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169:. When US forces were required to operate in arid and desert regions, the President and Congress began to take the idea seriously. Davis found the Army needed to improve transportation in the southwestern US, which he and most observers thought a great desert. In his annual report for 1854, Davis wrote, "I again invite attention to the advantages to be anticipated from the use of camels and dromedaries for military and other purposes
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have one camel than four mules. Beale's comments led Floyd to report to
Congress that camels had proved to be successful as a mode of transportation and to recommend that Congress authorize the purchase of an additional 1,000 animals. Congress did not act. Beale and his party reached the Colorado River on October 26, 1857. After crossing into California, Beale used the camels for various purposes on his ranch near
381:, ordered Echols on another reconnaissance between Camp Hudson and Fort Davis. Part of Echols's mission was to locate a site for a camp near the Comanche. The train consisted of 20 camels, of which only one was a male, and 25 mules. On June 24, the expedition, which was joined by an infantry escort commanded by Lieutenant J. H. Holman, marched from Camp Hudson toward the
389:, a tributary of the Rio Grande, with almost no water left. Three mules died on this leg of the journey, but all of the camels survived. After resting for a day at a waterhole, Echols led his command to Fort Davis. Echols decided that one man and nine mules had to be left at Davis because they were unable to continue. On July 17, the expedition arrived at
239:, one dromedary calf, and one booghdee (a cross between a male Bactrian and a female dromedary). The two officers also acquired pack saddles and covers, being certain that proper saddles could not be purchased in the United States. Wayne and Porter hired five camel drivers, some Arab and some Turkish, and on February 15, 1856, USS
325:
to arrive at Fort
Defiance. The expedition left San Antonio on June 25, 1857, and 25 pack camels accompanied a train of mule-drawn wagons. Each camel carried a load of 600 pounds. Beale wrote very favorably about the camels' endurance and packing abilities. Among his comments was that he would rather
552:
episode "The Great Mojave Chase" features the hero
Paladin entering a long marathon-like race contest through the desert while riding a camel left over from the Camel Corps instead of a horse. Along the way he takes time to help townspeople who are suffering under a man who controls their water. The
243:
set sail for Texas. Porter established strict rules for the care, watering, and feeding of the animals in his charge; no experiments were conducted regarding how long a camel could survive without water. During the crossing, one male camel died, but two calves were born and survived the trip. On May
466:
camel drivers. There were reports of the animals' being used to transport baggage, but there was no evidence of their being assigned to
Confederate units. When Union troops reoccupied Camp Verde, there were estimated to be more than 100 camels at the camp, but there may have been others roaming the
402:
of camels whose endurance, docility and sagacity will not fail to attract attention of the
Secretary of War, and but for whose reliable services the reconnaissance would have failed." The reconnaissance ordered by Lee was the last long-range use of the camels before the outbreak of the Civil War.
975:
Beale, Edward
Fitzgerald, Laurence R. Cook, and Andrew F. Rolle. Collection Related to Edward Fitzgerald Beale. 1940. Huntington Library, Art Collections & Botanical Gardens, San Marino, CA. Abstract: The collection contains source material about Edward Fitzgerald Beale (1822–1893) which was
393:
near the Rio Grande. Echols found what he believed to be a suitable location for a camp. The expedition returned through Fort
Stockton to Camp Hudson, arriving in early August. The detachment was released to its home post, and the camels were returned to Camp Verde. Lee wrote to Adjutant General
363:
near the Rio Grande. During this segment of the journey, one of the camels was bitten on its leg by a rattlesnake; the wound was treated and the animal suffered no ill effects. Upon reaching Fort Davis, the horses and mules were distressed, but the camels were not. After a three-day rest, the
345:
using the camels still available in Texas. Lieutenant
William E. Echols of the Army Topographical Engineers was assigned to conduct the reconnaissance. Lieutenant Edward L. Hartz commanded the escort. The train included 24 camels and 24 mules. It set out in May 1859. The expedition arrived at
312:
on what is now the
Arizona–California border. Former Navy lieutenant Edward Fitzgerald Beale won the contract and learned afterward that Secretary Floyd required him to take 25 camels with him. The first part of the trip required traveling from Camp Verde through San Antonio,
455:, but the attempt was unsuccessful after the commanders of both posts objected. Later in the war, the Army had no further interest in the animals and they were sold at auction in 1864. The last of the animals from California was reportedly seen in Arizona in 1891.
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to test the camels' ability to survive without water. The distance traveled was about 85 miles at four miles per hour. The camels showed no desire for water during the trip, but were watered upon arrival. The party then set out on a 114-mile, four-day journey to
248:. All the surviving animals were in better health than when the vessel sailed for the United States. On Davis's orders, Porter sailed again for Egypt to acquire more camels. While Porter was on the second voyage, Wayne marched the camels from the first voyage to
1139:
United States. Reports Upon the
Purchase, Importation, and Use of Camels and Dromedaries to Be Employed for Military Purposes, According to Act of Congress of March 3, 1855 Made Under the Direction of the Secretary of War, 1855–56–57. Washington, DC,
437:
976:
gathered by Laurence R. Cook and later by Andrew F. Rolle. It contains original manuscripts which date from 1940 to 1983 (mainly student theses), correspondence (1951–1983), notes, copies of other materials, audiotapes and photographs.
264:. While Porter was on his second mission, five camels from the first herd died. The newly acquired animals joined the first herd at Camp Verde, which had been officially designated as the camel station. The Army had 70 camels.
173:..." On March 3, 1855, the US Congress appropriated $ 30,000 (equivalent to $ 981,000 in 2023) for the project. A report entitled "Purchase of Camels for the Purpose of Military Transportation" was issued by Davis in 1857.
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Wayne attempted a breeding program for the camels, but his plans were put aside when Secretary Davis wrote that the animals were to be tested to determine if they could be used to accomplish a military objective.
371:, arriving July 18. The expedition traveled roughly 24 miles per day for seven days over extremely rough terrain. After camping one night in San Vicente, the party returned to Fort Stockton, arriving July 28.
385:. The camels again performed better than the mules. As the march continued through extremely dry country, Echols feared for the lives of his men and the animals. On the fifth day, the party reached
364:
expedition returned directly to Fort Stockton. Hartz wrote that "the superiority of the camel for military purposes in the badly-watered sections of the country seems to be well established."
304:. Also in 1857, in response to a citizen petition to establish a road connecting the East and West, Congress authorized a contract to survey a wagon road along the 35th parallel from
414:, which few other organisms eat. It is thought that this meeting reestablished a biological relationship that was broken when the American ancestors of the Arabian camel, such as
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succeeded Davis as Secretary of War; and Wayne, who was reassigned to duties with the Quartermaster General in Washington, DC, was replaced by Captain
471:. The U.S. Army's camel experiment was complete. The last year a camel was seen in the vicinity of Camp Verde was 1875; the animal's fate is unknown.
589:) wins a "full blooded Arabian mount, Imported!" which turns out to be a camel which drives the story in the episode "Relic of Fort Tejon" (1957).
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conducted a more detailed study and recommended importation of camels to the War Department. Wayne's opinions agreed with those of then Senator
1200:
125:. Although the camels proved to be hardy and well suited to travel through the region, the Army declined to adopt them for military use. The
1070:, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1929. (reprint also available from Huntington Library Press, San Marino, CA, 2006).
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Among the reasons the camel experiment failed was that it was supported by Jefferson Davis, who left the United States to become
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hands until recaptured in 1865. The Confederate commander issued a receipt to the United States for 12 mules, 80 camels and two
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had first seen the camels in 1857. On May 31, 1860, Lee, who was still a U.S. Army officer and temporary commander of the
1107:
Uncle Sam's Camels; The Journal of May Humphreys Stacey Supplemented by the Report of Edward Fitzgerald Beale (1857–1858)
1047:
995:
Along the Beale Trail: A Photographic Account of Wasted Range Land Based on the Diary of Lieutenant Edward F. Beale, 1857
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to apply for command of the expedition to acquire the camels. The account is not supported by Beale's diaries or papers.
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192:. Jefferson Davis, then Secretary of War, sympathized with Beale, and Beale persuaded his friend and kinsman Lieutenant
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478:. The U.S. Army was a horse-and-mule organization whose soldiers did not have the skills to control a foreign asset.
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returned with a herd of 41 camels. During the second expedition, Porter hired "nine men and a boy," including
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Uncle Sam's Camels: the journal of May Humphreys Stacey supplemented by the report of Edward Fitzgerald Beale
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Major Wayne was assigned to procure the camels. On June 4, 1855, Wayne departed New York City on board the
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Report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, Volume 20
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interfered with the experiment, which was eventually abandoned; the animals were sold at auction.
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A released camel or a descendent of one is believed to have inspired the Arizonan legend of the
231:, Greece, Turkey, and Egypt. They acquired 33 animals (19 females and 14 males), including two
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The Camel Experiment – The Journal of Lieutenant William H. Echols, June 24 – August 15, 1860
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507:. He lived out his life in the United States. After his death in 1902, he was buried in
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576:, which features a fictionalized account of the Camel Corps venture and its aftermath.
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countryside. In 1866, the Government was able to round up 66 camels, which it sold to
330:. Beale offered to keep the Army's camels on his property, but Union Secretary of War
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Lockett, H. Claiborne, Edward Fitzgerald Beale, Milton Snow, and Willard W. Beatty.
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Early in the Civil War, an attempt was made to use the camels to carry mail between
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Nichols, Harman W.. "Army Recalls, Without Regrets, Camel Corps of 100 Years Ago."
586:
337:
On March 25, 1859, Secretary Floyd directed reconnaissance of the area between the
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on May 18. The group remained at Camp Hudson for five days and then departed for
219:, under the command of then Lieutenant David Dixon Porter. After arriving in the
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directed and released a comedy loosely based on the U.S. Camel Corps titled
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354:, arriving on June 12. On June 15, the expedition set out for the mouth of
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in Florida that camels would be useful as beasts of burden, encouraged the
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One of the male animals at Fort Tejon was killed by another male during
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Stacey, May Humphreys, Edward Fitzgerald Beale, and Lewis Burt Lesley.
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224:
321:, crossing the Texas–New Mexico Territory border, and passing through
141:, United States Army, who was convinced from his experiences in the
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Edward Fitzgerald Beale, a pioneer in the path of empire, 1822–1903
682:. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agtriculture. pp. 391–409
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recounted the camel tale in a 1957 episode entitled "Camel Train".
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Another reconnaissance began July 11, 1859, from Fort Stockton to
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184:, that the idea of using camels came to him when he was exploring
114:
78:
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14, 1856, 34 camels (a net gain of one) were safely unloaded at
997:. : U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs, 1940.
676:"The Government's Importation of Camels: A Historical Sketch"
1211:
Quartermaster units and formations of the United States Army
851:"Whatever Happened to the Wild Camels of the American West?"
149:
to use camels for transportation. In 1848 or earlier, Major
223:, Wayne and Porter began procuring camels. Stops included
1033:
Camels to California; a chapter in western transportation
901:"The Great Mojave Chase Recap - Have Gun, Will Travel"
818:
Lammons, Bishop F. (1958). Carroll, H. Bailey (ed.).
503:
One of the few camel drivers whose name survives was
981:
Wagon Road from Fort Defiance to the Colorado River
876:""Death Valley Days" Camel Train (TV Episode 1957)"
161:. Davis was unsuccessful until he was appointed as
89:
84:
70:
62:
54:
44:
36:
28:
23:
1173:Death Valley Days' Camel Train episode information
927:""Maverick" Relic of Fort Tejon (TV Episode 1957)"
1147:, Hendrick-Long Publishing Co., Dallas, TX, 1995
749:. Field Museum of Natural History. March 6, 2017
1035:, Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1950
440:Unidentified U.S. Army officer at the grave of
953:"Hawmps (1976) Screen: Camels In the Old West"
747:"Four Fascinating Finds in the Rare Book Room"
476:President of the Confederate States of America
458:In spring 1861, Camp Verde, Texas, fell into
8:
1109:. Cambridge: Harvard university press, 1929.
1221:1866 disestablishments in the United States
1007:, Oxford University Press, New York, 1976.
830:. Texas State Historical Association: 20–50
722:"The U.S. Army's "Camel Corps" Experiment"
1042:, XII (April 1961), pp. 35–37, 94–98
1025:, Vol. 174 (Feb. 1909), pp. 141–152
726:National Museum of the United States Army
489:forwarded the dead animal's bones to the
280:, San Pedro, California (1863 or earlier)
109:was a mid-19th-century experiment by the
1046:Kirkman, George W. (February 13, 1927).
1005:The U.S. Camel Corps: an army experiment
515:topped with a metal profile of a camel.
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824:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly
537:The long-running TV anthology series
493:, where they were placed on display.
7:
1182:Death Valley Days' Camel Train video
306:Fort Defiance, New Mexico Territory
16:U.S. military experiment, 1856–1866
1019:Jefferson Davis's Camel Experiment
14:
1081:Perrine, Fred S. (October 1926).
1038:Froman, Robert. "The Red Ghost,"
449:Fort Mohave, New Mexico Territory
1113:Tinsley, Henry O. (March 1896).
1087:The New Mexico Historical Review
774:. G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp.
720:Hawkins, Vince (July 16, 2014).
1115:"Camels In The Colorado Desert"
951:Eder, Richard (May 28, 1976).
1:
632:Afghan cameleers in Australia
1201:1856 establishments in Texas
1077:. December 15, 1956, p. B10.
674:Carroll, Charles C. (1903).
579:In season one of the series
451:, on the Colorado River and
256:. On February 10, 1857, USS
1017:Fleming, Walter Lynnwood, "
511:. His grave is marked by a
1237:
1066:Lesley, Lewis Burt (ed.).
986:Beale, Edward Fitzgerald.
979:Beale, Edward Fitzgerald.
208:Drawing of loading a camel
123:Southwestern United States
1083:"Uncle Sam's Camel Corps"
534:) deals with the subject.
453:New San Pedro, California
180:reportedly told his son,
107:United States Camel Corps
24:United States Camel Corps
1168:Handbook of Texas Online
768:Bonsal, Stephen (1912).
572:includes a story titled
426:evolutionary anachronism
1177:Internet Movie Database
1048:"The Dromedary Express"
1023:Popular Science Monthly
988:With Uncle Sam's Camels
553:episode was written by
513:pyramid-shaped monument
491:Smithsonian Institution
178:Edward Fitzgerald Beale
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281:
209:
1052:The Los Angeles Times
546:In 1957, the TV show
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165:in 1853 by President
1145:Camels for Uncle Sam
1120:The Land of Sunshine
855:Smithsonian Magazine
549:Have Gun Will Travel
352:Fort Stockton, Texas
334:rejected the offer.
268:Use in the Southwest
143:American Indian Wars
1075:The Washington Post
530:(originally titled
509:Quartzsite, Arizona
485:season. Lieutenant
387:San Francisco Creek
379:Department of Texas
1031:Fowler, Harlan D.
958:The New York Times
907:. November 5, 2017
585:, Brett Maverick (
574:La Mine du chameau
519:In popular culture
445:
391:Presidio del Norte
369:San Vicente, Texas
356:Independence Creek
282:
210:
194:David Dixon Porter
111:United States Army
1206:American frontier
1040:American Heritage
820:"Operation Camel"
622:Douglas the camel
569:La Corde du pendu
540:Death Valley Days
527:Southwest Passage
250:Camp Verde, Texas
221:Mediterranean Sea
139:George H. Crosman
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66:Experimental
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532:Camel Corps
460:Confederate
383:Pecos River
348:Camp Hudson
339:Pecos River
328:Bakersfield
323:Albuquerque
254:San Antonio
227:(Tunisia),
200:Acquisition
159:Mississippi
1195:Categories
1013:0195020111
1003:, Odie B.
936:August 23,
885:August 23,
860:January 8,
753:January 2,
638:References
563:Lucky Luke
361:Fort Davis
343:Rio Grande
315:Fort Davis
252:by way of
190:Kit Carson
85:Commanders
75:Camp Verde
592:In 1976,
498:Red Ghost
432:Aftermath
308:, to the
294:President
288:In 1857,
276:Camel at
237:dromedary
127:Civil War
113:in using
49:U.S. Army
32:1856–1866
1164:"Camels"
1131:July 15,
1097:July 15,
606:See also
594:Joe Camp
582:Maverick
505:Hi Jolly
464:Egyptian
442:Hi Jolly
417:Camelops
341:and the
262:Hi Jolly
233:Bactrian
1058:May 11,
990:. 1939.
983:. 1929.
731:May 18,
599:Hawmps!
483:rutting
319:El Paso
292:became
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182:Truxtun
121:in the
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1027:online
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216:Supply
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133:Origin
115:camels
93:Major
45:Branch
29:Active
1140:1857.
1001:Faulk
235:, 29
229:Malta
188:with
79:Texas
1133:2009
1099:2009
1060:2024
1009:ISBN
938:2021
931:IMDb
913:2021
887:2021
880:IMDb
862:2022
836:2015
784:2015
778:–200
755:2022
733:2019
688:2015
560:The
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