756:")(1935, pub.1936) in German shortly before fleeing Vienna and settling in Britain. This aimed to be a universal history written using only words and concepts that children could understand. It spans from prehistoric people to World War I. Although it is shaped by its author's European perspective - for example with emphasis on European colonialism - it attempts to cover global human history, taking one region and era at a time, and includes descriptions of the beliefs of many major world religions. Gombrich was convinced that an intelligent child could understand even seemingly complicated ideas in history, if they were put into intelligible terms. After a long delay it was translated into English by Gombrich and his assistant as
742:
will in the large, we may be able to discern a regular movement in it, and that what seems complex and chaotic in the single individual may be seen from the standpoint of the human race as a whole to b a steady and progressive though slow evolution of the original endowment..Each individual and people, as if following some guiding trend, goes toward a natural but to each of them unknown goal...In keeping with this purpose, it might be possible to have a history with a definite natural plan for creatures that have no plan of their own.
404:
289:
God. History is linear and the chronicle is arranged strictly chronologically. There is a sense of decline and decay as the world becomes older, but also a belief in redemption. Though individual events are not always evaluated, there is an underlying assumption that historical facts teach spiritual truths. The patterns of four empires and six ages can be used — but rarely both together — to divide history up into manageable sections.
294:
giving, in principle, a continuous linear account of the progress of world history from the creation of the world up to the author's own times, but in practice often narrowing down to a more limited geographical range as it approaches those times. They usually have a theological component and are often structured around the ideas of the
400:(d. 594), where only the first of his ten books describes creation and ancient history, while the last six books focus on events in his own lifetime and region. While this reading of Gregory is currently a widely accepted hypothesis in historical circles, the central purpose of Gregory's writing is still a topic of hot debate.
666:, a thing most contrary to his revealed will and approved ordinance, and... the subversion of good order, or all equity and justice.' He was thus writing a history about a particular topic in order to express his view of what the "world order" should be: what the world Knox lived in ought to be like.
309:
According to
Kathleen Biddick (2013), universal histories in Christian medieval Europe are 'those medieval histories which take as their subject the theme of salvation history from creation up to the incarnation of Christ (and usually beyond to contemporary events).' She also identified "six or seven
146:
For what gives my work its peculiar quality, and what is most remarkable in the present age, is this: Fortune has gained almost all the affairs of the world in one direction and has forced to incline towards one and the same end; a historian should likewise bring before his readers under one synoptic
141:
is the earliest surviving member of the Greco-Roman world-historical tradition, although under some definitions of universal history it does not qualify as universal because it reflects no attempt to describe an overall direction of history or a principle or set of principles governing or underlying
288:
The key features of the
Christian world chronicle, which would be valid throughout the Middle Ages, had therefore become firmly established by late antiquity. The chronicle begins with a divine act of creation and reflects a providential view of history throughout: history is the story of an active
741:
Whatever concept one may hold...concerning the freedom of the will, certainly its appearances, which are human actions, like every other natural event are determined by universal laws. However obscure their causes, history...permits us to hope that if we attend to the play of freedom of the human
521:
were "realistic" (depicting towns which really existed, and usually had their own printing presses before 1475), while the remaining 20 city views were "imaginary", and were often reused in later universal chronicles to illustrate different cities. Around this time, the depictions of cities in
293:
The medieval universal chronicle thus traces history from the beginning of the world up to the present and was an especially popular genre of historiography in medieval Europe. The universal chronicle differs from the ordinary chronicle in its much broader chronological and geographical scope,
729:, presented general theories of history that shared essential characteristics with the Biblical account: they conceived of history as a coherent whole, governed by certain basic characteristics or immutable principles. Kant who was one of the earliest thinkers to use the term
522:
universal chronicles also shifted away from the earlier focus on
Jerusalem (sometimes even illustrated with "imaginary" city views) towards the European cities in which they were produced, thus displacing the centrality of Jerusalem in Christian universal histories.
172:
are preserved five fragments dating to the 2nd century AD and coming from a world chronicle. Its author is unknown, but was perhaps a
Christian. Later, universal history provided an influential lens on the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire in such works as
392:(c. 1190–1264?). The tradition of universal history can even be seen in the works of medieval historians whose purpose may not have been to chronicle the ancient past, but nonetheless included it in a local history of more recent times. One such example is the
42:
or world chronicle typically traces history from the beginning of written information about the past up to the present. Therefore, any work classed as such purportedly attempts to embrace the events of all times and nations in so far as
842:, p. x: "History begins at the point where monuments become intelligible and documentary evidence of a trustworthy character is forthcoming but from this point onwards the domain is boundless for Universal History as understood."
650:
762:″With the mingling of peoples on our tiny planet, it becomes more and more necessary for us to respect and tolerate each other, not least because technological advances are bringing us closer and closer together.″
630:
A philosophical attempt to work out a universal history according to a natural plan directed to achieving the civic union of the human race must be regarded as possible and, indeed, as contributing to this end of
329:. Augustine's thesis depicts the history of the world as universal warfare between God and the Devil. A related idea is the division of history into popes and emperors, which became popular with the success of
38:
of all of humankind as a whole. Universal historians try to identify connections and patterns among individual historical events and phenomena, making them part of a general narrative. A universal
1110:
734:
517:
production, they heavily promoted the inclusion of illustrations – the majority being city views – in universal chronicles. According to scholars, 32 out of the 52 city views in the
420:, one of the earliest printed universal histories. Illustrations featuring mainly city views were popular in European universal chronicles at the time.
479:
were highly influential, especially Bede's work on chronology. Together, these laid the foundation for the
Western universal chronicle tradition.
449:) that for the first time synchronized the several concurrent chronologies in use with different peoples. Eusebius' chronicle became known to the
350:
1374:
1384:
1299:
1174:
593:
1412:
513:(1493) was another early printed universal history. By the mid-1480s, when Venetian printers controlled almost half of Europe's
692:
671:
545:
231:
549:
748:
541:
531:
1275:
1200:
683:
226:
108:
80:
179:
1422:
1285:
1417:
710:
563:
299:
79:, which from the point of view of its redactors in the 5th century BC presents a history of humankind from
50:
559:
273:, written by 'Abd al-Husayn Tuni (died 1489), is sometimes considered a fragment of a universal history.
266:
is sometimes considered the first of the chronologically arranged universal histories produced in China.
361:
345:
295:
169:
92:
403:
1251:
1230:
554:
435:
429:
381:
174:
1324:
1271:
663:
509:
495:
416:
389:
356:
1349:
537:
465:
318:
314:
189:
184:
336:
In other cases, any obvious theme may be lacking. Some universal chronicles bear a more or less
142:
it. Polybius was the first to attempt a universal history in this stricter sense of the term:
1380:
1361:
1328:
1295:
1170:
822:
385:
330:
322:
222:
114:
96:
44:
221:(145–86 BC) was the first Chinese historian to attempt a universal history—from the earliest
1259:
1238:
1208:
812:
500:
425:
397:
160:
has been considered as a universal history because of its comprehensive chronology—from the
726:
482:
From around 1100, universal histories increased in graphical complexity, usually adding a
365:
235:. Although his generation was the first in China to discover the existence of kingdoms in
121:(405–330 BCE). This work has been lost, but its influence can be seen in the ambitions of
84:
1146:
On
History, (tr. Lewis White Beck, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co, 1963, p 11-12); also
662:
should never be allowed to reign, because that is 'repugnant to nature, contumelious to
605:
is a prime example of the latter, in which a major role was played for the last time by
1316:
377:
303:
258:
194:
1406:
1096:
706:
697:
were still reflecting on and continuing the medieval tradition of universal history.
655:
636:
490:
was presented as the centre of the world, tying together genealogies and timelines.
373:
369:
340:
character, with many digressions on non-historical subjects, as is the case with the
281:
165:
152:
1277:
An epitome of universal history from the earliest period to the revolutions of 1848
1205:
An universal history: from the beginning of the world, to the Empire of
Charlemagne
337:
317:
idea of the tension between the heavenly and the earthly state, as depicted in the
236:
76:
17:
1263:
1242:
817:
800:
1289:
1164:
147:
view the operations by which she has accomplished her general purpose (1:4:1-11).
676:
210:
1113:" in On History, (tr. Lewis White Beck, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co, 1963).
580:
568:
284:(2010) described medieval European Christian universal histories as follows:
263:
88:
826:
621:(tradition, saying) from the book's compiler back to a witness of the event.
464:–420). Jerome also wrote a chronicle of his own, and the early chronicles of
705:
In the 19th century, universal histories proliferated. Philosophers such as
645:
602:
514:
487:
445:–339) contained in its second book an innovative set of concordance tables (
411:
218:
161:
134:
39:
1332:
714:
424:
The first
Christian world chronicle was written in Greek around 221CE by
126:
122:
1366:
Universal history: the oldest historical group of nations and the Greeks
651:
The First Blast of the
Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women
504:
407:
348:. Other notable universal chroniclers of the Medieval West include the
130:
118:
35:
617:
607:
588:
454:
1217:
1193:
Medieval Worlds: Barbarians, Heretics and
Artists in the Middle Ages
428:, who has been called "the undisputed father of the tradition". The
718:
659:
450:
402:
243:, his work did not attempt to cover the history of these regions.
240:
214:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1137:, (tr. Robert S. Hartman, Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co, 1956).
917:
915:
902:
900:
722:
476:
157:
133:
1st century BC) to give comprehensive accounts of their worlds.
99:
is a 2nd-century CE rabbinic interpretation of this chronology.
1321:
What is history? Five lectures on the modern science of history
1169:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 160.
540:(13th century), universal history in this vein was taken up by
1258:. Vol. 33. Oxford: Taylor and Francis. pp. 367–374.
1237:. Vol. 33. Oxford: Taylor and Francis. pp. 367–523.
1068:
Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View
1166:
The Typological Imaginary: Circumcision, Technology, History
1229:
Halmi Nicholas and Borowski Audrey, Nicholas Halmi (2023).
746:
In the 20th century Austrian academic Ernst Gombrich wrote
1195:. Translated by Eric Hansen. University of Chicago Press.
932:
930:
1111:
Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose
1004:
1002:
949:
947:
945:
735:
Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Purpose
503:
was the first printed universal history, published in
615:
was, ideally, an unbroken chain of transmitters of a
1327:(trans.). New York: Macmillan Co. pp. 181–227.
1379:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
310:ages" into which universal histories were divided.
75:A project of Universal history may be seen in the
1082:
1056:
921:
906:
879:
1354:Epitome of ancient, mediaeval and modern history
739:
628:
286:
144:
754:A short history of the world for young readers
1294:. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. p. 286.
679:and others, written in the mid-18th century.
117:, the first universal history was written by
8:
1254:. In Halmi Nicholas, Borowski Audrey (ed.).
969:
575:Universal histories included two forms: the
548:("The History of The World Conqueror") by
34:is a work aiming at the presentation of a
816:
778:
749:Eine kurze Weltgeschichte für junge Leser
579:was organised by annual entries and thus
658:'. Knox wrote it in order to argue that
486:("world map") in which the holy city of
1252:"Universal Histories - an Introduction"
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
981:
953:
891:
851:
786:
771:
644:According to Hughes-Warrington (2005),
351:Chronicon universale usque ad annum 741
1340:Mitchell, Kathleen; Wood, Ian (2002).
1222:Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle
993:
936:
782:
867:
855:
839:
721:, and political philosophers such as
7:
1291:Palgrave Advances in World Histories
1224:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1527–1532.
965:
654:represented 'a universal history of
1097:Discours sur l'histoire universelle
688:Discours sur l'histoire universelle
168:a year before the poet's birth. In
27:History of humanity as a whole unit
1125:, (tr. F. Wilson, New York: 1953).
669:An early European project was the
87:, and from there a history of the
25:
1376:The World of Ovid's Metamorphoses
1235:Intellectual History Review, 33:3
594:History of the Prophets and Kings
558:("Compendium of Chronicles") by
453:West through the translation by
587:was organised by the reigns of
313:Less commonly they may use the
53:was the first to use the title
693:Discourse on Universal History
546:Tarikh-i Jahangushay-i Juvaini
499:("Little bundles of time") by
327:Historia de duabus civitatibus
321:, which plays a major role in
269:The 15th-century Indo-Persian
232:Records of the Grand Historian
1:
1342:The World of Gregory of Tours
1264:10.1080/17496977.2023.2180590
1243:10.1080/17496977.2023.2180590
818:10.1080/17496977.2023.2180590
758:A Little History of the World
682:Christian writers as late as
532:Historiography of early Islam
526:Historiography of early Islam
469:
458:
439:
57:(universal history) in 1304.
1398:. Bangor: Headstart History.
1099:(Paris, Furne et cie, 1853).
1373:Solodow, Joseph B. (1988).
1256:Intellectual History Review
1220:. In Dunphy, Graeme (ed.).
805:Intellectual History Review
599:Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk
550:Ala'iddin Ata-Malik Juvayni
213:(202 BCE – 220 CE) of
1439:
1323:. E. A. Andrews (trans.),
1203:, Jacques Bénigne (1810).
1163:Biddick, Kathleen (2013).
733:described its meaning in "
529:
199:History Against the Pagans
109:Greco-Roman historiography
106:
103:Greco-Roman historiography
1286:Hughes-Warrington, Marnie
1135:The Philosophy of History
277:Christian medieval Europe
1250:Halmi, Nicholas (2023).
970:Mitchell & Wood 2002
799:Halmi, Nicholas (2023).
1413:Universal history books
1216:Dunphy, Graeme (2010).
585:ta'rikh 'ala al-khulafa
564:University of Edinburgh
364:(c. 1160—after 1229),
271:Ma'athir-i-Mahmud Shahi
225:of his civilization to
51:Siegfried of Ballhausen
1364:, Leopold von (1884).
1274:, Anne Raikes (1848).
1083:Hughes-Warrington 2005
1057:Hughes-Warrington 2005
922:Hughes-Warrington 2005
907:Hughes-Warrington 2005
880:Hughes-Warrington 2005
744:
642:
560:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
538:medieval Islamic world
421:
291:
205:Chinese historiography
180:Ecclesiastical History
149:
1231:"Universal Histories"
1191:Borst, Arno (1991) .
801:"Universal Histories"
625:Early modern examples
577:ta'rikh 'ala al-sinin
406:
362:Helinand of Froidmont
346:Helinand of Froidmont
296:six ages of the world
162:creation of humankind
115:Greco-Roman antiquity
47:of them is possible.
760:, updated slightly.
436:Eusebius of Caesarea
388:(c. 1114–1158), and
382:Sigebert of Gembloux
223:mythological origins
55:Historia universalis
45:scientific treatment
1325:William Edward Dodd
1150:in: Ibid., (p 106).
785:, pp. ix–xii;
519:Nuremberg Chronicle
510:Nuremberg Chronicle
496:Fasciculus temporum
417:Nuremberg Chronicle
390:Vincent of Beauvais
357:Christherre-Chronik
18:Universal chronicle
1394:Wood, Ian (1994).
1280:. London: Longman.
1218:"World Chronicles"
1211:, James. R. Moore.
466:Isidore of Seville
422:
1123:Universal History
1047:, pp. 49–51.
1023:, pp. 45–46.
984:, pp. 45–48.
731:Universal History
672:Universal History
562:(now held at the
555:Jami' al-tawarikh
542:Muslim historians
386:Otto von Freising
331:Martin of Troppau
323:Otto von Freising
256:The 11th-century
247:Medieval examples
125:(203–120 BC) and
32:universal history
16:(Redirected from
1430:
1399:
1396:Gregory of Tours
1390:
1369:
1357:
1345:
1344:. Boston: Brill.
1336:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1281:
1267:
1246:
1225:
1212:
1207:. Translated by
1196:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1157:Literature cited
1151:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
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865:
859:
849:
843:
837:
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830:
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796:
790:
776:
640:
572:by Ibn Khaldun.
501:Werner Rolevinck
474:
471:
463:
460:
447:Chronici canones
444:
441:
426:Julius Africanus
398:Gregory of Tours
384:(c. 1030–1112),
376:(c. 1280–1363),
372:(c. 1200–1259),
164:to the death of
66:Ancient examples
21:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1423:Literary genres
1403:
1402:
1393:
1387:
1372:
1360:
1352:, Carl (1883).
1348:
1339:
1319:, Karl (1905).
1315:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1284:
1270:
1249:
1228:
1215:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1179:
1177:
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1159:
1154:
1148:Perpetual Peace
1145:
1141:
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1129:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1104:
1094:Bossuet, J. B.
1093:
1089:
1081:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:, pp. 6–7.
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1000:
996:, p. 1528.
992:
988:
980:
976:
964:
960:
952:
943:
939:, p. 1529.
935:
928:
920:
913:
905:
898:
890:
886:
878:
874:
866:
862:
850:
846:
838:
834:
798:
797:
793:
789:, pp. 1–6.
777:
773:
769:
727:Herbert Spencer
703:
701:Modern examples
656:female monarchs
641:
635:
627:
534:
528:
472:
461:
442:
366:Jans der Enikel
279:
254:
249:
227:his present day
207:
111:
105:
73:
68:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1418:Historiography
1415:
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844:
832:
811:(3): 367–374.
791:
779:Lamprecht 1905
770:
768:
765:
702:
699:
639:– Ninth Thesis
633:
626:
623:
530:Main article:
527:
524:
378:Rudolf von Ems
304:Book of Daniel
278:
275:
259:Zizhi Tongjian
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245:
206:
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107:Main article:
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1301:9780230523401
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1038:
1035:, p. 49.
1034:
1029:
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1017:
1014:
1011:, p. 48.
1010:
1005:
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999:
995:
990:
987:
983:
978:
975:
971:
968:, p. 1;
967:
962:
959:
956:, p. 46.
955:
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942:
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927:
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918:
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912:
908:
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901:
897:
894:, p. 18.
893:
888:
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881:
876:
873:
870:, p. 68.
869:
864:
861:
857:
854:, p. 1;
853:
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190:City of God
93:the present
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