434:
exhaust port, at about 62% of the bore diameter for reasonable piston ring life. Beyond this, the piston rings bulge into the exhaust port and wear quickly. A maximum 70% of bore width is possible in racing engines, where rings are changed every few races. Intake duration is between 120 and 160°. Transfer port time is set at a minimum of 26°. The strong, low-pressure pulse of a racing two-stroke expansion chamber can drop the pressure to -7 psi when the piston is at bottom dead center, and the transfer ports nearly wide open. One of the reasons for high fuel consumption in two-strokes is that some of the incoming pressurized fuel-air mixture is forced across the top of the piston, where it has a cooling action, and straight out the exhaust pipe. An
534:
400:
203:. Oil is mixed in with their petrol fuel beforehand, in a fuel-to-oil ratio of around 32:1. This oil then forms emissions, either by being burned in the engine or as droplets in the exhaust, historically resulting in more exhaust emissions, particularly hydrocarbons, than four-stroke engines of comparable power output. The combined opening time of the intake and exhaust ports in some two-stroke designs can also allow some amount of unburned fuel vapors to exit in the exhaust stream. The high combustion temperatures of small, air-cooled engines may also produce
661:
684:
472:
673:
562:
230:
238:
219:
1431:
874:
engines (which cannot reverse their direction of rotation without considerable modification), almost all of which spin forward, too. It is also useful to note that the "front" and "back" faces of the piston are - respectively - the exhaust port and intake port sides of it, and are not to do with the top or bottom of the piston.
873:
For the purpose of this discussion, it is convenient to think in motorcycle terms, where the exhaust pipe faces into the cooling air stream, and the crankshaft commonly spins in the same axis and direction as do the wheels i.e. "forward". Some of the considerations discussed here apply to four-stroke
640:
An additional benefit of loop scavenging was the piston could be made nearly flat or slightly domed, which allowed the piston to be appreciably lighter and stronger, and consequently to tolerate higher engine speeds. The "flat top" piston also has better thermal properties and is less prone to uneven
636:
Loop scavenging, disc valves, and expansion chambers worked in a highly coordinated way to significantly increase the power output of two-stroke engines, particularly from the
Japanese manufacturers Suzuki, Yamaha, and Kawasaki. Suzuki and Yamaha enjoyed success in Grand Prix motorcycle racing in the
911:
is offset to reduce thrust in the intended rotational direction and the forward face of the piston has been made thinner and lighter to compensate, but when running backward, this weaker forward face suffers increased mechanical stress it was not designed to resist. This can be avoided by the use of
906:
is less well-suited to be the major thrust face, since it covers and uncovers the exhaust port in the cylinder, the hottest part of the engine, where piston lubrication is at its most marginal. The front face of the piston is also more vulnerable since the exhaust port, the largest in the engine, is
725:
In a uniflow engine, the mixture, or "charge air" in the case of a diesel, enters at one end of the cylinder controlled by the piston and the exhaust exits at the other end controlled by an exhaust valve or piston. The scavenging gas-flow is, therefore, in one direction only, hence the name uniflow.
644:
SAAB built 750- and 850-cc three-cylinder engines based on a DKW design that proved reasonably successful employing loop charging. The original SAAB 92 had a two-cylinder engine of comparatively low efficiency. At cruising speed, reflected-wave, exhaust-port blocking occurred at too low a frequency.
519:
Rotary valve engines can be tailored to deliver power over a wider speed range or higher power over a narrower speed range than either a piston-port or reed-valve engine. Where a portion of the rotary valve is a portion of the crankcase itself, of particular importance, no wear should be allowed to
1350:
Junkers built experimental two-stroke opposed-piston diesel aircraft engines during WWI, which were derived from a stationary engine line. These featured two crankshafts at the cylinder ends connected by a gear train that also drove the propeller. Two pistons, working in opposite directions in each
901:
Serious disadvantages exist for running many engines backward under load for any length of time, and some of these reasons are general, applying equally to both two-stroke and four-stroke engines. This disadvantage is accepted in most cases where cost, weight, and size are major considerations. The
855:
Direct injection has considerable advantages in two-stroke engines. In carburetted two-strokes, a major problem is a portion of the fuel/air mixture going directly out, unburned, through the exhaust port, and direct injection effectively eliminates this problem. Two systems are in use: low-pressure
552:
down the other side of the deflector and out the exhaust port. The deflector increases the piston's weight and exposed surface area, and the fact that it makes piston cooling and achieving an effective combustion chamber shape more difficult is why this design has been largely superseded by uniflow
923:
Large two-stroke ship diesels are sometimes made to be reversible. Like four-stroke ship engines (some of which are also reversible), they use mechanically operated valves, so require additional camshaft mechanisms. These engines use crossheads to eliminate sidethrust on the piston and isolate the
648:
The 750-cc standard engine produced 36 to 42 hp, depending on the model year. The Monte Carlo Rally variant, 750-cc (with a filled crankshaft for higher base compression), generated 65 hp. An 850-cc version was available in the 1966 SAAB Sport (a standard trim model in comparison to the
503:
Another form of rotary inlet valve used on two-stroke engines employs two cylindrical members with suitable cutouts arranged to rotate one within the other - the inlet pipe having passage to the crankcase only when the two cutouts coincide. The crankshaft itself may form one of the members, as in
515:
is that it enables the two-stroke engine's intake timing to be asymmetrical, which is not possible with piston-port type engines. The piston-port type engine's intake timing opens and closes before and after top dead center at the same crank angle, making it symmetrical, whereas the rotary valve
89:, and thus be cheaper to manufacture and weigh less. In countries and regions with stringent emissions regulation, two-stroke engines have been phased out in automotive and motorcycle uses. In regions where regulations are less stringent, small displacement two-stroke engines remain popular in
433:
worked out some basic principles for this system. They found that, in general, widening an exhaust port increases the power by the same amount as raising the port, but the power band does not narrow as it does when the port is raised. However, a mechanical limit exists to the width of a single
927:
On top of other considerations, the oil pump of a modern two-stroke may not work in reverse, in which case the engine suffers oil starvation within a short time. Running a motorcycle engine backward is relatively easy to initiate, and in rare cases, can be triggered by a back-fire. It is not
632:
Loop scavenging is the most common type of fuel/air mixture transfer used on modern two-stroke engines. Suzuki was one of the first manufacturers outside of Europe to adopt loop-scavenged, two-stroke engines. This operational feature was used in conjunction with the expansion chamber exhaust
785:
The upper section of the piston still relies on total-loss lubrication, but the other engine parts are sump lubricated with cleanliness and reliability benefits. The mass of the piston is only about 20% more than a loop-scavenged engine's piston because skirt thicknesses can be less.
907:
in the front wall of the cylinder. Piston skirts and rings risk being extruded into this port, so having them pressing hardest on the opposite wall (where there are only the transfer ports in a crossflow engine) is always best and support is good. In some engines, the
649:
deluxe trim of the Monte Carlo). Base compression comprises a portion of the overall compression ratio of a two-stroke engine. Work published at SAE in 2012 points that loop scavenging is under every circumstance more efficient than cross-flow scavenging.
487:
commonly fitted in the intake tract of the piston-controlled port. It allows asymmetric intake of the fuel charge, improving power and economy, while widening the power band. Such valves are widely used in motorcycle, ATV, and marine outboard engines.
73:
requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle, in two crankshaft revolutions.) In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust (or
1351:
cylinder, uncovered inlet and exhaust ports near the ends of their strokes. The exhaust port was uncovered first, and when the inlet port was uncovered, a compressed air charge was forced through the cylinders, practically clearing all burnt gases.
781:
The piston of this engine is "top-hat"-shaped; the upper section forms the regular cylinder, and the lower section performs a scavenging function. The units run in pairs, with the lower half of one piston charging an adjacent combustion chamber.
504:
most glow-plug model engines. In another version, the crank disc is arranged to be a close-clearance fit in the crankcase, and is provided with a cutout that lines up with an inlet passage in the crankcase wall at the appropriate time, as in
407:
Although the principles remain the same, the mechanical details of various two-stroke engines differ depending on the type. The design types vary according to the method of introducing the charge to the cylinder, the method of scavenging the
902:
problem comes about because in "forward" running, the major thrust face of the piston is on the back face of the cylinder, which in a two-stroke particularly, is the coolest and best-lubricated part. The forward face of the piston in a
624:
Often referred to as "Schnuerle" (or "SchnĂĽrle") loop scavenging after Adolf SchnĂĽrle, the German inventor of an early form in the mid-1920s, it became widely adopted in
Germany country during the 1930s and spread further afield after
428:
port is the simplest of the designs and the most common in small two-stroke engines. All functions are controlled solely by the piston covering and uncovering the ports as it moves up and down in the cylinder. In the 1970s,
897:
equally well whether running forward or backward. Reed-valve engines run backward just as well as piston-controlled porting, though rotary valve engines have asymmetrical inlet timing and do not run very well.
609:
This method of scavenging uses carefully shaped and positioned transfer ports to direct the flow of fresh mixture toward the combustion chamber as it enters the cylinder. The fuel/air mixture strikes the
840:
V-TACS system. The result is an engine with better low-speed power without sacrificing high-speed power. However, as power valves are in the hot gas flow, they need regular maintenance to perform well.
935:
configuration without needing to change the propeller. These motors are compression ignition, so no ignition timing issues and little difference between running forward and running backward are seen.
773:
design falls into this class, being effectively a folded uniflow. With advanced-angle exhaust timing, uniflow engines can be supercharged with a crankshaft-driven blower, either piston or Roots-type.
804:. The valves are normally in or around the exhaust ports. They work in one of two ways; either they alter the exhaust port by closing off the top part of the port, which alters port timing, such as
3123:
187:. In a two-stroke engine, the exhaust gases transfer less heat to the cooling system than a four-stroke, which means more energy to drive the piston, and if present, a turbocharger.
1487:
1413:
G P Blair et al. (Univ of
Belfast), R Fleck (Mercury Marine), "Predicting the Performance Characteristics of Two-Cycle Engines Fitted with Reed Induction Valves", SAE paper 790842
885:, that lacked reverse gearing. Where the vehicle has electric starting, the motor is turned off and restarted backward by turning the key in the opposite direction. Two-stroke
553:
scavenging after the 1960s, especially for motorcycles, but for smaller or slower engines using direct injection, the deflector piston can still be an acceptable approach.
2039:
877:
Regular gasoline two-stroke engines can run backward for short periods and under light load with little problem, and this has been used to provide a reversing facility in
817:
3116:
893:(using contact-breaker points, but no external coil) worked equally well in reverse because the cam controlling the points is symmetrical, breaking contact before
135:
produced a two-stroke gas engine, for which he received a patent in 1880 in
Germany. The first truly practical two-stroke engine is attributed to Yorkshireman
1416:
G Bickle et al. (ICT Co), R Domesle et al. (Degussa AG): "Controlling Two-Stroke Engine
Emissions", Automotive Engineering International (SAE) Feb 2000:27-32.
3721:
372:
Due to their high power-to-weight ratio and ability to be used in any orientation, two-stroke engines are common in handheld outdoor power tools including
292:
3545:
3109:
2934:
1480:
660:
1127:
Joseph Day's engine used a reed valve. One of Day's employees, Frederic Cock (1863–1944), found a way to render the engine completely valve-less. See:
369:, for instance, ceased selling two-stroke off-road motorcycles in the United States in 2007, after abandoning road-going models considerably earlier.
2955:
500:, which covers and uncovers an opening in the end of the crankcase, allowing charge to enter during one portion of the cycle (called a disc valve).
496:
The intake pathway is opened and closed by a rotating member. A familiar type sometimes seen on small motorcycles is a slotted disk attached to the
365:
airplanes. Particularly in developed countries, pollution regulations have meant that their use for many of these applications is being phased out.
2789:
621:, power, and economy. Usually, a piston deflector is not required, so this approach has a distinct advantage over the cross-flow scheme (above).
617:
This not only prevents the fuel/air mixture from traveling directly out the exhaust port, but also creates a swirling turbulence which improves
3515:
2927:
2032:
276:
1091:
Torrens, Hugh S. (May 1992). "A study of 'failure' with a 'successful innovation': Joseph Day and the two-stroke internal combustion engine".
3711:
3211:
2969:
2948:
2941:
1473:
1363:
2983:
2962:
533:
702: A: Intake (effective scavenging, 135°–225°; necessarily symmetric about BDC; Diesel injection is usually initiated at 4° before TDC)
38:
3540:
2990:
2976:
1385:
2025:
1598:
672:
288:
3731:
3459:
3090:
1185:
742:
1263:
399:
117:, who patented his design in 1881. However, unlike most later two-stroke engines, his had a separate charging cylinder. The
2743:
2219:
1008:
801:
795:
304:
1435:
3269:
2749:
1691:
1618:
985:
303:
did the same in the 1970s. Production of two-stroke cars ended in the 1980s in the West, due to increasingly stringent
3726:
3500:
1514:
1308:
3716:
3495:
3375:
3007:
2809:
548:
on the top of the piston directs the fresh intake charge into the upper part of the cylinder, pushing the residual
280:
58:
85:
than a four-stroke engine, since their power stroke occurs twice as often. Two-stroke engines can also have fewer
3340:
2783:
894:
850:
734:
479:
Babe Bee 0.049 in (0.80 cm) reed valve engine, disassembled, uses glow-plug ignition. Its mass is 64 g.
62:
263:
A number of mainstream automobile manufacturers have used two-stroke engines in the past, including the
Swedish
3575:
3490:
3325:
2738:
2694:
2196:
1768:
1608:
970:
738:
645:
Using the asymmetrical three-port exhaust manifold employed in the identical DKW engine improved fuel economy.
200:
165:
121:-scavenged engine, employing the area below the piston as a charging pump, is generally credited to Englishman
3101:
195:
Crankcase-compression two-stroke engines, such as common small gasoline-powered engines, are lubricated by a
3439:
3370:
3264:
2819:
2794:
2598:
2413:
1419:
BOSCH, "Automotive Manual", 2005, Section: Fluid's
Mechanics, Table 'Discharge from High-Pressure Deposits'.
1143:
75:
3675:
3510:
3410:
3042:
2814:
2724:
2651:
2224:
1763:
1718:
1628:
1561:
471:
391:
are found mostly in large industrial and marine applications, as well as some trucks and heavy machinery.
1334:
3685:
3464:
3425:
3390:
3231:
2543:
2408:
2163:
1753:
1748:
1728:
1653:
1613:
1603:
1556:
1551:
750:
618:
253:
122:
82:
683:
1241:
3670:
3598:
3550:
3144:
3135:
3037:
3001:
1758:
1738:
1733:
1723:
1701:
1643:
1534:
1529:
1496:
729:
The design using exhaust valve(s) is common in on-road, off-road, and stationary two-stroke engines (
430:
338:
172:
828:
AETC systems, or by altering the volume of the exhaust, which changes the resonant frequency of the
544:
In a cross-flow engine, the transfer and exhaust ports are on opposite sides of the cylinder, and a
3639:
3345:
2895:
2616:
2428:
2173:
1992:
1816:
1743:
1638:
1588:
882:
454:
366:
140:
3654:
3505:
3454:
3350:
3284:
3027:
2905:
2877:
2621:
2553:
2057:
1811:
1681:
1676:
1633:
1571:
1457:
1108:
995:
990:
809:
136:
70:
31:
859:
Since the fuel does not pass through the crankcase, a separate source of lubrication is needed.
403:
Two-stroke motorbike with an expansion chamber exhaust system that increases the cylinder charge
164:
and motorcycles. However, when weight and size are not an issue, the cycle's potential for high
1452:
3535:
3385:
3380:
3335:
3320:
3181:
2915:
2900:
2887:
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1801:
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1001:
965:
829:
746:
604:
435:
409:
342:
316:
176:
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design in which two pistons are in each cylinder, working in opposite directions such as the
252:
Two-stroke gasoline engines are preferred when mechanical simplicity, light weight, and high
3304:
3294:
3196:
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2631:
2508:
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1791:
1786:
1155:
1100:
955:
932:
890:
762:
545:
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284:
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1465:
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are design priorities. By mixing oil with fuel, they can operate in any orientation as the
3680:
3583:
3405:
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3289:
3132:
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2852:
2483:
1806:
1796:
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1663:
1566:
1445:
980:
960:
446:
322:
Two-stroke engines are still found in a variety of small propulsion applications, such as
264:
245:
242:
1410:
Frank
Jardine (Alcoa): "Thermal Expansion in Automotive-Engine Design", SAE paper 300010
614:, then follows the curvature of the combustion chamber, and then is deflected downward.
412:(exchanging burnt exhaust for fresh mixture) and the method of exhausting the cylinder.
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3619:
3279:
3206:
3166:
2798:
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2400:
2082:
1576:
975:
917:
758:
754:
730:
381:
362:
323:
157:
109:
The first commercial two-stroke engine involving cylinder compression is attributed to
1130:
Cock, Frederic
William Caswell; British patent no. 18,513 (issued: October 15, 1892).
3705:
3555:
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3395:
3330:
3274:
3186:
3085:
3067:
2779:
2729:
2626:
2578:
2568:
2533:
2318:
2272:
2168:
2107:
1987:
1977:
1834:
1623:
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950:
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611:
388:
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1519:
903:
770:
626:
561:
512:
450:
441:
A fundamental difference from typical four-stroke engines is that the two-stroke's
308:
229:
143:
114:
86:
1441:
641:
heating, expansion, piston seizures, dimensional changes, and compression losses.
17:
3634:
3560:
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169:
98:
37:
1386:"Stepped-Piston Engines - BASIC DESIGN PARAMETERS 3.1 Engine and Port Geometry"
1134:
1104:
1084:
1063:
U.S. patent no. 249,307 (filed: September 2, 1881; issued: November 8, 1881).
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1893:
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1866:
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1960s due in no small way to the increased power afforded by loop scavenging.
497:
476:
466:
358:
350:
272:
237:
223:
180:
146:
1159:
2824:
2764:
2704:
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1936:
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Model airplane engines with reed valves can be mounted in either tractor or
913:
908:
886:
442:
327:
161:
132:
118:
1223:
218:
1430:
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2002:
1997:
1982:
1961:
1956:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1826:
1312:
878:
377:
153:
129:
110:
94:
1398:
Ross and Ungar, "On Piston Slap as a Source of Engine Noise," ASME Paper
160:
are particularly useful in lightweight or portable applications such as
2709:
2699:
2666:
2641:
2636:
2503:
2468:
2287:
2183:
2140:
2125:
2077:
1137:
US patent no. 544,210 (filed: March 10, 1894; issued: August 6, 1895).
354:
346:
312:
196:
126:
69:(one up and one down movement) in one revolution of the crankshaft. (A
3246:
3216:
2719:
1087:
US patent no. 543,614 (filed: May 21, 1892; issued: July 30, 1895).
863:
833:
825:
821:
425:
300:
296:
175:
engines operating in large, weight-insensitive applications, such as
66:
633:
developed by German motorcycle manufacturer, MZ, and Walter Kaaden.
3609:
2593:
2448:
1056:
Clerk, Dugald; English patent no. 1,089 (issued: March 14, 1881).
837:
813:
805:
682:
560:
532:
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is sealed and forms part of the induction process in gasoline and
398:
334:
236:
228:
217:
90:
36:
1201:
257:
3105:
2021:
1469:
1077:
Day, Joseph; British patent no. 6,410 (issued: April 14, 1891).
2753:
2323:
2211:
2048:
268:
204:
2017:
1080:
Day, Joseph; British patent no. 9,247 (issued: July 1, 1891).
1148:
Minutes of
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
30:"2-cycle" redirects here. For the mathematical concept, see
93:
and motorcycles. They are also used in power tools such as
483:
The reed valve is a simple but highly effective form of
753:) and large marine two-stroke main propulsion engines (
438:
with a strong reverse pulse stops this outgoing flow.
851:
Gasoline direct injection § In two-stroke engines
1033:
856:
air-assisted injection and high-pressure injection.
3663:
3597:
3574:
3528:
3473:
3447:
3438:
3313:
3255:
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3143:
3000:
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2116:
2065:
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1970:
1917:
1825:
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1709:
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1507:
889:have used a similar system. Traditional flywheel
1262:Jennings, Gordon (January 1973). "Port timing".
311:countries continued until around 1991, with the
1364:"Junkers Jumo 207 D-V2 In-line 6 Diesel Engine"
1244:. Motorcross Action magazine. 25 September 2018
516:allows the opening to begin and close earlier.
3117:
2033:
1481:
1453:"A Two-Stroke Revival, Without the Blue Haze"
1144:"Gas-power for electric lighting: Discussion"
8:
1178:The Scott Motorcycle: The Yowling Two-Stroke
733:), certain small marine two-stroke engines (
1061:"Motor worked by combustible gas or vapor,"
3444:
3149:
3124:
3110:
3102:
2062:
2040:
2026:
2018:
1706:
1488:
1474:
1466:
666:Two-stroke diesel uniflow engine animation
241:Lateral view of a two-stroke Forty series
248:, the serial number dates it to 1954/1955
2444:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
800:Many modern two-stroke engines employ a
78:) functions occurring at the same time.
2790:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
1333:McCutcheon, Kimble D. (1 August 2022).
1242:"TWO-STROKE TUESDAY | 2007 HONDA CR125"
1140:The Day-Cock engine is illustrated in:
1025:
924:under-piston space from the crankcase.
757:). Ported types are represented by the
656:
81:Two-stroke engines often have a higher
920:to isolate the engine from end loads.
277:VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau
7:
3138:components, systems and terminology
3722:Internal combustion piston engines
1451:Sherman, Don (December 17, 2009),
1180:. Haynes Publishing. p. 240.
25:
2454:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
1335:"Selected Early Engines: Junkers"
678:Uniflow scavenging flow schematic
449:. Diesel two-strokes often add a
1429:
671:
659:
285:VEB Fahrzeug- und Jagdwaffenwerk
41:Animation of a two-stroke engine
1366:. National Air and Space Museum
1142:Dowson, Joseph Emerson (1893).
1133:Cock, Frederic William Caswell
745:), certain railroad two-stroke
27:Internal combustion engine type
3460:Propeller speed reduction unit
3091:Template:EC car classification
1222:US EPA, OAR (16 August 2016).
687:The uniflow two-stroke cycle:
1:
796:Two-stroke power valve system
295:. The Japanese manufacturers
3712:Two-stroke engine technology
3270:Capacitor discharge ignition
1311:. Iet.aau.dk. Archived from
986:Two- and four-stroke engines
421:Piston-controlled inlet port
260:does not depend on gravity.
1265:Two-stroke Tuner's Handbook
305:regulation of air pollution
287:, and Polish manufacturers
3748:
2780:Gasoline / petrol
2544:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
1105:10.1177/030631292022002004
861:
848:
793:
720: D: Expansion (power)
602:
598: D: Expansion (power)
580: A: Intake/scavenging
540:with cross-flow scavenging
464:
281:VEB Automobilwerk Eisenach
59:internal combustion engine
29:
3280:Electronic fuel injection
3076:
2920:(engine / drive)
1297:. Newnes. pp. 13–15.
1093:Social Studies of Science
735:Gray Marine Motor Company
3326:Aircraft engine starting
2559:Sedan delivery/Panel van
1160:10.1680/imotp.1893.20024
869:Two-stroke reversibility
739:Detroit Diesel Series 71
694:Bottom dead center (BDC)
572:Bottom dead center (BDC)
166:thermodynamic efficiency
156:engines with electrical
139:, who started producing
65:with two strokes of the
3371:Mean effective pressure
2820:Liquified petroleum gas
2632:Driverless (autonomous)
1009:Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C
267:, German manufacturers
125:. On 31 December 1879,
3411:Time between overhauls
2725:Compressed natural gas
2652:Personal rapid transit
1629:Single-acting cylinder
1562:Double-acting cylinder
1295:Two-Stroke Power Units
1224:"Vehicles and Engines"
722:
600:
541:
480:
404:
249:
234:
226:
185:electricity generation
42:
3732:Piston ported engines
3686:Ice protection system
3426:Volumetric efficiency
3391:Overhead valve engine
2991:Dual motor-four-wheel
2589:Town (Coupé de Ville)
1497:Engine configurations
777:Stepped piston engine
751:Electro-Motive Diesel
691:Top dead center (TDC)
686:
619:combustion efficiency
569:Top dead center (TDC)
565:The two-stroke cycle
564:
536:
529:Cross-flow scavenging
524:Scavenging variations
474:
416:Inlet port variations
402:
254:power-to-weight ratio
240:
233:A two-stroke minibike
232:
221:
83:power-to-weight ratio
40:
3671:Auxiliary power unit
3551:Flight data recorder
3002:Engine configuration
1599:Oscillating cylinder
1438:at Wikimedia Commons
737:, which adapted the
714: C: Compression
592: C: Compression
173:compression ignition
3640:Pressure carburetor
3376:Naturally aspirated
3346:Engine displacement
3008:internal combustion
2810:Internal combustion
2617:All-terrain vehicle
2539:Retractable hardtop
1692:Two-and four-stroke
1594:Intake over exhaust
1176:Clew, Jeff (2004).
883:Messerschmitt KR200
790:Power-valve systems
769:. The once-popular
511:The advantage of a
453:or piston pump for
181:railway locomotives
168:makes it ideal for
3727:Motorcycle engines
3655:Updraft carburetor
3529:Engine instruments
3455:Propeller governor
3351:Four-stroke engine
1458:The New York Times
1436:Two-stroke engines
1202:"Suzuki LJ50 INFO"
996:Five-stroke engine
991:Four-stroke engine
802:power-valve system
747:diesel locomotives
723:
653:Uniflow scavenging
601:
542:
492:Rotary inlet valve
481:
405:
343:motorized bicycles
250:
235:
227:
137:Alfred Angas Scott
71:four-stroke engine
43:
32:Cyclic permutation
18:Uniflow scavenging
3717:Engine technology
3699:
3698:
3536:Annunciator panel
3524:
3523:
3434:
3433:
3416:Two-stroke engine
3386:Overhead camshaft
3366:Manifold pressure
3336:Compression ratio
3099:
3098:
2395:
2394:
2164:Compact executive
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
1711:Inline / straight
1609:Overhead camshaft
1442:Two-Stroke Engine
1434:Media related to
1002:Six-stroke engine
966:Rolls-Royce Crecy
830:expansion chamber
605:Schnuerle porting
436:expansion chamber
319:in East Germany.
201:total-loss system
177:marine propulsion
61:that completes a
16:(Redirected from
3739:
3681:Hydraulic system
3501:Counter-rotating
3445:
3197:Hydraulic tappet
3150:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3103:
3011:
2970:Front-four-wheel
2921:
2784:direct injection
2695:Alternative fuel
2509:Multi-stop truck
2063:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2019:
1707:
1702:Cylinder layouts
1490:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1433:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1271:. pp. 75–90
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1173:
1167:
1163:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1072:
1066:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1030:
956:Junkers Jumo 205
845:Direct injection
763:Junkers Jumo 205
719:
713:
708: B: Exhaust
707:
701:
675:
663:
597:
591:
586: B: Exhaust
585:
579:
538:Deflector piston
508:motor scooters.
461:Reed inlet valve
447:hot-bulb engines
326:, small on- and
51:two-stroke cycle
21:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3702:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3676:Coffman starter
3659:
3602:
3593:
3584:Carburetor heat
3576:Engine controls
3570:
3520:
3496:Contra-rotating
3469:
3430:
3361:Ignition timing
3309:
3290:Ignition system
3257:
3251:
3154:
3139:
3130:
3100:
3095:
3072:
3043:Single-cylinder
3005:
3004:
2996:
2984:Rear-four-wheel
2935:Front mid-front
2919:
2918:
2910:
2888:Engine position
2882:
2829:
2815:Liquid nitrogen
2681:
2609:
2603:
2391:
2333:
2292:
2239:
2225:Crossover (CUV)
2206:
2178:
2150:
2112:
2052:
2046:
2016:
2007:
1966:
1913:
1821:
1773:
1696:
1658:
1503:
1494:
1450:
1446:How Stuff Works
1426:
1407:
1405:Further reading
1402:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1141:
1126:
1122:
1090:
1073:
1069:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
981:Stroke (engine)
961:Kadenacy effect
941:
918:thrust bearings
916:and also using
895:top dead center
871:
866:
853:
847:
798:
792:
779:
721:
717:
715:
711:
709:
705:
703:
699:
697:
679:
676:
667:
664:
655:
607:
599:
595:
593:
589:
587:
583:
581:
577:
575:
559:
557:Loop scavenging
531:
526:
494:
469:
463:
423:
418:
397:
382:string trimmers
324:outboard motors
246:outboard engine
243:British Seagull
216:
208:
193:
107:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3745:
3743:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3704:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3630:Inlet manifold
3627:
3622:
3620:Fuel injection
3617:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3516:Variable-pitch
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3491:Constant-speed
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3207:Obturator ring
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:Connecting rod
3164:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3145:Piston engines
3141:
3140:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2977:Mid-four-wheel
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2741:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Shooting brake
2561:
2556:
2554:Saloon / Sedan
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2060:
2058:Classification
2054:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:Overhead valve
1611:
1606:
1604:Opposed-piston
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:piston engines
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1448:
1439:
1425:
1424:External links
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1391:
1377:
1355:
1339:Engine History
1325:
1315:on May 1, 2008
1300:
1282:
1254:
1233:
1214:
1193:
1186:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1138:
1131:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1099:(2): 245–262.
1088:
1081:
1078:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:Clerk, Dugald
1057:
1046:
1034:"Docker Maroc"
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
993:
988:
978:
976:Twingle engine
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
942:
940:
937:
881:, such as the
870:
867:
849:Main article:
846:
843:
832:, such as the
794:Main article:
791:
788:
778:
775:
759:opposed piston
731:Detroit Diesel
716:
710:
704:
698:
696:
695:
692:
688:
681:
680:
677:
670:
668:
665:
658:
654:
651:
603:Main article:
594:
588:
582:
576:
574:
573:
570:
566:
558:
555:
530:
527:
525:
522:
493:
490:
465:Main article:
462:
459:
422:
419:
417:
414:
396:
393:
389:diesel engines
215:
212:
206:
192:
189:
158:spark ignition
106:
103:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3744:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:Other systems
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3601:and induction
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Glass cockpit
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:Shock cooling
3399:
3397:
3396:Rotary engine
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Dual ignition
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3187:Cylinder head
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3136:piston engine
3134:
3127:
3122:
3120:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3038:Reciprocating
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2960:
2957:
2956:Rear mid-rear
2953:
2950:
2946:
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2936:
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2926:
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2923:
2917:
2913:
2907:
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2899:
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2796:
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2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2569:Station wagon
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
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2522:
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2517:
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2500:
2497:
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2487:
2485:
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2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Coupé utility
2457:
2455:
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2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2273:Sport compact
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2184:Minivan / MPV
2181:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
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2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
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2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
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1880:
1877:
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1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1856:
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1720:
1717:
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1714:
1712:
1708:
1705:
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1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1664:Stroke cycles
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
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1597:
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1565:
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1471:
1468:
1460:
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1447:
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1432:
1428:
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1423:
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1395:
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1378:
1365:
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1340:
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1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1267:
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1258:
1255:
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1234:
1229:
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1218:
1215:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1169:
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1153:
1149:
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1132:
1129:
1128:
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1110:
1106:
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1098:
1094:
1089:
1086:
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1079:
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1075:
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1068:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1015:
1014:Wankel engine
1012:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
983:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:Rotary engine
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
951:Four-stroking
949:
947:
946:Bourke engine
944:
943:
938:
936:
934:
929:
925:
921:
919:
915:
910:
905:
899:
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888:
884:
880:
875:
868:
865:
860:
857:
852:
844:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
797:
789:
787:
783:
776:
774:
772:
768:
767:Napier Deltic
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
693:
690:
689:
685:
674:
669:
662:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
628:
622:
620:
615:
613:
612:cylinder head
606:
571:
568:
567:
563:
556:
554:
551:
547:
539:
535:
528:
523:
521:
517:
514:
509:
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491:
489:
486:
478:
473:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
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432:
427:
420:
415:
413:
411:
401:
394:
392:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
258:oil reservoir
255:
247:
244:
239:
231:
225:
220:
213:
211:
209:
202:
199:mixture in a
198:
190:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
145:
142:
141:twin-cylinder
138:
134:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
77:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:is a type of
56:
52:
48:
39:
33:
19:
3691:Recoil start
3650:Turbocharger
3645:Supercharger
3511:Single-blade
3421:Valve timing
3415:
3242:Sleeve valve
3227:Poppet valve
3202:Main bearing
3052:
2878:Twelve-wheel
2835:Drive wheels
2608:Specialized
2529:Pickup truck
2434:Cabrio coach
2278:Sports sedan
2253:Grand tourer
1993:Split-single
1779:Flat / boxer
1671:
1639:Swing-piston
1456:
1394:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1358:
1349:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
1328:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:the original
1303:
1294:
1291:Irving, P.E.
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1264:
1257:
1246:. Retrieved
1236:
1227:
1217:
1206:. Retrieved
1196:
1177:
1171:
1164:; see p. 48.
1151:
1147:
1135:"Gas-engine"
1123:
1096:
1092:
1085:"Gas-engine"
1083:Day, Joseph
1070:
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1028:
930:
926:
922:
904:trunk engine
900:
876:
872:
858:
854:
799:
784:
780:
771:split-single
728:
724:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:World War II
623:
616:
608:
543:
520:take place.
518:
513:rotary valve
510:
502:
495:
482:
451:Roots blower
440:
424:
406:
386:
374:leaf blowers
371:
321:
309:Eastern Bloc
262:
251:
214:Applications
194:
151:
144:water-cooled
115:Dugald Clerk
108:
99:leaf blowers
87:moving parts
80:
54:
50:
46:
44:
3635:Intercooler
3561:Hobbs meter
3486:Blade pitch
3481:Autofeather
3474:Terminology
3381:Monosoupape
3341:Dead centre
3314:Terminology
3222:Piston ring
3192:Gudgeon pin
3028:Four-stroke
2928:Front-front
2868:Eight-wheel
2843:Front-wheel
2775:Natural gas
2760:Fossil fuel
2715:Biogasoline
2401:Body styles
2329:Vintage car
1682:Five-stroke
1677:Four-stroke
1634:Split cycle
1572:Free-piston
1515:Atmospheric
1036:(in French)
928:advisable.
824:C.T.S., or
550:exhaust gas
485:check valve
387:Two-stroke
351:snowmobiles
331:motorcycles
210:emissions.
152:Two-stroke
147:motorcycles
63:power cycle
3706:Categories
3625:Gascolator
3615:Carburetor
3566:Tachometer
3448:Components
3440:Propellers
3356:Horsepower
3321:Air-cooled
3300:Spark plug
3265:Alternator
3258:components
3256:Electrical
3237:Rocker arm
3177:Crankshaft
3155:components
3153:Mechanical
3053:Two-stroke
2949:Front-rear
2942:Rear-front
2858:Four-wheel
2848:Rear-wheel
2687:Propulsion
2677:Voiturette
2662:Flying car
2657:Police car
2622:Amphibious
2534:Quad coupé
2424:Berlinetta
2141:Street rod
2083:Subcompact
1687:Six-stroke
1672:Two-stroke
1589:Heron head
1547:Cam engine
1319:2009-06-06
1248:2021-11-19
1208:2010-11-07
1204:. Lj10.com
1187:0854291644
1040:2023-04-12
1021:References
998:(uncommon)
914:crossheads
887:golf carts
862:See also:
820:K.I.P.S.,
816:RC-Valve,
743:marine use
498:crankshaft
467:Reed valve
455:scavenging
359:ultralight
273:Auto-Union
224:Saab Sport
123:Joseph Day
76:scavenging
47:two-stroke
3285:Generator
2963:Rear-rear
2873:Ten-wheel
2863:Six-wheel
2853:Two-wheel
2765:Fuel cell
2705:Biodiesel
2672:Tow truck
2647:Pedal car
2627:Connected
2599:Vis-Ă -vis
2574:Targa top
2519:Panel van
2514:Notchback
2494:Limousine
2484:Landaulet
2474:Hatchback
2419:Barchetta
2387:S-segment
2382:M-segment
2377:J-segment
2372:F-segment
2367:E-segment
2362:D-segment
2357:C-segment
2352:B-segment
2347:A-segment
2258:Hot hatch
2235:Coupe SUV
2169:Executive
2131:Lead sled
2108:Full-size
2088:Supermini
1309:"junkers"
1154:: 2–110.
1113:110285769
909:small end
879:microcars
836:SAEC and
808:R.A.V.E,
546:deflector
443:crankcase
378:chainsaws
191:Emissions
162:chainsaws
149:in 1908.
133:Karl Benz
119:crankcase
113:engineer
95:chainsaws
3589:Throttle
3506:Scimitar
3212:Oil pump
3182:Cylinder
3172:Crankpin
3162:Camshaft
3133:Aircraft
3086:Category
3063:W engine
3048:Straight
2805:Hydrogen
2770:Fuel gas
2735:Electric
2610:vehicles
2549:Runabout
2499:Microvan
2489:Liftback
2479:Kammback
2464:Fastback
2439:Cab over
2429:Brougham
2174:Personal
2146:T-bucket
2136:Lowrider
2103:Mid-size
1619:Pentroof
1567:Flathead
1557:Compound
1535:Rotative
1293:(1967).
939:See also
891:magnetos
818:Kawasaki
755:Wärtsilä
410:cylinder
355:go-karts
347:tuk-tuks
339:scooters
328:off-road
317:Wartburg
154:gasoline
130:inventor
111:Scottish
3465:Spinner
3305:Starter
3295:Magneto
3232:Pushrod
3058:V (Vee)
3033:H-block
2799:plug-in
2797: (
2782: (
2752: (
2750:Ethanol
2739:battery
2737: (
2710:Biofuel
2700:Autogas
2667:Taxicab
2642:Gyrocar
2637:Go-kart
2584:Touring
2579:Torpedo
2524:Phaeton
2504:Minibus
2469:Hardtop
2314:Economy
2309:Classic
2304:Antique
2288:Go-kart
2220:Compact
2197:Leisure
2192:Compact
2126:Hot rod
2098:Compact
2066:By size
1827:V / Vee
1644:Uniflow
1577:Stelzer
1552:Camless
1530:Cornish
1370:14 June
1344:14 June
1275:14 June
395:Designs
313:Trabant
197:petroil
105:History
3603:system
3406:Stroke
3247:Tappet
3217:Piston
3081:Portal
3068:Wankel
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2916:Layout
2795:Hybrid
2730:Diesel
2720:Biogas
2414:Baquet
2263:Muscle
2245:Sports
2156:Luxury
2118:Custom
2093:Family
2051:design
1988:Radial
1978:Deltic
1624:Rotary
1542:Bourke
1228:US EPA
1184:
1111:
933:pusher
864:API-TC
834:Suzuki
826:Suzuki
822:Cagiva
812:YPVS,
810:Yamaha
718:
712:
706:
700:
596:
590:
584:
578:
431:Yamaha
426:Piston
380:, and
335:mopeds
301:Subaru
297:Suzuki
283:, and
183:, and
170:diesel
127:German
91:mopeds
67:piston
55:engine
3610:Avgas
3546:EICAS
3018:Boxer
2896:Front
2825:Steam
2594:T-top
2449:Coupe
2297:Other
2283:Super
2073:Micro
1971:Other
1654:Wedge
1520:Axial
1269:(PDF)
1109:S2CID
1074:See:
1053:See:
838:Honda
814:Honda
806:Rotax
506:Vespa
367:Honda
363:model
222:1966
3599:Fuel
3541:EFIS
3331:Bore
3023:Flat
2906:Rear
2268:Pony
2230:Mini
2202:Mini
1649:Watt
1584:Hemi
1525:Beam
1508:Type
1499:for
1372:2024
1346:2024
1277:2024
1182:ISBN
765:and
741:for
361:and
315:and
299:and
291:and
265:Saab
97:and
49:(or
2901:Mid
2754:E85
2744:NEV
2409:2+2
2324:Van
2319:Ute
2212:SUV
2078:Kei
2049:Car
1962:W30
1957:W24
1952:W18
1947:W16
1942:W12
1909:V24
1904:V20
1899:V18
1894:V16
1889:V14
1884:V12
1879:V10
1867:VR6
1855:VR5
1817:F16
1812:F12
1807:F10
1769:I14
1764:I12
1444:at
1156:doi
1152:112
1101:doi
477:Cox
293:FSM
289:FSO
269:DKW
3708::
2339:EU
1937:W8
1932:W6
1927:W3
1874:V8
1862:V6
1850:V5
1845:V4
1840:V3
1835:V2
1802:F8
1797:F6
1792:F4
1787:F2
1759:I9
1754:I8
1749:I7
1744:I6
1739:I5
1734:I4
1729:I3
1724:I2
1719:I1
1455:,
1348:.
1337:.
1226:.
1150:.
1146:.
1107:.
1097:22
1095:.
629:.
475:A
457:.
384:.
376:,
357:,
353:,
349:,
345:,
341:,
337:,
333:,
307:.
279:,
275:,
271:,
205:NO
179:,
101:.
53:)
45:A
3125:e
3118:t
3111:v
3010:)
3006:(
2801:)
2786:)
2756:)
2746:)
2041:e
2034:t
2027:v
2003:X
1998:U
1983:H
1919:W
1489:e
1482:t
1475:v
1462:.
1388:.
1374:.
1322:.
1279:.
1251:.
1230:.
1211:.
1190:.
1162:.
1158::
1115:.
1103::
1043:.
749:(
207:x
34:.
20:)
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