338:
27:
1546:
250:
438:
481:, the alicorn was the most valuable asset that a prince could possess. Its medicinal use was attested and revived possibly in the 13th century, when pharmacists incorporated narwhal teeth (presented as unicorn horns) in their treatments; they displayed large pieces in order to distinguish it from products of other animals, such as the
328:
The unicorn is most often represented beside a river, lake or fountain, while animals wait for him to finish his work before drinking. This scene is common in the art of the 16th and 17th centuries. Studies and translations of these drawings and stories popularized the belief that the power of the
204:
said that drinking from this horn protects against diseases and poisons. These writings influenced authors from the Middle Ages to the
Renaissance: the unicorn becomes the most important and frequently mentioned fantastic animal in the West, but it was considered real. Other parts of its body were
413:
Its prophylactic function and magical power were assumed for centuries; as its trade increased, "fake" horns and false powders appeared. The astronomical prices paid for alicorn reflected the belief that their imaginary virtues could cause real healing.
236:
about these properties were the stimulus for a flourishing trade in these chips and dust up to the mid-17th century, when their true origin became widely known. The alicorn never existed as such; it was most often
285:
into the water. Now the animals mark well the poison and do not dare to drink, and they wait for the unicorn. It comes and immediately goes into the lake, and making with his horn the
1044:
Histoire des plantes avec leurs pourtraictz, à laquelle sont adjoutées celles des simples, aromatiques, animaux à quatre pieds, oiseaux, serpens et autres bêtes venimeuses
1215:
93:
Seen as one of the most valuable assets that a person could possess, unicorn horns were given as diplomatic gifts, and chips and dust from them could be purchased at
1135:
Les
Observations de plusieurs singularités et choses mémorables trouvées en Grèce, Asie, Judée, Égypte, Arabie et autres pays estranges, rédigées en trois livres
367:
The alicorn was assigned many medicinal properties and, over time, in addition to the purification of polluted water in nature, its use was recommended against
160:
is the true bearer of the alicorn, actually an extended tooth found in the mouth of males and some females. Since then, the unicorn horn has been mentioned in
70:
or wild ox. Many healing powers and antidotal virtues were attributed to the alicorn, making it one of the most expensive and reputable remedies during the
988:
L'alicorno discorso dell'eccellente medico et filosofo M. Andrea Bacci: nel quale si tratta della natura dell' alicorno et delle sue virtu eccellentissime
1583:
301:
claimed to have seen a unicorn emerge at sunrise to decontaminate the contaminated water of the River Marah, so that the good animals could drink.
1573:
1528:
1502:
1367:
1314:
453:
Of a twisted configuration, alicorns were traded as valuable items for many centuries: according to legend, the "horn" on display at the
1463:
1435:
1389:
1333:
901:
563:
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to detect the presence of poison in food and drink: if the comestible became hot and started to smoke, then the dish was poisoned.
454:
429:
Laurent
Catelan. Bacci probably wrote his book at the request of his patients, who were major investors in the unicorn horn trade.
1409:
345:
1221:
1568:
961:
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in Venice. They were often mounted on silver socles and presented as trophies that were only shown for important ceremonies.
255:
787:
442:
137:. The legendary unicorn could never be captured alive, but its symbolic association with virginity made it the symbol of
1188:
The Three
Voyages of Martin Frobisher in Search of a Passage to Cathaia and India by the North-West, 1576-8, A.D. 1576-8
848:
657:
329:
animal came from its horn, which could neutralize the poison as soon as the liquid or solid touched the alicorn piece.
1453:
1259:
142:
322:
118:
267:
The first post-classical reference to the cleansing power of the unicorn appears in an interpretation of the
1425:
524:
417:
Many works are devoted to the explanation and defence of the medicinal properties of the alicorn, including
361:
110:
102:
31:
535:
1241:
494:
1142:
1038:
502:
325:
report that Indian nobles drank out of unicorn horns to protect themselves from diseases and poisons.
298:
357:
146:
531:
in
October 1533, and the king did not ever move without a bag filled with unicorn powder. Also, the
82:. The horn's purificational properties were eventually put to the test in, for example, the book of
971:
949:
520:
229:
206:
26:
1026:
342:
228:
The medicinal efficacy linked to its horn and its alexipharmic powers were assumed to be true in
165:
1001:
Discours d'Ambroise Paré : À savoir, de la mumie, de la licorne, des venins et de la peste
337:
152:
Belief in the power of the alicorn persisted until the 16th century, when the true source, the
1578:
1524:
1512:
1498:
1459:
1431:
1385:
1363:
1329:
1310:
1271:
1237:
957:
897:
658:"Note de recherche d'Ethnozoologie : Licorne de Mer ou Licorne de Terre : le Narval"
559:
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201:
79:
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995:
783:
532:
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508:
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134:
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74:, and justifying its use in the highest circles. Beliefs related to the alicorn influenced
1275:
1060:
462:
122:
1399:
512:
383:. The monks of the Parisian monasteries used to soak it in the drinking water given to
20:
1545:
1562:
1427:
Attributs et symboles dans l'art profane: dictionnaire d'un langage perdu (1450-1600)
1211:
225:, while leather shoes of this animal prevented diseases of the feet, legs and loins.
157:
249:
1130:
1101:
983:
894:
Léonard de Vinci en France: collections et collectionneurs : XVe-XVIIe siècles
489:. Depictions of unicorns in a religious context were discouraged indirectly by the
214:
114:
1082:
1488:
1357:
1304:
1293:
1186:
1167:
1105:
1042:
469:
in 807. It measures almost three meters. An eight-foot long horn is exhibited in
62:
from the earliest recorded times. This "horn" comes from the creature known as a
1550:
1107:
Histoire générale des drogues, traitant des plantes, des minéraux et des animaux
478:
466:
446:
269:
169:
71:
1064:
1403:
426:
391:
and, in a powder form, was known to facilitate wound healing, help neutralize
232:, but were not explicitly mentioned in the West again until the 14th century.
94:
19:"Alicorn" redirects here. In some literature and media, "alicorn" refers to a
854:
661:
485:. These objects would have been exchanged up to eleven times their weight in
1384:(in French). Paris: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne. p. 183.
579:
528:
400:
138:
999:
437:
538:
always carried unicorn horn to protect himself from poison and murderers.
474:
396:
388:
126:
98:
67:
1094:
Histoire de la nature, chasse, vertus, proprietez et usage de la lycorne
410:. The horn was prepared in several ways, in solid form, or by infusion
352:
The alleged properties of the alicorn may be compared with those of the
1382:
Les monstres dans la pensée médiévale européenne: essai de présentation
384:
372:
368:
273:(dated perhaps to the 14th century), when reference is made to a large
238:
210:
189:
185:
161:
153:
106:
75:
63:
35:
1405:
Images et connaissance de la licorne: (Fin du Moyen Âge - xixe siècle)
470:
392:
353:
314:
306:
282:
233:
205:
alleged to have medicinal properties, and in the 12th century abbess
197:
173:
55:
51:
1345:
Le bestiaire insolite: l'animal dans la tradition, le mythe, le rĂŞve
1326:
La chasse à la licorne: prestigieuse tenture française des
Cloisters
1303:
Buck, August; Centre d'études supérieures de la
Renaissance (1973).
1495:
Monsters and wonders of
Franche-Comté: fairies, ghosts and dragons
1490:
Monstres et merveilles de
Franche-Comté: fées, fantômes et dragons
498:
436:
403:
376:
336:
318:
310:
248:
222:
193:
101:
until the 18th century. Sections of horns were later displayed in
25:
660:(in French). Paris: Université Paris V - Sorbonne. Archived from
721:
Martin, Jean Hubert; Jean
Guillaume and Frédéric Didier (2000).
486:
380:
274:
130:
59:
419:
The Treaty of the Unicorn, its wonderful properties and its use
281:
But before they are assembled, the serpent comes and casts his
482:
1349:
The unusual bestiary: the animal in tradition, myth, dream
1156:
Atlas Minor: traduction française par M. de la Popelinière
213:
made from unicorn liver and egg yolk. Wearing a unicorn
853:(Master). Université Paris-V - Sorbonne. Archived from
1523:] (in French). Paris: Éditions Le Pré aux clercs.
1351:]. Les Fêtes de l'irréel (in French). La Duraulié.
511:
explains that alicorns were used in the court of the
192:, as carrying a horn which princes would use to make
1019:
Voyages et apologie suivis du Discours de la licorne
631:
423:
Natural History, Hunting, Virtues, and Use of Lycorn
1362:. Illustrated by Michael McDermott. HarperCollins.
896:(in French). L'Erma di Bretschneider. p. 161.
850:
Licorne de Mer ou Licorne de Terre : le Narval
656:Didrit, Mireille; Pujol, Raymond (September 1996).
297:This theme became very popular, and in 1389 Father
1309:. Vol. 27 de De PĂ©trarque Ă Descartes. Vrin.
1497:]. Archives vivantes (in French). Cabedita.
1295:La médecine anecdotique, historique, littéraire
976:Discorso contro la falsa opinione dell'Alicorno
723:Le château d'Oiron et son cabinet de curiosités
615:
613:
611:
519:offered a unicorn horn two cubits long to King
279:
16:Legendary object in European and Asian cultures
317:the Redeemer. The origin of this legend seems
263:(1503-1504), showing unicorns purifying water.
1217:Historiæ Animalium de Quadrupedibus Viviparis
954:Le Livre des subtilités des créatures divines
184:Around 400 BCE, the unicorn was described by
8:
693:
691:
619:
1328:(in French). Lausanne: Edita. p. 247.
822:
741:
737:
735:
733:
731:
356:, another object of animal origin known to
289:, renders the power of the poison harmless
1430:(in French). Librairie Droz. p. 535.
956:(in French). Vol. II. Paris: Millon.
348:in 1540, exhibited at Wiener Schatzkammer.
309:, the snake that poisons the water is the
241:teeth that were known as "unicorn horns".
217:was supposed to protect a person from the
753:
643:
341:AinkhĂĽrn, "unicorn horn", offered to the
1521:The Little Encyclopedia of the Marvelous
990:(in Italian). G. Marescotti. p. 80.
867:
709:
697:
682:
602:
1458:(in French). L'Harmattan. p. 299.
1124:Founding travel and exploration stories
916:
879:
847:Mireille Didrit; Raymond Pujol (1996).
766:
764:
762:
546:
302:
290:
1191:. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 374
943:Founding works on medicine and alchemy
928:
834:
770:
493:in 1563, despite their display in the
66:, also known in the Hebrew Bible as a
1517:La Petite Encyclopédie du merveilleux
1298:(in French). Vol. 1. J. Rousset.
1266:(in Latin). Vol. III. Frankfurt.
1220:(in Latin). Frankfurt. Archived from
810:
109:and other royal objects, such as the
54:object whose reality was accepted in
7:
277:where animals congregate to drink:
1455:Modernité du cabinet de curiosités
1408:(Ph.D.) (in French). Vol. 1.
1081:Rodrigo a Castro, Esteban (1621).
445:in Utrecht, now on display at the
172:, which make use of its legendary
14:
792:(in French). N. Buon. p. 812
1584:Mythological medicines and drugs
1544:
1137:(in French). Paris: G. Corrozet.
1110:(in French). Vol. II. Paris
725:. Éditions du patrimoine, p. 131
209:recommended an ointment against
1292:Lutavd, Auguste Joseph (1906).
1185:Collinson, Sir Richard (1867).
360:and exposed as a rarity in the
1487:Rochelandet, Brigitte (2003).
1169:De Unicornu Observationes Novæ
387:. It was thought to act as an
256:The Garden of Earthly Delights
105:. The horn was used to create
1:
1549:The dictionary definition of
1066:Triumphal Chariot of Antimony
441:Three unicorn horns from the
433:Display and use as antipoison
1574:History of medieval medicine
1243:De Quadrupedibus Solipedibus
523:at the wedding of his niece
1452:Davenne, Christine (2004).
1260:Valentini, Michael Bernhard
558:. London: Unwin and Allen.
455:Musée national du Moyen Âge
421:(1573) by Andrea Bacci and
313:and the unicorn represents
1600:
1424:de Tervarent, Guy (1997).
1324:Freeman, Margaret (1983).
1306:Sciences de la Renaissance
789:Les œuvres d'Ambroise Paré
18:
1205:Founding works on zoology
1154:Mercator, GĂ©rard (1607).
1092:Catelan, Laurent (1624).
1031:Dittionario novo hebraĂŻco
632:Hildegarde de Bingen 1989
1359:The truth about unicorns
1343:Malrieu, Pierre (1987).
756:, p. vol. 3, ch. 30
1158:(in French). Amsterdam.
1087:(in Italian). Florence.
1017:Paré, Ambroise (1928).
892:Fagnart, Laure (2009).
580:"re'em - Google Search"
556:The Lore of the Unicorn
554:Shepard, Odell (1930).
362:cabinets of curiosities
156:, was discovered. This
103:cabinets of curiosities
1356:Giblin, James (1991).
1084:De Meteoris Microcosmi
450:
349:
295:
264:
39:
1569:Alchemical substances
1280:(in Latin). Brussels.
1246:(in Italian). Bologna
1033:(in Italian). Venice.
978:(in Italian). Venice.
495:Saint-Denis Cathedral
440:
340:
252:
180:Nature and properties
29:
1410:Université Paris-XII
1149:(in Dutch). Antwerp.
1147:Origines Antwerpianæ
950:Hildegarde de Bingen
868:Buck & CESR 1973
525:Catherine de' Medici
457:was a gift from the
358:Renaissance medicine
333:Medicinal properties
88:Discourse on unicorn
521:Francis I of France
207:Hildegard of Bingen
196:to protect against
46:, also known as an
1286:Theses and studies
1238:Aldrovandi, Ulisse
1224:on August 28, 2013
1172:(in Latin). Padoue
1143:Goropius, Johannes
1047:(in French). Paris
1039:Linocier, Geoffroy
1004:(in French). Paris
931:, pp. 197–199
773:, pp. 259–263
634:, pp. 196–197
622:, pp. 281–287
503:St Mark's Basilica
451:
350:
343:Holy Roman Emperor
265:
245:Water purification
166:role-playing games
117:, the sceptre and
40:
1530:978-2-84228-321-6
1504:978-2-88295-400-8
1378:Lecouteux, Claude
1369:978-0-06-022479-0
1316:978-2-7116-0680-1
1164:Bartholin, Thomas
620:de Tervarent 1997
459:Caliph of Baghdad
406:) or against the
287:sign of the cross
202:Claudius Aelianus
80:spagyric medicine
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533:Grand Inquisitor
517:Pope Clement VII
491:Council of Trent
299:Johann van Hesse
261:Hieronymus Bosch
135:Charles the Bold
133:of the sword of
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1398:
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1272:Linné, Carl von
1270:
1264:Museum Museorum
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664:on 11 June 2008
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584:www.google.com
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434:
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334:
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253:Left panel of
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119:imperial crown
111:unicorn throne
32:unicorn throne
21:winged unicorn
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1471:September 20,
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869:
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836:
831:
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824:
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791:
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744:, p. 131
743:
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565:9781437508536
561:
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509:Ambroise Paré
506:
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97:as universal
96:
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1426:
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1242:
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1222:the original
1216:
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1168:
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1106:
1096:(in French).
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1065:
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1043:
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1027:Pomis, David
1021:(in French).
1018:
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1000:
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975:
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938:Bibliography
924:
917:Davenne 2004
912:
893:
887:
880:Malrieu 1987
875:
863:
855:the original
849:
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830:
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788:
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662:the original
651:
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583:
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354:bezoar stone
351:
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307:Symbolically
303:Freeman 1983
296:
293:, p. 27
291:Freeman 1983
280:
268:
266:
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215:leather belt
183:
151:
115:Danish kings
95:apothecaries
92:
87:
47:
44:unicorn horn
43:
41:
929:Lutavd 1906
835:Giblin 1991
771:Brasey 2007
479:Middle Ages
467:Charlemagne
447:Rijksmuseum
346:Ferdinand I
323:Greek texts
270:Physiologus
170:video games
143:incarnation
72:Renaissance
1563:Categories
963:2905614315
811:Pomet 1696
589:2018-03-13
542:References
536:Torquemada
427:apothecary
425:(1624) by
147:God's Word
125:, and the
529:Marseille
477:. In the
443:Mariakerk
395:(such as
230:antiquity
174:symbolism
139:innocence
99:antidotes
52:legendary
1579:Unicorns
1515:(2007).
1402:(1996).
1380:(1993).
1274:(1793).
1240:(1616).
1214:(1603).
1166:(1645).
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1041:(1584).
1029:(1587).
998:(1582).
986:(1573).
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952:(1989).
786:(1628).
475:Flanders
397:scorpion
389:antidote
141:and the
129:and the
127:scabbard
107:sceptres
78:through
1552:alicorn
1415:10 June
393:poisons
373:measles
369:rubella
239:narwhal
234:Legends
211:leprosy
190:Photius
186:Ctesias
164:works,
162:fantasy
154:narwhal
121:of the
113:of the
76:alchemy
64:unicorn
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48:alicorn
36:Denmark
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385:lepers
377:fevers
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283:poison
223:fevers
219:plague
198:poison
194:hanaps
168:, and
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465:, to
404:venom
401:viper
381:pains
311:devil
68:re'em
1525:ISBN
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1473:2012
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1445:2012
1432:ISBN
1417:2009
1386:ISBN
1364:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1252:2012
1230:2012
1197:2012
1178:2012
1116:2012
1074:2012
1053:2012
1010:2012
958:ISBN
898:ISBN
798:2012
670:2012
560:ISBN
487:gold
379:and
275:lake
221:and
131:hilt
60:Asia
58:and
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497:in
399:or
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