145:. The Shipping Act had explicitly empowered the board to found such a company, which was done with issuance of $ 50,000,000 in stock all initially held by the board; the majority portion had to be retained, and another provision required the trustees of the EFC to hold stock. During the war, Congress granted the president extraordinary wartime powers, which were used by means of Executive Orders to expand the board's authority and its corporation. The board, as a regulatory and policy body, executed its programs largely through the EFC, a separate entity that was fully under the policy control of the majority stockholder, the board. The Chairman of the USSB was initially the head of the EFC, but the General Manager had all real authority except the power to sign contracts.
202:
473:
351:
76:"An Act to establish a United States Shipping Board for the purpose of encouraging, developing, and creating a naval auxiliary and naval reserve and a Merchant Marine to meet the requirements of the commerce of the United States with its territories and possessions and with foreign countries; to regulate carriers by water engaged in the foreign and interstate commerce of the United States for other purposes."
20:
388:, 414 of the requisitioned were completed after cancellations of some contracts for ships of unwanted design that were in early stages of construction or not yet laid down. A very large group of these ships, contracted with names prefixed with "War" and renamed before completion, were being built for the British
369:. The first order was signed by Chairman Hurley on 3 August 1917, to be executed by the EFC to secure control of the shipyards and construction already underway. The action was immediately protested by nearly every shipyard and owner of the ships under construction, with the foreign owners protesting through the
558:
To ensure that labor problems did not disrupt necessary war shipping, the USSB employed special labor consultants and entered agreements with labor and other government agencies to resolve labor disputes directly and also to standardize wages across the industry. One of the USSB organizations that as
554:
on 4 June. A second set of schools was created for engineering officers with those engineers destined for turbine powered ships being sent to the builders of turbines for training. The early result, between 1 June 1917 and 1 October 1918 was 11,618 licensed officers. The officer training was expanded
524:
For more control of traffic required by the war effort, methods applied by the
British were employed in which rates were adjusted and control was exercised through the division's Chartering Committee, whose approval was necessary to obtain license to refuel in US ports. With American-registered ships
113:
shipping, instead of the desired effect of making the country no longer heavily dependent on foreign shipping. With the outbreak of war in Europe, the national fleets of the warring countries became involved in those countries' wartime efforts and were withdrawn from commercial trade, which was vital
187:
and neutral countries contracting for ships in US yards. The UK had contracted for ships through private
British companies for security and for US neutrality needs. In March 1917, just before the US entered the war and the USSB shifted to full wartime operations, there were about 700,000 tons of new
121:
The US entered the war just over two months after the board had begun its work, which completely changed its focus from generally strengthening the nation's maritime position to a massive wartime program. Though it was sometimes referred to as the War
Shipping Board, the official title remained the
567:
The
National Adjustment Commission was established in 1917 as an adjunct to the USSB for the adjustment and control of wages, hours, and conditions of labor in the loading and the unloading of vessels. In 1918, the initial operation and policies of the commission was agreed to between the USSB and
533:
from the west of the continent. The board's efforts were directed to shift the balance. Enforcement of rates was strict and at one point, before wide compliance, 136 steamers were held in US ports. By
December 1918, the USSB directly controlled such a large portion of US shipping through ownership
105:
for five years, John A. Donald for four years, James B. White for three years, and
Theodore Brent for a term of two years. The members of the board gathered in Washington in the first week of January 1917 to plan and organize while they awaited confirmation, which came in late January. The board's
223:
aggregate tonnage refurbished for use by the USSB and under legislation of 12 May 1917 and an executive order of 30 June 1917 giving the USSB formal power to seize the vessels and enter them into the US registry. The report of
December 1918 showed one Austrian steamer, 87 German steamers that now
71:
shipping companies dominated overseas trade, and just over 10% of the value of trade carried in
American-owned ships. The 1916 Act was the result of congressional efforts to create a board to address the problem dating from 1914. The legislation was not then a part of any war effort with specific
341:
On 15 November 1917, the USSB authorized negotiations with foreign countries that had seized German or
Austrian ships with actual discussions that continued until January 1918. The result was the charter or the outright purchase of a number of ships interned from South America to China.
555:
to training for crew, deck sailors, firemen, wipers, cooks, and stewards by
December 1917 and was open to all male citizens of the ages 18 to 20 or 32 to 35 with a goal expanded from an estimated 85,000 to 200,000 because of the revised estimates of ships by the end of the war.
188:
construction underway for the private US owners, and all 234 building ways in the US were occupied by either those or by ships for neutral and domestic shipping lines. There was no possibility for a quick expansion of capacity to incorporate the USSB/EFC shipbuilding program.
373:. A large number of the contracts and ships under construction for foreign accounts were for the United Kingdom, and the protest was solved with the British government's agreement that the ships would be used in the total war effort. With one exception, a new ship from
96:
made public his nominations for the board on December 22, 1916, with some dissatisfaction in the shipping industry about particular nominees and the board's power to set ocean freight rates raising particular concern and skepticism. The initial nominees were
537:
A Maritime Intelligence Department in the division and a separate Division of Planning and Statistics collected and analyzed shipping data to help determine what level of shipping was necessary for commerce and how much could be shifted to the war effort.
559:
specifically concerned with the issue was the Marine and Dock Industrial Relations Division, which was to coordinate all labor related matters, and by late 1918, industry and labor had begun referring disputes to the board and thus avoided any stoppages.
88:
as the United States Shipping Board (USSB) to acquire and construct suitable vessels and to create corporations under its control to execute the programs. In essence, the board was given "complete control over American ships and shipping."
517:, or commercial service, based on needs and the class and type of ship. By December 1918, the division had become the largest ship operating entity in US history, with a total fleet of 1,386 vessels totaling 7,498,075
1520:
118:
and to repeal certain penalties for those using foreign-built vessels. The net effect was negligible as shipbuilding in the United States declined almost equally with the benefits gained.
114:
to US commerce. One initial step was granting authority to the president to allow registration of foreign-built ships owned by US companies to enter the US registry and operate under the
130:
148:
The division of authority between the USSB and the EFC and the construction program's direction led to conflict between USSB Chairman Denman and EFC General Manager Major-General
1540:
1530:
1535:
1525:
1435:
1402:
959:
603:
In July 1920, the USSB withdrew from the commission agreement and decided to deal with shipping workers directly. The commission ceased operations on October 1, 1920.
1439:
611:
The USSB operated a shipping business with its surplus ships until 1920, when the overseas freight market collapsed, and it began to lay up its vessels. In 1925,
550:, with the first of an eventual 43 training centers, in recognition that traditional methods were too slow for the rapid wartime expansion for deck officers, at
587:
44:
646:
365:
The USSB's first action regarding new construction was commandeering every contract, hull, and even steel in the US yards for ships over 2,500
615:
bought 199 of the out-of-service ships for $ 1,697,470 as part of an investigation into the secondary use of materials. The first ship reached the
509:
When ships were delivered from the builder to the USSB, they came under the management of the Division of Operations, which allocated them to the
201:
125:
The board was to address the shortage of shipping through acquisition of existing hulls and, with the declaration of war by the United States on
1165:
911:
909:
525:
already under tight control, those regulations were largely directed at neutrals. A specific example was the preferred trade by neutrals in
638:
1351:
Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Requisitioned Steel Ships, Part I & Requisitioned Steel Ships, Part II
494:
183:
had been expanded to some extent, with domestic shipping companies replacing ships withdrawn from trade by belligerents and both the
1274:
47:(39 Stat. 729), on September 7, 1916. The United States Shipping Board's task was to increase the number of US ships supporting the
846:
844:
842:
817:
815:
237:
109:
US vessels had suffered a disadvantage, and the laws passed by Congress had in some cases had the effect of giving advantage to
654:
279:
180:
915:
171:, formerly Constructor of the Navy and Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Construction, became the General Manager of the EFC.
101:(chairman), who was instrumental in drafting the legislation for the establishment of the board for a term of six years,
582:
291:
650:
149:
133:(EFC) was created 16 April. The precedent for using such a corporation had been set during the construction of the
642:
630:
484:
850:
833:
821:
1213:
616:
551:
498:
267:
596:
Subsequently, additional shipping companies and labor organizations entered the agreement with modifications.
327:
321:
483:
The shipbuilding program was concluded with the 9 May 1922 delivery of the ship completed and delivered as
634:
472:
303:
273:
220:
98:
1448:
929:
1472:. United States Shipping Board, Annual Reports. Vol. 2. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office
1453:. United States Shipping Board, Annual Reports. Vol. 1. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office
1396:
1372:
953:
653:
of the Department of Commerce (all other functions, 1950–81); and the US Maritime Administration of the
577:
452:
439:
261:
225:
152:. That resulted in the resignation of both men and the reconstitution of the board and the corporation.
534:
and charter that the USSB's prewar rate-setting regulatory function had largely become a minor factor.
1365:
1467:
315:
297:
285:
255:
249:
231:
224:
included four from Cuba, and seven sailing vessels seized. Some of Germany's premier liners, such as
138:
469:
ships, was executed through the Emergency Fleet Corporation, which it established on 16 April 1917.
572:
407:
389:
370:
333:
168:
142:
1429:
1147:
1139:
916:
McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Requisitioned Steel Ships
667:
518:
514:
385:
366:
243:
160:
1502:
1302:
1270:
683:
597:
510:
1492:
1411:
1371:
Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1917).
1131:
928:
Pacific American Steamship Association; Shipowners Association of the Pacific Coast (1922).
374:
164:
156:
102:
350:
1187:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. p. 60. Bulletin No. 369.
1102:
777:
393:
309:
28:
184:
93:
1322:
1514:
1151:
673:
620:
425:
60:
1496:
851:
McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Introduction
834:
McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Introduction
822:
McKellar: Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Introduction
1296:
886:
466:
420:
for the second. Others among the ships found service in the next war; for example,
134:
81:
1234:
746:
744:
546:
As of 1 June 1917, the USSB established a recruiting service with headquarters in
141:
was charged with much of the construction and had its stock entirely owned by the
1184:
445:
on 1 January 1943. Some being built for domestic shippers had long careers, with
446:
403:
64:
48:
24:
19:
1108:(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Adjustment Commission. 1919. pp. 1–4.
612:
209:
896:
894:
1347:"Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921, Introduction"
1323:"Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917-1921, Introduction"
526:
85:
887:
United States Navy and World War I: 1914–1922 by Frank A. Blazich Jr., PhD
761:
759:
530:
1122:
Squires, Benjamin M. (July 1921). "The National Adjustment Commission".
219:
The most readily available hulls were 91 German vessels of 594,696
1143:
126:
115:
1346:
629:
Its successor agencies have been the US Shipping Board Bureau of the
547:
110:
68:
63:
had a maritime position that had been eroding for decades with some
1410:
United States Senate, 65th Congress, Committee on Commerce (1918).
1135:
471:
392:
under various shipping line contracts. Examples of such ships are
349:
213:
200:
18:
1306:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
155:
The new USSB composition, which remained throughout the war was
778:
United States Senate, 65th Congress, Committee on Commerce 1918
750:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
1366:
National Archives: Records of the United States Shipping Board
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
592:
Major shipping companies on the Atlantic and the Gulf Coasts.
67:
concern. Some remedies actually worsened the situation since
1330:
Steel Shipbuilding under the U. S. Shipping Board, 1917–1921
1089:
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1005:
993:
900:
874:
862:
765:
163:
replacing James B. White as vice-chairman and John Donald,
1416:. Vol. 1. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office
1506:
July 11, 1917 note of seizure of German ships and listing
1103:
Chairman's Report for the period ending December 31, 1918
80:
A board of five commissioners was to be appointed by the
1469:
Second Annual Report of the United States Shipping Board
529:
with eastern South America when the war effort required
1450:
First Annual Report of the United States Shipping Board
1301:. Philadelphia & London: J. B. Lippincott Company.
1235:"Archives West: Joseph Nathan Teal papers, 1900–1926"
1185:
The Use of Cost-of-Living Figures in Wage Adjustments
682:
From 1924 to 1933, the board was instead chaired by
129:
on 6 April 1917, a construction program through its
1267:
Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Maritime Industry
465:The Board's construction program, most notably the
600:was chairman of the commission from 1919 to 1920.
381:, the contracts and the ships were requisitioned.
619:in November, and all of the remaining ships were
1521:Defunct agencies of the United States government
1466:United States Shipping Board (1 December 1918).
1447:United States Shipping Board (3 December 1917).
626:The USSB was abolished effective March 2, 1934.
43:) was established as an emergency agency by the
384:Out of 431 such ships, totaling 3,068,431
167:and Charles R. Page as members. Rear Admiral
51:efforts. The program ended on March 2, 1934.
8:
1434:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1401:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
958:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1541:1934 disestablishments in the United States
1383:(February). San Francisco: J.S. Hines: 7273
1130:(7). University of Chicago Press: 543–570.
390:Shipping Controller of Ministry of Shipping
1531:Government agencies disestablished in 1934
1438:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1117:
1115:
645:(regulatory functions only, 1950–61); the
1495:(1923 Munson Line brochure reproduced at
1413:Hearings before the Committee on Commerce
31:for the US Shipping Board, ca. 1917–1918.
16:Emergency agency by the 1916 Shipping Act
1536:1916 establishments in the United States
1166:"Ship Board to Deal Directly With Labor"
940:(August). San Francisco: J.S. Hines: 469
649:(regulatory functions only, 1961–); the
588:International Longshoremen's Association
1526:Government agencies established in 1916
695:
521:owned outright, managed, or chartered.
377:that had already loaded for departure,
106:formal organization was on January 30.
1427:
1394:
981:
951:
806:
735:
1504:Business Digest and Investment Weekly
7:
1216:. Scholarsphere.psu.edu. 2020-11-16
1214:"Shipping Board Bureau (1933-1936)"
751:Pacific Marine Review February 1917
623:and recycled the following summer.
346:Commandeering existing construction
495:Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation
14:
1090:United States Shipping Board 1918
1078:United States Shipping Board 1918
1066:United States Shipping Board 1918
1054:United States Shipping Board 1918
1042:United States Shipping Board 1918
1030:United States Shipping Board 1918
1018:United States Shipping Board 1918
1006:United States Shipping Board 1918
994:United States Shipping Board 1918
901:United States Shipping Board 1918
875:United States Shipping Board 1918
863:United States Shipping Board 1917
766:United States Shipping Board 1918
1251:Cruikshank & Shultz (2010),
434:was seized by Japan and sunk as
358:, the commandeered British ship
655:US Department of Transportation
338:, were among the seized ships.
1493:United States Government Ships
657:(all other functions, 1981–).
647:US Federal Maritime Commission
563:National Adjustment Commission
122:United States Shipping Board.
72:intent, as stated in the act:
1:
1124:Journal of Political Economy
583:American Federation of Labor
37:United States Shipping Board
661:U.S. Shipping Commissioners
131:Emergency Fleet Corporation
1557:
1295:Hurley, Edward N. (1927).
930:"The Last U.S.S.B. Vessel"
651:US Maritime Administration
424:was torpedoed and sunk as
416:for the first war and USS
150:George Washington Goethals
1497:Maritime Timetable Images
643:US Department of Commerce
639:US Federal Maritime Board
631:US Department of Commerce
84:with confirmation by the
1253:The Man Who Sold America
617:Ford River Rouge Complex
552:Cambridge, Massachusetts
499:Sparrows Point, Maryland
406:built ships, originally
1265:Blume, Kenneth (2012).
1183:Carr, Elma (May 1925).
678:1923 - Edward P. Farley
607:Postwar and abolishment
568:the following parties:
181:America entered the war
738:, p. Chapter III.
635:US Maritime Commission
493:17 September 1921, by
480:
362:
239:Kronprinzessin Cecilie
216:
206:Kronprinzessin Cecilie
139:Panama Railway Company
32:
1377:Pacific Marine Review
934:Pacific Marine Review
809:, p. Chapter IV.
578:US Secretary of Labor
475:
353:
281:Prinz Eitel Friedrich
204:
22:
1373:"The Shipping Board"
1345:McKellar, Norman L.
1321:McKellar, Norman L.
1298:The Bridge to France
1198:Ford, Henry (1930).
984:, p. Chapter X.
461:Construction program
197:Interned enemy ships
179:Shipbuilding before
1269:. Scarecrow Press.
836:, pp. 270–271.
573:US Secretary of War
412:, which became USS
398:, which became USS
371:US State Department
329:Friedrich der Große
169:Washington L. Capps
143:US Secretary of War
27:poster designed by
1170:The New York Times
1020:, pp. 61, 74.
668:Joseph Nathan Teal
515:US Navy Department
481:
363:
217:
161:Raymond B. Stevens
159:as chairman, with
33:
1032:, pp. 79–80.
1008:, pp. 78–79.
598:William Z. Ripley
511:US War Department
427:Empire Springbuck
402:, and one of the
317:Kronprinz Wilhelm
299:Kaiser Wilhelm II
293:President Lincoln
233:George Washington
137:during which the
45:1916 Shipping Act
1548:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1443:
1433:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1281:
1280:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:orbiscascade.org
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1068:, p. 81–82.
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
985:
979:
964:
963:
957:
949:
947:
945:
925:
919:
913:
904:
898:
889:
884:
878:
872:
866:
860:
854:
848:
837:
831:
825:
819:
810:
804:
781:
775:
769:
763:
754:
753:, p. 72–73.
748:
739:
733:
457:being examples.
375:Union Iron Works
165:Bainbridge Colby
157:Edward N. Hurley
103:Bernard N. Baker
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1511:
1510:
1489:
1484:
1475:
1473:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1446:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1409:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1370:
1356:
1354:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1250:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
980:
967:
950:
943:
941:
927:
926:
922:
914:
907:
899:
892:
885:
881:
873:
869:
861:
857:
849:
840:
832:
828:
820:
813:
805:
784:
780:, p. 1064.
776:
772:
764:
757:
749:
742:
734:
697:
692:
663:
637:(1936–50); the
633:(1933–36); the
609:
565:
544:
507:
505:Ship management
463:
348:
199:
194:
192:Providing hulls
177:
57:
29:James Daugherty
17:
12:
11:
5:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1488:
1487:External links
1485:
1483:
1482:
1463:
1444:
1407:
1368:
1363:
1342:
1318:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1257:
1244:
1226:
1205:
1202:. p. 220.
1200:Moving Forward
1190:
1175:
1157:
1136:10.1086/253371
1111:
1094:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
965:
920:
905:
890:
879:
867:
855:
853:, p. 271.
838:
826:
824:, p. 270.
811:
782:
770:
755:
740:
694:
693:
691:
688:
684:T. V. O'Connor
680:
679:
676:
670:
662:
659:
608:
605:
594:
593:
590:
585:
580:
575:
564:
561:
543:
540:
506:
503:
489:, launched as
462:
459:
347:
344:
198:
195:
193:
190:
185:United Kingdom
176:
173:
99:William Denman
94:Woodrow Wilson
78:
77:
56:
53:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1553:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1278:
1276:9780810856349
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1255:, pp. 199–204
1254:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1172:. 1920-07-31.
1171:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1092:, p. 84.
1091:
1086:
1083:
1080:, p. 83.
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1056:, p. 81.
1055:
1050:
1047:
1044:, p. 80.
1043:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
996:, p. 55.
995:
990:
987:
983:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
966:
961:
955:
939:
935:
931:
924:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
903:, p. 45.
902:
897:
895:
891:
888:
883:
880:
877:, p. 23.
876:
871:
868:
865:, p. 19.
864:
859:
856:
852:
847:
845:
843:
839:
835:
830:
827:
823:
818:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
774:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
708:
706:
704:
702:
700:
696:
689:
687:
685:
677:
675:
674:Albert Lasker
671:
669:
665:
664:
660:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
624:
622:
618:
614:
606:
604:
601:
599:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
569:
562:
560:
556:
553:
549:
541:
539:
535:
532:
528:
522:
520:
516:
512:
504:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
486:Western World
478:
477:Western World
474:
470:
468:
460:
458:
456:
455:
450:
449:
444:
443:
437:
433:
430:in 1941, and
429:
428:
423:
419:
415:
414:Lake Superior
411:
410:
405:
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
361:
357:
352:
345:
343:
339:
337:
336:
331:
330:
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
312:
307:
306:
301:
300:
295:
294:
289:
288:
283:
282:
277:
276:
271:
270:
265:
264:
259:
258:
253:
252:
247:
246:
241:
240:
235:
234:
229:
228:
222:
215:
211:
207:
203:
196:
191:
189:
186:
182:
174:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
117:
112:
107:
104:
100:
95:
92:US President
90:
87:
83:
75:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:congressional
62:
61:United States
54:
52:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
1503:
1474:. Retrieved
1468:
1455:. Retrieved
1449:
1418:. Retrieved
1412:
1397:cite journal
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1376:
1355:. Retrieved
1353:. ShipScribe
1350:
1334:. Retrieved
1332:. ShipScribe
1329:
1310:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:Bibliography
1266:
1260:
1252:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1218:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1193:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1127:
1123:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
954:cite journal
942:. Retrieved
937:
933:
923:
882:
870:
858:
829:
773:
768:, p. 7.
681:
672:1921 - 1923
628:
625:
610:
602:
595:
566:
557:
545:
542:Ship manning
536:
523:
508:
491:Nutmeg State
490:
485:
482:
476:
467:Hog Islander
464:
453:
447:
441:
435:
431:
426:
421:
417:
413:
408:
399:
394:
383:
378:
364:
359:
355:
340:
334:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
262:
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
226:
218:
205:
178:
154:
147:
135:Panama Canal
124:
120:
108:
91:
82:US president
79:
58:
40:
36:
34:
982:Hurley 1927
807:Hurley 1927
736:Hurley 1927
621:broken down
436:Renzan Maru
409:War Bayonet
404:Great Lakes
400:West Bridge
356:West Bridge
175:World War I
49:World War I
25:World War I
1515:Categories
1220:2022-04-05
690:References
666:1920–1921
613:Henry Ford
432:War Dragon
269:Pocahontas
210:Bar Harbor
55:Initiation
1476:27 August
1457:27 August
1430:cite book
1420:24 August
1387:24 August
1357:27 August
1336:27 August
1312:21 August
1152:154659867
944:19 August
527:manganese
440:USS
395:War Topaz
379:War Sword
360:War Topaz
335:Vaterland
323:Covington
251:Pensacola
86:US Senate
1307:27011802
531:nitrates
442:Porpoise
422:War Dido
305:Antigone
287:Republic
275:Powhatan
111:European
69:European
1144:1822376
641:of the
479:in 1922
454:Oriente
448:Orizaba
418:Tuluran
263:Mercury
245:Astoria
227:Amerika
127:Germany
116:US flag
1305:
1273:
1150:
1142:
548:Boston
257:Aeolus
1326:(PDF)
1148:S2CID
1140:JSTOR
1106:(PDF)
311:Rhein
214:Maine
1478:2015
1459:2015
1440:link
1436:link
1422:2015
1403:link
1389:2015
1359:2015
1338:2015
1314:2015
1303:LCCN
1271:ISBN
960:link
946:2015
451:and
354:USS
332:and
59:The
41:USSB
35:The
1132:doi
519:DWT
497:at
438:by
386:DWT
367:DWT
221:GRT
208:at
1517::
1432:}}
1428:{{
1399:}}
1395:{{
1381:14
1379:.
1375:.
1349:.
1328:.
1237:.
1168:.
1146:.
1138:.
1128:29
1126:.
1114:^
968:^
956:}}
952:{{
938:19
936:.
932:.
908:^
893:^
841:^
814:^
785:^
758:^
743:^
698:^
686:.
513:,
501:.
326:,
320:,
314:,
308:,
302:,
296:,
290:,
284:,
278:,
272:,
266:,
260:,
254:,
248:,
242:,
236:,
230:,
212:,
23:A
1499:)
1480:.
1461:.
1442:)
1424:.
1405:)
1391:.
1361:.
1340:.
1316:.
1279:.
1241:.
1223:.
1154:.
1134::
962:)
948:.
918:.
39:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
