1343:(ITLOS) issued an advisory opinion concerning the legal responsibilities and obligations of states parties to the convention with respect to the sponsorship of activities in the area in accordance with Part XI of the convention and the 1994 agreement. The advisory opinion was issued in response to a formal request made by the International Seabed Authority following two prior applications the authority's Legal and Technical Commission had received from the Republic of Nauru and the Kingdom of Tonga regarding proposed activities (a plan of work to explore for polymetallic nodules) to be undertaken in the area by two state-sponsored contractors – Nauru Ocean Resources Inc. (sponsored by the Republic of Nauru) and Tonga Offshore Mining Ltd. (sponsored by the Kingdom of Tonga). The advisory opinion set forth the international legal responsibilities and obligations of sponsoring states and the authority to ensure that sponsored activities do not harm the marine environment, consistent with the applicable provisions of UNCLOS Part XI, Authority regulations, ITLOS case law, other international environmental treaties, and Principle 15 of the UN Rio Declaration.
542:, in that naval vessels are allowed to maintain postures that would be illegal in the territorial sea. "Innocent passage" is defined by the convention as passing through waters in an expeditious and continuous manner, which is not "prejudicial to the peace, good order or the security" of the coastal state. Fishing, polluting, weapons practice, and spying are not "innocent", and submarines and other underwater vehicles are required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag. Nations can also temporarily suspend innocent passage in specific areas of their territorial sea, if doing so is essential for the protection of their security.
1569:
1336:
convention. It mandated that key articles, including those on limitation of seabed production and mandatory technology transfer, would not be applied, that the United States, if it became a member, would be guaranteed a seat on the
Council of the International Seabed Authority, and finally, that voting would be done in groups, with each group able to block decisions on substantive matters. The 1994 Agreement also established a Finance Committee that would originate the financial decisions of the Authority, to which the largest donors would automatically be members and in which decisions would be made by consensus.
548:: The convention set the definition of "Archipelagic States" in Part IV, which also defines how the state can draw its territorial borders. A baseline is drawn between the outermost points of the outermost islands, subject to these points being sufficiently close to one another. All waters inside this baseline are designated "Archipelagic Waters". The state has sovereignty over these waters mostly to the extent it has over internal waters, but subject to existing rights including traditional fishing rights of immediately adjacent states. Foreign vessels have right of innocent passage through
1332:
consortia. Concurrently, the
Preparatory Commission was established to prepare for the eventual coming into force of the convention-recognized claims by applicants, sponsored by signatories of the convention. Overlaps between the two groups were resolved, but a decline in the demand for minerals from the seabed made the seabed regime significantly less relevant. In addition, the decline of communism in the late 1980s removed much of the support for some of the more contentious Part XI provisions.
1868:
1395:
3748:
1844:
1880:
1856:
611:'s outer edge, or 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastal state's baseline, whichever is greater. A state's continental shelf may exceed 200 nautical miles (370 km) until the natural prolongation ends. However, it may never exceed 350 nmi (650 km; 400 mi) from the baseline; nor may it exceed 100 nmi (190 km; 120 mi) beyond the 2,500 metres (8,200 ft)
128:
680:
40:
478:
2827:
615:(the line connecting the depth of 2 500 m). Coastal states have the right to harvest mineral and non-living material in the subsoil of their continental shelf, to the exclusion of others. Coastal states also have exclusive control over living resources "attached" to the continental shelf, but not to creatures living in the
1331:
From 1982 to 1990, the United States accepted all but Part XI as customary international law, while attempting to establish an alternative regime for exploitation of the minerals of the deep seabed. An agreement was made with other seabed mining nations and licenses were granted to four international
630:
Aside from its provisions defining ocean boundaries, the convention establishes general obligations for safeguarding the marine environment and protecting freedom of scientific research on the high seas, and also creates an innovative legal regime for controlling mineral resource exploitation in deep
468:
In 1960, the United
Nations held the second Conference on the Law of the Sea ("UNCLOS II"); however, the six-week Geneva conference did not result in any new agreements. Generally speaking, developing nations and third world countries participated only as clients, allies, or dependents of the United
301:
By 1967, only 25 nations still used the old three nautical mile limit, while 66 nations had set a 12-nautical-mile (22 km) territorial limit and eight had set a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) limit. As of 15 July 2011, only Jordan still uses the 3-mile (4.8 km) limit. That limit
523:: Covers all water and waterways on the landward side of the baseline. The coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. Foreign vessels have no right of passage within internal waters. A vessel in the high seas assumes jurisdiction under the internal laws of its flag state.
1327:
to the provisions of Part XI of the convention on several grounds, arguing that the treaty was unfavorable to
American economic and security interests. Due to Part XI, the United States refused to ratify the UNCLOS, although it expressed agreement with the remaining provisions of the convention.
1631:
The significance of UNCLOS stems from the fact that it systemizes and codifies the standards and principles of international maritime law, which are based on centuries of maritime experience and are expressed to a great extent in the United
Nations Charter and current international maritime law
1351:
Part XII of UNCLOS contains special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, obligating all states to collaborate in this matter, as well as placing special obligations on flag states to ensure that ships under their flags adhere to international environmental regulations, often
1335:
In 1990, consultations began between signatories and non-signatories (including the United States) over the possibility of modifying the convention to allow the industrialized countries to join the convention. The resulting 1994 Agreement on
Implementation was adopted as a binding international
1542:
The treaty has 75 articles and its main purpose is "to take stewardship of the world’s oceans for present and future generations, care for and protect the marine environment and ensure its responsible use, maintain the integrity of undersea ecosystems and conserve marine biological diversity’s
1524:(CB&TMT). The area-based management tools and environmental impact assessments relate mainly to conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity, while the marine genetic resources and capacity building and transfer of marine technology include issues of economic justice and equity.
1804:
592:
in 1947 was soon repeated elsewhere in the world, and by 1970 it was technically feasible to operate in waters 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) deep. Foreign nations have the freedom of navigation and overflight, subject to the regulation of the coastal states. Foreign states may also lay
1553:, was adopted in 1982 and entered into force in 1994. In 2023, UNCLOS is ratified by 167 states and the European Union; however, some states have yet to sign and ratify it. The European Union pledged financial support for the process of ratification and implementation of the treaty.
1496:
beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ). This was considered necessary because UNCLOS did not provide a framework for areas beyond national jurisdiction. There was a particular concern for marine biodiversity and the impact of overfishing on global fish stocks and ecosystem stability.
580:. Within this area, the coastal nation has sole exploitation rights over all natural resources. In casual use, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental shelf. The EEZs were introduced to halt the increasingly heated clashes over fishing rights, although
562:
limit, the contiguous zone. Here a state can continue to enforce laws in four specific areas (customs, taxation, immigration, and pollution) if the infringement started or is about to occur within the state's territory or territorial waters. This makes the contiguous zone a
3468:
1547:. It has articles regarding the "polluter-pays" principle, and different impacts of human activities including areas beyond the national jurisdiction of the countries making those activities. The agreement was adopted by the 193 United Nations Member States.
2712:
1530:
called it "the biggest conservation victory ever". The main achievement is the new possibility to create marine protected areas in international waters. By doing so the agreement now makes it possible to protect 30% of the oceans by 2030 (part of the
1602:
The convention was opened for signature on 10 December 1982 and entered into force on 16 November 1994 upon deposition of the 60th instrument of ratification. The convention has been ratified by 170 parties, which includes 166 UN member states, 1
3443:
1227:
2430:
3416:
453:
4748:
4743:
497:
rather than majority vote. With more than 160 nations participating, the conference lasted until 1982. The resulting convention came into force on 16 November 1994, one year after the 60th state, Guyana, ratified the treaty.
1481:(UNCLOS). The text was finalised during an intergovernmental conference at the UN on 4 March 2023 and adopted on 19 June 2023. Both states and regional economic integration organizations can become parties to the treaty.
1563:
96:
1798:
1324:
1908:
2713:"Status of the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction - list of signatories"
3498:
1476:
for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. There is some controversy over the popularized name of the agreement. It is an agreement under the
3546:
2608:
Jennifer Frakes, The Common
Heritage of Mankind Principle and the Deep Seabed, Outer Space, and Antarctica: Will Developed and Developing Nations Reach a Compromise? Wisconsin International Law Journal. 2003;
4708:
3433:
1976:
533:
is free to set laws, regulate the use, and use any resource; in essence, the coastal State enjoys
Sovereign rights and sovereign jurisdiction within its territorial sea. Vessels were given the right of
2587:
4663:
4703:
2453:
1696:
294:. Other nations were quick to follow suit. Between 1946 and 1950, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador extended their rights to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) to cover their
4753:
3438:
1238:
2828:"Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General - on Int'l Legally Binding Instrument under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea | United Nations Secretary-General"
4528:
3401:
2394:
174:
The convention resulted from the third United
Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), which took place between 1973 and 1982. UNCLOS replaced the four treaties of the 1958
3144:
4713:
2372:
2263:
2096:
3818:
4278:
3536:
1775:
2066:
4673:
3953:
1246:
4523:
435:
4648:
2342:
1388:
Agreement under the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
1316:
Part XI of the convention provides for a regime relating to minerals on the seabed outside any state's territorial waters or exclusive economic zones (EEZ). It establishes an
4493:
4443:
2950:"Shake it Off: Negotiations suspended, but hope simmering, after a lack of consensus at the fifth intergovernmental conference on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction"
505:(EEZs), continental shelf jurisdiction, deep seabed mining, the exploitation regime, protection of the marine environment, scientific research, and settlement of disputes.
4738:
4723:
2678:
1827:
2644:
1689:
4718:
2874:
1941:
4758:
3963:
2002:
4688:
3704:
3393:
1745:
1340:
643:
501:
The convention introduced a number of provisions. The most significant issues covered were setting limits, navigation, archipelagic status and transit regimes,
131:
2659:
2024:
1968:
2173:
1549:
Before the treaty can enter into force, it needs to be ratified by at least 60 UN member states. This process is likely to take some time. The former treaty,
4628:
3793:
2676:
International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea Finally Renders Advisory Opinion Establishing that the Precautionary Principle is Incorporated Within UNCLOS Law
2579:
1682:
1119:
4373:
4023:
3898:
1787:
1763:
749:
2508:
4513:
4458:
1810:
867:
237:" concept, dating from the 17th century. According to this concept, national rights were limited to a specified belt of water extending from a nation's
2538:
4258:
3478:
1604:
2312:
4733:
4578:
4488:
3823:
3330:
1821:
2775:
4763:
4728:
4603:
3998:
2657:
Case No. 17 – Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities With Respect to Activities in the Area – Advisory Opinion
1303:
1277:
198:
106:
2801:
4148:
2402:
4693:
4683:
4038:
3136:
1232:
512:. (Normally, a sea baseline follows the low-water line, but when the coastline is deeply indented, has fringing islands or is highly unstable,
2364:
286:, but no agreements resulted. Using the customary international-law principle of a nation's right to protect its natural resources, President
4698:
4383:
3968:
3170:
2255:
2159:
2088:
3258:
UNEP Shelf Programme, UN organisation set up to assist States in delineating their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (370 km)
493:
convened in New York. In an attempt to reduce the possibility of groups of nation-states dominating the negotiations, the conference used a
4678:
4558:
4393:
4328:
3594:
3428:
2050:
1468:
The United Nations agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction or BBNJ Agreement, also referred to by some stakeholders as the
4668:
3788:
3473:
3406:
1353:
1267:
1222:
1188:
1069:
441:
214:
4108:
3599:
3366:
2060:
2334:
317:
UNCLOS does not deal with matters of territorial disputes or to resolve issues of sovereignty, as that field is governed by rules of
186:
to be added as an instrument of the convention, to protect ocean life in international waters. This would provide measures including
4498:
4468:
4448:
4243:
4078:
3923:
2306:
1568:
270:
In the early 20th century, some nations expressed their desire to extend national claims: to include mineral resources, to protect
4658:
4548:
4518:
4413:
4333:
3978:
3958:
3853:
3783:
3773:
3483:
2675:
1272:
218:
17:
4633:
4563:
4463:
4438:
4303:
4293:
4263:
4228:
4223:
4068:
3973:
3938:
3863:
3848:
3666:
3277:
3011:
2232:
2198:
1721:
1513:
1485:
717:
325:
191:
2126:
4508:
4473:
4338:
4268:
4218:
4143:
4098:
3838:
3828:
3699:
3493:
3203:
1715:
1632:
norms, such as the Geneva Conventions of 1958. A large portion of these requirements were further strengthened and expanded.
1492:(IGC) to consider establishing an international legally binding instrument (ILBI) on the conservation and sustainable use of
1377:
1317:
632:
558:: Beyond the 12-nautical-mile (22 km) limit, there is a further 12 nautical miles (22 km) from the territorial sea
222:
3541:
3228:
2866:
1364:
with broadened jurisdictional rights for enforcing international environmental regulation within their territory and on the
1937:
328:
has a target regarding conservative and sustainable use of oceans and their resources in line with UNCLOS legal framework.
4643:
4608:
4553:
4538:
4533:
4483:
4478:
4403:
4388:
4363:
4288:
4238:
4183:
4123:
4018:
4013:
3928:
3918:
3903:
3868:
3526:
2737:
3569:
3282:
3208:
1834:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4598:
4583:
4453:
4423:
4418:
4348:
4313:
4308:
4298:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4163:
4153:
4133:
4128:
4093:
4073:
4053:
4043:
4028:
4008:
3983:
3893:
3878:
3873:
3858:
3843:
3833:
3813:
3808:
3798:
3714:
3564:
3349:
3323:
3262:
3193:
1998:
1972:
1505:
1489:
307:
4638:
4593:
4588:
4543:
4428:
4398:
4378:
4353:
4283:
4273:
4233:
4198:
4188:
4173:
4113:
4103:
4088:
4058:
3993:
3933:
3913:
3908:
3883:
3411:
2936:
2851:
1296:
447:
318:
175:
3037:
2656:
4573:
4503:
4433:
4408:
4368:
4343:
4323:
4318:
4253:
4178:
4168:
4158:
4138:
4118:
4083:
4063:
4033:
4003:
3948:
3888:
3803:
3488:
3453:
2482:
1815:
1183:
1109:
636:
206:
1999:"Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements"
4568:
4358:
4248:
4193:
4048:
3988:
3943:
3267:
1769:
992:
494:
250:
2560:
4653:
3656:
3386:
3376:
3188:
3185:
3063:
2504:
1205:
921:
502:
460:
Although UNCLOS I was considered a success, it left open the important issue of breadth of territorial waters.
298:
fishing grounds. Other nations extended their territorial seas to 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi).
3778:
3722:
3636:
3381:
3316:
2530:
1650:
660:
states are given a right of access to and from the sea, without taxation of traffic through transit states.
570:
1508:, including the fair and equitable sharing of benefits; (2) area-based management tools (ABMTs), including
2286:
1378:
High seas fisheries management § Agreement on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ Treaty)
1289:
3503:
3641:
3588:
1781:
1739:
1544:
1509:
1082:
936:
187:
1320:(ISA) to authorize seabed exploration and mining and collect and distribute the seabed mining royalty.
2949:
1805:
US/USSR Joint Statement on Uniform Acceptance of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage
3661:
3531:
1733:
1670:
1152:
898:
701:
604:
259:
254:
210:
163:
that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities. As of July 2024, 169
3691:
1710:
845:
549:
545:
234:
2089:"The Freedom of the Seas (Latin and English version, Magoffin trans.) – Online Library of Liberty"
3676:
3371:
2989:
1792:
1660:
1608:
961:
830:
761:
708:
657:
608:
594:
513:
2948:
Tiller, Rachel; Mendenhall, Elizabeth; De Santo, Elizabeth; Nyman, Elizabeth (1 February 2023).
2666:, Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (1 February 2011)
2431:"The Seizure and Recovery of the S.S. Mayaguez: Legal Analysis of United States Claims, Part 1"
1898:
3740:
3631:
3626:
3166:
2981:
2919:
2445:
2302:
2165:
2155:
2056:
1521:
1517:
1501:
1251:
1168:
1057:
1002:
857:
812:
766:
694:
600:
538:
through any territorial sea, with strategic straits allowing the passage of military craft as
291:
279:
205:
and accession and the UN provides support for meetings of states party to the convention, the
3469:
London Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
2751:"Intergovernmental Conference on Marine Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction |"
1539:, it also serves as a step towards protecting the ecosystems that store carbon in sediments.
1453:(8) Belize, Chile, Cuba, Mauritius, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Palau, Seychelles
3646:
3458:
2971:
2961:
2909:
2294:
2256:"Table of claims to maritime jurisdiction (as at 15 July 2011)/maritime spaces of countries"
1899:
Sailing with TWAIL: A Historical Inquiry into Third World Perspectives on the Law of the Sea
1872:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1394:
1212:
1019:
877:
862:
819:
744:
728:
535:
295:
242:
183:
2619:
3681:
3651:
3621:
3508:
3463:
2898:"The Voice of Science on Marine Biodiversity Negotiations: A Systematic Literature Review"
2682:
2663:
2119:"Chapter 1: International Law, Adoption of the Law of the Sea Convention – Law of the Sea"
1884:
1867:
1178:
1147:
1092:
1087:
1047:
840:
555:
539:
526:
520:
287:
3089:
3671:
3339:
3111:
2716:
1757:
1751:
1620:
1583:
1536:
1076:
1052:
1012:
1007:
926:
835:
802:
589:
577:
559:
509:
168:
3222:
3038:"What to know about the new U.N. high seas treaty – and the next steps for the accord"
2740:. By Nuala Burnett, Nikki Sutherland. Debate Pack, 25 April 2024. Number CDP 2024/0079
1879:
3767:
3735:
2993:
1860:
1727:
1173:
985:
951:
916:
911:
807:
792:
754:
723:
671:
530:
2228:
2206:
2001:. United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. 8 January 2010.
3448:
2776:"'High Seas Treaty' name is inaccurate and should center biodiversity (commentary)"
1855:
1718: – Intergovernmental body to regulate mineral-related activities on the seabed
1612:
1493:
1357:
1217:
902:
785:
780:
616:
585:
264:
202:
2118:
485:
The issue of varying claims of territorial waters was raised in the UN in 1967 by
3235:
2966:
508:
The convention set the limit of various areas, measured from a carefully defined
182:
became the 60th nation to ratify the treaty. In 2023, agreement was reached on a
3747:
3304:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3303:
3291:
Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
3290:
1938:"The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (A historical perspective)"
1843:
1665:
1064:
941:
931:
887:
564:
486:
271:
61:
3417:
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas
3272:
1795: – Coastal waters that are part of a sovereign state's sovereign territory
1360:
convention is an example of such regulation. Part XII also bestows coastal and
3752:
3295:
2914:
2897:
2298:
1848:
1818: – 1971 international agreement limiting nuclear weapons on the sea floor
1527:
1361:
1114:
825:
797:
135:
2985:
2923:
2449:
2169:
552:, but archipelagic states may limit innocent passage to designated sea lanes.
423:
In 1958, the United Nations held its first Conference on the Law of the Sea (
302:
is also used in certain Australian islands, an area of Belize, some Japanese
209:
has no direct operational role in the implementation of the convention. A UN
2700:
Enforcing International Maritime Legislation on Air Pollution through UNCLOS
1365:
1131:
1104:
1099:
1024:
967:
946:
882:
850:
624:
581:
311:
283:
275:
679:
529:: Up to 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres; 14 miles) from the baseline, the
454:
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas
290:
in 1945 extended United States control to all the natural resources of its
2149:
3217:
2976:
1532:
424:
2478:
39:
2580:"Deep-sea mining is making the seabed the hottest real estate on Earth"
2052:
Cornelius Van Bynkershoek: His Role in the History of International Law
1031:
997:
975:
956:
651:
647:
612:
164:
1564:
List of parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
477:
2564:
2365:"Professor Robert Beckman on the Role of UNCLOS in Maritime Disputes"
1799:
United States and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
1550:
1124:
872:
431:, Switzerland. UNCLOS I resulted in four treaties concluded in 1958:
428:
303:
246:
179:
160:
1940:. United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea.
469:
States or the Soviet Union, with no significant voice of their own.
233:
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea replaces the older "
3499:
Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
3257:
3090:"Newly Adopted UN High Seas Treaty Gives Ocean a 'Fighting Chance'"
3547:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina
2896:
Tessnow-von Wysocki, Ina; Vadrot, Alice B. M. (23 December 2020).
1567:
775:
770:
238:
4749:
Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
4744:
Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
3308:
1724: – Automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships
3434:
Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
3218:
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
2507:. United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea.
2125:. The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University.
1616:
980:
576:: These extend 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi) from the
18:
United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
3312:
3212:
3194:
List of countries that have ratified Law of the Sea Conventions
3537:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits (1936)
3005:
3003:
1909:
Judicialization of the Sea: Bargaining in the Shadow of UNCLOS
1478:
2620:"International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea: The Tribunal"
1801: – American involvement in drafting but non-ratification
3424:
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III)
217:, does play a role, however, as do other bodies such as the
2750:
2335:"Chagos: A boundary dispute tips over a sovereignty ruling"
3439:
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea
3298:, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the
3285:, procedural history note and audiovisual material on the
3209:
Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UNCLOS (2010)
1754: – International law concerning maritime environments
257:: free to all nations, but belonging to none of them (the
3402:
Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
3064:"Can the New High Seas Treaty Help Limit Global Warming?"
2937:
High Seas Treaty. Draft Agreement. Part II, III, IV and V
3198:
2260:
IILSS-International institute for Law of the Sea Studies
1535:
target). Though the agreement does not directly address
584:
was also becoming important. The success of an offshore
253:. All waters beyond national boundaries were considered
4709:
Treaties extended to the British Indian Ocean Territory
3204:
Permanent Court of Arbitration – Past and Pending Cases
2861:
2859:
2852:
High Seas Treaty. Draft agreement. Part XII, article 66
1907:
Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Andrew P. Owsiak (2021). "
1776:
Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits
1339:
On 1 February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the
241:, usually 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) (
225:(ISA), which was established by the convention itself.
3165:
capt. Enchev, V. (2012), Fundamentals of Maritime Law
3137:"UN states agree 'historic' deal to protect high seas"
631:
seabed areas beyond national jurisdiction, through an
335:
116:
Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
4664:
Treaties establishing intergovernmental organizations
1832:
644:
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
491:
Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
436:
Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
4704:
Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory
3223:
UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
2535:
UNCLOS PART II – TERRITORIAL SEA AND CONTIGUOUS ZONE
2291:
Navigational Restrictions within the New LOS Context
623:
The area outside these areas is referred to as the "
337:
Territorial waters claims by coastal states in 1960
3713:
3690:
3612:
3578:
3555:
3517:
3359:
3348:
3273:
Digital Map of the World's Exclusive Economic Zones
1772: – Security portions of customary maritime law
1449:
1441:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1401:
1387:
120:
112:
102:
92:
84:
76:
68:
57:
49:
2193:
2191:
1828:List of territories governed by the United Nations
4754:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands
3532:Treaty of Versailles, Part XII, Section VI (1919)
2687:ITSSD Journal on the UN Law of the Sea Convention
2645:Convention on Transit Trade of Land-locked States
2424:
2422:
2420:
1969:"United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea"
4529:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan
2563:. International Seabed Authority. Archived from
4714:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands
3595:UNEP regional seas conventions and action plans
3300:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
3062:Dryfoos, Delaney; Berwyn, Bob (14 March 2023).
1479:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
306:, certain areas of Papua New Guinea, and a few
178:. UNCLOS came into force in 1994, a year after
145:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
132:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
33:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
4279:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia
3112:"A brief introduction to the High Seas Treaty"
2867:"Governing areas beyond national jurisdiction"
1807: – 1989 statement of common understanding
1472:or Global Ocean Treaty, is a legally binding
4674:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles
3705:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
3394:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
3324:
3287:1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea
3199:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
1824: – Issues around EU cable infrastructure
1778: – 1936 agreement on the Turkish Straits
1746:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
1690:
1500:The treaty addresses four themes: (1) marine
1341:International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
1297:
8:
4524:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3229:"Technical aspects of the UN Law of the Sea"
3012:"How people power helped protect the oceans"
2055:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 150.
1766: – Evaluation of action by Israeli navy
1742: – International maritime legal concept
1382:
1347:Part XII – Protecting the marine environment
481:Sea areas in international rights (Top view)
32:
4649:Treaties entered into by the European Union
3819:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola
2369:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs
1788:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
1784: – Naval blockade of Adriatic, 1993–96
1764:Legal assessments of the Gaza flotilla raid
4494:Treaties of the Somali Democratic Republic
3954:Treaties of the People's Republic of China
3356:
3331:
3317:
3309:
3088:Hemingway Jaynes, Cristen (20 June 2023).
1811:United Nations General Assembly resolution
1697:
1683:
1639:
1393:
1381:
1304:
1290:
667:
603:: The continental shelf is defined as the
321:on the acquisition and loss of territory.
31:
4739:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands
4724:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands
3479:International Plant Protection Convention
2975:
2965:
2913:
2151:Modern piracy : a reference handbook
1932:
1930:
1928:
1582: Parties, dually represented by the
249:shot" rule developed by the Dutch jurist
2531:"SECTION 4. CONTIGUOUS ZONE, Article 33"
1822:European Union submarine internet cables
1405:International legally binding instrument
516:may be used.) The areas are as follows:
476:
4719:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands
2802:"Protecting the ocean, time for action"
2738:Ratification of the Global Ocean Treaty
1924:
1839:
1730: – Law of the oceans and their use
1642:
1543:inherent value". The treaty recognizes
1278:London Maritime Arbitrators Association
1259:
1160:
1139:
1039:
897:
736:
686:
670:
199:secretary-general of the United Nations
107:Secretary-General of the United Nations
4759:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands
2429:Major Thomas E. Behuniak (Fall 1978).
1944:from the original on 15 September 2022
1913:American Journal of International Law.
1748: – Intergovernmental organization
1233:International Convention on Load Lines
274:, and to provide the means to enforce
3964:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo
2643:This principle was developed in the
2235:from the original on 25 February 2021
2099:from the original on 16 November 2020
1963:
1961:
1959:
1903:Chinese Journal of International Law.
450:, entry into force: 30 September 1962
438:, entry into force: 10 September 1964
7:
4689:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man
3429:United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement
2485:from the original on 17 October 2013
2375:from the original on 10 October 2021
2345:from the original on 10 October 2021
642:The convention also established the
4629:Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic
3794:Treaties entered into force in 1994
3474:Ballast Water Management Convention
3407:Convention on the Continental Shelf
3268:EEZ/CS Boundaries Canadian Database
2444:. Department of the Army: 114–121.
2266:from the original on 6 October 2022
2154:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.
1268:International Maritime Organization
1223:Ballast Water Management Convention
1189:International Convention on Salvage
1070:The captain goes down with the ship
619:beyond the exclusive economic zone.
442:Convention on the Continental Shelf
215:International Maritime Organization
4374:Treaties of the State of Palestine
4024:Treaties of the Dominican Republic
3899:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina
3600:List of maritime boundary treaties
3367:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
3296:Introductory note by Tullio Treves
3283:Introductory note by Tullio Treves
3278:SOPAC Maritime Boundaries Database
2877:from the original on 18 March 2022
2590:from the original on 28 April 2021
2511:from the original on 21 April 2021
2315:from the original on 17 April 2021
2129:from the original on 14 April 2021
2069:from the original on 10 March 2023
2025:"United Nations Treaty Collection"
2005:from the original on 14 April 2009
25:
4514:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis
4459:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro
4444:Treaties of SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
3147:from the original on 5 March 2023
2806:oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu
1760: – Principle of maritime law
456:, entry into force: 20 March 1966
4259:Treaties of the Marshall Islands
3746:
3589:UN FAO regional fisheries bodies
3542:Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979)
3484:International Health Regulations
3036:Kim, Juliana; Treisman, Rachel.
2541:from the original on 23 May 2021
2176:from the original on 20 May 2021
2049:Akashi, Kinji (2 October 1998).
1979:from the original on 18 May 2021
1897:Enyew, Endalew Lijalem (2022). "
1878:
1866:
1854:
1842:
1643:International ownership treaties
1514:environmental impact assessments
1460:This section is an excerpt from
678:
444:, entry into force: 10 June 1964
219:International Whaling Commission
192:environmental impact assessments
126:
38:
4734:Treaties extended to Montserrat
4579:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago
4489:Treaties of the Solomon Islands
3824:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda
3667:Law of carriage of goods by sea
2123:Law of the Sea: A Policy Primer
1722:Automatic identification system
1488:(UNGA) had voted to convene an
1486:United Nations General Assembly
718:Ordinamenta et consuetudo maris
326:Sustainable Development Goal 14
4764:Treaties extended to Greenland
4729:Treaties extended to Gibraltar
4604:Treaties of the United Kingdom
3999:Treaties of the Czech Republic
3700:International Seabed Authority
3494:Terrestrial Animal Health Code
2578:Jon Copley (7 November 2020).
2287:"transit regions of the world"
1716:International Seabed Authority
1611:), two non-member states (the
1318:International Seabed Authority
664:Part XI and the 1994 Agreement
633:International Seabed Authority
223:International Seabed Authority
1:
4694:Treaties extended to Anguilla
4684:Treaties extended to Guernsey
4039:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea
3527:Copenhagen Convention of 1857
2289:. In Roach, J. Ashley (ed.).
2203:www.offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk
1736: – Regulation of fishing
1273:Comité Maritime International
1239:International Regulations for
1195:United Nations Convention on
607:of the land territory to the
4699:Treaties extended to Bermuda
4384:Treaties of Papua New Guinea
3969:Treaties of the Cook Islands
3565:Convention of Constantinople
2967:10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105457
2561:"Documents and Publications"
2285:Alexander, Lewis M. (2017).
1973:United Nations Treaty Series
1506:Digital sequence information
1490:intergovernmental conference
1241:Preventing Collisions at Sea
308:British Overseas Territories
282:called a 1930 conference at
4679:Treaties extended to Jersey
4559:Treaties of North Macedonia
4394:Treaties of the Philippines
4329:Treaties of the Netherlands
3412:Convention on the High Seas
2902:Frontiers in Marine Science
2780:Mongabay Environmental News
1260:International organizations
448:Convention on the High Seas
319:customary international law
176:Convention on the High Seas
4780:
4669:Treaties extended to Aruba
4149:Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq
3789:Treaties concluded in 1982
3489:Aquatic Animal Health Code
3454:Seabed Arms Control Treaty
2736:House of Commons Library.
1816:Seabed Arms Control Treaty
1561:
1459:
1375:
1184:Maritime Labour Convention
637:common heritage of mankind
489:of Malta, and in 1973 the
207:United Nations Secretariat
27:International maritime law
4109:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau
3731:
2915:10.3389/fmars.2020.614282
2698:Jesper Jarl Fanø (2019).
2662:27 September 2011 at the
2299:10.1163/9789004327115_006
1770:Maritime Security Regimes
1437:Ratification by 60 states
1392:
1161:International conventions
251:Cornelius van Bynkershoek
153:Law of the Sea Convention
125:
37:
4499:Treaties of South Africa
4469:Treaties of Sierra Leone
4449:Treaties of Saudi Arabia
4244:Treaties of the Maldives
4079:Treaties of East Germany
3924:Treaties of Burkina Faso
3657:International piracy law
3570:Torrijos–Carter Treaties
3387:Fourth Geneva Convention
3377:Second Geneva Convention
1206:International piracy law
1197:the Law of the Sea
627:" or simply "the Area".
571:Exclusive economic zones
503:exclusive economic zones
263:principle propounded by
201:receives instruments of
4659:Law of the sea treaties
4549:Treaties of Switzerland
4519:Treaties of Saint Lucia
4414:Treaties of South Korea
4334:Treaties of New Zealand
3979:Treaties of Ivory Coast
3959:Treaties of the Comoros
3854:Treaties of the Bahamas
3784:United Nations treaties
3774:1994 in the environment
3723:Geneva Naval Conference
3637:Exclusive economic zone
3382:Third Geneva Convention
3263:UNCLOS Italian Database
2254:IILSS (25 April 2021).
1651:Antarctic Treaty System
1228:Anti-fouling Convention
4634:Treaties of Yugoslavia
4564:Treaties of East Timor
4464:Treaties of Seychelles
4439:Treaties of San Marino
4304:Treaties of Mozambique
4294:Treaties of Montenegro
4264:Treaties of Mauritania
4229:Treaties of Madagascar
4224:Treaties of Luxembourg
4069:Treaties of the Gambia
3974:Treaties of Costa Rica
3939:Treaties of Cape Verde
3864:Treaties of Bangladesh
3849:Treaties of Azerbaijan
3587:Treaties establishing
3213:Contents & Indexes
2148:Marley, David (2011).
1599:
1510:marine protected areas
1325:United States objected
482:
188:Marine Protected Areas
44:Logo of the Convention
4509:Treaties of Sri Lanka
4474:Treaties of Singapore
4339:Treaties of Nicaragua
4269:Treaties of Mauritius
4219:Treaties of Lithuania
4144:Treaties of Indonesia
4099:Treaties of Guatemala
3839:Treaties of Australia
3829:Treaties of Argentina
3642:Freedom of navigation
3520:international straits
3398:UNCLOS I Conventions
2681:17 April 2021 at the
2505:"UNCLOS 3 Article 51"
2339:www.lowyinstitute.org
1782:Operation Sharp Guard
1740:Freedom of navigation
1571:
1545:traditional knowledge
480:
245:), according to the "
157:Law of the Sea Treaty
4644:Treaties of Zimbabwe
4609:Treaties of Tanzania
4554:Treaties of Thailand
4539:Treaties of Eswatini
4534:Treaties of Suriname
4484:Treaties of Slovenia
4479:Treaties of Slovakia
4404:Treaties of Portugal
4389:Treaties of Paraguay
4364:Treaties of Pakistan
4289:Treaties of Mongolia
4239:Treaties of Malaysia
4184:Treaties of Kiribati
4124:Treaties of Honduras
4019:Treaties of Dominica
4014:Treaties of Djibouti
3929:Treaties of Cameroon
3919:Treaties of Bulgaria
3904:Treaties of Botswana
3869:Treaties of Barbados
3692:International courts
3662:International waters
2405:on 30 September 2020
2293:. pp. 143–173.
1734:Fisheries management
1671:International waters
1153:Vice admiralty court
899:Contract of carriage
702:Corpus Juris Civilis
605:natural prolongation
255:international waters
161:international treaty
4624:Treaties of Vietnam
4619:Treaties of Vanuatu
4614:Treaties of Uruguay
4599:Treaties of Ukraine
4584:Treaties of Tunisia
4454:Treaties of Senegal
4424:Treaties of Romania
4419:Treaties of Moldova
4349:Treaties of Nigeria
4314:Treaties of Namibia
4309:Treaties of Myanmar
4299:Treaties of Morocco
4214:Treaties of Liberia
4209:Treaties of Lesotho
4204:Treaties of Lebanon
4164:Treaties of Jamaica
4154:Treaties of Ireland
4134:Treaties of Iceland
4129:Treaties of Hungary
4094:Treaties of Grenada
4074:Treaties of Germany
4054:Treaties of Finland
4044:Treaties of Estonia
4029:Treaties of Ecuador
4009:Treaties of Denmark
3984:Treaties of Croatia
3894:Treaties of Bolivia
3879:Treaties of Belgium
3874:Treaties of Belarus
3859:Treaties of Bahrain
3844:Treaties of Austria
3834:Treaties of Armenia
3814:Treaties of Algeria
3809:Treaties of Albania
3799:Maritime boundaries
3558:global significance
3068:Inside Climate News
2459:on 28 December 2016
2438:Military Law Review
2093:oll.libertyfund.org
1711:Virginia Commentary
1384:
550:archipelagic waters
546:Archipelagic waters
338:
324:The United Nations
235:freedom of the seas
151:), also called the
34:
4639:Treaties of Zambia
4594:Treaties of Uganda
4589:Treaties of Tuvalu
4544:Treaties of Sweden
4429:Treaties of Russia
4399:Treaties of Poland
4379:Treaties of Panama
4354:Treaties of Norway
4284:Treaties of Monaco
4274:Treaties of Mexico
4234:Treaties of Malawi
4199:Treaties of Latvia
4189:Treaties of Kuwait
4174:Treaties of Jordan
4114:Treaties of Guyana
4104:Treaties of Guinea
4089:Treaties of Greece
4059:Treaties of France
3994:Treaties of Cyprus
3934:Treaties of Canada
3914:Treaties of Brunei
3909:Treaties of Brazil
3884:Treaties of Belize
3677:Territorial waters
3556:Maritime canals of
3372:Geneva Conventions
3186:Text of the treaty
2782:. 19 February 2024
2702:. Hart Publishing.
2537:. United Nations.
2229:"Three mile limit"
2209:on 4 November 2020
2199:"Three Mile Limit"
1793:Territorial waters
1661:Outer Space Treaty
1600:
762:Maritime transport
609:continental margin
514:straight baselines
483:
406:More than 12-miles
336:
276:pollution controls
211:specialized agency
4574:Treaties of Tonga
4504:Treaties of Spain
4434:Treaties of Samoa
4409:Treaties of Qatar
4369:Treaties of Palau
4344:Treaties of Niger
4324:Treaties of Nepal
4319:Treaties of Nauru
4254:Treaties of Malta
4179:Treaties of Kenya
4169:Treaties of Japan
4159:Treaties of Italy
4139:Treaties of India
4119:Treaties of Haiti
4084:Treaties of Ghana
4064:Treaties of Gabon
4034:Treaties of Egypt
4004:Treaties of Zaire
3949:Treaties of Chile
3889:Treaties of Benin
3804:Boundary treaties
3761:
3760:
3741:International law
3632:Custom of the sea
3627:Continental shelf
3608:
3607:
3504:Hague–Visby Rules
3171:978-954-8991-69-8
2873:. 29 March 2019.
2395:"Goal 14 targets"
2161:978-1-59884-434-4
1707:
1706:
1605:UN Observer state
1597: Non-parties
1591: Signatories
1522:marine technology
1518:capacity building
1504:(MGRs) and their
1502:genetic resources
1457:
1456:
1421:20 September 2023
1314:
1313:
1252:Athens Convention
1218:MARPOL Convention
1169:Hague-Visby Rules
1058:Freight forwarder
1003:Proof of delivery
858:Maritime security
695:Code of Hammurabi
601:Continental shelf
495:consensus process
421:
420:
345:Number of states
292:continental shelf
280:League of Nations
141:
140:
16:(Redirected from
4771:
4569:Treaties of Togo
4359:Treaties of Oman
4249:Treaties of Mali
4194:Treaties of Laos
4049:Treaties of Fiji
3989:Treaties of Cuba
3944:Treaties of Chad
3751:
3750:
3647:Innocent passage
3613:Main and related
3591:and arrangements
3459:SOLAS Convention
3357:
3342:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3310:
3254:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3240:
3234:. Archived from
3233:
3173:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3143:. 5 March 2023.
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2979:
2969:
2945:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2863:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2747:
2741:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2673:
2667:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2452:. Archived from
2435:
2426:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2401:. Archived from
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2205:. Archived from
2195:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1965:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1934:
1883:
1882:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1858:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1640:
1596:
1590:
1581:
1575:
1520:and transfer of
1516:(EIAs); and (4)
1470:High Seas Treaty
1462:High Seas Treaty
1397:
1385:
1372:High Seas Treaty
1306:
1299:
1292:
1213:SOLAS Convention
1200:
1065:Captain (Master)
863:Letter of marque
820:Marine insurance
729:Hanseatic League
682:
668:
536:innocent passage
339:
296:Humboldt Current
243:three-mile limit
184:High Seas Treaty
130:
129:
80:60 ratifications
72:16 November 1994
53:10 December 1982
42:
35:
21:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4654:1982 in Jamaica
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3745:
3727:
3709:
3686:
3682:Transit passage
3652:Internal waters
3622:Contiguous zone
3614:
3604:
3580:
3574:
3557:
3551:
3519:
3513:
3509:Rotterdam Rules
3464:STCW Convention
3444:OPRC Convention
3351:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3252:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3227:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3072:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3046:
3044:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3020:
3018:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2931:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2878:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2850:
2846:
2836:
2834:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2697:
2693:
2689:(22 March 2011)
2683:Wayback Machine
2674:
2670:
2664:Wayback Machine
2655:
2651:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2567:on 13 May 2008.
2559:
2558:
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2544:
2542:
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2502:
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2238:
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2227:
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2222:
2212:
2210:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2162:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2063:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2029:treaties.un.org
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1967:
1966:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1921:
1894:
1892:Further reading
1889:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1841:
1833:
1703:
1638:
1629:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1465:
1380:
1374:
1352:adopted by the
1349:
1310:
1243:
1240:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1179:Rotterdam Rules
1148:Admiralty court
1088:Freight company
1079:
841:General average
822:
793:Merchant marine
699:
666:
595:submarine pipes
556:Contiguous zone
540:transit passage
527:Territorial sea
521:Internal waters
475:
466:
334:
288:Harry S. Truman
231:
127:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4777:
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4321:
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4296:
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3856:
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3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3779:Law of the sea
3776:
3766:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3753:Law portal
3743:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3672:Law of salvage
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3584:
3582:
3579:Other regional
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3539:
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3529:
3523:
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3515:
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3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
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3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
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3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3354:
3350:Sources of law
3346:
3345:
3341:Law of the sea
3338:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3293:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3241:on 24 May 2013
3225:
3220:
3215:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3181:
3180:External links
3178:
3175:
3174:
3158:
3128:
3103:
3080:
3054:
3028:
3010:Flores, Gaby.
2999:
2940:
2929:
2888:
2855:
2844:
2819:
2808:. 4 March 2023
2793:
2767:
2742:
2729:
2717:United Nations
2704:
2691:
2668:
2649:
2636:
2611:
2601:
2570:
2552:
2522:
2496:
2470:
2416:
2386:
2371:. 6 May 2021.
2356:
2326:
2307:
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2220:
2187:
2160:
2140:
2110:
2080:
2062:978-9041105998
2061:
2041:
2016:
1990:
1955:
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1922:
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1790:
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1779:
1773:
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1761:
1758:Law of salvage
1755:
1752:Law of the sea
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
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1704:
1702:
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1694:
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1673:
1668:
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1658:
1656:Law of the Sea
1653:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1621:European Union
1593:
1587:
1584:European Union
1578:
1572:
1562:Main article:
1559:
1556:
1537:climate change
1466:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1445:91 countries
1443:
1439:
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1435:
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1427:
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1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1389:
1383:BBNJ Agreement
1373:
1370:
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1311:
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1301:
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1247:SAR Convention
1244:
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1208:
1193:
1191:
1186:
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927:Bill of lading
924:
919:
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906:
905:
895:
894:
893:
892:
891:
890:
888:Wartime prizes
885:
880:
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870:
865:
855:
854:
853:
848:
843:
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833:
828:
817:
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810:
805:
803:Passenger ship
800:
790:
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783:
778:
773:
759:
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757:
752:
739:
738:
734:
733:
732:
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726:
721:
714:
713:
712:
697:
689:
688:
684:
683:
675:
674:
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621:
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598:
590:Gulf of Mexico
568:
553:
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169:European Union
139:
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26:
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14:
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10:
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2:
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3737:
3736:Admiralty law
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2977:11250/3132690
2973:
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2954:Marine Policy
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1494:biodiversity
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1413:4 March 2023
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903:Charterparty
813:Registration
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617:water column
586:oil platform
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382:9-mile limit
374:6-mile limit
366:5-mile limit
358:4-mile limit
350:3-mile limit
323:
316:
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265:Hugo Grotius
260:mare liberum
258:
232:
203:ratification
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3116:www.gard.no
2009:24 February
1666:Moon Treaty
1442:Signatories
1362:port states
1140:Judiciaries
942:Consignment
639:principle.
597:and cables.
565:hot pursuit
487:Arvid Pardo
414:Unspecified
272:fish stocks
85:Signatories
62:Montego Bay
3768:Categories
3352:of the sea
3092:. Ecowatch
3016:Greenpeace
2960:: 105457.
2832:www.un.org
2755:www.un.org
2722:7 December
2594:8 November
2545:19 January
2489:16 October
2479:"UNCLOS I"
2379:10 October
2349:10 October
2103:27 January
1983:1 December
1919:References
1619:) and the
1528:Greenpeace
1474:instrument
1376:See also:
962:Commercial
937:Chartering
851:Total loss
826:Act of God
798:Cargo ship
658:Landlocked
473:UNCLOS III
310:, such as
239:coastlines
229:Background
197:While the
136:Wikisource
103:Depositary
3581:and local
3253:(4.89 MB)
3141:France 24
2994:255023969
2986:0308-597X
2924:2296-7745
2450:0026-4040
2170:699488885
1901:". 21(3)
1873:Transport
1609:Palestine
1434:Condition
1366:high seas
1132:Stevedore
1110:Principal
1105:Consignor
1100:Consignee
1083:Charterer
968:Pro forma
947:Demurrage
932:Brokerage
883:Smuggling
878:Pollution
836:Collision
625:high seas
464:UNCLOS II
312:Gibraltar
284:The Hague
121:Full text
113:Languages
77:Condition
69:Effective
64:, Jamaica
3615:concepts
3518:Specific
3145:Archived
2875:Archived
2679:Archived
2660:Archived
2588:Archived
2539:Archived
2515:29 March
2509:Archived
2483:Archived
2373:Archived
2343:Archived
2313:Archived
2270:21 April
2264:Archived
2233:Archived
2174:Archived
2127:Archived
2097:Archived
2067:Archived
2003:Archived
1977:Archived
1948:30 April
1942:Archived
1885:Politics
1636:See also
1533:30 by 30
1429:New York
1426:Location
1199:(UNCLOS)
993:Manifest
986:Maritime
922:Barratry
808:Mortgage
767:Shipping
737:Features
635:and the
578:baseline
560:baseline
510:baseline
425:UNCLOS I
332:UNCLOS I
221:and the
167:and the
159:, is an
58:Location
3715:History
3302:in the
3289:in the
3151:5 March
3096:23 June
3073:22 July
3047:9 March
3021:9 March
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2629:29 July
2463:21 July
2073:12 July
2034:29 July
1835:Portals
1558:Parties
1450:Parties
1410:Drafted
1093:Manager
1077:Carrier
1040:Parties
1032:Waybill
1008:Salvage
976:Laytime
957:Invoice
781:Freight
750:Illegal
745:Fishing
709:Digesta
687:History
652:Germany
648:Hamburg
613:isobath
588:in the
304:straits
155:or the
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1125:Mutiny
1120:Seaman
1053:Factor
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873:Piracy
574:(EEZs)
429:Geneva
278:. The
247:cannon
213:, the
180:Guyana
165:States
149:UNCLOS
50:Signed
3239:(PDF)
3232:(PDF)
3189:(pdf)
2990:S2CID
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2434:(PDF)
1115:Owner
1048:Agent
1020:Terms
868:Drugs
831:Cargo
776:Cargo
771:Ferry
567:area.
427:) at
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3153:2023
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2871:IUCN
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2399:UNDP
2381:2021
2351:2021
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