1205:, claimed at the IMF World Bank annual meetings in Tokyo in October 2012 that women could rescue Japan's stagnating economy, if more of them took paid jobs instead of doing unpaid care work. A 2010 Goldman Sachs report had calculated that Japan's GDP would rise by 15 percent, if the participation of Japanese women in the paid labour force was increased from 60 percent to 80 percent, matching that of men. The difficulty with this kind of argument is, that domestic and care work would still need to be done by someone, meaning women and men would need to share household responsibilities more equally, or rely on public- or private-sector provided child and eldercare. According to the
929:
entries and estimation procedures impacting on the totals), there are often discrepancies between the totals cited for the same accounting period in different publications issued in different years. The "first final figures" may in fact be retrospectively revised several times because of new sources, methods or conceptual changes. The yearly revisions may be quantitatively slight, but cumulatively across e.g. ten years they may alter a trend significantly. This is something the researcher should bear in mind in seeking to obtain a consistent data set.
50:
957:
United States), which requires by agreement that the member states of the union will physically supply standardized data sets, for the purpose of inter-state comparisons, even if the countries themselves might not have so much use for the data supplied. Thus, there may be "external incentives" for the production of more comprehensive statistical information which affect some countries but are much less evident in others, where the information is required by some international body.
1195:. The valuation principle often applied is that of how much a service would cost, if it was purchased at market rates, instead of being voluntarily supplied. Sometimes an "opportunity cost" method is also used: in this case, statisticians estimate how much women could earn in a paid job if they were not doing unpaid housework. Typically, the results suggest that the value of unpaid housework is close to about half the value of GDP.
809:
1286:
for "indicative trends". One can, for example, observe that if variables X, Y, and Z go up, then variable P will go up as well, in a specific proportionality. In that case, one may not need to survey P or its components directly, it is sufficient to get trend data for X, Y, and Z and feed them into a mathematical model which then predicts what the values for P will be at each interval of time.
821:
953:
population census began to be organized by the government only much more recently, and most universities started much later) do not. What matters in this sense is, above all, whether a society sees the value of statistics, makes extensive use of statistical expertise for analytical and policy purposes and therefore is sympathetic to investing in the statistical enterprise.
1253:" may also include the value of stock options received as income by corporate officers. Thus, it is argued, the accounts have to be substantially re-aggregated, to obtain a true picture of income generated and distributed in the economy. The problem there is that the detailed information to do it is often not made available, or is available only at a prohibitive cost.
884:, the first international standard being published in 1953. Handbooks have been released for the 1968 revision, the 1993 revision, and the 2008 revision. The System of National Accounts, in its various released versions, frequently with significant local adaptations, has been adopted by many nations. It continues to evolve and is maintained by the United Nations, the
1245:– and workers' earnings are overestimated since the account shows the total labour costs to the employer rather than the "factor income" which workers actually get. If one is interested in what incomes people actually get, how much they own, or how much they borrow, national accounts often do not provide the required information.
1289:
Because statistical surveys are very costly or may be difficult to organize, or because the data has to be produced rapidly to meet a deadline, statisticians often try to find cheaper, quicker, and more efficient methods to produce the data, by means of inferences from data that they already have, or
1256:
US government statisticians admit frankly that "Unfortunately, the finance sector is one of the more poorly measured sectors in national accounts". The oddity of this is, that the finance sector nowadays dominates international transactions, and strongly influences the developmental path of the world
944:
economic activity in some countries is much more difficult to measure accurately than in others (for example, a large grey economy, widespread illiteracy, a lack of cash economy, survey access difficulties because of geographic factors or socio-political instability, very large mobility of people and
1285:
The data quality has also often been criticized on the ground that what pretends to be "data" in reality often consists only of estimates extrapolated from mathematical models, not direct observations. These models are designed to predict what particular data values ought to be, based on sample data
1248:
Additionally, it is argued by
Marxists that the SNA aggregate "compensation of employees" does not distinguish adequately between pre-tax and post-tax wage income, the income of higher corporate officers, and deferred income (employee and employer contributions to social insurance schemes of various
1187:
The intention of those who would like to produce this kind of standard data might be perfectly honorable, but the production of the data has to be practically justifiable in terms of technical feasibility and utility. Attaching an imaginary price to housework might not be the best data to have about
1281:
Both the strength and the weaknesses of national accounts are that they are based on an enormous variety of data sources. The strength consists in the fact that a lot of cross-checking between data sources and data sets can occur, to assess the credibility of the estimates. The weakness is that the
1273:
For example, Jochen
Hartwig provides evidence to show that "the divergence in growth rates between the U.S. and the EU since 1997 can be explained almost entirely in terms of changes to deflation methods that have been introduced in the U.S. after 1997, but not – or only to a very limited extent –
1309:
A typical reply of statisticians to this kind of objection is that although it is preferable to have comprehensive survey data available as a basis for estimation, and although data errors and inaccuracies do occur, it is possible to find techniques that keep the margins of error within acceptable
1277:
The "magic" of national accounts is that they provide an instant source of detailed international comparisons, but, critics argue, on closer inspection, the numbers are not really so comparable as they are made out to be. The effect is that all sorts of easy comparisons are tossed around by policy
1113:
National accounts data are constructed from thousands of different data series, and the results are typically revised several times after the first official estimates are published. Therefore, the first estimates are rarely fully accurate in terms of the measurement concepts used. In addition, the
1014:
Almost all member countries of the United
Nations provide income and product accounts, but not necessarily a full set of standard accounts, or a full set of data, for the standard accounting information supplied. For example, standardized assets and liabilities accounts for households hardly exist
956:
although the United
Nations has rather little power to enforce the actual production of statistics to a given standard in member countries, even if international conventions are signed, some of the world's states are part of an international union (for example the European Union, the OECD, or the
1029:
Some examples are the construction of accounts for environmental resources, the measurement of the trade in services and of capital stocks, the treatment of insurance payments, the grey economy, employee compensation in the form of stock options or other non-wage income, intangible capital, etc.
928:
Additionally, national statistical offices may also publish SNA-type data series. More detailed data at a lower level of aggregation is often available on request. Because national accounts data is notoriously prone to revision (because it involves a very large number of different data sources,
952:
some countries (for example, The
Netherlands, Germany, Britain, Poland, and Australia) have a strong intellectual (scholarly or cultural) tradition in the area of social statistics, often going back a hundred or even several hundred years, while others (such as many African countries, where a
907:
in constructing their own national accounting systems, to promote international comparability. However, adherence to an international standard is entirely voluntary, and cannot be rigidly enforced. The systems used by some countries (for example, France, the United States, and
1304:
Without adequate, comprehensive observational data from direct surveys, many of the statistical inferences made are simply not truly verifiable. All one can then say about the estimates is, that they are "probably fairly accurate, given previous and other concurrent
920:
Economic and financial data from member countries are used to compile annual (and sometimes quarterly) data on the gross product, investment, capital transactions, government expenditure, and foreign trade. The results are published in a UN Yearbook,
1269:
Statisticians have also criticized the validity of international statistical comparisons using national accounts data, on the ground that in the real world, the estimates are rarely compiled in a uniform way – despite appearances to the contrary.
1105:
In the valiant attempt to include all "micro" business activities under general "macro" headings, necessarily a distorted picture of reality results because at least a portion of micro-transactions does not easily fit under the general conceptual
1176:
whether an international standard method of imputation for the value of such services is feasible, given e.g. that the conditions under which the market equivalents for unpaid household services are supplied vary a great deal internationally
1633:. Commission of the European Communities-Eurostat, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank, Brussels/Luxembourg, New York, Paris, Washington, 1993, xlix + 711 pp.
948:
some statistical agencies have more scientific autonomy and budgetary discretion than others, allowing them to do surveys or statistical reports which other statistical agencies are prevented from doing for legal, political or financial
1164:
because no imputation for the monetary value of unpaid housework, or for unpaid voluntary labor is made in the accounts, even though the accounts do include the "imputed rental value of owner-occupied dwellings" (the market-rents which
1567:
Dennis J Fixler, Marshall B Reinsdorf and
Shaunda Villones, "Measuring the services of commercial banks in the NIPA." IFC Bulletin No. 33 (Irving Fisher Committee on Central Bank Statistics, Bank of International Settlements),
1300:
Any unexpectedly large fluctuation in a variable is difficult to predict by a mathematical model since ultimately the model's descriptions assume the future trend will conform to the law of averages and the patterns of the
1109:
National accounts data are not useful to solve many of society's problems, because those problems really require quite different kinds of data to solve them, for example, behavioral data, attitudinal data, or physical
912:) differ significantly from the SNA. In itself, this is not a major problem, provided that each system provides sufficient data which can be reworked to compile national accounts according to the SNA standard.
1094:
The most general criticism of SNA has always been that its concepts do not adequately reflect the interactions, relationships, and activities of the real world – for a variety of reasons, but mainly because:
1137:
that is made of the concept by governments, intellectuals, and businessmen in public discourse. GDP is used for all kinds of comparisons, but some of those comparisons are conceptually not very appropriate.
1297:
The extrapolated estimates may lack any solid empirical basis, and the tendency is for fluctuations in the magnitudes of variables to be "smoothed out" by the estimation or interpolation procedure.
903:
The aim of SNA is to provide an integrated, complete system of accounts enabling international comparisons of all significant economic activity. The suggestion is that individual countries use SNA
1183:
whether attaching a price to voluntary labor, done primarily by women, itself actually performs an emancipatory or morally propitious function or has a general useful purpose beyond academia.
1278:
scientists which, if the technical story behind the numbers was told, would never be attempted because the comparisons are scientifically untenable (or at the very least rather dubious).
1209:, there are over 52 million domestic workers in the world, who mostly work for little pay and with little legal protection. They are mainly servants of the wealthy and the middle class.
1071:
893:
1640:. European Commission, International Monetary Fund, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank, New York, Dec. 2009, 1993, lvi + 662 pp.
1325:
1293:
But the objection to this approach - although it can sometimes be proved to provide accurate data successfully - is that there is a loss in data accuracy and data quality.
1169:
would receive if they rented out the housing they occupy). This obscures the reality that market production depends to a large extent on non-market labour being performed.
1372:
851:
1011:
These accounts include various annexes and sub-accounts, and standards are also provided for input-output tables showing the transactions between production sectors.
1075:
1282:
sheer number of inferences made from different data sets used increases the possibility of data errors, and makes it more difficult to assess error margins.
2772:
2728:
1126:
In part, this criticism of GDP is misplaced, because the fault is not so much with the concept itself. It is useful to have a measure of a country's total
766:
925:, which currently (and until the 2008 revision comes into force) follows the 1993 recommendations. The values provided are in the national currency.
1141:
GDP measures are frequently abused by writers who neither understand what they mean, how they were produced, nor what they can be validly used for.
1581:
1367:
385:
161:
1541:
1026:
SNA continues to be developed further, and international conferences are regularly held to discuss various conceptual and measurement issues.
1037:
1377:
844:
1588:. Working Papers, Swiss Institute for Business Cycle Research & Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, No. 101, March 2005, i + 23 pp.
1114:
earlier data series released are often also revised, sometimes many years later, so that the data may never be quite "final" and accurate.
370:
1776:
1699:
1237:; the categories are said to be based on an inconsistent view of newly created value, conserved value, and transferred value (see also
1382:
1059:
522:
2802:
1058:
The revision of the 1993 system was coordinated by the
Intersecretariat Working Group on National Accounts (ISWGNA) comprising the
463:
1099:
The system does not provide explicit detail for particular economic phenomena, suggesting thereby that they do not really exist.
837:
2210:
1402:
United
Nations, 1953, A System of National Accounts and Supporting Tables, Studies in Methods, Series F No 2 Rev. 1, New York
2391:
2180:
2170:
1863:
1341:
1328:– Dr. Fengbo Zhang introduced the Western economics, GDP, and SNA system to China, and replaced Soviet Union's MPS system.
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1241:). The result is that the true profit volume is underestimated in the accounts – since true profit income is larger than
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1998:
1988:
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The quality and comprehensiveness of national account data differ between countries. Among the reasons are that:
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1993:
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The most popular criticism of national accounts is made against the concept of gross domestic product (GDP).
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1958:
1948:
1908:
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In most OECD countries, statisticians have in recent years estimated the value of housework using data from
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However, such criticism raises several questions for the statisticians who would have to produce the data:
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Marxian economists have criticized SNA concepts also from a different theoretical perspective on the new
1018:
A recent development is an attempt to create standard accounts of strategic stocks of natural resources.
2718:
2376:
2361:
2335:
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1953:
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sector in the world economy for which systematic, comprehensive, and comparable data are not available.
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are rather capricious or eclectic, obscuring thereby the different components and sources of realised
2767:
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2215:
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2138:
2101:
2027:
1978:
1943:
1883:
1848:
1783:
1766:
551:
210:
1578:
1538:
Domestic
Workers Across the World: Global and regional statistics and the extent of legal protection
1180:
whether making the imputation would result in truly meaningful, internationally comparable measures;
2697:
2506:
2366:
2325:
2225:
2205:
2165:
2121:
2106:
2062:
2003:
1928:
1918:
1888:
1811:
1674:
manual in html5 with IDs, table-of-contents, and link-preview (html5.id.toc.preview), non-official.
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1983:
1923:
1913:
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345:
1524:
Harumi Ozawa, "Woman is Japan's secret economic weapon." Agence France-Presse, 23 November 2012.
1637:
1630:
49:
2616:
2591:
2541:
2501:
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2269:
2072:
2008:
1973:
1963:
1833:
1425:
For a brief historical summary of the revisions, see e.g. the relevant section in the manuals
1320:
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2018:
1968:
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1749:
723:
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205:
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119:
99:
69:
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1513:
Patriarchy and
Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour
330:
325:
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2636:
2601:
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2340:
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2133:
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2013:
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1040:
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728:
688:
668:
534:
335:
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264:
124:
1618:, Jeanette Honsa, "The United Nations System of National Accounts: an introduction", in:
1464:
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1756:
1724:
1412:
1357:
1166:
1157:
783:
698:
693:
618:
350:
200:
156:
74:
41:
1651:
1148:
argue that a measure of "well-being" is needed to balance a measure of output growth.
941:
some governments invest far more money in statistical research than other governments.
2791:
2656:
2646:
2621:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2531:
2521:
2491:
2481:
2386:
2286:
2259:
2023:
1533:"More than 52 million domestic workers worldwide", ILO press release 9 January 2013.
1452:
Nature's Numbers: Expanding the National Economic Accounts to Include the Environment
1234:
1222:
718:
703:
678:
663:
658:
653:
628:
623:
287:
249:
146:
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1734:
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813:
738:
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430:
302:
269:
259:
217:
94:
89:
1053:
2661:
2651:
2441:
2320:
2264:
1739:
1218:
743:
254:
239:
1081:
The ISWGNA working group has its own website under the UN Statistics Division.
2571:
2371:
2148:
1161:
1127:
1067:
889:
673:
603:
539:
490:
2421:
2351:
1798:
1716:
1708:
979:
the primary distribution of income account (incomes generated by production)
909:
771:
613:
244:
129:
84:
1130:, and its changes over time – that's better than having no measure at all.
1603:
The Income of Nations; Theory, Measurement, and Analysis: Past and Present
820:
2200:
1102:
There is something wrong with the valuation scheme that is being assumed.
897:
1039:. SNA Revisions are documented at the UN Statistics Division site
982:
the transfers (redistribution) account (including social spending)
412:
188:
1156:
SNA has been criticised as biased by feminist economists such as
945:
assets – this is particularly the case in sub-Saharan countries).
923:
National Accounts Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables
1681:
994:
the (domestic) financial transactions account ("flow of funds")
1206:
1049:
For the 2008 SNA Revision, the full text is available online:
1500:
Counting for Nothing: What Men Value and What Women are Worth
1677:
1579:"On Misusing National Accounts Data for Governance Purposes"
1225:. On this view, the distinctions drawn in SNA to define
1078:(Eurostat) and the United Nations regional commissions.
1646:
1072:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
894:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
1485:
Joseph E. Stiglitz, Amartya Sen, Jean-Paul Fitoussi,
2707:
2349:
2083:
1832:
1797:
1715:
1290:from selected data which they can get more easily.
1000:the assets and liabilities account (balance sheet)
1373:National agencies responsible for GDP measurement
1502:. Reprinted in 1996 by Bridget Williams Books.
1487:Mismeasuring Our Lives: Why GDP Doesn't Add Up
1076:Statistical Office of the European Communities
1693:
1052:. The OECD provides some overview commentary
845:
8:
1605:. New York: New York University Press, 1958.
1454:. Washington: National Academy Press, 1999.
1441:CEC, IMF, OECD, UN & World Bank (1993).
1349:– an alternative way of measuring progress.
1700:
1686:
1678:
1650:United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)
874:United Nations System of National Accounts
852:
838:
28:
18:United Nations System of National Accounts
1450:Nordhaus W.D. and Kokkelenberg C. (ed.),
880:) is an international standard system of
1033:Discussions and updates are reported in
967:SNA includes the following main accounts
1395:
40:
1368:Measures of national income and output
972:the production account (components of
162:Measures of national income and output
7:
1629:CEC, IMF, OECD, UN & World Bank
1378:National income and product accounts
1777:Agent-based computational economics
1636:EC, IMF, OECD, UN & World Bank
1558:. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
1003:the external transactions account (
997:the changes in asset values account
1638:“System of National Accounts 2008”
1631:“System of National Accounts 1993”
1383:Productive and unproductive labour
1060:United Nations Statistics Division
25:
1257:economy. So, it is precisely the
985:the household expenditure account
2235:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
1610:A History of National Accounting
1431:System of National Accounts 2008
1427:System of National Accounts 1993
819:
807:
48:
1644:The Review of Income and Wealth
1556:Measuring the Wealth of Nations
767:Publications in macroeconomics
1:
2171:Critique of political economy
1465:"System of National Accounts"
1413:"System of National Accounts"
1342:Gross fixed capital formation
1133:The fault is with the actual
1612:, IOS Press, Amsterdam, 2005
1015:and remain to be developed.
1337:European System of Accounts
1203:International Monetary Fund
1064:International Monetary Fund
962:Main accounts in the system
886:International Monetary Fund
866:System of National Accounts
2824:
2309:Real business-cycle theory
1621:Survey of Current Business
1515:. London: Zed Books, 1999.
518:New neoclassical synthesis
501:Real business-cycle theory
2749:
1332:Compensation of employees
1265:Statisticians' criticisms
1264:
1251:Compensation of employees
2803:United Nations documents
1584:11 November 2014 at the
1353:Intermediate consumption
523:Saltwater and freshwater
1949:Industrial organization
1772:Computational economics
1659:The Accounts of Nations
1657:Zoltan Kenessey (Ed.),
1363:Material Product System
1347:Human Development Index
451:International economics
376:Overlapping generations
2154:Modern monetary theory
1819:Experimental economics
1789:Pluralism in economics
1762:Mathematical economics
1661:, Amsterdam IOS, 1994.
1489:. The New Press, 2010.
1227:income from production
868:(often abbreviated as
794:Mathematical economics
545:Modern monetary theory
308:Universal basic income
634:Wesley Clair Mitchell
609:Thomas Robert Malthus
446:Development economics
2028:Social choice theory
1784:Behavioral economics
1767:Complexity economics
1035:SNA News & Notes
933:Quality and coverage
371:Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans
211:Liquidity preference
2808:Official statistics
2112:American (National)
1812:Economic statistics
1652:“National Accounts"
1536:See the ILO report
1005:balance of payments
916:Publication of data
826:Business portal
762:Macroeconomic model
639:John Maynard Keynes
436:Economic statistics
381:General equilibrium
1201:, the head of the
1152:Feminist criticism
1090:General criticisms
714:Edward C. Prescott
441:Monetary economics
2798:National accounts
2785:
2784:
2316:New institutional
1601:*Paul Studenski,
1554:and Ahmet Tonak,
1498:Waring, M. 1988.
1321:Capital formation
1243:operating surplus
1213:Marxist criticism
1199:Christine Lagarde
1045:2008 SNA Revision
882:national accounts
862:
861:
789:Political economy
744:N. Gregory Mankiw
734:Thomas J. Sargent
579:Market monetarism
393:Endogenous growth
223:National accounts
16:(Redirected from
2815:
1989:Natural resource
1824:Economic history
1750:Mechanism design
1702:
1695:
1688:
1679:
1589:
1577:Jochen Hartwig,
1575:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1549:
1543:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1496:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1467:. United Nations
1461:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1415:. United Nations
1409:
1403:
1400:
1193:time use surveys
1144:Economists like
1119:Criticism of GDP
854:
847:
840:
824:
823:
814:Money portal
812:
811:
810:
724:William Nordhaus
709:Robert Lucas Jr.
599:François Quesnay
235:Nominal rigidity
206:Demand for money
184:Microfoundations
120:Financial crisis
100:Effective demand
70:Aggregate supply
65:Aggregate demand
52:
29:
21:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2778:Business portal
2745:
2744:
2743:
2703:
2467:von Böhm-Bawerk
2355:
2354:
2345:
2117:Ancient thought
2095:
2094:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2077:
1828:
1793:
1745:Contract theory
1730:Decision theory
1711:
1706:
1668:
1616:Carol S. Carson
1598:
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2053:Sociological
2026: /
1924:Geographical
1904:Evolutionary
1879:Digitization
1844:Agricultural
1807:Econometrics
1735:Price theory
1658:
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1624:, June 1990
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1469:. Retrieved
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1230:
1226:
1216:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1171:
1155:
1143:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1093:
1080:
1057:
1048:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1022:Developments
1017:
1013:
1010:
974:gross output
936:
927:
922:
919:
904:
902:
877:
873:
869:
865:
863:
739:Paul Krugman
684:Hyman Minsky
644:Alvin Hansen
528:
527:
468:
431:Econometrics
408:Overshooting
361:Harrod–Domar
356:Arrow–Debreu
303:Central bank
270:Unemployment
260:Supply shock
227:
218:Money supply
95:Disinflation
90:Demand shock
26:
2567:von Neumann
2336:Supply-side
2321:Physiocracy
2265:Marginalism
1954:Information
1894:Engineering
1874:Development
1869:Demographic
1740:Game theory
1717:Theoretical
1672:UN.SNA.2008
1471:16 February
1419:16 February
1219:value added
1188:housework.
619:LĂ©on Walras
513:Supply-side
346:Accelerator
255:Stagflation
240:Price level
135:Demand-pull
2792:Categories
2724:Economists
2597:Schumacher
2502:Schumpeter
2472:von Wieser
2392:von ThĂĽnen
2352:Economists
2251:Circuitism
2216:Humanistic
2211:Historical
2186:Ecological
2176:Democratic
2149:Chartalism
2139:Behavioral
2102:Mainstream
2063:Statistics
2058:Solidarity
1979:Managerial
1944:Humanistic
1939:Historical
1884:Ecological
1849:Behavioral
1596:References
1162:Maria Mies
1128:net output
1068:World Bank
905:as a guide
890:World Bank
674:John Hicks
604:Adam Smith
562:Circuitism
552:Ecological
540:Chartalism
491:Monetarism
469:Mainstream
366:Solow–Swan
341:Multiplier
298:Commercial
194:Endogenous
152:Investment
2642:Greenspan
2607:Samuelson
2587:Galbraith
2557:Tinbergen
2497:von Mises
2492:Heckscher
2452:Edgeworth
2331:Stockholm
2326:Socialist
2226:Keynesian
2206:Happiness
2166:Classical
2127:Mutualism
2122:Anarchist
2107:Heterodox
2004:Personnel
1964:Knowledge
1929:Happiness
1919:Financial
1889:Education
1864:Democracy
1799:Empirical
1709:Economics
1326:China GDP
1249:kinds). "
1106:headings.
1085:Criticism
772:Economics
614:Karl Marx
529:Heterodox
508:Stockholm
474:Keynesian
245:Recession
140:Cost-push
130:Inflation
85:Deflation
2753:Category
2733:journals
2719:Glossary
2672:Stiglitz
2637:Rothbard
2617:Buchanan
2602:Friedman
2592:Koopmans
2582:Leontief
2562:Robinson
2447:Marshall
2297:Lausanne
2201:Georgism
2196:Feminist
2144:Buddhist
2134:Austrian
2033:Regional
2009:Planning
1984:Monetary
1914:Feminist
1859:Cultural
1854:Business
1582:Archived
1314:See also
1310:bounds.
1074:(OECD),
1062:(UNSD),
949:reasons.
898:Eurostat
756:See also
535:Austrian
293:Monetary
282:Policies
113:Rational
108:Adaptive
34:a series
32:Part of
2768:Outline
2739:Schools
2731: (
2692:Piketty
2687:Krugman
2552:Kuznets
2542:Kalecki
2517:Polanyi
2407:Cournot
2402:Bastiat
2387:Ricardo
2377:Malthus
2367:Quesnay
2270:Marxian
2161:Chicago
2091:history
2086:Schools
2073:Welfare
2043:Service
1834:Applied
1259:leading
1066:(IMF),
777:Applied
574:Marxian
464:Schools
2677:Thaler
2657:Ostrom
2652:Becker
2647:Sowell
2627:Baumol
2532:Myrdal
2527:Sraffa
2522:Frisch
2512:Knight
2507:Keynes
2482:Fisher
2477:Veblen
2462:Pareto
2442:Menger
2437:George
2432:Jevons
2427:Walras
2417:Gossen
2341:Thermo
2019:Public
2014:Policy
1969:Labour
1934:Health
1305:data."
1070:(WB),
896:, and
892:, the
888:, the
592:People
320:Models
288:Fiscal
265:Saving
125:Growth
2763:Lists
2758:Index
2709:Lists
2682:Hoppe
2667:Lucas
2632:Solow
2622:Arrow
2612:Simon
2577:Lange
2572:Hicks
2547:Röpke
2537:Hayek
2487:Pigou
2457:Clark
2372:Smith
2287:Mixed
2246:Post-
2068:Urban
2048:Socio
2038:Rural
1568:2007.
1390:Notes
1301:past.
1110:data.
910:China
878:UNSNA
413:NAIRU
331:AD–AS
326:IS–LM
189:Money
2698:more
2422:Marx
2412:Mill
2397:List
2275:Neo-
2231:Neo-
1473:2023
1429:and
1421:2023
1229:and
1160:and
988:the
864:The
479:Neo-
386:DSGE
80:CAGR
2662:Sen
2382:Say
2241:New
1974:Law
1221:or
1207:ILO
1135:use
876:or
870:SNA
484:New
228:SNA
177:NNI
172:GNI
167:GDP
2794::
1055:.
900:.
36:on
2735:)
2237:)
2233:(
2093:)
2089:(
1701:e
1694:t
1687:v
1654:.
1475:.
1423:.
1177:;
1007:)
976:)
853:e
846:t
839:v
20:)
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