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If a state participates in a conspiracy to infringe an individuals rights, the state has violated the
Fourteenth Amendment. The state's participation in the conspiracy can be as minimal as possible, so long as the involvement exists the state has erred. Furthermore, there is a constitutional right to
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The argument revolved around whether or not
Congress intended to apply equal protection rights of the 14th Amendment to citizens deprived of said rights on public facilities, such as roads and bridges or interstate commerce facilities, by private actors with the collusion of public actors. In this
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While the majority avoided the question of whether
Congress, by appropriate legislation, has the power to punish private conspiracies, Justice Clark, writing in concurrence, asserted that "there now can be no doubt that the specific language of §5 empowers the Congress to enact laws punishing all
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Brennan wrote: "(I) believe that §241 reaches such a private conspiracy, not because the 14th
Amendment of its own force prohibits such a conspiracy, but because §241, as an exercise of congressional power under §5 of that Amendment, prohibits all conspiracies to interfere with the exercise of a
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to citizens who suffer rights deprivations at the hands of private conspiracies, where there is minimal state participation in the conspiracy. The Court also held that there is a
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The question was whether or not 18 U.S.C. §241 of the
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case, "public actors" were considered the police who responded to the murderers' false reports that Penn and his cohorts had committed crimes.
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conspiracies - with or without state action - that interfere with 14th
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Belknap, Michal R. (1982). "The Legal Legacy of Lemuel Penn".
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Fourteenth Amendment, section five case law
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Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
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237:U.S. Const. amend. XIV
166:William J. Brennan Jr.
54:United States v. Guest
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344:Concurrence/dissents
332:Opinion of the Court
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289:Background
283:Abe Fortas
279:Hugo Black
186:Abe Fortas
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