873:
sovereignty a "nullity." Thomas did not believe that
Congress has the constitutional authority to set the "metes and bounds of tribal sovereignty." He noted that such authority was not in the Indian Treaty Clause nor the Indian Commerce Clause. "In view, the tribes either are or are not separate sovereigns, and our federal Indian law cases untenably hold both positions simultaneously." Thomas further questioned the law ending the practice of making treaties with the tribes, noting that this was the one clear constitutional provision that provides for dealing with other sovereigns. Thomas noted that a delegation of prosecutorial power is always to an executive branch and that the tribes are not part of any executive branch of the Federal government. Therefore, the case hinges on the tribes' inherent sovereignty, and based on precedent, the tribes possess that power.
741:
31:
569:, with Magistrate Judge Alice R. Senechal sitting by consent, denied the motions and Lara entered a conditional guilty plea, reserving the right to appeal. Senechal noted that two other trial courts in the circuit had already ruled that double jeopardy did not apply, that the ICRA only recognized the inherent sovereignty of the tribes and did not delegate prosecutorial power to the tribe. She further noted that another circuit court had ruled the same way. Lara also argued that the
822:
586:, arguing that the Tribal Court obtained its authority from the ICRA, an act of Congress, and that both the Tribal Court and the Federal Court derived their power from the same sovereign. A three-judge panel of the Circuit Court affirmed the decision of the District Court, holding that the tribe derived its power from its own retained sovereignty that was separate from the sovereignty of the United States. The Eighth Circuit's panel noted that in the
413:
368:
882:
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Lara brought up the constitutional issues of double jeopardy ("or shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ..."), selective prosecution,("or deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.") and due process ("or be
590:
decision, the
Supreme Court had observed that Congress could address the jurisdictional system, which Congress did. When Congress amended the ICRA, they were addressing a federal common law issue, not a constitutional issue, and were within their authority to recognize the sovereignty of the tribes.
768:
granted
Congress "plenary and exclusive" power to legislate in respect to the Indian tribes. He noted that the Indian Treaty Clause did not specifically grant Congress the right to legislate, but that treaties made pursuant to the clause could grant Congress the authority to legislate in regards to
708:
to support his argument. He stated that it was the place of the
Supreme Court, not Congress, to determine the inherent sovereignty of the tribe. Lara argued that since the tribe had no such inherent sovereignty, it could only prosecute a non-member Indian based upon federal sovereignty, which would
609:
allowed prosecution by two separate sovereigns, such as the federal government and a state government, it found that an Indian tribe derived its authority to prosecute offenders from the ICRA, which was federal law. The court noted that in previous
Supreme Court rulings, the determination of tribal
573:
doctrine, if applied, would preclude his prosecution, and that since it was never applied to federal prosecutions following convictions in tribal court, it discriminated against
Indians. Senechal denied this motion, noting that Lara had shown no examples of other races not being prosecuted for like
1143:
doctrine requires the U.S. Attorney to determine that: 1) there is a substantial federal interest; 2) that the other prosecution left that interest unvindicated; and 3) the same test is applied to all federal prosecutions. Finally, the approval of the appropriate
Assistant Attorney General is also
1039:
tribe), and the Two
Kettles bands. This group speaks the Lakota dialect of the Sioux language. The Dakota, sometimes known as the Western Dakota, consist of the Yankton and Yanktonai bands, which speak the Western Dakota dialect of the Sioux language. The Santee, or Eastern Dakota, consist of the
756:
delivered the opinion of the court on April 19, 2004. Breyer believed that the question the Court needed to answer was whether
Congress had the authority to relax restrictions that had been imposed on an Indian tribe's inherent sovereignty. He noted that the intent of Congress was clear, not only
399:
or Ojibwe people were also from the same general area. The two tribes had been at war from at least 1736 and by 1750 the
Chippewa had forced the Santee to the west into the prairie. The war between the tribes continued until at least the 1850s. Only after 1862, when the Santee rose up against the
872:
wrote a concurring opinion stating that it was time to re-examine the entire concept of tribal sovereignty. He noted that doubtful precedents stated that Congress, and not another part of the government had the power to regulate everything that a tribe could or could not do, which renders tribal
855:
wrote a concurrence which stated that Congress was very careful to base the changes to the statute on inherent tribal powers and not on a delegation of authority. Kennedy states that is all that is needed to decide the case, but that the Court went further than was necessary when it decided that
808:
Breyer noted Lara's other arguments, but as the double jeopardy issue was dispositive, he declined to address those issues. He did note that "we are not now faced with a question dealing with potential constitutional limits on congressional efforts to legislate far more radical changes in tribal
929:
Souter wrote that this dissonance in court decisions will lead to confusion, stating: "And confusion, I fear, will be the legacy of today's decision, for our failure to stand by what we have previously said reveals that our conceptualizations of sovereignty and dependent sovereignty are largely
564:
Following his arrest, the tribal court of the Spirit Lake Sioux Tribe charged Lara with assaulting the arresting officers, along with four other charges. Lara pleaded guilty to the tribal charge of "violence to a policeman". Soon after, federal prosecutors charged Lara with assault on a federal
1003:
The case has been widely covered in books and news media. Tribal court authority has been altered by the U.S. government for decades, affecting jurisdictional powers. In Justice Thomas's conclusion at the end of this case, he stated, "History points in both directions." Thomas further stated,
543:. Lara had married a member of the Spirit Lake Santee tribe and had resided on the Spirit Lake Reservation with her and their children until he was banished from the reservation due to several serious misdemeanors. Lara returned to the reservation, where he was arrested and charged with
709:
make a subsequent Federal prosecution a violation of the prohibition of double jeopardy. It was noted that members of Indian tribes were at the same time United States citizens, and protected under the constitution in the same manner as any other citizen. Reichert stated that
656:
decision clearly stated that a tribe could prosecute a tribal member for a crime and that the Federal government could subsequently prosecute for the same criminal acts without invoking double jeopardy if the actions of the accused violated Federal law. Olson noted that the
842:
that argued that the Indian tribes have a stronger claim on inherent sovereign powers than do individual states. He noted that the Indian tribes governed themselves since before Columbus arrived, and that most states never governed themselves outside of the United States.
967:
Indians are very integrated across tribal boundaries, intermarrying across tribes and sharing child and medical care services across tribes. Lara was an example of this; he married a Spirit Lake Sioux woman and moved to that reservation before his exclusion by the
551:(BIA) officer Bryon Swan took Lara to the police station where Lara was informed of a Sioux order excluding him from the reservation. Lara then struck Swan, who as a BIA officer was considered both a tribal officer and a federal law enforcement officer.
693:
Alexander F. Reichert was appointed by the Supreme Court to argue the case for Lara. Reichert argued that an Indian tribe had no inherent sovereignty in regards to non-member Indians, but only the power that Congress decided to give the tribe, citing
4396:
713:
was decided as a constitutional issue, not as a matter of common law, and it was the Court's place to determine the issue, not the place of Congress. To subject Lara to a prosecution by a tribal court, which was not subject to the
921:
was even more specific as to that point. Souter believed that the only two ways that the tribes could regain their sovereignty would be for Congress to declare that they were independent of the United States, as it did with the
604:
by the full court. The request was granted, and the full court reversed the decision of the three-judge panel, ordering that the federal indictment be dismissed on the grounds of double jeopardy. While the court noted that the
5231:
796:
dealt with cases where Congress had restricted a tribe's inherent powers but pointed at nothing in the Constitution or established precedent that prohibits Congress from relaxing such restrictions. The decision in
334:
that an Indian tribe did not have the authority to try an Indian criminally who was not a member of that tribe. The following year, Congress passed a law that stated that Indian tribes, because of their inherent
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because tribes could act even in the presence of related federal activity. They noted that Lara had been in numerous altercations with the tribal police at Spirit Lake for intoxication, spousal abuse, and
4359:
4175:
1258:
805:, and it is clear that Congress has the power to change that law. Since the power exercised by the Spirit Lake Sioux Tribe was that of inherent tribal sovereignty, double jeopardy did not attach.
917:
held that the tribes had lost their inherent sovereignty, the only way for the tribes to regain jurisdiction over non-member Indians would be by the delegation of that jurisdiction by Congress.
462:
the Supreme Court found that the federal government did not have jurisdiction to try the case. Crow Dog was ordered released, having made restitution under tribal law to Spotted Tail's family.
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1270:
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Breyer noted the many shifts in federal Indian policy, from removal to self-determination, the last of which substantially relaxed prior restrictions that Congress had placed on the tribes.
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against the federal charges. The Supreme Court ruled that double jeopardy did not apply to Lara since "the successive prosecutions were brought by separate and distinct sovereign bodies".
1322:
5226:
4211:
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Congress had the power under the constitution to authorize tribes to prosecute non-member Indians. Finally, Kennedy was concerned that the court did not address the question of the
4247:
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jurisdiction was based on the tribal membership of the individual, not on his race as an Indian. This meant that double jeopardy attached. The United States then appealed to the
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72:
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4022:
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1179:
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These powers included the ability to both restrict tribal powers or to relax such restrictions. Congress has done both, such as in the withdrawal of federal recognition of the
566:
665:
fix bill clearly indicated that Congress intended to restore, not delegate, authority to prosecute non-member Indians by a tribe. The government argued that the limitation in
4223:
3878:
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305:(Indian) tribe could prosecute an Indian for the same acts that constituted crimes in both jurisdictions. The Court held that the United States and the tribe were separate
971:"As 'domestic dependent nations,' Indian tribes possess criminal jurisdiction in Indian Country that is 'complete, inherent, and exclusive,' except as limited by Congress."
4438:
606:
5211:
4429:
4234:
3974:
3738:
1402:"United States v Lara: Affirmation of Tribal Criminal Jurisdiction Over Nonmember American Indians. In: Michigan Bar Journal from July 2004, pages 24-27, here page 24"
725:
673:
has allowed prosecution of non-member Indians for centuries, until it was limited by Congress. The United States was supported by amicus briefs filed by the State of
1401:
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4300:
990:
by affirming the ability of Congress to relax or to restrict tribal powers. The opinion of Justice Thomas was especially telling in this, as Thomas had opined that
3854:
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was a statutory limitation of the tribe's sovereignty, not a constitutional limit, and that Congress had the authority to remove that limitation. He noted that a
1035:
The Lakota, also known as Teton Sioux, consist of the Brulé, Oglala, Sans Arc, Hunkpapa, Miniconjou, Sihasapa (or Blackfoot Sioux, not to be confused with the
404:, did the fighting cease. In 1872, the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of the Santee signed a treaty that resulted in their moving to the Spirit Lake Reservation.
4264:
4239:
3958:
583:
1004:"Federal Indian policy, is, to say the least, schizophrenic." Thomas's statements directly address the Supreme Court's confusion on both present and future
3304:
Symposium: Tribal Sovereignty and United States v. Lara: Another Such Victory and We are Undone: A Call to an American Indian Declaration of Independence,
1182:
had held there was no federal delegation of power, and thus no double jeopardy, while the Eighth Circuit had held the opposite and it was double jeopardy.
5236:
3894:
3550:
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bodies had filed the charges, double jeopardy did not apply to Lara's case. The decision of the Eighth Circuit Court was reversed in the 7–2 decision.
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Originally, crimes committed by Indians against Indians were not subject to federal or state jurisdiction, but were handled by tribal law. In 1881, a
1318:
3998:
528:
515:(ICRA) to recognize that Indian tribes had inherent power to exercise criminal jurisdiction over all Indians. This legislation became known as the "
732:, Idaho, (along with several other counties), the Citizen's Equal Rights Foundation, and T. Morris, E. Morris, and R. Morris (individual Indians).
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officer and a federal grand jury indicted him. Lara moved to dismiss the charge based on double jeopardy and other constitutional grounds. The
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over certain Indian-on-Indian crimes when the crimes were committed in "Indian country." In 1886, the Act was upheld by the Supreme Court in
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Lara was also charged with resisting lawful arrest, trespass, disobedience to a lawful order of the tribal court, and public intoxication.
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Lara was released from federal prison on August 19, 2005, about a year and four months after the Supreme Court delivered their decision.
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1651:
1619:
704:
611:
540:
295:
277:
35:
4455:
4339:
3934:
3798:
3287:
Symposium: Tribal Sovereignty and United States v. Lara: Lara, Lawrence, Supreme Court Litigation, and Lessons From Social Movements
1381:
Thomas questioned the constitutionality of this act, noting that the power to make treaties rested with the President, not Congress.
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The crimes covered were murder, manslaughter, rape, assault with intent to commit murder, arson, burglary, and larceny.
715:
3232:
American-Indian Law: United States v. Lara: Affirmation of Tribal Criminal Jurisdiction Over Nonmember American Indians
4599:
4354:
4139:
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claim. Judge Hansen dissented, believing that the tribe drew its authority to try Lara from the federal government.
450:. Crow Dog was tried in federal court for murder, found guilty, and sentenced to hang. He petitioned for a writ of
5147:
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4484:
3774:
3586:
1040:
Mdewakantonwan, Wahpeton, Sisseton, and Wahpekute bands, speaking the Eastern Dakota dialect of the Sioux language.
765:
269:
1998:
Broken Landscape:Indians, Indian Tribes, and the Constitution: Indians, Indian Tribes, and the Constitution 251-52
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4500:
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1306:
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Indian country was defined as all reservation land, all dependent Indian communities, and all Indian allotments.
339:, had the authority to try non-member Indians for crimes committed within the tribe's territorial jurisdiction.
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112:
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The federal government has exclusive jurisdiction as regards the states, however, the Indian tribes retain
122:
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4127:
4006:
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1099:
1098:
The Duro case involved the slaying of a 14-year-old on the reservation by an Indian of another tribe. The
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317:
310:
174:
983:. Only when the tribe ran out of options did it issue an exclusion order to bar him from the reservation.
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3120:
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1889:
Like a Loaded Weapon: The Rehnquist Court, Indian Rights, And the Legal History of Racism in America 154
1741:
1716:
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1434:
1314:
1005:
64:
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1008:. As Justice Souter stated in his dissent, this remains "an area peculiarly susceptible to confusion."
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4773:
3782:
3514:
897:. Souter referenced prior cases dealing with sovereignty and jurisdiction, from the decision made in
273:
2083:
Tribal Criminal Jurisdiction After U.S. v. Lara: Answering Constitutional Challenges to the Duro Fix
1337:
held that a tribe had no authority to a non-Indian for an offense against an Indian on tribal lands.
1158:
5131:
5099:
5051:
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5003:
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4290:
3766:
1987:
Trapped in a Tangled Web United States v. Lara: The Trouble with Tribes and the Sovereignty Debacle
1102:
declined to prosecute, so the tribe prosecuted Duro for the tribal offense of discharging a weapon.
729:
658:
544:
202:
3716:
3523:
5083:
5019:
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4934:
4918:
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4329:
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4115:
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1302:
1298:
1282:
1162:
987:
975:
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718:, would deprive Lara of his rights as a United States citizen. Lara's position was supported by
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3434:
3412:
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835:
458:
425:
342:
The defendant, Billy Jo Lara, was charged for acts that were criminal offenses under both the
166:
158:
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to try an Indian of another tribe. Tribal leaders urged Congress to fix the problem that the
5171:
5027:
4894:
4843:
3456:
2585:
Redefining the Status of Indian Tribes within Our Federalism: Beyond the Dependency Paradigm
1310:
1058:
The restitution consisted of $ 600 (or $ 50 in one source), eight ponies, and one blanket.
980:
474:
421:
401:
321:
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5221:
5163:
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3838:
3331:
1294:
1154:
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852:
821:
761:
351:
198:
186:
139:
and the United States are separate sovereigns, prosecuting a crime under both tribal and
3625:
3505:
2856:
1404:. Department Digital Commons at Michigan State University College of Law. Archived from
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4374:
4151:
3822:
3532:
3427:
3405:
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2458:
2341:
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1744:
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1437:
894:
753:
639:
388:
384:
210:
178:
1400:
Matthew L. M. Fletcher ( Michigan State University College of Law) (January 1, 2004).
860:. He would have reversed the Eighth Circuit without going into the additional detail.
5200:
5179:
4476:
4379:
4364:
3982:
2902:, 541 U.S. at 211–12 (Kennedy concurring); David M. Schraver & David H. Tennant,
1732:
1290:
1175:
991:
720:
519:
fix", and was based on tribal sovereignty rather than a federal delegation of power.
499:
452:
396:
380:
330:
281:
2521:
The Extent of Indian Regulatory Authority over Non-Indians: South Dakota v. Bourland
4193:
2862:
1274:
1241:
890:
757:
based on the plain language of the statute, but also from its legislative history.
650:
to enforce its criminal laws against Indians of other tribes. Olson noted that the
532:
504:
447:
439:
412:
376:
190:
136:
4397:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
1820:
1816:
1687:
1671:
1655:
1623:
67:
3369:
America is Indian Country: Opinions and Perspectives from Indian Country Today 90
2738:
2713:
2709:
4295:
3046:
1637:
Returning Washington P.L. 280 Jurisdiction to its Original Consent-Based Grounds
923:
367:
306:
2932:, at 52 (noting that Lara should have raised these issues in the tribal court).
1174:
At least in part, it appears that the Supreme Court took the case to resolve a
4369:
1212:
1196:
1130:
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ...").
960:
926:, or for the Court to overturn the concept of a dependent domestic sovereign.
802:
615:
83:
3468:
2984:, 541 U.S. at 215 (Thomas concurring) (internal citations omitted); Skibine,
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4109:
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1233:
1036:
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status." The decision allowed both courts to prosecute Lara. Since separate
773:
392:
79:
3279:
Symposium: Tribal Sovereignty and United States v. Lara: Symposium Foreward
1761:
Supreme Court Interpretation and Policymaking in American Indian Policy 176
930:
rhetorical." Souter concluded that he would stand by the decisions made in
371:
1892 Map of Spirit Lake Reservation, then known as Devil's Lake Reservation
309:; therefore, separate tribal and federal prosecutions did not violate the
1237:
1204:
1200:
435:
431:
3476:
1850:
United States v. Lara, Indian Tribes, and the Dialectic of Incorporation
881:
3038:
2968:, 541 U.S. at 215 (Thomas concurring); Schraver, at 138 n.23; Skibine,
2730:
2701:
1615:
1229:
1208:
1192:
600:
1808:
1692:
Heeding the Demands of Justice: Justice Blackmun's Indian Law Opinions
3460:
1216:
325:
2133:, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20182 at *3-4 (internal citations omitted).
784:
to restore tribal recognition and powers. The earlier decisions in
909:. Souter stated that the decision in this case did not align with
880:
820:
739:
678:
411:
366:
4070:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
1861:
Tribal, State, and Federal Cooperation to Achieve Good Governance
1049:
The reservation was originally known as Devil's Lake Reservation.
825:
Justice Clarence Thomas, author of one of the concurring opinions
324:, divesting tribes of criminal jurisdiction in regard to several
105:, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20182 (D.N.D. 2001).
3640:
Brief Amicus Curiae on Behalf of Eighteen American Indian Tribes
3325:
Ode to Billy Jo, The Supreme Court's latest look into Indian law
3218:
1245:
4957:
4535:
4453:
4411:
3720:
30:
2956:, 541 U.S. at 214 (Thomas concurring); Schraver, at 156 n.127.
2725:
Menominee Restoration Act of 1973, December 22, 1973, 87
1259:
Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation
1120:
Lara was sentenced to 90 days in jail for the tribal offense.
963:
articles since the decision was made. Points raised include:
391:
in the east. In the east, the Santee was originally from the
5232:
United States Native American criminal jurisdiction case law
3692:
Brief Amicus Curiae of the Citizen's Equal Rights Foundation
3627:
Brief of Amicus Curiae National Congress of American Indians
3601:
Brief for the State of Washington, et al., as Amicus Curiae
477:
in 1885. The Act provided that the federal government had
3951:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
3383:
1 Punch, 2 Prosecutions, No Double Jeopardy, Justices Rule
3365:
Justice Thomas and Federal Indian Law – Hitting His Stride
2696:
Menominee Termination Act of 1954, June 17, 1954, 58
3447:
Reichert, Alexander (2004), "Counsel for Billy Jo Lara",
582:
Lara appealed the denial of his motion to dismiss to the
350:. Lara pleaded guilty to the tribal charges, but claimed
5242:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
3666:
Amicus Brief of Nat'l Assoc. of Criminal Defense Lawyers
1323:
Three Affiliated Tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation
893:
wrote a dissenting opinion, which was joined by Justice
227:
Breyer, joined by Rehnquist, Stevens, O'Connor, Ginsburg
4212:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
4176:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
2427:
Formalism and Judicial Supremacy in Federal Indian Law
2253:, 541 U.S. 193 (2004) (hereinafter cited as Lara II).
1595:
George Washington Kingsbury & George Martin Smith
744:
Justice Stephen Breyer wrote the majority opinion in
539:
is approximately 90 miles (140 km) south of the
4023:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
3903:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
2928:, 541 U.S. at 212–13 (Kennedy concurring); Skibine,
2590:
667, 678 (2005–2006) (hereinafter cited as Skibine,
2432:
391, 397 (2007–2008) (hereinafter cited as Skibine,
2185:, 541 U.S. 193 (2004) (hereinafter cited as Lara I).
4886:
4803:
4784:
4733:
4674:
4591:
4548:
4273:
4233:
4224:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
4078:
3879:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
3758:
1263:
Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation
263:
255:
247:
239:
231:
223:
218:
147:
129:
96:
91:
59:
49:
42:
23:
3679:Brief of Lewis Cnty., Idaho, et al., Amicus Curiae
3426:
3404:
1346:Indian tribes are not bound by the Bill of Rights.
885:Justice David Souter, author of dissenting opinion
3614:Brief Amicus Curiae of the State of Idaho, et al.
3221:: Billy Jo Lara #08061-059. Viewed July 27, 2014.
1610:Major Crimes Act of 1835, March 3, 1885, 23
3975:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
3190:, 541 U.S. at 230 (Souter dissenting); Skibine,
3150:, 541 U.S. at 227 (Souter dissenting); Skibine,
3061:, 541 U.S. at 218 (Thomas concurring); Skibine,
2544:Br. of Nat'l Assoc. of Criminal Defense Lawyers.
726:National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers
511:decision created. In 1991, Congress amended the
4301:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
3705:Brief Amicus Curiae of Thomas Lee Morris, et al
994:and tribal sovereignty were mutually exclusive.
591:The panel then affirmed the trial court on the
3855:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
2765:, 541 U.S. at 205; Burleson, at 210; Skibine,
1855:47 (2004–2005) (hereinafter cited as Skibine,
646:decision, acted to "recognize and affirm" the
5227:United States Double Jeopardy Clause case law
4423:
3732:
328:crimes. In 1990, the Supreme Court ruled in
301:which held that both the United States and a
8:
3959:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
3371:(Jose Barreiro & Tim Johnson eds. 2004).
1936:, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20182 (D.N.D. 2001)
527:Billy Jo Lara was an enrolled member of the
400:whites and were subsequently removed to the
3407:American Indian Law in a Nutshell (3rd ed.)
2583:, 541 U.S. at 196; Alex Tallchief Skibine,
2233:, 294 F.3d at 1007–10. (Hansen dissenting).
1873:Introduction to Tribal Legal Studies 159-60
1599:2 History of the Dakota Territory 1192–1196
1550:2 Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties 1057–58
959:This case has been the subject of numerous
4954:
4545:
4532:
4450:
4430:
4416:
4408:
3895:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
3739:
3725:
3717:
2878:, 541 U.S. at 210–11 (Stevens concurring).
20:
3302:Lara, 541 U.S. at 193; William Bradford,
3138:, 541 U.S. at 226–27 (Souter dissenting).
1319:Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
642:argued that Congress, in response to the
2904:Indian Tribal Sovereignty–Current Issues
2562:Br. of the Citizen's Equal Rights Found.
1498:Culture and Customs of the Sioux Indians
529:Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians
5212:Native American history of North Dakota
4248:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
3411:, St. Paul, MN: West Group Publishing,
2944:, 541 U.S. at 214 (Kennedy concurring).
2890:, 541 U.S. at 211 (Kennedy concurring).
1392:
1355:The counties were Lewis County, Idaho,
1028:
1018:Tribal sovereignty in the United States
3206:, 541 U.S. at 230 (Souter dissenting).
3178:, 541 U.S. at 229 (Souter dissenting).
3166:, 541 U.S. at 227 (Souter dissenting).
3089:, 541 U.S. at 216 (Thomas concurring).
3077:, 541 U.S. at 215 (Thomas concurring).
3024:, 541 U.S. at 215 (Thomas concurring).
2145:, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20182 at *3-4.
1869:Justin Blake Richland & Sarah Deer
4911:Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber
4182:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
3999:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
3752:Native Americans in the United States
3253:American Indian Law in a Nutshell 168
913:established in previous cases. Since
683:National Congress of American Indians
677:and seven other states, the State of
18:2004 United States Supreme Court case
7:
3863:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
2157:, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20182 at *4.
2121:, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20182 at *3.
2109:, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20182 at *1.
1976:, 2001 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 20182 at *1.
1490:The Chippewas of Lake Superior 36-37
4170:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
3831:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1287:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians
497:In 1990, the Supreme Court held in
3653:Brief of Respondent, Billy Jo Lara
3561:, January 21, 2004, archived from
2912:133, 138-39 (2011–2012); Skibine,
2447:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe
2407:Br. of Nat'l Cong. of Am. Indians.
2319:Br. of United States 11-12, 17-18.
1918:Battleground: Criminal Justice 781
1458:American Indians and the Law 48-49
1440: (2004) (hereinafter cited as
705:Oliphant v. Suquamish Indian Tribe
541:Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation
503:that an Indian tribe did not have
379:consist of three main groups, the
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
5237:United States Supreme Court cases
4340:National Indian Gaming Commission
3935:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
3799:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
3588:Reply Brief for the United States
3501:193 (2004) is available from:
3309:(2004); Batzer, at 283; Skibine,
535:near the Canada–U.S. border. The
4656:Bravo-Fernandez v. United States
3887:Menominee Tribe v. United States
2794:Lara, 541 U.S. at 210; Skibine,
598:Lara then requested a rehearing
438:shot and killed another Indian,
143:does not attach double jeopardy.
29:
4094:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
2866:(accessed on January 13, 2013).
2814:, 541 U.S. at 207–09; Skibine,
2289:, 255 F.3d 662 (9th Cir. 2003).
2072:amends. V, XIV; Batzer, at 295.
1960:, 324 F.3d 635 (8th Cir. 2003)
1801:Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968
1321:, Spirit Lake Sioux Tribe, and
584:Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals
5207:2004 in United States case law
4324:In the Courts of the Conqueror
3927:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
3403:Canby, William C. Jr. (1998),
3033:Act of March 3, 1871, 16
2526:(1993–1994); Burleson, at 215.
2380:Br. of United States 31 n. 11.
1552:(Charles J. Kappler ed. 1904).
1474:Tribes of the Sioux Nation 5-9
685:, and eighteen Indian tribes.
54:United States v. Billy Jo Lara
1:
5217:Native American tribal police
4439:United States Fifth Amendment
4206:Native American Languages Act
3552:Transcript of Oral Argument,
2524:27 Creighton L. Rev. 605, 613
1690:et seq.; Allison M. Dussias,
974:The decision enhanced tribal
648:Indian tribe's inherent power
456:to the Supreme Court, and in
294:, 541 U.S. 193 (2004), was a
4860:Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle
4793:Blockburger v. United States
4557:Blockburger v. United States
4345:Native American civil rights
4200:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
4039:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
3429:American Indians and the Law
2830:, 541 U.S. at 205; Skibine,
2781:, 541 U.S. at 207; Skibine,
2658:, 541 U.S. at 201; Skibine,
2630:, 541 U.S. at 200; Skibine,
1865:40 Akron L. Rev. 207, 209-10
1191:The states were Washington,
1153:The panel consisted of C.J.
4600:United States v. Randenbush
4360:Recognition of sacred sites
4355:Native American Rights Fund
4260:Federally recognized tribes
4140:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
3575:Brief for the United States
3433:, New York: Penguin Group,
3285:(2004); Kevin K. Washburn,
2798:, at 51; Burleson, at 210;
2683:Burleson, at 210; Skibine,
2488:Br. of Lara 8-12; Skibine,
2371:Br. of United States 23-26.
2362:Br. of United States 18-19.
2353:Br. of United States 15-16.
1283:Metlakatla Indian Community
681:and five other states, the
296:United States Supreme Court
5258:
5148:J. D. B. v. North Carolina
5076:Dickerson v. United States
4485:Wong Wing v. United States
4218:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
3775:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
3449:American Indian Law Review
2553:Br. of Lewis Cnty., Idaho.
2249:(8th Cir. 2003) (en banc)
1956:, 541 U.S. 193 (2004) and
1803:, April 11, 1968, 82
766:United States Constitution
419:
115: (8th Cir. 2002).
5060:Mitchell v. United States
4966:
4960:Self-Incrimination Clause
4953:
4804:Dual sovereignty doctrine
4624:Fong Foo v. United States
4549:Meaning of "same offense"
4544:
4531:
4501:United States v. Moreland
4463:
4449:
4134:Indian Reorganization Act
4061:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
3919:United States v. Antelope
3216:Federal Bureau of Prisons
1695:71 N.D. L. Rev. 41, 87-88
1640:47 Gonz. L. Rev. 663, 678
1307:Pawnee Nation of Oklahoma
1271:Lac Courte Oreilles Tribe
903:, to the opinion made in
782:Menominee Restoration Act
778:Menominee Termination Act
268:
152:
134:
125: (8th Cir. 2003).
28:
5068:United States v. Hubbell
4927:North Carolina v. Pearce
4876:Denezpi v. United States
4836:United States v. Wheeler
4286:Bureau of Indian Affairs
4188:Indian Child Welfare Act
3991:South Dakota v. Bourland
3425:Duthu, N. Bruce (2008),
3112:South Dakota v. Bourland
2425:Alex Tallchief Skibine,
2330:United States v. Wheeler
1990:8 Chap. L. Rev. 283, 294
1848:Alex Tallchief Skibine,
1811:(codified as amended at
1618:(codified as amended as
1267:Eastern Band of Cherokee
906:South Dakota v. Bourland
653:United States v. Wheeler
549:Bureau of Indian Affairs
346:'s laws and the federal
259:Souter, joined by Scalia
5116:Corley v. United States
5108:United States v. Patane
4972:Curcio v. United States
4868:Gamble v. United States
4758:United States v. Dinitz
4691:Ludwig v. Massachusetts
4683:United States v. Wilson
4616:Burton v. United States
4517:United States v. Cotton
4335:Long Walk of the Navajo
4265:State recognized tribes
4164:Indian Civil Rights Act
3230:Matthew L.M. Fletcher,
2416:Br. of Eighteen Tribes.
1708:United States v. Kagama
1591:A Sioux Chronicle 46-66
1486:Edmund J. Danziger, Jr.
1228:The states were Idaho,
1069:concurrent jurisdiction
942:Subsequent developments
900:United States v. Kagama
858:Equal Protection Clause
760:Breyer stated that the
537:Spirit Lake Reservation
513:Indian Civil Rights Act
484:United States v. Kagama
444:Great Sioux Reservation
387:in the center, and the
344:Spirit Lake Sioux Tribe
270:U.S. Const. Art. II, §2
43:Argued January 21, 2004
5092:Yarborough v. Alvarado
4812:United States v. Lanza
4742:United States v. Perez
4723:Smith v. United States
4715:United States v. Dixon
4707:United States v. Felix
4640:Burks v. United States
4581:United States v. Dixon
4573:United States v. Felix
4538:Double Jeopardy Clause
4350:Native American gaming
4253:Legal status of Hawaii
4128:Indian Citizenship Act
4007:Idaho v. United States
3911:Bryan v. Itasca County
3847:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
3807:Standing Bear v. Crook
2310:Lara, 541 U.S. at 193.
1964:, 541 U.S. 193 (2004).
1859:; Elizabeth Burleson,
1100:United States Attorney
886:
826:
762:Indian Commerce Clause
749:
567:Federal District Court
479:exclusive jurisdiction
417:
372:
311:Double Jeopardy Clause
45:Decided April 19, 2004
5140:Berghuis v. Thompkins
4980:Griffin v. California
4852:United States v. Lara
4750:United States v. Jorn
4608:Ball v. United States
4469:Hurtado v. California
4158:Indian Relocation Act
4015:United States v. Lara
3791:Fellows v. Blacksmith
3554:United States v. Lara
3491:United States v. Lara
3330:June 7, 2015, at the
3249:William C. Canby, Jr.
2857:United States v. Lara
2674:, 541 U.S. at 202-03.
2430:32 Am. Indian L. Rev.
2301:, 541 U.S. at 198-99.
2287:United States v. Enas
2265:, 324 F.3d at 637-38.
2243:United States v. Lara
2167:United States v. Lara
1985:MacKenzie T. Batzer,
1934:United States v. Lara
1427:United States v. Lara
1315:Pueblo of Santa Clara
1006:Federal Indian Policy
986:The decision limited
884:
824:
743:
415:
370:
291:United States v. Lara
243:Kennedy (in judgment)
118:United States v. Lara
113:294 F.3d 1004
108:United States v. Lara
102:United States v. Lara
78:124 S. Ct. 1628; 158
24:United States v. Lara
5036:Doe v. United States
4903:Palko v. Connecticut
4774:Blueford v. Arkansas
3783:Worcester v. Georgia
3568:on February 16, 2017
3338:Indian Country Today
3000:Art. II, § 2, cl. 2.
2646:Art. II, § 2, cl. 2.
2175:on rehearing en banc
1946:on rehearing en banc
1408:on September 1, 2015
1257:The tribes were the
736:Opinion of the Court
724:briefs filed by the
547:. After the arrest,
531:located in northern
274:U.S. Const. amend. V
251:Thomas (in judgment)
123:324 F.3d 635
5132:Maryland v. Shatzer
5100:Missouri v. Seibert
5052:McNeil v. Wisconsin
5044:Illinois v. Perkins
5004:Williams v. Florida
4820:Bartkus v. Illinois
4785:Multiple punishment
4664:McElrath v. Georgia
4330:Indian reservations
4291:Cherokee Commission
3767:Johnson v. McIntosh
3698:, December 15, 2003
3685:, December 15, 2003
3672:, December 15, 2003
3659:, December 13, 2003
3646:, November 14, 2003
3633:, November 14, 2003
3607:, December 14, 2003
3542:Library of Congress
3307:40 Tulsa L. Rev. 71
3291:40 Tulsa L. Rev. 25
3012:Art. I, § 8, cl. 3.
2618:Art. I, § 8, cl. 3.
2519:Veronica L. Brown,
2221:, 294 F.3d at 1007.
2209:, 294 F.3d at 1006.
2197:, 294 F.3d at 1006.
2087:93 Cal. L. Rev. 847
1775:, 495 U.S. at 694;
1757:John Harlan Vinzant
1635:M. Brent Leonhard,
1071:for these offenses.
801:was one of federal
671:tribe's sovereignty
659:legislative history
545:public intoxication
203:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
175:Sandra Day O'Connor
5084:Chavez v. Martinez
5020:Edwards v. Arizona
5012:Michigan v. Tucker
4988:Miranda v. Arizona
4935:Benton v. Maryland
4919:Baxstrom v. Herold
4509:Beck v. Washington
4442:criminal procedure
4390:Self-determination
4385:Tribal sovereignty
4311:Eagle-bone whistle
4104:Indian Removal Act
4092:Nonintercourse Act
4086:Blood quantum laws
4053:McGirt v. Oklahoma
3283:40 Tulsa L. Rev. 1
3277:Melissa L. Tatum,
3236:83 Mich. Bar J. 24
3101:, 118 U.S. at 375.
2753:, 541 U.S. at 203.
2606:, 541 U.S. at 199.
2535:Br. of Lara 21-22.
2510:Br. of Lara 19-21.
2501:Br. of Lara 13-15.
2389:Br. of Washington.
2277:, 324 F.3d at 641.
1994:Frank Pommererheim
1885:Robert A. Williams
1516:, at xvi-xvii, 15.
1303:Pascua Yaqui Tribe
1299:Oglala Sioux Tribe
1163:Pasco M. Bowman II
988:tribal sovereignty
976:self-determination
887:
840:concurring opinion
827:
750:
618:to hear the case.
555:Procedural history
418:
373:
348:United States Code
163:Associate Justices
5194:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5124:Florida v. Powell
4996:Boulden v. Holman
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4828:Waller v. Florida
4766:Oregon v. Kennedy
4648:Evans v. Michigan
4527:
4526:
4405:
4404:
4306:Eagle feather law
4240:State recognition
4031:Cobell v. Salazar
3943:Solem v. Bartlett
3815:Ex parte Crow Dog
3440:978-0-670-01857-4
3418:978-0-314-14640-3
3390:, April 19, 2004.
3247:Fletcher, at 24;
2089:(2005); Skibine,
1563:Ex parte Crow Dog
1494:Gregory O. Gagnon
1359:, Minnesota, and
1357:Mille Lacs County
836:John Paul Stevens
780:in 1954, and the
637:Solicitor General
467:Ex Parte Crow Dog
459:Ex parte Crow Dog
426:Ex Parte Crow Dog
383:in the west, the
287:
286:
159:William Rehnquist
5249:
5172:Salinas v. Texas
5028:Oregon v. Elstad
4955:
4895:Ex parte Bigelow
4844:Heath v. Alabama
4675:After conviction
4546:
4533:
4451:
4432:
4425:
4418:
4409:
4281:Aboriginal title
4098:Civilization Act
4034:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
3741:
3734:
3727:
3718:
3711:
3710:
3699:
3697:
3686:
3684:
3673:
3671:
3660:
3658:
3647:
3645:
3634:
3632:
3621:
3619:
3608:
3606:
3595:
3593:
3582:
3580:
3569:
3567:
3560:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3479:
3461:10.2307/20070709
3443:
3432:
3421:
3410:
3391:
3389:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3361:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3275:
3269:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3228:
3222:
3213:
3207:
3201:
3195:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3056:
3050:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2933:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2910:75 Alb. L. Rev.
2908:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2863:The Oyez Project
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2825:
2819:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2792:
2786:
2776:
2770:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2723:
2717:
2716:(repealed 1973).
2694:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2663:
2653:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2625:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:38 Conn. L. Rev.
2578:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2470:Br. of Lara 1-2.
2468:
2462:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2326:
2320:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2181:(8th Cir. 2003)
2173:(8th Cir. 2002)
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2026:§ 111(a)(1)
2019:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1952:(8th Cir. 2003)
1944:(8th Cir. 2002)
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1854:
1853:40 Tulsa L. Rev.
1846:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1729:
1723:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1397:
1382:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1311:Pueblo of Laguna
1255:
1249:
1226:
1220:
1189:
1183:
1172:
1166:
1151:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1033:
981:resisting arrest
769:treaty matters.
614:, which granted
578:Court of Appeals
475:Major Crimes Act
422:Major Crimes Act
408:Major Crimes Act
402:Dakota Territory
322:Major Crimes Act
148:Court membership
120:
110:
104:
33:
32:
21:
5257:
5256:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5186:
5164:Howes v. Fields
4962:
4941:
4882:
4799:
4780:
4729:
4699:Grady v. Corbin
4670:
4632:Ashe v. Swenson
4592:After acquittal
4587:
4565:Grady v. Corbin
4540:
4523:
4459:
4445:
4436:
4406:
4401:
4318:Hunting license
4269:
4238:
4229:
4146:Nationality Act
4074:
4047:Sharp v. Murphy
3967:Hodel v. Irving
3871:Williams v. Lee
3839:Talton v. Mayes
3754:
3745:
3708:
3702:
3695:
3689:
3682:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3656:
3650:
3643:
3637:
3630:
3624:
3620:, November 2003
3617:
3611:
3604:
3598:
3591:
3585:
3581:, November 2003
3578:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3549:
3544:
3538:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3486:
3446:
3441:
3424:
3419:
3402:
3399:
3397:Further reading
3394:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3363:David Wilkins,
3362:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3341:, May 17, 2004.
3336:
3332:Wayback Machine
3321:
3317:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3276:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3225:
3214:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3057:
3053:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2980:
2976:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2940:
2936:
2924:
2920:
2909:
2907:75 Alb. L. Rev.
2906:
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2826:
2822:
2810:
2806:
2799:
2793:
2789:
2777:
2773:
2761:
2757:
2749:
2745:
2724:
2720:
2695:
2691:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2444:
2440:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2081:Will Trachman,
2080:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2036:Batzer, at 295.
2035:
2031:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1730:
1726:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1682:
1678:
1666:
1662:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1500:xvi, 15 (2011).
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1470:Michael Johnson
1469:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1361:Thurston County
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1295:Nez Perce Tribe
1279:Menominee Tribe
1256:
1252:
1227:
1223:
1190:
1186:
1173:
1169:
1155:David R. Hansen
1152:
1148:
1138:
1134:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1014:
1001:
999:Books and media
957:
949:
947:Release of Lara
944:
879:
870:Clarence Thomas
866:
853:Anthony Kennedy
849:
847:Justice Kennedy
832:
830:Justice Stevens
819:
774:Menominee tribe
738:
691:
634:
629:
624:
607:Fifth Amendment
580:
562:
557:
525:
495:
465:In response to
428:
420:Main articles:
410:
365:
360:
352:double jeopardy
303:Native American
201:
199:Clarence Thomas
189:
187:Anthony Kennedy
177:
167:John P. Stevens
116:
106:
100:
87:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5255:
5253:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5199:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5156:Bobby v. Dixon
5152:
5144:
5136:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5064:
5056:
5048:
5040:
5032:
5024:
5016:
5008:
5000:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4951:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4907:
4899:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4832:
4824:
4816:
4807:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4737:
4735:
4734:After mistrial
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4678:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4660:
4652:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4612:
4604:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4552:
4550:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4513:
4505:
4497:
4493:Maxwell v. Dow
4489:
4481:
4473:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4447:
4446:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4420:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4382:
4377:
4375:Trail of Tears
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4244:
4242:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4209:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4152:Public Law 280
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4095:
4089:
4088:(1705 onwards)
4082:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3823:Elk v. Wilkins
3819:
3811:
3810:(D. Neb. 1879)
3803:
3795:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3712:
3700:
3687:
3674:
3661:
3648:
3635:
3622:
3609:
3596:
3594:, January 2004
3583:
3570:
3547:
3524:Google Scholar
3485:
3484:External links
3482:
3481:
3480:
3444:
3439:
3422:
3417:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3373:
3356:
3343:
3315:
3295:
3270:
3257:
3255:(3d ed. 1998).
3240:
3223:
3219:Inmate Locator
3208:
3196:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3140:
3128:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3051:
3043:25 U.S.C.
3041:, codified at
3026:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2974:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2918:
2892:
2880:
2868:
2848:
2836:
2820:
2804:
2787:
2771:
2755:
2743:
2735:25 U.S.C.
2733:, codified at
2718:
2706:25 U.S.C.
2704:, codified at
2689:
2676:
2664:
2648:
2636:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2573:
2571:Br. of Morris.
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2481:
2479:Br. of Lara 6.
2472:
2463:
2438:
2418:
2409:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2346:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2159:
2147:
2135:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2038:
2029:
2022:18 U.S.C.
2014:
2002:
1978:
1966:
1926:
1906:
1893:
1877:
1841:
1825:
1813:25 U.S.C.
1793:
1781:
1765:
1749:
1724:
1699:
1684:18 U.S.C.
1676:
1668:18 U.S.C.
1660:
1652:18 U.S.C.
1644:
1628:
1620:18 U.S.C.
1603:
1587:George E. Hyde
1579:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1518:
1502:
1478:
1462:
1454:N. Bruce Duthu
1446:
1419:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1374:
1365:
1348:
1339:
1327:
1250:
1221:
1184:
1167:
1159:George G. Fagg
1146:
1132:
1122:
1113:
1104:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1060:
1051:
1042:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
984:
972:
969:
956:
953:
948:
945:
943:
940:
895:Antonin Scalia
878:
875:
865:
864:Justice Thomas
862:
848:
845:
831:
828:
818:
815:
754:Stephen Breyer
737:
734:
716:Bill of Rights
690:
687:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
579:
576:
561:
558:
556:
553:
524:
521:
494:
489:
409:
406:
389:Eastern Dakota
385:Western Dakota
364:
361:
359:
356:
316:In the 1880s,
285:
284:
282:§ 1301(2)
278:25 U.S.C.
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
249:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
214:
213:
211:Stephen Breyer
179:Antonin Scalia
164:
161:
156:
150:
149:
145:
144:
132:
131:
127:
126:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5254:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5182:
5181:
5180:Vega v. Tekoh
5177:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4795:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4767:
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4760:
4759:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4666:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4477:Ex parte Bain
4474:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:Treaty rights
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4365:Seminole Wars
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:Duro v. Reina
3980:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3534:
3525:
3516:
3515:CourtListener
3507:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3455:(2): 285–92,
3454:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3423:
3420:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3385:
3384:
3380:David Stout,
3377:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3322:Paul McSloy,
3319:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3299:
3296:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3244:
3241:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3006:
3003:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2649:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2621:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2398:Br. of Idaho.
2395:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2171:294 F.3d 1004
2168:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2066:
2063:
2054:
2051:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2006:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:294 F.3d 1004
1939:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1881:
1878:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1842:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1785:
1782:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1733:Duro v. Reina
1728:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1546:
1543:
1534:
1531:
1522:
1519:
1506:
1503:
1482:
1479:
1466:
1463:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:Mohegan Tribe
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1180:Ninth Circuit
1177:
1176:circuit split
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1007:
998:
993:
992:plenary power
989:
985:
982:
977:
973:
970:
966:
965:
964:
962:
954:
952:
946:
941:
939:
937:
933:
927:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
907:
902:
901:
896:
892:
883:
876:
874:
871:
863:
861:
859:
854:
846:
844:
841:
837:
829:
823:
816:
814:
812:
806:
804:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
767:
763:
758:
755:
747:
742:
735:
733:
731:
727:
723:
722:
721:amicus curiae
717:
712:
707:
706:
701:
697:
688:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
655:
654:
649:
645:
641:
638:
632:United States
631:
626:
622:Supreme Court
621:
619:
617:
613:
612:Supreme Court
608:
603:
602:
596:
594:
589:
585:
577:
575:
572:
568:
559:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:
500:Duro v. Reina
493:
492:Duro v. Reina
490:
488:
486:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
460:
455:
454:
453:habeas corpus
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:Lakota named
433:
427:
423:
414:
407:
405:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
369:
362:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
333:
332:
331:Duro v. Reina
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:landmark case
297:
293:
292:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:Case opinions
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:Chief Justice
154:
153:
151:
146:
142:
138:
133:
128:
124:
119:
114:
109:
103:
99:
95:
90:
85:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5138:
5130:
5122:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5042:
5034:
5026:
5018:
5010:
5002:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4970:
4933:
4925:
4917:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4851:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4791:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4721:
4713:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4662:
4654:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4622:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4467:
4322:
4194:Diminishment
4059:
4051:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4014:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3714:
3704:
3691:
3678:
3665:
3652:
3639:
3626:
3613:
3600:
3587:
3574:
3563:the original
3555:
3551:
3490:
3452:
3448:
3428:
3406:
3381:
3376:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3265:
3260:
3243:
3231:
3226:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3126: (1993).
3110:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2913:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2855:
2851:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2721:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2520:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2489:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2461: (1978).
2445:
2441:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2358:
2349:
2344: (1978).
2328:
2324:
2315:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2247:324 F.3d 635
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2179:324 F.3d 635
2174:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2090:
2082:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2032:
2017:
2010:Pommererheim
2005:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:324 F.3d 635
1945:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1909:
1901:
1896:
1880:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1828:
1817:§§ 1301
1796:
1784:
1772:
1768:
1752:
1747: (1990).
1731:
1727:
1722: (1886).
1706:
1702:
1691:
1679:
1663:
1647:
1642:(2011–2012).
1636:
1631:
1606:
1582:
1577: (1883).
1561:
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1505:
1481:
1465:
1449:
1441:
1426:
1422:
1410:. Retrieved
1406:the original
1395:
1377:
1368:
1351:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1275:Lummi Nation
1253:
1242:South Dakota
1224:
1187:
1170:
1149:
1140:
1135:
1125:
1116:
1107:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1031:
1002:
958:
950:
935:
931:
928:
918:
914:
904:
898:
891:David Souter
888:
867:
850:
833:
817:Concurrences
807:
798:
793:
789:
785:
771:
759:
751:
745:
730:Lewis County
719:
710:
703:
699:
695:
692:
666:
662:
651:
643:
635:
599:
597:
592:
587:
581:
570:
563:
560:Trial courts
533:North Dakota
526:
516:
508:
505:jurisdiction
498:
496:
491:
482:
466:
464:
457:
451:
448:South Dakota
440:Spotted Tail
429:
377:Sioux people
374:
341:
329:
315:
290:
289:
288:
264:Laws applied
206:
194:
191:David Souter
182:
170:
137:Indian tribe
117:
107:
101:
92:Case history
71:
53:
15:
4296:Dawes Rolls
4079:Legislation
3313:, at 49-50.
3268:, at 49-50.
2710:§§ 891
2070:USCA Const.
2058:USCA Const.
2046:USCA Const.
1914:Gregg Barak
1688:§ 1151
1672:§ 1151
1656:§ 1151
1624:§ 1151
1363:, Nebraska.
955:Law reviews
924:Philippines
473:passed the
337:sovereignty
320:passed the
248:Concurrence
240:Concurrence
232:Concurrence
141:federal law
5201:Categories
4456:Grand Jury
4370:Survivance
4116:Curtis Act
3388:N.Y. Times
2739:§ 903
2060:amend. XIV
1388:References
1213:New Mexico
1197:California
961:law review
803:common law
675:Washington
616:certiorari
574:offenses.
395:area. The
358:Background
307:sovereigns
84:U.S. LEXIS
82:420; 2004
4122:Burke Act
4110:Dawes Act
3469:0094-002X
3311:Dialectic
3266:Dialectic
3264:Skibine,
3194:, at 682.
3154:, at 678.
3063:Dialectic
3047:§ 71
2986:Dialectic
2972:, at 682.
2930:Dialectic
2914:Dialectic
2834:, at 682.
2816:Dialectic
2796:Dialectic
2785:, at 678.
2769:, at 679.
2687:, at 679.
2662:, at 678.
2634:, at 437.
2632:Formalism
2490:Dialectic
2434:Formalism
2097:, at 781.
2093:, at 51;
2091:Dialectic
2048:amend. V.
2012:, at 251.
1924:, at 153.
1902:Dialectic
1900:Skibine,
1857:Dialectic
1839:, at 187.
1835:, at 47;
1626:et seq.).
1512:, at 37;
1412:April 28,
1234:Louisiana
1161:, and J.
1144:required.
1037:Blackfoot
911:precedent
811:sovereign
776:with the
640:Ted Olson
627:Arguments
442:, on the
393:Minnesota
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
4444:case law
3759:Case law
3489:Text of
3477:20070709
3350:McSloy,
3328:Archived
3065:, at 58.
2988:, at 58.
2916:, at 55.
2846:, at 48.
2818:, at 52.
2802:, at 48.
2492:, at 51.
1992:(2005);
1922:Williams
1920:(2007);
1904:, at 51.
1867:(2007);
1791:, at 47.
1779:, at 45.
1593:(1993);
1540:, at 77.
1538:Danziger
1528:, at 77.
1526:Danziger
1510:Danziger
1492:(1990);
1335:Oliphant
1238:Nebraska
1205:Michigan
1201:Colorado
1012:See also
936:Oliphant
919:Bourland
889:Justice
868:Justice
851:Justice
838:wrote a
834:Justice
794:Oliphant
752:Justice
471:Congress
436:Crow Dog
416:Crow Dog
397:Chippewa
318:Congress
224:Majority
4274:Related
4235:Federal
3506:Cornell
3293:(2004).
3238:(2004).
2741:et seq.
2275:Lara II
2263:Lara II
2000:(2009).
1891:(2005).
1875:(2010).
1837:Vinzant
1763:(2006).
1697:(1995).
1658:et seq.
1601:(1915).
1476:(2012).
1460:(2008).
1230:Alabama
1209:Montana
1193:Arizona
877:Dissent
790:Wheeler
764:of the
700:Wheeler
661:of the
601:en banc
363:History
256:Dissent
235:Stevens
130:Holding
5222:Dakota
5183:(2022)
5175:(2013)
5167:(2012)
5159:(2011)
5151:(2011)
5143:(2010)
5135:(2010)
5127:(2010)
5119:(2009)
5111:(2004)
5103:(2004)
5095:(2004)
5087:(2003)
5079:(2000)
5071:(2000)
5063:(1999)
5055:(1991)
5047:(1990)
5039:(1988)
5031:(1985)
5023:(1981)
5015:(1974)
5007:(1970)
4999:(1969)
4991:(1966)
4983:(1965)
4975:(1957)
4938:(1969)
4930:(1969)
4922:(1966)
4914:(1947)
4906:(1937)
4898:(1885)
4879:(2022)
4871:(2019)
4863:(2016)
4855:(2004)
4847:(1985)
4839:(1978)
4831:(1970)
4823:(1959)
4815:(1922)
4796:(1932)
4777:(2012)
4769:(1982)
4761:(1976)
4753:(1971)
4745:(1824)
4726:(2023)
4718:(1993)
4710:(1992)
4702:(1990)
4694:(1976)
4686:(1833)
4667:(2024)
4659:(2016)
4651:(2013)
4643:(1978)
4635:(1970)
4627:(1962)
4619:(1906)
4611:(1896)
4603:(1834)
4584:(1993)
4576:(1992)
4568:(1990)
4560:(1932)
4520:(2002)
4512:(1962)
4504:(1922)
4496:(1900)
4488:(1896)
4480:(1887)
4472:(1884)
4458:Clause
4226:(2008)
4220:(1990)
4214:(1990)
4208:(1990)
4202:(1988)
4196:(1984)
4190:(1978)
4184:(1978)
4178:(1975)
4172:(1971)
4166:(1968)
4160:(1956)
4154:(1953)
4148:(1940)
4142:(1936)
4136:(1934)
4130:(1924)
4124:(1906)
4118:(1898)
4112:(1887)
4106:(1830)
4100:(1819)
4064:(2022)
4056:(2020)
4042:(2013)
4026:(2005)
4018:(2004)
4010:(2001)
4002:(1997)
3994:(1993)
3986:(1990)
3978:(1989)
3970:(1987)
3962:(1986)
3954:(1985)
3946:(1984)
3938:(1982)
3930:(1978)
3922:(1977)
3914:(1976)
3906:(1974)
3898:(1973)
3890:(1968)
3882:(1960)
3874:(1959)
3866:(1955)
3858:(1941)
3850:(1903)
3842:(1896)
3834:(1896)
3826:(1884)
3818:(1883)
3802:(1858)
3794:(1857)
3786:(1832)
3778:(1831)
3770:(1823)
3748:Rights
3545:
3539:
3536:
3533:Justia
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3475:
3467:
3437:
3415:
3192:Status
3152:Status
3099:Kagama
3045:
3037:
3010:Const.
2998:Const.
2970:Status
2832:Status
2783:Status
2767:Status
2737:
2729:
2708:
2700:
2685:Status
2660:Status
2644:Const.
2616:Const.
2592:Status
2231:Lara I
2219:Lara I
2207:Lara I
2195:Lara I
2024:
1815:
1807:
1686:
1670:
1654:
1622:
1614:
1514:Gagnon
1244:, and
1217:Oregon
1141:Petite
968:tribe.
792:, and
702:, and
593:Petite
571:Petite
523:Arrest
381:Lakota
326:felony
280:
209:
207:·
205:
197:
195:·
193:
185:
183:·
181:
173:
171:·
169:
135:As an
121:,
111:,
4887:Other
3709:(PDF)
3696:(PDF)
3683:(PDF)
3670:(PDF)
3657:(PDF)
3644:(PDF)
3631:(PDF)
3618:(PDF)
3605:(PDF)
3592:(PDF)
3579:(PDF)
3566:(PDF)
3559:(PDF)
3497:
3473:JSTOR
3352:supra
3119:
3035:Stat.
2844:Duthu
2800:Duthu
2727:Stat.
2698:Stat.
2454:
2337:
2251:rev'd
2183:rev'd
2095:Barak
1962:rev'd
1958:rev'd
1954:rev'd
1938:aff'd
1833:Duthu
1805:Stat.
1789:Duthu
1777:Duthu
1740:
1715:
1612:Stat.
1570:
1433:
1178:–the
1157:, J.
1024:Notes
679:Idaho
432:Brulé
97:Prior
3499:U.S.
3465:ISSN
3435:ISBN
3413:ISBN
3204:Lara
3188:Lara
3176:Lara
3164:Lara
3148:Lara
3136:Lara
3121:U.S.
3087:Lara
3075:Lara
3059:Lara
3022:Lara
2982:Lara
2966:Lara
2954:Lara
2942:Lara
2926:Lara
2900:Lara
2888:Lara
2876:Lara
2828:Lara
2812:Lara
2779:Lara
2763:Lara
2751:Lara
2672:Lara
2656:Lara
2628:Lara
2604:Lara
2581:Lara
2456:U.S.
2339:U.S.
2299:Lara
2155:Lara
2143:Lara
2131:Lara
2119:Lara
2107:Lara
1974:Lara
1821:1303
1773:Duro
1742:U.S.
1717:U.S.
1572:U.S.
1442:Lara
1435:U.S.
1414:2020
1246:Utah
1215:and
1139:The
934:and
932:Duro
915:Duro
799:Duro
786:Duro
746:Lara
711:Duro
696:Duro
689:Lara
667:Duro
663:Duro
644:Duro
588:Duro
517:Duro
509:Duro
424:and
375:The
86:2738
73:more
65:U.S.
63:541
4237:and
4050:and
3750:of
3495:541
3457:doi
3124:679
3117:508
3039:566
2731:770
2714:902
2702:250
2459:191
2452:435
2342:313
2335:435
1745:676
1738:495
1720:375
1713:118
1616:385
1575:556
1568:109
1438:193
1431:541
446:in
68:193
5203::
3493:,
3471:,
3463:,
3453:28
3451:,
3386:,
3367:,
3335:,
3289:,
3281:,
3251:,
3234:,
3115:,
2860:,
2594:).
2450:,
2436:).
2333:,
2245:,
2177:,
2169:,
2085:,
1996:,
1948:,
1940:,
1916:,
1887:,
1871:,
1863:,
1823:).
1809:77
1759:,
1736:,
1711:,
1597:,
1589:,
1566:,
1496:,
1488:,
1472:,
1456:,
1444:).
1429:,
1317:,
1313:,
1309:,
1305:,
1301:,
1297:,
1293:,
1289:,
1285:,
1281:,
1277:,
1273:,
1269:,
1265:,
1261:,
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276:;
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3049:.
2712:–
1819:–
1674:.
1416:.
1325:.
1248:.
1219:.
1165:.
748:.
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