme joiner
2343:Bloomba/WordPerfect Mail
2124:Mailx (Heirloom Project)
1962:Category: Unicode blocks
767:Compatibility characters
687:Comparison of encodings
613:Halfwidth and fullwidth
468:Universal Character Set
1612:Inscriptional Parthian
1299:Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong
961:and symbols in Unicode
578:CJK Unified Ideographs
1748:Old Persian cuneiform
1607:Inscriptional Pahlavi
1502:Ancient North Arabian
1497:Anatolian hieroglyphs
787:Precomposed character
623:Whitespace characters
552:Zero-width non-joiner
2594:Related technologies
2526:Netscape Messenger 9
1567:Egyptian hieroglyphs
772:Duplicate characters
588:Duplicate characters
2501:Microsoft Entourage
2378:Outlook for Windows
2210:Beonex Communicator
2134:Mozilla Thunderbird
1632:Khitan small script
1069:Canadian Aboriginal
804:Variation sequences
762:Combining character
672:Variation sequences
583:Combining character
208:International email
95:MIME "Encoded-Word"
1872:Notational scripts
1823:Tagalog (Baybayin)
1532:Caucasian Albanian
855:numeric references
830:Domain names (IDN)
650:Bidirectional text
527:Right-to-left mark
523:Left-to-right mark
478:Character property
428:Unicode Consortium
119:Domain Name System
2683:
2682:
2657:Unicode and email
2589:
2588:
2581:Windows Messaging
2576:Windows Live Mail
2373:Microsoft Outlook
2275:Freeware/Freemium
2263:
2262:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1951:Category: Unicode
988:Punctuation marks
970:inherited scripts
876:Related standards
850:entity references
748:
747:
631:
630:
547:Zero-width joiner
228:"wanderlust/apel"
2713:
2383:Novell GroupWise
2272:
2019:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1978:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1947:
1910:Control Pictures
1863:Zanabazar Square
1602:Imperial Aramaic
1485:historic scripts
954:
814:Emoji skin color
640:
557:Zero-width space
501:
488:Private Use Area
473:Character charts
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191:Unicode and HTML
179:Rich Text Format
164:quoted-printable
102:email protocol:
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2541:Outlook Express
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2397:
2326:
2259:
2193:
2049:Cleancode eMail
2010:
2005:
1975:
1966:
1936:
1920:List by subject
1893:Symbols, emojis
1888:
1867:
1783:Psalter Pahlavi
1484:
1478:
1339:Pracalit (Newa)
1154:Hanifi Rohingya
1002:
978:Combining marks
969:
962:
948:
944:Han unification
907:
871:
818:
754:
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681:
627:
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505:Special purpose
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2645:Related topics
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2511:Microsoft Mail
2508:
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2466:Claris Emailer
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2368:Mail (Windows)
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1374:Sorang Sompeng
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1264:Miao (Pollard)
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1007:Modern scripts
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912:Related topics
909:
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372:External links
370:
367:
366:
355:tools.ietf.org
341:
330:tools.ietf.org
316:
305:tools.ietf.org
291:
280:tools.ietf.org
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49:
42:
39:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2718:
2707:
2706:Email clients
2704:
2702:
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2697:
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2667:
2664:
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2524:
2522:
2521:Netscape Mail
2519:
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2429:Samsung Email
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33:
28:
26:
22:
21:email clients
2656:
2454:Discontinued
2445:Pegasus Mail
2438:Donationware
2322:Vivaldi Mail
2198:Discontinued
2169:SquirrelMail
1698:Meetei Mayek
1649:(Chorasmian)
1552:Cypro-Minoan
1329:Pahawh Hmong
1144:Gurung Khema
893:ISO/IEC 8859
834:
735:UTF-32/UCS-4
730:UTF-16/UCS-2
537:Variant form
358:. Retrieved
354:
344:
333:. Retrieved
329:
319:
308:. Retrieved
304:
294:
283:. Retrieved
279:
255:. Retrieved
246:
235:. Retrieved
231:
222:
168:
146:
135:
92:
58:
29:
18:
2414:Forté Agent
2268:Proprietary
2225:Columbia MM
2154:OfflineIMAP
1884:SignWriting
1753:Old Sogdian
1723:Nandinagari
1647:Khwarezmian
1557:Dives Akuru
1483:Ancient and
1469:Warang Citi
1334:Pau Cin Hau
1289:New Tai Lue
1284:Nag Mundari
1259:Medefaidrin
968:Common and
777:Equivalence
755:code points
753:On pairs of
667:Equivalence
542:Word joiner
532:Soft hyphen
448:Code points
2690:Categories
2675:Comparison
2536:Opera Mail
2363:Apple Mail
2353:HCL Domino
2044:Claws Mail
2039:Citadel/UX
1778:Phoenician
1763:Old Uyghur
1758:Old Turkic
1743:Old Permic
1738:Old Italic
1688:Manichaean
1582:Glagolitic
1359:Saurashtra
1104:Devanagari
983:Diacritics
740:UTF-EBCDIC
643:Algorithms
636:Processing
573:Characters
497:Characters
360:2018-09-05
335:2018-09-05
310:2018-09-05
285:2018-09-05
257:2018-09-05
237:2018-09-05
214:References
183:HTML email
175:PostScript
2626:Push-IMAP
2571:WebSpyder
2486:Embrowser
2481:Cyberjack
2402:Shareware
2317:TouchMail
2287:EmailTray
2282:eM Client
2235:FossaMail
2220:Classilla
2215:BlitzMail
2164:SeaMonkey
2159:Roundcube
2059:fetchmail
2054:Evolution
1773:ʼPhags-pa
1768:Palmyrene
1718:Nabataean
1642:Khudawadi
1627:Kharosthi
1542:Cuneiform
1517:Bhaiksuki
1512:Bassa Vah
1379:Sundanese
1354:Samaritan
1269:Mongolian
1244:Malayalam
1209:Kirat Rai
919:Anomalies
903:ISO 15924
898:DIN 91379
799:Z-variant
782:Homoglyph
655:Collation
123:RFC
113:RFC
106:RFC
68:RFC
2670:Category
2566:Turnpike
2551:Pocomail
2531:NeXTMail
2476:Cyberdog
2424:The Bat!
2419:GyazMail
2358:InScribe
2302:Mailbird
2297:i.Scribe
2255:Nylas N1
2174:Sylpheed
2149:nmh / MH
2139:Mulberry
2114:Mailpile
2109:Mahogany
2099:K-9 Mail
2089:Gnuzilla
1905:Currency
1879:Duployan
1853:Vithkuqi
1848:Ugaritic
1703:Meroitic
1673:Mahajani
1658:Linear B
1653:Linear A
1444:Tifinagh
1409:Tai Viet
1404:Tai Tham
1394:Tagbanwa
1309:Ol Chiki
1199:Kayah Li
1194:Katakana
1179:Javanese
1174:Hiragana
1164:Hanunuoo
1139:Gurmukhi
1129:Gujarati
1119:Georgian
1094:Cyrillic
1084:Cherokee
1049:Bopomofo
1029:Balinese
1024:Armenian
888:GB 18030
705:Punycode
593:Numerals
525: /
438:Versions
197:See also
185:can use
138:US-ASCII
84:protocol
53:Mojibake
46:SMTPUTF8
2696:Unicode
2561:Sparrow
2556:POPmail
2496:Mailbox
2471:Courier
2461:cc:Mail
2393:Postbox
2388:Airmail
2292:Foxmail
2245:Mailody
2205:Arachne
2179:Trojitá
2079:GNUMail
2074:getmail
2022:Current
1813:Soyombo
1803:Sogdian
1798:Siddham
1793:Sharada
1713:Multani
1693:Marchen
1683:Mandaic
1678:Makasar
1592:Grantha
1577:Elymaic
1572:Elbasan
1547:Cypriot
1507:Avestan
1449:Tirhuta
1439:Tibetan
1384:Sunuwar
1369:Sinhala
1364:Shavian
1344:Ranjana
1324:Osmanya
1314:Ol Onal
1239:Lontara
1189:Kannada
1099:Deseret
1064:Burmese
1054:Braille
1044:Bengali
998:Numbers
959:Scripts
608:Symbols
598:Scripts
421:Unicode
414:Unicode
25:Unicode
2516:MINUET
2491:Eudora
2409:Becky!
2348:Newton
2331:Retail
2189:Zimbra
2129:Modest
2029:Alpine
1960:
1949:
1858:Yezidi
1838:Todhri
1833:Tangut
1668:Lydian
1663:Lycian
1637:Khojki
1617:Kaithi
1597:Hatran
1587:Gothic
1537:Coptic
1527:Carian
1522:Brāhmī
1464:Wancho
1429:Thaana
1424:Telugu
1419:Tangsa
1399:Tai Le
1389:Syriac
1349:Rejang
1224:Lepcha
1169:Hebrew
1149:Hangul
1074:Chakma
1019:Arabic
993:Spaces
700:CESU-8
695:BOCU-1
603:Spaces
232:GitHub
160:base64
152:UTF-16
76:in an
2701:Email
2652:Email
2312:Spike
2307:Spark
2119:Mailx
2104:KMail
2069:Geary
2034:Balsa
1932:Emoji
1828:Takri
1788:Runic
1728:Ogham
1562:Dogra
1414:Tamil
1319:Osage
1294:Nüshu
1229:Limbu
1219:Latin
1204:Khmer
1184:Kanji
1159:Hanja
1124:Greek
1114:Geʽez
1109:Garay
1059:Buhid
1039:Batak
1034:Bamum
1014:Adlam
862:Input
840:Fonts
835:Email
823:Usage
725:UTF-8
720:UTF-7
715:UTF-1
566:Lists
483:Plane
456:Block
156:UTF-8
148:UTF-7
74:UTF-8
32:ASCII
19:Many
2636:UUCP
2631:SMAP
2616:LMTP
2611:JMAP
2606:IMAP
2601:SMTP
2546:Pine
2338:Hiri
2240:Hula
2144:Mutt
2084:Gnus
1708:Modi
1622:Kawi
1492:Ahom
1454:Toto
1434:Thai
1304:Odia
1279:N'Ko
1079:Cham
845:HTML
792:list
710:SCSU
461:List
177:and
171:HTML
166:).
142:MIME
125:6532
115:5890
108:2047
99:IDNA
82:LMTP
78:SMTP
70:6531
2621:POP
2230:Elm
2184:YAM
2094:IMP
2064:fdm
1459:Vai
1274:Mru
1214:Lao
513:BOM
80:or
2692::
1474:Yi
353:.
328:.
303:.
278:.
266:^
230:.
193:.
173:,
55:).
2000:e
1993:t
1986:v
406:e
399:t
392:v
363:.
338:.
313:.
288:.
260:.
240:.
48:)
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