Universal health care - Knowledge (XXG)

1500:

over 1 billion individuals globally. Additionally, in the year 2019, it was found that 2 billion people experienced financial difficulties due to health expenses, with ongoing, significant disparities in coverage. The report suggests several strategies to mitigate these challenges: it calls for the acceleration of essential health services, sustained attention to infectious disease management, improvement in health workforce and infrastructure, the elimination of financial barriers to care, an increase in pre-paid and pooled health financing, policy initiatives to curtail OOP expenses, a focus on primary healthcare to reinforce overall health systems, and the fortification of collaborative efforts to achieve UHC. These measures aim to increase health service coverage by an additional 477 million individuals by the year 2023 and to continue progress towards covering an extra billion people by the 2030 deadline.

1148: 1133: 1348:, who introduced the first universal health care system in Germany in the 19th century. The funds typically contract with a mix of public and private providers for the provision of a specified benefit package. Preventive and public health care may be provided by these funds or responsibility kept solely by the Ministry of Health. Within social health insurance, a number of functions may be executed by parastatal or non-governmental sickness funds, or in a few cases, by private health insurance companies. Social health insurance is used in a number of Western European countries and increasingly in Eastern Europe as well as in Israel and Japan. 1415: 261: 1163: 1242:, effectively a single-payer or common risk pool. The government later opened VHI to competition, but without a compensation pool. That resulted in foreign insurance companies entering the Irish market and offering much less expensive health insurance to relatively healthy segments of the market, which then made higher profits at VHI's expense. The government later reintroduced community rating by a pooling arrangement and at least one main major insurance company, BUPA, withdrew from the Irish market. 729: 117: 783: 3209:. 2 bar charts: For both: From bottom menus: Countries menu > choose OECD. Check box for "latest data available". Perspectives menu > Check box to "compare variables". Then check the boxes for government/compulsory, voluntary, and total. Click top tab for chart (bar chart). For GDP chart choose "% of GDP" from bottom menu. For per capita chart choose "US dollars/per capita". Click fullscreen button above chart. Click "print screen" key. Click top tab for table, to see data. 747: 243: 1443:

legislation, regulation, and taxation. Legislation and regulation direct what care must be provided, to whom, and on what basis. Usually, some costs are borne by the patient at the time of consumption, but the bulk of costs come from a combination of compulsory insurance and tax revenues. Some programs are paid for entirely out of tax revenues. In others, tax revenues are used either to fund insurance for the very poor or for those needing long-term chronic care.

171: 801: 531: 1614: 1555: 621: 1664:

the American values of individual choice and personal responsibility; it would raise healthcare expenditures due to the high cost of implementation that the United States government supposedly cannot pay; and represents unnecessary government overreach into the lives of American citizens, healthcare, the health insurance industry, and employers' rights to choose what health coverage they want to offer to their employees.

675: 549: 1231:

pool. In this way, sickness funds compete on price and there is no advantage in eliminating people with higher risks because they are compensated for by means of risk-adjusted capitation payments. Funds are not allowed to pick and choose their policyholders or deny coverage, but they compete mainly on price and service. In some countries, the basic coverage level is set by the government and cannot be modified.

513: 1279:). In some instances, such as Italy and Spain, both these realities may exist at the same time. "Single-payer" thus describes only the funding mechanism and refers to health care financed by a single public body from a single fund and does not specify the type of delivery or for whom doctors work. Although the fund holder is usually the state, some forms of single-payer use a mixed public-private system. 639: 387: 657: 585: 1717: 423: 405: 315: 297: 153: 135: 4118: 765: 567: 495: 441: 369: 279: 225: 189: 1703: 1514: 351: 711: 603: 333: 207: 693: 477: 459: 4152: 1439:

regulated rates, through mutual or publicly owned medical insurers. A few countries, such as the Netherlands and Switzerland, operate via privately owned but heavily regulated private insurers, which are not allowed to make a profit from the mandatory element of insurance but can profit by selling supplemental insurance.

1389:

involvement in the running of these plans. Community-based health insurance generally only play a limited role in helping countries move towards universal health coverage. Challenges includes inequitable access by the poorest that health service utilization of members generally increase after enrollment.

1442:

Universal health care is a broad concept that has been implemented in several ways. The common denominator for all such programs is some form of government action aimed at extending access to health care as widely as possible and setting minimum standards. Most implement universal health care through

1434:

Universal health care systems vary according to the degree of government involvement in providing care or health insurance. In some countries, such as Canada, the UK, Italy, Australia, and the Nordic countries, the government has a high degree of involvement in the commissioning or delivery of health

1499:

indicates that the advancement towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) by the year 2030 has not progressed since 2015. The UHC Service Coverage Index (SCI) has remained constant at a score of 68 from 2019 to 2021. It is reported that catastrophic out-of-pocket (OOP) health expenditures have impacted

1218:

This is usually enforced via legislation requiring residents to purchase insurance, but sometimes the government provides the insurance. Sometimes there may be a choice of multiple public and private funds providing a standard service (as in Germany) or sometimes just a single public fund (as in the

58:

Universal healthcare does not imply coverage for all cases and for all people – only that all people have access to healthcare when and where needed without financial hardship. Some universal healthcare systems are government-funded, while others are based on a requirement that all citizens purchase

1663:

Critics of universal healthcare say that it leads to longer wait times and a decrease in the quality of healthcare. Critics of implementing universal healthcare in the United States say that it would require healthy people to pay for the medical care of unhealthy people, which they say goes against

1388:

protection mechanisms have only a limited impact, is community-based health insurance. Individual members of a specific community pay to a collective health fund which they can draw from when they need medical care. Contributions are not risk-related and there is generally a high level of community

1195:

sickness funds. Contributions are compulsory and defined according to law. A distinction is also made between municipal and national healthcare funding. For example, one model is that the bulk of the healthcare is funded by the municipality, specialty healthcare is provided and possibly funded by a

1438:

Sometimes, the health funds are derived from a mixture of insurance premiums, salary-related mandatory contributions by employees or employers to regulated sickness funds, and by government taxes. These insurance based systems tend to reimburse private or public medical providers, often at heavily

1474:

in 2003 published an international comparison of ten different health care systems in ten developed countries, nine universal systems against one non-universal system (the United States), and their relative costs and key health outcomes. A wider international comparison of 16 countries, each with

1230:

is overcome by using a risk compensation pool to equalize, as far as possible, the risks between funds. Thus, a fund with a predominantly healthy, younger population has to pay into a compensation pool and a fund with an older and predominantly less healthy population would receive funds from the

1178:

revenue is the primary source of funding, but in many countries it is supplemented by specific charge (which may be charged to the individual or an employer) or with the option of private payments (by direct or optional insurance) for services beyond those covered by the public system. Almost all

1058:

introduced a tax-payer funded decentralised universal healthcare system as well as comprehensive public and private health insurances that helped reduce mortality rates drastically and improved healthcare infrastructure across the country dramatically. A 2012 study examined progress being made by

1356:

In private health insurance, premiums are paid directly from employers, associations, individuals and families to insurance companies, which pool risks across their membership base. Private insurance includes policies sold by commercial for-profit firms, non-profit companies and community health

1252:

Among the potential solutions posited by economists are single-payer systems as well as other methods of ensuring that health insurance is universal, such as by requiring all citizens to purchase insurance or by limiting the ability of insurance companies to deny insurance to individuals or vary

821:

in 1883, with the Sickness Insurance Law. Industrial employers were mandated to provide injury and illness insurance for their low-wage workers, and the system was funded and administered by employees and employers through "sick funds", which were drawn from deductions in workers' wages and from

67:

described universal health coverage as the "single most powerful concept that public health has to offer" since it unifies "services and delivers them in a comprehensive and integrated way". One of the goals with universal healthcare is to create a system of protection which provides equality of

2402:

Universal and comprehensive health insurance was debated at intervals all through the Second World War, and in 1946 such a bill was voted in Parliament. For financial and other reasons, its promulgation was delayed until 1955, at which time coverage was extended to include drugs and sickness

1435:

care services and access is based on residence rights, not on the purchase of insurance. Others have a much more pluralistic delivery system, based on obligatory health with contributory insurance rates related to salaries or income and usually funded by employers and beneficiaries jointly.

1191:, Spain, Denmark and Sweden). Some nations, such as Germany, France, and Japan, employ a multi-payer system in which health care is funded by private and public contributions. However, much of the non-government funding comes from contributions from employers and employees to regulated 2086:{{cite web Greco, S., Putans, R., & Springe, L. (2022). Antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance in developing countries: Health economics, global governance, and sustainable development goals. In Antimicrobial Resistance: Collaborative Measures of Control (pp. 113-140). CRC Press. 967:

built upon its 1928 national health insurance system, with subsequent legislation covering a larger and larger percentage of the population, until the remaining 1% of the population that was uninsured received coverage in 2000. Single payer healthcare systems were introduced in

1369:. In the Netherlands, which has regulated competition for its main insurance system (but is subject to a budget cap), insurers must cover a basic package for all enrollees, but may choose which additional services they offer in supplementary plans; which most people possess . 1446:

A critical concept in the delivery of universal healthcare is that of population healthcare. This is a way of organizing the delivery, and allocating resources, of healthcare (and potentially social care) based on populations in a given geography with a common need (such as

1459:). Rather than focus on institutions such as hospitals, primary care, community care etc. the system focuses on the population with a common as a whole. This includes people currently being treated, and those that are not being treated but should be (i.e. where there is 1360:

In some countries with universal coverage, private insurance often excludes certain health conditions that are expensive and the state health care system can provide coverage. For example, in the United Kingdom, one of the largest private health care providers is

1287:

In tax-based financing, individuals contribute to the provision of health services through various taxes. These are typically pooled across the whole population unless local governments raise and retain tax revenues. Some countries (notably

79:

member states have agreed to work toward worldwide universal health coverage by 2030. Therefore, the inclusion of the universal health coverage (UHC) within the SDGs targets can be related to the reiterated endorsements operated by the WHO.

3874: 1771: 1136: 4233: 55:. It is generally organized around providing either all residents or only those who cannot afford on their own, with either health services or the means to acquire them, with the end goal of improving health outcomes. 1922:"Will Universal Health Coverage (UHC) Lead to the Freedom to Lead Flourishing and Healthy Lives? Comment on "Inequities in the Freedom to Lead a Flourishing and Healthy Life: Issues for Healthy Public Policy"" 3954:“World Health Organization; World Bank. 2023. Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2023 Global Monitoring Report. © Washington, DC: World Bank. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/40348 License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.” 4204: 963:

From the 1970s to the 2000s, Western European countries began introducing universal coverage, most of them building upon previous health insurance programs to cover the whole population. For example,

59:

private health insurance. Universal healthcare can be determined by three critical dimensions: who is covered, what services are covered, and how much of the cost is covered. It is described by the

1376:

has also suggested that the country should embrace insurance to achieve universal health coverage. General tax revenue is currently used to meet the essential health requirements of all people.

1336:

In a social health insurance system, contributions from workers, the self-employed, enterprises and governments are pooled into single or multiple funds on a compulsory basis. This is based on

1324:) choose to fund public health care directly from taxation alone. Other countries with insurance-based systems effectively meet the cost of insuring those unable to insure themselves via 1786: 1427: 1167: 1151: 3474: 3459: 2712:

Bärnighausen, Till; Sauerborn, Rainer (May 2002). "One hundred and eighteen years of the German health insurance system: are there any lessons for middle- and low-income countries?".

4220: 842:

established a similar system in 1912, and other industrialized countries began following suit. By the 1930s, similar systems existed in virtually all of Western and Central Europe.

4298: 2134: 4107: 1197: 1094:

Currently, most industrialized countries and many developing countries operate some form of publicly funded health care with universal coverage as the goal. According to the

1565: 3170: 3682: 1271:

costs. Single-payer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations, or own and employ healthcare resources and personnel (as was the case in

2825: 68:

opportunity for people to enjoy the highest possible level of health. Critics say that universal healthcare leads to longer wait times and worse quality healthcare.

3875:"International health comparisons: a compendium of published information on healthcare systems, the provision of health care and health achievement in 10 countries" 1147: 3613: 1781: 1245:

In Poland, people are obliged to pay a percentage of the average monthly wage to the state, even if they are covered by private insurance. People working under a

3531: 2386:

Serner, Uncas (1980). "Swedish health legislation: milestones in reorganisation since 1945". In Heidenheimer, Arnold J.; Elvander, Nils; Hultén, Charly (eds.).

1776: 4227: 1200:

found that universal health care systems are modestly redistributive and that the progressivity of health care financing has limited implications for overall

1791: 1398: 1249:

pay a percentage of their wage, while entrepreneurs pay a fixed rate, based on the average national wage. Unemployed people are insured by the labor office.

855: 89: 831: 3411: 4210: 1667:

Most contemporary studies posit that a single payer universal healthcare system would benefit the United States. According to a 2020 study published in

4183:(November 15, 2010). New York: The Rockefeller Foundation. Report on the feasibility of establishing the systems and institutions needed to pursue UHC. 4108: 3769:"Inequitable Access to Health Care by the Poor in Community-Based Health Insurance Programs: A Review of Studies From Low- and Middle-Income Countries" 1102:

is the only wealthy, industrialized nation that does not provide universal health care. The only forms of government-provided healthcare available are

4123: 1678: 1196:

larger entity, such as a municipal co-operation board or the state, and medications are paid for by a state agency. A paper by Sherry A. Glied from

1226:

In some European countries where private insurance and universal health care coexist, such as Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands, the problem of

1132: 2741: 3229:. Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries, healthcare expenditures, and data sources. See the later version of the chart 1687:

found that a single-payer universal healthcare system would have saved 212,000 lives and averted over $ 100 billion in medical costs during the

1688: 1527: 1471: 992:

introduced a universal healthcare system based on an insurance mandate in 1994. In addition, universal health coverage was introduced in some

3505: 2910: 2674: 2637: 2608: 2586: 2554: 2532: 2500: 2395: 2363: 2334: 2298: 2190: 1871: 3628: 1179:

European systems are financed through a mix of public and private contributions. Most universal health care systems are funded primarily by

3656: 3101: 838:

provided coverage for primary care (but not specialist or hospital care) for wage earners, covering about one-third of the population. The

3709: 2416: 1328:

arrangements funded from taxation, either by directly paying their medical bills or by paying for insurance premiums for those affected.

1023:

retained and reformed its universal health care system, as did other now-independent former Soviet republics and Eastern bloc countries.

3392: 2690: 2102: 1736: 788: 2926: 1650: 1595: 1541: 428: 4214: 3253:. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Archived from 2286: 2867: 2115: 880:, universal health care systems began to be set up around the world. On July 5, 1948, the United Kingdom launched its universal 63:

as a situation where citizens can access health services without incurring financial hardship. Then-Director General of the WHO

1365:, which has a long list of general exclusions even in its highest coverage policy, most of which are routinely provided by the 1276: 3683:"Health and life cover: Health care select 1: Key features of this health insurance plan: What's covered? What's not covered?" 1414: 4248: 4156: 1409: 4023:"Universal healthcare as pandemic preparedness: The lives and costs that could have been saved during the COVID-19 pandemic" 3903:. Copenhagen: World Health Organization on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Archived from 3162: 2493:

Growth to limits: the Western European welfare states since World War II, Vol. 4 Appendix (synopses, bibliographies, tables)

3686: 3218: 2452:

Since 2 July 1956 the entire population of Norway has been included under the obligatory health national insurance program.

1357:

insurers. Generally, private insurance is voluntary in contrast to social insurance programs, which tend to be compulsory.

3569: 2848: 1836: 72: 4177:(3). Theme issue: authors from 19 countries on dimensions of the challenges of providing universal access to health care. 3897: 3742: 3247: 3122: 1042:

region, including developing countries, took steps to bring their populations under universal health coverage, including

4278: 3303: 1766: 1373: 1095: 806: 4142: 3605: 1051: 3086: 1811: 925: 835: 4162: 2182: 1741: 1577: 1533: 626: 3964:

Galvani, Alison P; Parpia, Alyssa S; Foster, Eric M; Singer, Burton H; Fitzpatrick, Meagan C (February 13, 2020).

4308: 4258: 4253: 4234:

Countries with social security programs in operation, January 1, 1955, by type of program and date of legislation

4167: 3004: 1796: 1492: 1476: 1220: 1213: 734: 680: 554: 536: 60: 4288: 4263: 3426: 2826:"Towards neo-Bismarckian health care states? Comparing health insurance reforms in Bismarckian welfare systems" 1971:"Universal health coverage from multiple perspectives: a synthesis of conceptual literature and global debates" 1103: 846:

introduced an employee health insurance law in 1927, expanding further upon it in 1935 and 1940. Following the

518: 2327:

Closing the door to destitution: the shaping of the Social Security Acts of the United States and New Zealand

1861: 1821: 1419: 1366: 1262: 1162: 1155: 881: 644: 392: 122: 4138: 4318: 4293: 3365: 3145: 1731: 1140: 1111: 858:

in 1920. However, it was not a truly universal system at that point, as rural residents were not covered.

830:, was the first form of universal care in modern times. Other countries soon began to follow suit. In the 662: 590: 2176: 1267:

Single-payer health care is a system in which the government, rather than private insurers, pays for all

4303: 4268: 2253: 1127: 1115: 920:

in 1962, followed by the rest of Canada from 1968 to 1972. A public healthcare system was introduced in

410: 356: 320: 302: 176: 158: 140: 2764: 3280: 4273: 4180: 4034: 2783: 2468:. DHEW publication ; no. (NIH) 77-673. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health. pp. 43–44. 2116:"Chapter 5. Reorganizing the Health Care System in Brazil: International Development Research Centre" 1674: 957: 940:

introduced their universal healthcare systems in 1950 and 1957 respectively (prior to independence).

770: 752: 716: 608: 572: 500: 446: 374: 338: 284: 248: 230: 212: 194: 4205:

Percentage of population covered under national health programs , selected countries , 1955 and 1970

4198: 4313: 1831: 1826: 1297: 1246: 1235: 698: 482: 464: 266: 4192: 3639: 3475:"Equilibrium in competitive insurance markets: an essay on the economics of imperfect information" 4070: 4003: 3660: 3497: 3412:"Competition among social health insurers: a case study for the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany" 2806: 1801: 1480: 847: 48: 3451: 3246:

Bentes, Margarida; Dias, Carlos Matias; Sakellarides, Sakellarides; Bankauskaite, Vaida (2004).

2954:"Universal health insurance coverage for 1.3 billion people: What accounts for China's success?" 2098: 3717: 1174:

Universal health care in most countries has been achieved by a mixed model of funding. General

4189:

Chicago: PNHP. A group of physicians and health professionals who support single-payer reform.

4062: 3995: 3855: 3806: 3788: 3532:"How adverse election affects the health insurance market. Policy Research Working Paper 2574" 3226: 3068: 3050: 2985: 2906: 2756: 2729: 2670: 2633: 2625: 2604: 2582: 2550: 2542: 2528: 2496: 2488: 2443: 2391: 2359: 2351: 2330: 2294: 2230: 2186: 2154: 2010: 1992: 1951: 1867: 1345: 1227: 1201: 827: 3152:, Institute of Medicine at the National Academies of Science, 2004-01-14, accessed 2007-10-22 2900: 2664: 2596: 2322: 2248:"OECD Reviews of Health Systems OECD Reviews of Health Systems: Russian Federation 2012": 38. 4052: 4042: 3985: 3977: 3937: 3845: 3837: 3796: 3780: 3489: 3344: 3202: 3058: 3042: 2975: 2965: 2840: 2798: 2721: 2547:

Parting at the crossroads: the emergence of health insurance in the United States and Canada

2469: 2442:(3rd ed.). Oslo: Norwegian Joint Committee on International Social Policy. p. 23. 2222: 2207: 2146: 2038: 2000: 1982: 1941: 1933: 1756: 1708: 1452: 1321: 885: 932:

countries. The Soviet Union extended universal health care to its rural residents in 1969.

27:

System that grants access to healthcare to all residents or citizens of a country or region

4283: 3149: 2930: 2784:"Social health insurance: key factors affecting the transition towards universal coverage" 2266: 1816: 1464: 1325: 843: 52: 4201:

Washington, D.C.: Results for Development Institute. Portal on universal health coverage.

3929: 3556: 865:, a universal health care system was created in a series of steps, from 1938 to 1941. In 17: 4038: 2033: 1483:, but many countries use mixed public-private systems to deliver universal health care. 4057: 4022: 3990: 3965: 3850: 3825: 3801: 3063: 3030: 2980: 2953: 2061: 2005: 1970: 1946: 1921: 1899: 1722: 1385: 1293: 851: 839: 823: 76: 3981: 3198: 2725: 1613: 4242: 4074: 4007: 3031:"Lessons from Brazil: on the difficulties of building a universal health care system" 2874: 2844: 2810: 2802: 2119: 1806: 1746: 1460: 1405: 1099: 1027: 818: 64: 3230: 2970: 2473: 2866:

Green, David; Irvine, Benedict; Clarke, Emily; Bidgood, Elliot (January 23, 2013).

1479:

in 2004. In some cases, government involvement also includes directly managing the

1039: 929: 917: 877: 3898:"Snapshots of health systems: the state of affairs in 16 countries in summer 2004" 4106: 2417:"The developmental welfare state in Scandinavia: lessons to the developing world" 1863:

The world health report: health systems financing: the path to universal coverage

948:(National Health Service) in 1978. Universal health insurance was implemented in 1751: 1456: 1301: 1268: 1180: 1084: 997: 989: 862: 3580: 3904: 3768: 3254: 1987: 1761: 1716: 1698: 1669: 1496: 1192: 1143:). For example: 11.2% for Canada in 2022. 16.6% for the United States in 2022. 870: 3841: 3792: 3310: 3054: 2760: 2419:. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. p. 7 1996: 4047: 3784: 3222: 2287:"Social welfare; Social security; Benefits in kind; National health schemes" 2226: 1337: 1080: 1031: 1005: 949: 866: 4066: 3999: 3859: 3810: 3072: 3046: 2989: 2733: 2464:

Gannik, Dorte; Holst, Erik; Wagner, Mardsen (1976). "Primary health care".

2158: 2014: 1955: 1937: 4151: 3309:. Sterling, Virginia: American Medical Student Association. Archived from 2447: 2234: 2087: 1702: 1114:(active, reserve, and retired military personnel and dependants), and the 817:

The first move towards a national health insurance system was launched in

95:

Starting year of universal health care. Links are "Healthcare in COUNTRY"

4126:

was created from a revision of this article dated 30 April 2020

2150: 1384:

A particular form of private health insurance that has often emerged, if

1313: 1184: 1175: 1107: 1013: 973: 3366:"Healthcare vote: Barack Obama passes US health reform by narrow margin" 3206: 2358:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 164–65. 822:

employers' contributions. This social health insurance model, named the

4181:

Catalyzing Change: The System Reform Costs of Universal Health Coverage

3501: 1772:

Health spending as a percent of GDP by country (gross domestic product)

1272: 1158:. For example: $ 6,319 for Canada in 2022. $ 12,555 for the US in 2022. 1088: 1068: 985: 969: 937: 905: 901: 893: 3716:. New Delhi: Society for Environmental Communications. Archived from 2135:"Transforming Turkey's Health System--Lessons for Universal Coverage" 1448: 1309: 1064: 1047: 1035: 1020: 1009: 1001: 977: 964: 933: 913: 897: 889: 51:

in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured

3708:

Varshney, Vibha; Gupta, Alok; Pallavi, Aparna (September 30, 2012).

3493: 2527:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 96–130. 2440:

Health services in Norway. English version by Dorothy Burton Skårdal

2329:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 14. 1046:

which has the largest universal health care system in the world and

3930:"Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2023 Global Monitoring Report" 3570:"Social Health Insurance Report of a Regional Expert Group Meeting" 3349: 3336: 1877: 3941: 3219:

Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier

2523:

Taylor, Malcolm G. (1990). "Saskatchewan medical care insurance".

1413: 1317: 1305: 1289: 1188: 1161: 1146: 1131: 1076: 1060: 1055: 1043: 981: 941: 921: 909: 4172:

MEDICC Review: International Journal of Cuban Health and Medicine

4228:

Health at a Glance: Europe 2018: State of Health in the EU Cycle

3194: 2691:"Austerity and the Unraveling of European Universal Health Care" 1683: 1423: 1362: 1072: 993: 3142: 1340:. The social health insurance model is also referred to as the 1166:

Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries.

3627:

Saltman, Richard B.; Busse, Reinhard; Figueras, Josep (eds.).

3102:"Developing Countries Strive to Provide Universal Health Care" 1969:

Abiiro, Gilbert Abotisem; De Allegri, Manuela (July 4, 2015).

1607: 1548: 1507: 1239: 3577:

World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia

4104: 1106:(for elderly patients as well as people with disabilities), 4021:

Galvani, Alison P.; Parpia, Alyssa S.; et al. (2022).

3393:"Switzerland – a case study in consumer driven health care" 2626:"Protection of childhood and motherhood in the countryside" 2601:

National health systems of the world: Volume II: The issues

928:. Centralized public healthcare systems were set up in the 2927:"WHO - Rocky road from the Semashko to a new health model" 2549:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 121–22. 1118:(members of federally recognized Native American tribes). 3163:"The Case for Universal Health Care in the United States" 3143:

Insuring America's Health: Principles and Recommendations

3767:

Umeh, Chukwuemeka A.; Feeley, Frank G. (June 27, 2017).

1787:

List of countries by total health expenditure per capita

1428:

List of countries by total health expenditure per capita

4186: 3657:"Health financing mechanisms: private health insurance" 3473:

Rothschild, Michael; Stiglitz, Joseph (November 1976).

1626: 1573: 2824:

Hassenteufel, Patrick; Palier, Bruno (December 2007).

2630:

Rural women in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia

2581:. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. pp. 38–39, 43. 2525:

Insuring national health care: the Canadian experience

3410:

Varkevisser, Marco; van der Geest, Stéphanie (2002).

1926:

International Journal of Health Policy and Management

1054:

which improved coverage up to 80% of the population.

908:(1964). Universal health insurance was introduced in 4209:

Information on health coverage in various countries

3824:

Gray, M.; Pitini, E.; Kelley, T.; Bacon, N. (2017).

2415:

Kuhnle, Stein; Hort, Sven E.O. (September 1, 2004).

2206:

Rowland, Diane; Telyukov, Alexandre V. (Fall 1991).

956:, which led to universal coverage under the current 3966:"Improving the prognosis of health care in the USA" 3659:. Geneva: World Health Organization. Archived from 3629:"Social health insurance systems in western Europe" 3283:. Chicago: Physicians for a National Health Program 3123:"Universal Healthcare on the rise in Latin America" 2293:(15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 884:. Universal health care was next introduced in the 2579:Health care in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 2280: 2278: 2276: 873:introduced a free public hospital system in 1946. 3279:Physicians for a National Health Program (2004). 3190: 3188: 1059:these countries, focusing on nine in particular: 3896:Grosse-Tebbe, Susanne; Figueras, Josep (2004). 2603:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 94. 1860:World Health Organization (November 22, 2010). 1238:at one time had a "community rating" system by 852:fully public and centralized health care system 4117: 3337:"Health Care Financing, Efficiency and Equity" 3241: 3239: 2495:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 137–40. 1782:List of countries by health insurance coverage 916:through stages, starting with the province of 3248:"Health care systems in transition: Portugal" 2390:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 103. 1777:Healthcare reform debate in the United States 1677:would save 68,000 lives and $ 450 billion in 1562:The examples and perspective in this section 8: 4299:Health Resources and Services Administration 2663:Perrin, Karen (Kay) M. (September 8, 2016). 2099:Foreign Countries with Universal Health Care 1792:List of countries with universal health care 1475:universal health care, was published by the 1399:List of countries with universal health care 1019:Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, 90:List of countries with universal health care 4163:WHO fact sheet on universal health coverage 3419:Research in Healthcare Financial Management 2902:Health-Care Reform: A Surgeon'S Perspective 2740:Busse, Reinhard; Riesberg, Annette (2004). 1542:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3873:National Audit Office (February 1, 2003). 2782:Carrin, Guy; James, Chris (January 2005). 1855: 1853: 1580:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1154:. Public and private spending. US dollars 93: 4056: 4046: 3989: 3849: 3800: 3606:"Health Care Systems - Four Basic Models" 3348: 3062: 2979: 2969: 2487:Alestalo, Matti; Uusitalo, Hannu (1987). 2208:"Soviet Healthcare From Two Perspectives" 2004: 1986: 1975:BMC International Health and Human Rights 1945: 1651:Learn how and when to remove this message 1596:Learn how and when to remove this message 4187:Physicians for a National Health Program 4134:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 3830:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 3610:Physicians for a National Health Program 2388:The shaping of the Swedish health system 1681:annually. A 2022 study published in the 3616:from the original on February 13, 2024. 2088:https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003313175}} 1849: 1467:and a more effective use of resources. 3462:from the original on December 4, 2023. 2899:Hilmy, Ashraf A. (November 14, 2012). 2262: 2251: 2034:"Universal Health Care Topic Overview" 1689:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States 3737: 3735: 3100:Eagle, William (September 20, 2012). 2658: 2656: 2466:The national health system in Denmark 2170: 2168: 1866:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 7: 3302:Chua, Kao-Ping (February 10, 2006). 2791:International Social Security Review 2632:. New York: Routledge. p. 167. 2028: 2026: 2024: 1418:Health spending per capita, in US$ 1026:Beyond the 1990s, many countries in 3773:Global Health: Science and Practice 3364:Tomasky, Michael (March 21, 2010). 3173:from the original on April 23, 2018 3005:"In Brazil, health care is a right" 3003:Gómez, Eduardo J. (July 13, 2012). 2669:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2577:Kaser, Michael (1976). "The USSR". 2118:. February 11, 2008. Archived from 2103:New York State Department of Health 1920:Matheson, Don * (January 1, 2015). 1487:Overview of Health Coverage Reports 1397:For a more comprehensive list, see 4223:", - Statistics Explained eurostat 4221:Unmet health care needs statistics 3934:Tracking Universal Health Coverage 3743:"Community based health insurance" 3199:Health resources - Health spending 2833:Social Policy & Administration 2597:"Social security for medical care" 1737:Cultural competence in health care 1223:is based on compulsory insurance. 25: 2873:. London: Civitas. Archived from 2749:Health Care Systems in Transition 2543:"The 1960s: the political battle" 2062:"Universal health coverage (UHC)" 1900:"Universal health coverage (UHC)" 1523:This section has multiple issues. 4150: 4116: 3826:"Managing population healthcare" 3087:"India | Commonwealth Fund" 2845:10.1111/j.1467-9515.2007.00573.x 2803:10.1111/j.1468-246X.2005.00209.x 2356:A concise history of New Zealand 1715: 1701: 1612: 1553: 1512: 1380:Community-based health insurance 1152:Total healthcare cost per person 799: 781: 763: 745: 727: 709: 691: 673: 655: 637: 619: 601: 583: 565: 547: 529: 511: 493: 475: 457: 439: 421: 403: 385: 367: 349: 331: 313: 295: 277: 259: 241: 223: 205: 187: 169: 151: 133: 115: 4168:Achieving Universal Health Care 3877:. London: National Audit Office 3335:Glied, Sherry A. (March 2008). 2971:10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.07.008 2666:Principles of Health Navigation 2291:The new Encyclopædia Britannica 1679:national healthcare expenditure 1531:or discuss these issues on the 1275:before the introduction of the 3685:. London: Bupa. Archived from 3559:", Merriam Webster Dictionary. 3537:. Washington, D.C.: World Bank 3482:Quarterly Journal of Economics 3281:"International health systems" 2352:"Making New Zealand 1930–1949" 1426:countries. For later data see 1410:Health care systems by country 1393:Implementation and comparisons 1168:US average of $ 10,447 in 2018 1: 3982:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33019-3 2868:"Healthcare systems: Germany" 2726:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00137-X 2714:Social Science & Medicine 2595:Roemer, Milton Irwin (1993). 2350:Mein Smith, Philippa (2012). 2181:. Santa Barbara, California: 1837:Universal Health Coverage Day 1110:(for low-income people), the 73:Sustainable Development Goals 3341:NBER Working Paper No. 13881 2624:Denisova, Liubov N. (2010). 1767:Health insurance cooperative 1463:). This approach encourages 1374:Planning Commission of India 1096:National Academy of Medicine 946:Servizio Sanitario Nazionale 4195:, World Health Organization 3579:. June 2003. Archived from 3530:Belli, Paolo (March 2001). 2628:. In Mukhina, Irina (ed.). 1812:Publicly funded health care 1576:, discuss the issue on the 1253:price between individuals. 926:Egyptian revolution of 1952 836:National Insurance Act 1911 4335: 3452:"Ubezpieczenie dobrowolne" 3425:(1): 65–84. Archived from 2323:"Two Social Security Acts" 2321:Richards, Raymond (1993). 2285:Abel-Smith, Brian (1987). 2183:Greenwood Publishing Group 1742:Euro Health Consumer Index 1403: 1396: 1277:Health and Social Care Act 1260: 1211: 1137:Health spending by country 1125: 826:after Prussian Chancellor 87: 3636:World Health Organization 2491:. In Flora, Peter (ed.). 2175:Butticè, Claudio (2019). 2066:World Health Organization 1988:10.1186/s12914-015-0056-9 1797:National health insurance 1491:The 2023 report from the 1477:World Health Organization 1422:-adjusted, among various 1221:Healthcare in Switzerland 1214:National health insurance 61:World Health Organization 37:universal health coverage 18:Universal health coverage 3842:10.1177/0141076817721099 3710:"Universal health scare" 3035:Journal of Global Health 3029:Muzaka, Valbona (2017). 2541:Maioni, Antonia (1998). 2474:2027/pur1.32754081249264 4048:10.1073/pnas.2200536119 3785:10.9745/GHSP-D-16-00286 2227:10.1377/hlthaff.10.3.71 1822:Single-payer healthcare 1420:purchasing power parity 1367:National Health Service 1332:Social health insurance 1263:Single-payer healthcare 882:National Health Service 4112: 4092:Listen to this article 3936:. September 18, 2023. 3372:. London: The Guardian 3370:Michael Tomasky's blog 3167:cthealth.server101.com 3047:10.7189/jogh.07.010303 2403:compensation, as well. 2261:Cite journal requires 1938:10.15171/ijhpm.2015.09 1732:Acronyms in healthcare 1431: 1171: 1159: 1144: 1141:Gross domestic product 1112:Military Health System 4249:Universal health care 4111: 3910:on September 26, 2007 3720:on September 20, 2012 2178:Universal Health Care 2122:on February 11, 2008. 1504:Criticism and support 1472:National Audit Office 1417: 1219:Canadian provinces). 1165: 1150: 1135: 1128:Health care economics 1116:Indian Health Service 996:countries, including 53:access to health care 33:Universal health care 4159:at Wikimedia Commons 4157:Universal healthcare 4143:More spoken articles 3458:. January 22, 2024. 2438:Evang, Karl (1970). 2151:10.1056/NEJMp1410433 1675:Medicare for All Act 1574:improve this section 1564:may not represent a 1208:Compulsory insurance 789:United Arab Emirates 4279:Health care quality 4193:Primary health care 4039:2022PNAS..11900536G 4033:(25): e2200536119. 3511:on October 20, 2017 3316:on October 24, 2006 3260:on January 26, 2010 3221:. May 26, 2017. By 3207:10.1787/8643de7e-en 2933:on October 18, 2014 2185:. pp. 20, 25. 2068:. December 12, 2016 1832:Two-tier healthcare 1827:Socialized medicine 1470:The United Kingdom 1344:, after Chancellor 1283:Tax-based financing 1247:employment contract 1236:Republic of Ireland 1198:Columbia University 854:was established in 96: 4113: 3976:(10223): 524–533. 3663:on October 9, 2010 3645:on March 31, 2022. 3304:"Single payer 101" 3148:2007-08-18 at the 2880:on October 5, 2013 2693:. Dissent Magazine 1880:on August 20, 2010 1802:Primary healthcare 1625:. You can help by 1481:health care system 1432: 1172: 1160: 1145: 1139:. Percent of GDP ( 960:system from 1984. 848:Russian Revolution 94: 49:health care system 41:universal coverage 4155:Media related to 4109: 3586:on March 18, 2017 3227:Our World in Data 2912:978-1-4759-5231-5 2854:on April 12, 2019 2770:on March 21, 2020 2676:978-1-284-09076-5 2639:978-0-203-84684-1 2610:978-0-19-507845-9 2588:978-0-89158-604-3 2556:978-0-691-05796-5 2534:978-0-8078-1934-0 2502:978-3-11-011133-0 2397:978-0-312-71627-1 2365:978-1-107-40217-1 2336:978-0-271-02665-7 2300:978-0-85229-443-7 2192:978-1-4408-6844-3 1873:978-92-4-156402-1 1661: 1660: 1653: 1643: 1642: 1606: 1605: 1598: 1546: 1352:Private insurance 1346:Otto von Bismarck 1228:adverse selection 1202:income inequality 952:in 1975 with the 828:Otto von Bismarck 815: 814: 16:(Redirected from 4326: 4309:Health education 4259:Health insurance 4254:Health economics 4154: 4133: 4131: 4120: 4119: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4093: 4079: 4078: 4060: 4050: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3993: 3961: 3955: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3853: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3804: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3739: 3730: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3689:on April 9, 2010 3679: 3673: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3638:. Archived from 3633: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3602: 3596: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3585: 3574: 3566: 3560: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3536: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3510: 3504:. Archived from 3479: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3431: 3416: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3259: 3252: 3243: 3234: 3216: 3210: 3192: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3159: 3153: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3066: 3026: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3000: 2994: 2993: 2983: 2973: 2952:Yu, Hao (2015). 2949: 2943: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2929:. Archived from 2923: 2917: 2916: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2879: 2872: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2853: 2847:. Archived from 2830: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2788: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2769: 2763:. Archived from 2746: 2737: 2709: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2592: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2538: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2282: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2212: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2172: 2163: 2162: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2112: 2106: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2030: 2019: 2018: 2008: 1990: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1949: 1917: 1911: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1876:. Archived from 1857: 1757:Health promotion 1725: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1709:Economics portal 1706: 1705: 1656: 1649: 1638: 1635: 1616: 1608: 1601: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1538: 1516: 1515: 1508: 1322:Nordic countries 1098:and others, the 912:in 1961, and in 886:Nordic countries 804: 803: 802: 786: 785: 784: 768: 767: 766: 750: 749: 748: 732: 731: 730: 714: 713: 712: 696: 695: 694: 678: 677: 676: 660: 659: 658: 642: 641: 640: 624: 623: 622: 606: 605: 604: 588: 587: 586: 570: 569: 568: 552: 551: 550: 534: 533: 532: 516: 515: 514: 498: 497: 496: 480: 479: 478: 462: 461: 460: 444: 443: 442: 426: 425: 424: 408: 407: 406: 390: 389: 388: 372: 371: 370: 354: 353: 352: 336: 335: 334: 318: 317: 316: 300: 299: 298: 282: 281: 280: 264: 263: 262: 246: 245: 244: 228: 227: 226: 210: 209: 208: 192: 191: 190: 174: 173: 172: 156: 155: 154: 138: 137: 136: 120: 119: 118: 97: 21: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4289:Health sciences 4264:Right to health 4239: 4238: 4147: 4146: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4124:This audio file 4121: 4114: 4105: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4020: 4019: 4015: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3867: 3836:(11): 434–439. 3823: 3822: 3818: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3741: 3740: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3666: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3631: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3604: 3603: 3599: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3508: 3494:10.2307/1885326 3477: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3432:on May 16, 2013 3429: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3245: 3244: 3237: 3217: 3213: 3193: 3186: 3176: 3174: 3161: 3160: 3156: 3150:Wayback Machine 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3089:. June 5, 2020. 3085: 3084: 3080: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3013: 3011: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2828: 2823: 2822: 2815: 2813: 2786: 2781: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2744: 2739: 2738: 2720:(10): 1559–87. 2711: 2710: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2662: 2661: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2623: 2622: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2522: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2486: 2485: 2481: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2398: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2284: 2283: 2274: 2260: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2133:Atun R (2015). 2132: 2131: 2127: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2097: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2032: 2031: 2022: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1874: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1817:Right to health 1721: 1714: 1707: 1700: 1697: 1691:in 2020 alone. 1673:, the proposed 1657: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1623:needs expansion 1617: 1602: 1591: 1585: 1582: 1571: 1558: 1554: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1489: 1465:integrated care 1461:health inequity 1412: 1402: 1395: 1382: 1354: 1334: 1326:social security 1285: 1265: 1259: 1216: 1210: 1130: 1124: 944:introduced its 869:, the state of 800: 798: 782: 780: 764: 762: 746: 744: 728: 726: 710: 708: 692: 690: 674: 672: 656: 654: 638: 636: 620: 618: 602: 600: 584: 582: 566: 564: 548: 546: 530: 528: 512: 510: 494: 492: 476: 474: 458: 456: 440: 438: 422: 420: 404: 402: 386: 384: 368: 366: 350: 348: 332: 330: 314: 312: 296: 294: 278: 276: 260: 258: 242: 240: 224: 222: 206: 204: 188: 186: 170: 168: 152: 150: 134: 132: 116: 114: 92: 86: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4332: 4330: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4241: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4217: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4165: 4160: 4136: 4122: 4115: 4103: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086:External links 4084: 4081: 4080: 4013: 3956: 3947: 3921: 3888: 3865: 3816: 3779:(2): 299–314. 3759: 3731: 3700: 3674: 3648: 3619: 3597: 3561: 3548: 3522: 3465: 3443: 3402: 3383: 3356: 3350:10.3386/w13881 3327: 3294: 3271: 3235: 3211: 3184: 3154: 3135: 3114: 3092: 3078: 3021: 2995: 2964:(9): 1145–52. 2944: 2918: 2911: 2891: 2704: 2682: 2675: 2652: 2638: 2609: 2587: 2569: 2555: 2533: 2515: 2501: 2479: 2456: 2430: 2407: 2396: 2378: 2364: 2335: 2313: 2299: 2272: 2263:|journal= 2240: 2215:Health Affairs 2198: 2191: 2164: 2145:(14): 1285–9. 2125: 2107: 2091: 2079: 2053: 2020: 1961: 1912: 1891: 1872: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1723:Society portal 1712: 1696: 1693: 1659: 1658: 1641: 1640: 1634:September 2022 1620: 1618: 1611: 1604: 1603: 1568:of the subject 1566:worldwide view 1561: 1559: 1552: 1547: 1521: 1520: 1518: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1488: 1485: 1394: 1391: 1386:financial risk 1381: 1378: 1353: 1350: 1342:Bismarck Model 1333: 1330: 1294:United Kingdom 1284: 1281: 1261:Main article: 1258: 1255: 1212:Main article: 1209: 1206: 1123: 1122:Funding models 1120: 924:following the 840:Russian Empire 832:United Kingdom 824:Bismarck Model 813: 812: 809: 807:United Kingdom 795: 794: 791: 777: 776: 773: 759: 758: 755: 741: 740: 737: 723: 722: 719: 705: 704: 701: 687: 686: 683: 669: 668: 665: 651: 650: 647: 633: 632: 629: 615: 614: 611: 597: 596: 593: 579: 578: 575: 561: 560: 557: 543: 542: 539: 525: 524: 521: 507: 506: 503: 489: 488: 485: 471: 470: 467: 453: 452: 449: 435: 434: 431: 417: 416: 413: 399: 398: 395: 381: 380: 377: 363: 362: 359: 345: 344: 341: 327: 326: 323: 309: 308: 305: 291: 290: 287: 273: 272: 269: 255: 254: 251: 237: 236: 233: 219: 218: 215: 201: 200: 197: 183: 182: 179: 165: 164: 161: 147: 146: 143: 129: 128: 125: 111: 110: 108: 105: 104: 101: 85: 82: 77:United Nations 45:universal care 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4331: 4320: 4319:Global health 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4294:Public health 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170:(July 2011). 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4125: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3942:10.1596/40348 3939: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3906: 3899: 3892: 3889: 3876: 3869: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3724:September 25, 3719: 3715: 3714:Down To Earth 3711: 3704: 3701: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3675: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3533: 3526: 3523: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3488:(4): 629–49. 3487: 3483: 3476: 3469: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3384: 3371: 3367: 3360: 3357: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3124: 3118: 3115: 3103: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3041:(1): 010303. 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958:Health Policy 2955: 2948: 2945: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2908: 2905:. iUniverse. 2904: 2903: 2895: 2892: 2876: 2869: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2839:(6): 574–96. 2838: 2834: 2827: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2705: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2645:September 30, 2641: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2616:September 30, 2612: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2570: 2562:September 30, 2558: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2516: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2431: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2393: 2389: 2382: 2379: 2367: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2338: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2306:September 30, 2302: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2255: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2083: 2080: 2072:September 14, 2067: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1916: 1913: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1879: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1807:Public health 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1747:Global health 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1671: 1665: 1655: 1652: 1637: 1628: 1624: 1621:This section 1619: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1600: 1597: 1589: 1579: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1560: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1406:Health system 1400: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1264: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1215: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1169: 1164: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1121: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:United States 1097: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1028:Latin America 1024: 1022: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 966: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 856:Soviet Russia 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 810: 808: 797: 796: 792: 790: 779: 778: 774: 772: 761: 760: 756: 754: 743: 742: 738: 736: 725: 724: 720: 718: 707: 706: 702: 700: 689: 688: 684: 682: 671: 670: 666: 664: 653: 652: 648: 646: 635: 634: 630: 628: 617: 616: 612: 610: 599: 598: 594: 592: 581: 580: 576: 574: 563: 562: 558: 556: 545: 544: 540: 538: 527: 526: 522: 520: 509: 508: 504: 502: 491: 490: 486: 484: 473: 472: 468: 466: 455: 454: 450: 448: 437: 436: 432: 430: 419: 418: 414: 412: 401: 400: 396: 394: 383: 382: 378: 376: 365: 364: 360: 358: 347: 346: 342: 340: 329: 328: 324: 322: 311: 310: 306: 304: 293: 292: 288: 286: 275: 274: 270: 268: 257: 256: 252: 250: 239: 238: 234: 232: 221: 220: 216: 214: 203: 202: 198: 196: 185: 184: 180: 178: 167: 166: 162: 160: 149: 148: 144: 142: 131: 130: 126: 124: 113: 112: 109: 107: 106: 102: 99: 98: 91: 83: 81: 78: 74: 69: 66: 65:Margaret Chan 62: 56: 54: 50: 46: 42: 38: 35:(also called 34: 30: 19: 4304:Primary care 4269:Universalism 4215:in the 1980s 4211:in the 1970s 4174: 4171: 4030: 4026: 4016: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3950: 3933: 3924: 3912:. Retrieved 3905:the original 3891: 3879:. Retrieved 3868: 3833: 3829: 3819: 3776: 3772: 3762: 3750:. Retrieved 3746: 3722:. Retrieved 3718:the original 3713: 3703: 3691:. Retrieved 3687:the original 3677: 3665:. Retrieved 3661:the original 3651: 3640:the original 3635: 3622: 3609: 3600: 3588:. Retrieved 3581:the original 3576: 3564: 3557:single-payer 3551: 3539:. Retrieved 3525: 3513:. Retrieved 3506:the original 3485: 3481: 3468: 3455: 3446: 3436:November 28, 3434:. Retrieved 3427:the original 3422: 3418: 3405: 3396: 3386: 3374:. Retrieved 3369: 3359: 3340: 3330: 3318:. Retrieved 3311:the original 3297: 3285:. Retrieved 3274: 3262:. Retrieved 3255:the original 3214: 3175:. Retrieved 3166: 3157: 3138: 3128:November 30, 3126:. Retrieved 3117: 3107:November 30, 3105:. Retrieved 3095: 3081: 3038: 3034: 3024: 3012:. Retrieved 3008: 2998: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2937:November 30, 2935:. Retrieved 2931:the original 2921: 2901: 2894: 2882:. Retrieved 2875:the original 2856:. Retrieved 2849:the original 2836: 2832: 2814:. Retrieved 2797:(1): 45–64. 2794: 2790: 2772:. Retrieved 2765:the original 2752: 2748: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2697:November 30, 2695:. Retrieved 2685: 2665: 2643:. Retrieved 2629: 2614:. Retrieved 2600: 2578: 2572: 2560:. Retrieved 2546: 2524: 2518: 2506:. Retrieved 2492: 2482: 2465: 2459: 2451: 2439: 2433: 2421:. Retrieved 2410: 2401: 2387: 2381: 2369:. Retrieved 2355: 2340:. Retrieved 2326: 2316: 2304:. Retrieved 2290: 2254:cite journal 2243: 2221:(3): 71–86. 2218: 2214: 2201: 2177: 2142: 2139:N Engl J Med 2138: 2128: 2120:the original 2110: 2094: 2082: 2070:. Retrieved 2065: 2056: 2044:. Retrieved 2037: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1932:(1): 49–51. 1929: 1925: 1915: 1905:November 30, 1903:. Retrieved 1894: 1882:. Retrieved 1878:the original 1862: 1682: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1647: 1631: 1627:adding to it 1622: 1592: 1583: 1563: 1539: 1532: 1526: 1525:Please help 1522: 1490: 1469: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1383: 1371: 1359: 1355: 1341: 1338:risk pooling 1335: 1286: 1266: 1257:Single-payer 1251: 1244: 1233: 1225: 1217: 1173: 1093: 1040:Asia-Pacific 1025: 1018: 962: 953: 945: 930:Eastern bloc 918:Saskatchewan 878:World War II 875: 860: 816: 627:Saudi Arabia 70: 57: 44: 40: 36: 32: 31: 29: 4274:Health care 4199:UHC Forward 3914:November 7, 3881:November 7, 3747:www.who.int 3590:January 17, 3391:Roy, Avik. 3320:November 7, 3287:November 7, 1752:Health care 1457:urgent care 1453:end of life 1302:New Zealand 1269:health care 1181:tax revenue 1085:Philippines 1012:(1995) and 998:South Korea 990:Switzerland 984:(1986) and 904:(1961) and 863:New Zealand 850:of 1917, a 735:Switzerland 681:South Korea 555:New Zealand 537:Netherlands 71:As part of 4314:Health law 4243:Categories 4139:Audio help 4130:2020-04-30 3970:The Lancet 3264:August 30, 3014:August 20, 2884:October 8, 2858:October 8, 2816:October 8, 2774:October 8, 1844:References 1762:Health law 1670:The Lancet 1528:improve it 1497:World Bank 1404:See also: 1193:non-profit 1126:See also: 876:Following 871:Queensland 519:Luxembourg 88:See also: 4075:249645274 4008:211105345 3793:2169-575X 3752:March 24, 3693:April 11, 3667:April 11, 3541:March 20, 3515:March 20, 3376:March 23, 3223:Max Roser 3177:April 27, 3055:2047-2978 2811:154659524 2761:1020-9077 2742:"Germany" 2508:March 11, 2489:"Finland" 2423:March 11, 2371:March 11, 2342:March 11, 1997:1472-698X 1884:April 11, 1586:June 2022 1578:talk page 1534:talk page 1081:Indonesia 1032:Caribbean 1006:Singapore 950:Australia 867:Australia 645:Singapore 393:Hong Kong 123:Australia 4141: · 4067:35696578 4000:32061298 3860:29148874 3811:28655804 3614:Archived 3460:Archived 3171:Archived 3146:Archived 3073:28382207 2990:26251322 2734:12061488 2159:26422719 2015:26141806 1956:25584354 1695:See also 1572:You may 1495:and the 1320:and the 1314:Portugal 1185:Portugal 1176:taxation 1108:Medicaid 1104:Medicare 1038:and the 1016:(2001). 1014:Thailand 1008:(1993), 1004:(1995), 1000:(1989), 988:(1990). 980:(1980), 976:(1979), 974:Portugal 972:(1972), 958:Medicare 954:Medibank 900:(1956), 896:(1956), 892:(1955), 663:Slovenia 591:Portugal 100:Country 4230:", OECD 4128: ( 4099:minutes 4058:9231482 4035:Bibcode 3991:8572548 3851:5728616 3802:5487091 3502:1885326 3064:5344008 2981:7114832 2235:1748393 2006:4491257 1947:4289038 1298:Ireland 1273:England 1183:(as in 1089:Vietnam 1069:Nigeria 986:Iceland 970:Finland 938:Bahrain 906:Finland 902:Denmark 894:Iceland 819:Germany 429:Ireland 411:Iceland 357:Germany 321:Finland 303:Denmark 177:Belgium 159:Bahrain 141:Austria 84:History 47:) is a 4284:Health 4073: 4065: 4055: 4006: 3998: 3988: 3858: 3848: 3809: 3799: 3791: 3500: 3397:Forbes 3197:Data. 3071: 3061: 3053: 2988: 2978: 2909: 2809: 2759: 2732: 2673: 2636: 2607: 2585: 2553: 2531: 2499: 2448:141033 2446: 2394: 2362: 2333: 2297: 2233: 2189: 2157: 2046:May 9, 2042:. 2019 2013: 2003: 1995: 1981:: 17. 1954: 1944: 1870: 1449:asthma 1310:Brazil 1292:, the 1083:, the 1065:Rwanda 1048:Brazil 1036:Africa 1030:, the 1021:Russia 1010:Israel 1002:Taiwan 978:Cyprus 965:France 934:Kuwait 914:Canada 898:Norway 890:Sweden 834:, the 805: 787: 771:Turkey 769: 753:Taiwan 751: 733: 717:Sweden 715: 697: 679: 661: 643: 625: 609:Russia 607: 589: 573:Norway 571: 553: 535: 517: 501:Kuwait 499: 481: 463: 447:Israel 445: 427: 409: 391: 375:Greece 373: 355: 339:France 337: 319: 301: 285:Cyprus 283: 265: 249:Canada 247: 231:Brunei 229: 213:Brazil 211: 195:Bhutan 193: 175: 157: 139: 121: 4071:S2CID 4004:S2CID 3908:(PDF) 3901:(PDF) 3643:(PDF) 3632:(PDF) 3584:(PDF) 3573:(PDF) 3535:(PDF) 3509:(PDF) 3498:JSTOR 3478:(PDF) 3430:(PDF) 3415:(PDF) 3314:(PDF) 3307:(PDF) 3258:(PDF) 3251:(PDF) 2878:(PDF) 2871:(PDF) 2852:(PDF) 2829:(PDF) 2807:S2CID 2787:(PDF) 2768:(PDF) 2755:(9). 2745:(PDF) 2211:(PDF) 2101:. By 1318:India 1306:Italy 1290:Spain 1189:India 1077:Kenya 1061:Ghana 1056:India 1044:China 994:Asian 982:Spain 942:Italy 922:Egypt 910:Japan 844:Japan 811:1948 793:1971 775:2003 757:1995 739:1994 721:1955 703:1986 699:Spain 685:1988 667:1972 649:1993 631:2019 613:1993 595:1979 577:1912 559:1938 541:1966 523:1973 505:1950 487:1938 483:Japan 469:1978 465:Italy 451:1995 433:1977 415:1990 397:1993 379:1983 361:1941 343:1974 325:1972 307:1973 289:1980 271:2009 267:China 253:1966 235:1958 217:1988 199:1970 181:1945 163:1957 145:1967 127:1975 103:Year 43:, or 4213:and 4063:PMID 4027:PNAS 3996:PMID 3916:2007 3883:2007 3856:PMID 3807:PMID 3789:ISSN 3754:2022 3726:2012 3695:2010 3669:2012 3592:2022 3543:2007 3517:2007 3438:2007 3378:2010 3322:2006 3289:2006 3266:2006 3231:here 3195:OECD 3179:2018 3130:2016 3109:2016 3069:PMID 3051:ISSN 3016:2018 2986:PMID 2939:2016 2907:ISBN 2886:2013 2860:2013 2818:2013 2776:2013 2757:ISSN 2730:PMID 2699:2016 2671:ISBN 2647:2013 2634:ISBN 2618:2013 2605:ISBN 2583:ISBN 2564:2013 2551:ISBN 2529:ISBN 2510:2013 2497:ISBN 2444:OCLC 2425:2013 2392:ISBN 2373:2013 2360:ISBN 2344:2013 2331:ISBN 2308:2013 2295:ISBN 2267:help 2231:PMID 2187:ISBN 2155:PMID 2074:2017 2048:2022 2039:Gale 2011:PMID 1993:ISSN 1952:PMID 1907:2016 1886:2012 1868:ISBN 1684:PNAS 1424:OECD 1408:and 1372:The 1363:BUPA 1234:The 1087:and 1073:Mali 936:and 4053:PMC 4043:doi 4031:119 3986:PMC 3978:doi 3974:395 3938:doi 3846:PMC 3838:doi 3834:110 3797:PMC 3781:doi 3490:doi 3456:NFZ 3345:doi 3225:at 3203:doi 3059:PMC 3043:doi 3009:CNN 2976:PMC 2966:doi 2962:119 2841:doi 2799:doi 2722:doi 2470:hdl 2223:doi 2147:doi 2143:373 2001:PMC 1983:doi 1942:PMC 1934:doi 1629:. 1493:WHO 1240:VHI 1156:PPP 1052:SUS 1050:'s 888:of 861:In 4245:: 4175:13 4097:20 4069:. 4061:. 4051:. 4041:. 4029:. 4025:. 4002:. 3994:. 3984:. 3972:. 3968:. 3932:. 3854:. 3844:. 3832:. 3828:. 3805:. 3795:. 3787:. 3775:. 3771:. 3745:. 3734:^ 3712:. 3634:. 3612:. 3608:. 3575:. 3496:. 3486:90 3484:. 3480:. 3454:. 3421:. 3417:. 3395:. 3368:. 3343:. 3339:. 3238:^ 3201:. 3187:^ 3169:. 3165:. 3067:. 3057:. 3049:. 3037:. 3033:. 3007:. 2984:. 2974:. 2960:. 2956:. 2837:41 2835:. 2831:. 2805:. 2795:58 2793:. 2789:. 2751:. 2747:. 2728:. 2718:54 2716:. 2655:^ 2599:. 2545:. 2450:. 2400:. 2354:. 2325:. 2289:. 2275:^ 2258:: 2256:}} 2252:{{ 2229:. 2219:10 2217:. 2213:. 2167:^ 2153:. 2141:. 2137:. 2064:. 2036:. 2023:^ 2009:. 1999:. 1991:. 1979:15 1977:. 1973:. 1950:. 1940:. 1928:. 1924:. 1852:^ 1537:. 1455:, 1451:, 1316:, 1312:, 1308:, 1304:, 1300:, 1296:, 1204:. 1187:, 1091:. 1079:, 1075:, 1071:, 1067:, 1063:, 1034:, 75:, 39:, 4226:" 4219:" 4145:) 4137:( 4132:) 4101:) 4094:( 4077:. 4045:: 4037:: 4010:. 3980:: 3944:. 3940:: 3918:. 3885:. 3862:. 3840:: 3813:. 3783:: 3777:5 3756:. 3728:. 3697:. 3671:. 3594:. 3555:" 3545:. 3519:. 3492:: 3440:. 3423:7 3399:. 3380:. 3353:. 3347:: 3324:. 3291:. 3268:. 3233:. 3205:: 3181:. 3132:. 3111:. 3075:. 3045:: 3039:7 3018:. 2992:. 2968:: 2941:. 2915:. 2888:. 2862:. 2843:: 2820:. 2801:: 2778:. 2753:6 2736:. 2724:: 2701:. 2679:. 2649:. 2620:. 2591:. 2566:. 2537:. 2512:. 2476:. 2472:: 2427:. 2375:. 2346:. 2310:. 2269:) 2265:( 2237:. 2225:: 2195:. 2161:. 2149:: 2105:. 2076:. 2050:. 2017:. 1985:: 1958:. 1936:: 1930:4 1909:. 1888:. 1654:) 1648:( 1636:) 1632:( 1599:) 1593:( 1588:) 1584:( 1570:. 1544:) 1540:( 1430:. 1401:. 1170:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.