31:
275:
1250:. The General Court functioned as the legislative and the judiciary, the annually elected governor and his assistants were the executive branch of government. These Protestants believed that democracy was the will of God. In so doing, they followed Calvin who had, in order to safeguard the rights and liberties of ordinary people, praised the advantages of democracy and recommended that political power should be distributed among several institutions to minimise its misuse. He had in effect advocated separation of powers.
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employ professional clergy who perform many of the same functions as priests such as clarifying doctrine, administering communion, performing baptisms, marriages, etc. In many instances, Protestants see professional clergy as servants acting on behalf of the local believers. This is in contrast to the priest, whom some
Protestants see as having a distinct authority and spiritual role different from that of ordinary believers.
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1687:"Protestantism originated in the 16th-century Reformation, and its basic doctrines, in addition to those of the ancient Christian creeds, are justification by grace alone through faith, the priesthood of all believers, and the supremacy of Holy Scripture in matters of faith and order." "The Protestant Heritage" Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Sept. 2007
216:"The redemptive sacrifice of Christ is unique, accomplished once for all; yet it is made present in the Eucharistic sacrifice of the Church. The same is true of the one priesthood of Christ; it is made present through the ministerial priesthood without diminishing the uniqueness of Christ's priesthood: "Only Christ is the true priest, the others being only his ministers.""
902:, "You are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a priestly kingdom." In this way we are all priests, as many of us as are Christians. There are indeed priests whom we call ministers. They are chosen from among us, and who do everything in our name. That is a priesthood which is nothing else than the Ministry. Thus
1167:). In Germany, Lutheran churches established the first presbyteries in the 19th century, and after the downfall of the monarchies in 1918 synods were formed which assumed the task of leading the churches. They are made up of both laypersons and clergy. Since 1919, the Anglican church has also had a synod (
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who are well versed with
Christian liturgy, scripture, and church teachings, and are qualified to lead worship and preach sermons. Although many religions use priests, most Protestant denominations reject the idea of a priesthood as a group that is spiritually distinct from lay people. They typically
1023:
in
Methodist churches. Within the Plymouth Brethren, the concept is most usually evidenced in the lack of distinction between "clergy" and "laity", the refusal to adopt formal titles such as reverend or bishop, the denial of formal ordination, and in some cases the refusal to hire any "professional
867:
That the pope or bishop anoints, makes tonsures, ordains, consecrates, or dresses differently from the laity, may make a hypocrite or an idolatrous oil-painted icon, but it in no way makes a
Christian or spiritual human being. In fact, we are all consecrated priests through Baptism, as St. Peter in
226:
Catholicism often expresses the idea of the priesthood of all baptized
Christians in English as the "common" or "universal" priesthood; in parallel, it refers to Catholic clergy as the "ministerial" priesthood. It defends this distinction with the original language of scripture. The Catholic Church
1376:
believers" for example for democratized
Protestant groups where there are no clergy, or in churches which have purely symbolic, or no, sacraments, or which do not make a distinction between religions. Some Lutheran theologians have pushed back on idea that the priesthood of all believers entails a
927:
To obtain such (saving) faith God instituted the office of preaching, giving the gospel and the sacraments. Through these, as through means, he gives the Holy Spirit who produces faith, where and when he wills, in those who hear the gospel ... Concerning church government it is taught that no one
1381:
Luther's text "cannot mean, "anyone can be a pastor," but rather, "all of us are members of the one body of Christ and individually servants to each other in our respective offices." The
Protestant and pietistic appropriation of these terms turns everything on its head and replaces service with
1092:
Luther's doctrine of the universal priesthood of all believers gave laypersons and the clergy equal rights and responsibilities. It had strong, far-reaching consequences both within the
Protestant churches and outside of them with respect to the development of distinct political and societal
1363:
believer" has been used to express the teaching that this priesthood is not collective or participatory but entirely individual, especially in, as a
Southern Baptist has expressed, "a congregation of faithful believers united in a common confession working as priests to each other."
189:
specifically highlights the priesthood of all believers. The primary difference between the teachings of the
Catholic Church and those of the Protestant churches that reject the ordained priesthood, is that the Catholic Church believes in three different types of Christian priests:
1351:. While these groups appoint leaders, it is held that all members are responsible for the functioning of the church and church meetings. For example, at the Bruderhof, meetings are held with members sitting in a circle, breaking down the tradition of "preacher" and "congregation".
167:, which was widely believed then to be a second-century and near-apostolic teaching, that appropriated a pagan multi-level schema to make a hierarchical description of Christianity with a succession of intermediaries (energies, names, angels, priests, etc.) between God and man.
1637:"In a hymn now known as Ode 20, the poet describes his understanding of the "priesthood of all believers": ..... Ode 20 demonstrates that first century Jewish-Christians in the region of Antioch perceived themselves as individual priests offering spiritual sacrifices."
1096:
Luther had the intention to organize the church in such a way as to give the members of a congregation the right to elect a pastor by majority-decision and, if necessary, to dismiss him again. The Lutheran church would get an institutional framework based on the
1382:
power-grabbing and the unity of Christ's body with the disunity of individualistic spirituality. Or, as my friend Paul Rorem puts it, the democratic, American misconstrual of the priesthood of all believers means in actuality the priesthood of no believers."
1053:(Society of Friends) and US and African Quakers in some cases, have no priests and no order of service. God can speak through any person present, and any planned service is at risk of getting in God's way; hence the bulk of the observance is in silence.
1067:
believed, "There is no regularly constituted church of Christ on earth, nor any person qualified to administer any church ordinances; nor can there be until new apostles are sent by the Great Head of the Church for whose coming I am seeking." The
1475:
But you are not like that, for you are a chosen people. You are royal priests, a holy nation, God’s very own possession. As a result, you can show others the goodness of God, for he called you out of the darkness into his wonderful
1162:
When Lutherans from Germany and Scandinavia emigrated to North America, they took over the church polity based on presbyteries and synods which had been developed by the denominations with Calvinist traditions (for example,
1105:. But mainly because of the strong political and military pressure from the Catholic powers, the developing Lutheran churches in the German territories had to seek the protection of their worldly rulers who turned them into
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1665:"The responsibility of all those who were baptised is to offer their lives to God. Augustine defines the royal priesthood’s ‘true sacrifices’ as ‘works of mercy done to ourselves or our neighbour and directed to God.’"
2021:
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The belief in the priesthood of all believers does not preclude order, authority or discipline within congregations or denominational organizations. For example, Lutheranism maintains the doctrine of "the
1484:
version reflects the Protestant view, as the universal "royal priesthood" from the Bible Luther cites above has been changed to individual "royal priests".) Other relevant Scripture passages include
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The inclusionary Catholic version proposes a common priesthood that is different from both Holy Orders and the priesthood of Christ. The exclusionary version, elaborated in the theology of
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How then if they are forced to admit that we are all equally priests, as many of us as are baptized, and by this way we truly are; while to them is committed only the Ministry (
1317:
1620:, priests acted as mediators between God and people. They ministered according to God's instruction and offered sacrifices to God on behalf of the people. Once a year, the
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1531:. God is equally accessible to all the faithful, and every Christian has equal potential to minister for God. This doctrine stands in opposition to the concept of a
2018:
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847:
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That a Christian Meeting or Congregation has the Right and the Power to Judge All Doctrines and Call, Install, and Dismiss Teachers, as Grounded on Scriptures
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into Christ’s royal priesthood. In his exposition of 1 Peter 2:9, he writes ‘we call them all priest insomuch as they are members of the One Priest’.
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1072:, believed that the Roman Catholic Church had lost its authority through corruption and waited for Christ to restore his true church and authority.
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The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ
1321:
792:
1640:
1527::23–28). Protestants believe that through Christ they have been given direct access to God, just like a priest; thus the doctrine is called the
5650:
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85:, became prominent as a tenet of Protestant Christian doctrine, though the exact meaning of the belief and its implications vary widely among
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1316:. In turn, these documents became models for the constitutions of nations in Europe, Latin America, and other parts of the world. The French
1202:
in North America in 1620 took the next step in evolving the consequences of Luther's universal priesthood doctrine by combining it with the
120:(c. q70-120 AD) has an early understanding of a view of the priesthood of all believers, suggesting that Jewish-Christians in the region of
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has been argued to have held to a view of universal priesthood because he stated "for all the righteous possess the sacerdotal rank". For
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says, "You are a royal priesthood and a priestly kingdom," and Revelation , "Through your blood you have made us into priests and kings."
204:
Christian priesthood is not a continuation of Jewish temple priests who sacrifice animals but, like Christ, a priesthood in the order of
157:
In the millennium from the 6th to 16th centuries, this common priesthood was sometimes overshadowed, to some extent, by the influence of
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movement. Within Methodism it can plausibly be linked to the strong emphasis on social action and political involvement within that
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in order to dismiss the medieval view that Christians in the present life were to be divided into two classes: "spiritual" and "
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and could therefore not be forced on a person. Williams, Hooker, and Penn adopted Luther's position. Precondition for granting
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and a national synod, whose members, laymen and clergymen alike, were elected by the parishioners as well. This combination of
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2040:, vol. 6, p. 407, lines 19–25 as quoted in Timothy Wengert, "The Priesthood of All Believers and Other Pious Myths," page 12
2000:
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102:
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1296:. This had been made possible by Luther's separation of the spiritual and the worldly spheres in his doctrine of the
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held a belief similar to the priesthood of all believers. However his views on the laity may have been influenced by
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on the one hand and religious freedom and other human rights on the other hand became the backbone of the American
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1226:, the Pilgrims applied the principles that guided their congregational democracy also to the administration of the
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did not use the phrase "priesthood of all believers", he adduces a general priesthood in Christendom in his 1520
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898:, in what has not been committed to them) except insofar as we may have granted it to them, for thus it says in
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906::1: "No one should regard us as anything else than ministers of Christ and dispensers of the mysteries of God."
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The universal priesthood of all believers which excludes a ministerial priesthood is a foundational concept of
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Priesthood in a New Millennium: Toward an Understanding of Anglican Presbyterate in the Twenty-First Century
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The vast majority of Protestants draw some distinction between their own ordained ministers and lay people.
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This expression has also been used for households without heads and for mutually-indifferent Christians.
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34:"Scripture sets before us Christ alone as mediator, atoning sacrifice, high priest, and intercessor."—
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The Priesthood of All Believers and the Missio Dei: A Canonical, Catholic, and Contextual Perspective
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that had its origin also in Luther's theology. In this view, faith in Jesus Christ was a gift of the
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Martin Luther's Theology of Universal Priesthood: A Historical, Contextual and Contemporary Analysis
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the ordained priesthood (Acts 14:23, Romans 15:16, 1 Timothy 5:17, Titus 1:5, James 5:14–15); and
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1324:, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. These are also echoed in the
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1131:, were also elected by the parishioners, formed the representative church leadership. To this
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617:
602:
494:
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894:)? If they recognize this they would know that they have no right to exercise power over us (
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meaning "one with elderhood"), which are usually both translated in English with the word "
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until 1691, when the two colonies were united under a royal governor. Both colonies had a
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believed that priesthood authority was still needed but was lost from the earth. American
903:
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695:
587:
472:
467:
176:
117:
67:
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109:.) Some issue of illegitimate priestly activity is found in the story of the "schism of
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Most Protestants today recognize only Christ as a mediator between themselves and God (
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1016:
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597:
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6, 564.6–14 as quoted in Norman Nagel, "Luther and the Priesthood of All Believers",
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Much of the doctrinal dispute on this matter is caused by the difference between the
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1965:
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1920:"Christus Victor, Sacerdos et Judex: The Multiple Roles of Christ on Mosan Shrines"
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calls Jesus the supreme "high priest," who offered himself as a perfect sacrifice (
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should publicly teach, preach, or administer the sacraments without a proper call.
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and offer a sacrifice for the sins of all the people, including all the priests.
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temples, whereas the latter term refers to an acknowledged elder of a community.
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movement has a specific interpretation of the doctrine as underlying its solemn
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teaches a version of the priesthood of all believers. The dogmatic constitution
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Geschichte des Westens. Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert
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Who is unique as both "the one who sacrifices and the one who is sacrificed."
1584:), and to those holding the office of conducting sacrifices in ancient
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A practical example of the priesthood of all believers may be found in modern
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125:
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Wengert, T. (2005). "The Priesthood of All Believers and Other Pious Myths".
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The Book of Concord : The Confessions of the Evangelical Lutheran Church
132:, as the Montanists supposedly believed in the priesthood of every believer.
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God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought
1576:". The former term refers to the sacrificial ritual leaders of Judaism, the
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1276:, respectively, gave the democratic concept another turn by linking it with
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African Christian Mothers and Fathers: Why They Matter for the Church Today
2780:"The Priesthood of All Believers and Other Pious Myths" by Timothy Wengert
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and ordained ministers are usually regarded as congregational leaders and
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from sin may only be validly performed by ministerial priests with true
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1439: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower
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1836:"The priesthood of believers: The forgotten legacy of the reformation"
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believed themselves to be priests of God making spiritual sacrifices.
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Steps: A Guide to Transforming Your Life When Willpower Isn't Enough
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The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics
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churches may retain office-titles such as "bishop" and, for some
101:
texts speak of a national "kingdom of priests" (Exodus, 19:5–6),
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Celebrating the Reformation: Its Legacy And Continuing Relevance
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2637:, Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press, 2005.
1724:
Augsburg Confession, Article 21, "Of the Worship of the Saints"
1467:
The Bible passage considered to be the basis of this belief is
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God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution
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who "offered bread and wine". The first two priesthoods are a
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that had been developed by Calvinist theologians, especially
2792:"Luther and the Priesthood of All Believers" by Norman Nagel
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Edge, Findley B. (January 1963). "Priesthood of Believers".
221:
Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1454 with quote of Aquinas
105:(Exodus 40:15, Leviticus 21:10), and specific priests (e.g.
2804:"What the Priesthood of All Believers Means" by Simon Perry
1733:. trans. Kolb, R., Wengert, T., and Arand, C. Minneapolis:
1127:
from their midst who, together with pastors, teachers, and
2413:"A Baptist View of the Royal Priesthood of All Believers"
1780:
An Informed Faith: The Position Papers of R. J. Rushdoony
859:
Christians are "priests" and "spiritual" in the sight of
2107:
in Robert Kolb and Timothy J. Wengert, trans. and eds.,
194:
the common priesthood of all Christians (1 Peter 2:5–9)
2635:
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789
2592:, 1998. www.histarch.Illinois.edu/plymouth/ccflaw.html
1389:
The Priesthood of All Believers and Other Pious Myths
1372:
Commentators sometimes use the phrase "Priesthood of
1690:"The Protestant Heritage -- Encyclopędia Britannica"
1300:. The inseparable combination of democracy with its
58:
belief that this universal priesthood precludes the
5621:
5550:
5450:
5361:
5179:
5104:
5073:
5050:
5041:
4958:
4888:
4705:
4652:
4596:
4570:
4539:
4488:
4417:
4292:
4151:
4113:
3974:
3923:
3846:
3791:
3674:
3623:
3560:
3535:
3449:
3388:
3272:
3116:
3063:
2864:
2666:, Fourth Edition, Tübingen (Germany), Vol. 8, 2005.
2585:, Third Edition, Tübingen (Germany), Vol. VI, 1962.
1318:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1171:), which has elected laypersons among its members.
2945:Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants
2655:, Third Edition, Tübingen (Germany), Vol. I, 1957.
2508:Institute of Liturgical. Studies Occasional Papers
2356:"Bruderhof - Fellowship for Intentional Community"
2111:, (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2000), 39, 40, 46.
1265:(1682), Baptist Roger Williams, Congregationalist
919:" established by God in the Christian Church. The
5263:International Federation of Catholic Universities
2678:Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War
1113:, Lutheran state churches were established, too.
2527:That you may prosper : dominion by covenant
2001:The Priesthood is Both Ministerial and Universal
46:is either the general Christian belief that all
2704:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002.
2214:Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant,
1473:
1379:
925:
884:
865:
214:
2889:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
2082:De captivitate Babylonica ecclesiae praeludium
848:To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
5258:International Catholic Conference of Scouting
5152:Penitential Brotherhood of the Holy Eucharist
4844:
4086:
3601:
2824:
2597:Der Protestantismus. Geschichte und Gegenwart
786:
8:
5273:International Union of Catholic Esperantists
5065:Archconfraternity of the Most Precious Blood
2579:Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums
2019:All the Faithful Are Priests through Baptism
1123:into effect. The church members elected lay
5142:Illustrious Brotherhood of Our Blessed Lady
971:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
876:Two months later Luther would write in his
5618:
5407:Fellowship of Catholic University Students
5253:International Alliance of Catholic Knights
5047:
4851:
4837:
4829:
4093:
4079:
4071:
3608:
3594:
3586:
3060:
2831:
2817:
2809:
2318:Middlekauff, pp. 51-52, 136, 627, 670-674.
1024:staff" or paid Christian workers at all.
793:
779:
273:
253:
200:the high priesthood of Jesus (Hebrews 3:1)
66:) found in some other churches, including
4914:Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful
2897:On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
2727:A Basic History of Lutheranism in America
2599:, Second, Revised Edition, Munich, 2010.
1931:
1859:
1455:Learn how and when to remove this message
1230:affairs of their community. It was, like
1034:, also lean heavily on this concept. The
1003:The doctrine is strongly asserted within
991:Learn how and when to remove this message
879:On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church
5588:Dicastery for the Laity, Family and Life
2671:History of Religion in the United States
2664:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart
2653:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart
2583:Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart
1829:
1827:
1320:(1789) was mainly based on the draft of
855:". He put forward the doctrine that all
5458:Catholic Marian movements and societies
2437:Thompson, Mark D. (21 September 2017).
1716:
1609:
265:
5013:Order Secular of the Most Holy Trinity
2066:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2059:
1918:Angheben, Marcello (14 January 2019).
1047:declaration of the forgiveness of sins
4983:Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites
3751:Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren
3262:Die Lügend von S. Johanne Chrysostomo
2977:Confession Concerning Christ's Supper
2529:. Institute for Christian Economics.
1552:meaning "sacred one"; represented in
1030:, who generally operate on a form of
7:
5132:Children of Mary of the Sacred Heart
5060:Archconfraternity of the Holy Family
2420:Southern Baptist Journal of Theology
2360:Fellowship for Intentional Community
2218:, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004,
1437:adding citations to reliable sources
969:adding citations to reliable sources
5485:World Movement of Christian Workers
5112:Confraternity of Christian Doctrine
5028:Association of Salesian Cooperators
2613:, Eleventh Edition, Tübingen, 1957.
1238:a small democratic, self-governing
915:office" or the "office of the holy
227:holds that the consecration of the
5378:Association of Vatican Lay Workers
5373:Apostolate for Family Consecration
5162:Ven. Arc. Misericordia di Florence
2913:Against Henry, King of the English
2732:Weinstein, Allen and David Rubel,
1535:or hierarchy within Christianity.
1244:representative political structure
54:, or, alternatively, the specific
25:
5137:Hospitalité Notre Dame de Lourdes
5023:Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
3256:Propaganda during the Reformation
2550:Ortberg, John (4 February 2025).
1834:Dreyer, Wim A. (1 January 2020).
1639:Voss, Henry Joseph (2016-10-25).
1119:put Luther's intended democratic
1015:, and can be seen in the role of
5688:
5671:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
5603:Pontifical Council for the Laity
5442:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
5117:Confraternity of Catholic Saints
4949:
4055:
3103:Christ unser Herr zum Jordan kam
3055:Weimar edition of Luther's works
2767:
2611:Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte
1413:
1377:democratic leveling of offices:
1101:, the central characteristic of
941:
762:
5427:Pope's Worldwide Prayer Network
4968:Order of Augustinian Recollects
4784:Lutheran Hymnal with Supplement
2881:Sermon on Indulgences and Grace
2750:, Third Edition, Munich, 2012.
2673:, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1960.
2590:Plymouth Colony Legal Structure
2366:from the original on 2017-04-25
2091:Concordia Theological Quarterly
2049:from the original on 2015-10-11
1924:Sacred Scripture / Sacred Space
1696:from the original on 2006-06-14
1424:needs additional citations for
1234:, founded by Puritans in 1628,
159:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
18:Universal priesthood (doctrine)
4932:Our Lady of the Southern Cross
4744:Evangelical Lutheran Hymn-Book
3904:Separation of church and state
3396:All Saints' Church, Wittenberg
3088:Eyn geystlich Gesangk Buchleyn
3023:On the Councils and the Church
2929:The Adoration of the Sacrament
2692:American Life and Institutions
2462:Fisher, Dom (1 January 2019).
1804:Farrow, Douglas (2004-07-01).
1747:Ellingsen, Mark (2015-10-21).
1294:separation of church and state
1165:Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
1:
5268:International Kolping Society
3821:Dordrecht Confession of Faith
3370:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
2905:On the Freedom of a Christian
2856:Resources about Martin Luther
2103:Articles 4, 5, and 14 of the
1753:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1645:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1174:It is a featured doctrine of
5383:Catholic Charismatic Renewal
5353:Union of Catholic Apostolate
4760:Evangelical Lutheran Worship
4752:Evangelical Lutheran Hymnary
3426:Melanchthonhaus (Wittenberg)
3136:Heidelberg Disputation, 1518
3096:A Mighty Fortress Is Our God
2554:. Tyndale House Publishers.
5397:Catholic Christian Outreach
5122:Confraternity of the Rosary
5081:Confraternities of the Cord
3899:Priesthood of all believers
3838:Anabaptist–Jewish relations
3421:Martin Luther's Death House
3416:Martin Luther's Birth House
3279:Hans and Margarethe Luther
3192:Priesthood of all believers
2774:Priesthood of all believers
2720:Evangelisches Soziallexikon
2327:Kidd, pp. 5-10, 54-55, 225.
2246:Philbrick, pp. 6-30, 39-42.
2094:61 (October 1997) 4:283-84.
1529:priesthood of all believers
1355:Priesthood of each believer
1330:Declaration of Human Rights
1306:Declaration of Independence
638:United and uniting churches
468:Great Awakenings in America
44:priesthood of all believers
5752:
5695:Catholic Church portal
5613:Universal call to holiness
5593:Lay Centre at Foyer Unitas
5432:Queen of Angels Foundation
5091:Flagellant confraternities
5086:Confraternity of Penitents
3884:Nonconformity to the world
3778:Apostolic Christian Church
3380:Albrecht VII. von Mansfeld
3031:On the Jews and Their Lies
2953:On the Bondage of the Will
2485:. Church Publishing, Inc.
2398:10.1177/003463736306000102
2264:Olmstead, pp.15-16, 64-73.
1626:holiest part of the temple
1562:
1544:
1402:
1368:Priesthood of no believers
1359:The phrase "Priesthood of
1292:in their colonies was the
890:) and consented to by us (
5683:
5631:Aid to the Church in Need
5573:Catholic higher education
5497:Christian Family Movement
5391:Shalom Catholic Community
5298:Militia of the Immaculata
4978:Oblates of Saint Benedict
4947:
4866:
4124:(known as the Invocation)
4052:
3766:Brethren in Christ Church
3431:St. Augustine's Monastery
3182:Theology of Martin Luther
3172:Augsburg Confession, 1530
2846:
2595:Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm,
2411:Leeman, Jonathan (2019).
1933:10.1515/9783110629156-005
1581:
242:Orthodox churches have a
5583:Catholic campus ministry
5522:Notre-Dame de Chrétienté
5480:Catholic Worker Movement
5417:Maryknoll Lay Missioners
5402:Catholic Worker Movement
5228:Communion and Liberation
5203:Christian Life Community
5157:Society of the Holy Name
4998:Secular Franciscan Order
4973:Order of Saint Augustine
4768:Lutheran Book of Worship
4044:Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich
3761:Old Order River Brethren
3234:Eucharist in Lutheranism
3160:Decet Romanum Pontificem
1783:. Chalcedon Foundation.
1232:Massachusetts Bay Colony
338:Relations with Catholics
212:in Christ's priesthood:
5490:Young Christian Workers
5475:Catholic Women's League
5213:Cooperators of Opus Dei
5208:Christian Life Movement
5127:Bona Mors Confraternity
4941:Saint John Mary Vianney
4816:Service Book and Hymnal
4284:Prayers of the Faithful
4152:The Service of the Word
4062:Christianity portal
3707:Conservative Mennonites
3436:Veste Coburg (Fortress)
2985:On War Against the Turk
2690:Stevenson, Douglas K.,
1840:HTS Theological Studies
1186:North American Pilgrims
1056:Some groups during the
769:Christianity portal
5278:Lay Claretian Movement
5018:Order of Saint Norbert
4993:Order of Saint Francis
4988:Order of Saint Dominic
4936:Our Lady of Walsingham
4489:Parts of the Sanctuary
3854:Theology of Anabaptism
3816:Schleitheim Confession
3631:Protestant Reformation
3509:Martin Luther, Heretic
3401:Stadtkirche Wittenberg
3167:Marburg Colloquy, 1529
2772:Quotations related to
2746:Winkler, Heinrich A.,
2676:Philbrick, Nathaniel,
2669:Olmstead, Clifton E.,
2620:, Pennsylvania, 2010.
2588:Fennell, Christopher,
2525:Sutton, Ray R (1992).
2479:Cox, R. David (2004).
2386:Review & Expositor
2234:, 854 pages, entry on
1852:10.4102/hts.v76i4.6021
1807:Ascension And Ecclesia
1521:Epistle to the Hebrews
1510:Epistle to the Hebrews
1482:New Living Translation
1478:
1393:
1339:churches, such as the
1326:United Nations Charter
1218:. On the basis of the
1178:churches, such as the
1151:was taken over by all
1111:Scandinavian countries
1099:majoritarian principle
930:
908:
874:
751:Spiritual Christianity
246:to the Catholic view.
224:
187:Second Vatican Council
39:
5721:Christian terminology
5537:Young Men's Institute
5532:Voice of the Faithful
5517:Fidesco International
5512:Family Rosary Crusade
5502:Courage International
5437:Saint Paul's Outreach
5323:Sant'Egidio Community
5248:Heralds of the Gospel
5198:Chemin Neuf Community
4909:Military ordinariates
4890:Personal ordinariates
4792:Lutheran Service Book
3315:Bartholomaeus Arnoldi
3310:Albert of Brandenburg
3187:Theology of the Cross
3073:First Lutheran hymnal
3001:Articles of Schwabach
2729:, Philadelphia, 1954.
2273:Weinstein, pp. 56-63.
2196:Olmstead, pp. 6, 140.
2142:Waldron, pp. 128-136.
1533:spiritual aristocracy
1403:Further information:
1290:freedom of conscience
1032:congregational polity
819:Evangelical Catholics
113:" (Numbers 16:1-40).
33:
5343:Teresian Association
5333:Schoenstatt Movement
5193:Catenian Association
4928:Chair of Saint Peter
4882:religious institutes
4341:Memorial Acclamation
4337:Words of Institution
4136:Declaration of Grace
3799:German Peasants' War
3702:Old Order Mennonites
3244:Words of Institution
3141:Leipzig Debate, 1519
2649:Anglikanische Kirche
2577:Bronkamm, Heinrich,
2160:Heussi, pp. 330-331.
1433:improve this article
1387:Timothy J. Wengert,
1322:Marquis de Lafayette
1248:separation of powers
1194:Congregationalists (
965:improve this section
825:, "priest", however
438:Crypto-Protestantism
375:Bohemian Reformation
237:apostolic succession
5731:Protestant theology
5578:Catholic youth work
5558:Catholic catechesis
5303:Neocatechumenal Way
5096:Purgatorial society
5052:Archconfraternities
4876:who are neither in
4776:The Lutheran Hymnal
4736:Common Service Book
4293:The Service of the
4122:Trinitarian formula
4114:Preparatory Service
3869:Freedom of religion
3864:Christian communism
3636:Radical Reformation
3574:Theologia Germanica
3340:Johann von Staupitz
3154:Diet of Worms, 1521
3039:Vom Schem Hamphoras
2716:Calvin. Sozialethik
2660:Toleranz/Intoleranz
2631:Middlekauff, Robert
2309:Bornkamm, col. 937.
2300:Bornkamm, col. 937.
2105:Augsburg Confession
1159:who had no synods.
1133:presbyterian polity
1088:Democratic churches
921:Augsburg Confession
676:Confessing Movement
416:Augsburg Confession
370:Proto-Protestantism
164:Celestial Hierarchy
36:Augsburg Confession
5641:Catholic Charities
5598:Lists of Catholics
5568:Catholic Extension
5363:Other associations
5233:Emmanuel Community
5218:Couples for Christ
4597:Liturgical objects
4571:Liturgical vessels
4526:processional cross
4391:Benedicamus Domino
4326:Eucharistic Prayer
4214:Responsorial Psalm
4120:Entrance hymn and
4014:Balthasar Hubmaier
3936:Believer's baptism
3833:Old Order Movement
3712:Russian Mennonites
3375:Frederick the Wise
3360:Philip Melanchthon
3286:Katharina von Bora
3080:Erfurt Enchiridion
2873:Ninety-five Theses
2797:2006-09-09 at the
2785:2010-07-31 at the
2736:, New York, 2002,
2722:, Stuttgart, 1958.
2694:, Stuttgart, 1987.
2680:, New York, 2006,
2205:Moorman, col. 379.
2024:2017-11-14 at the
2006:2013-03-26 at the
1729:2014-06-26 at the
1180:Churches of Christ
1157:Congregationalists
661:Augsburg Catholics
628:Eastern Protestant
410:Ninety-five Theses
303:Anti-Protestantism
40:
27:Christian doctrine
5726:Lutheran theology
5708:
5707:
5679:
5678:
5563:Catholic Congress
5338:Teams of Our Lady
5243:Focolare Movement
5175:
5174:
5033:Order of Servites
4868:Organizations of
4826:
4825:
4728:Christian Worship
4720:Christian Worship
4629:sacramental bread
4604:collection basket
4068:
4067:
4019:Bernhard Rothmann
3859:Church discipline
3804:Münster rebellion
3666:Congregationalism
3583:
3582:
3547:, Washington D.C.
3355:Andreas Karlstadt
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3239:Sacramental union
3112:
3111:
3016:Smalcald Articles
2756:978 3 406 59235 5
2725:Wentz, Abdel R.,
2710:978-0-521-89057-1
2686:978-0-14-311197-9
2647:Moorman, J.R.H.,
2643:978-0-19-516247-9
2626:978-0-465-00235-1
2616:Kidd, Thomas S.,
2605:978-3-406-46708-0
2561:978-1-4964-4704-3
2492:978-0-89869-388-1
2448:978-1-78359-510-5
2345:Stevenson, p. 34.
2282:Weerda, col. 210.
2232:978-0-8028-3898-8
1817:978-0-567-08325-8
1810:. A&C Black.
1790:978-1-879998-78-0
1760:978-1-60608-550-9
1735:Augsburg Fortress
1652:978-1-4982-8329-8
1502:Revelation 5:6–10
1465:
1464:
1457:
1278:religious freedom
1220:Mayflower Compact
1169:National Assembly
1153:Reformed churches
1009:Plymouth Brethren
1001:
1000:
993:
803:
802:
643:Nondenominational
603:Plymouth Brethren
495:Proto-Protestants
72:Eastern Orthodoxy
16:(Redirected from
5743:
5693:
5692:
5619:
5468:Azione Cattolica
5313:Priests for Life
5048:
4953:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4830:
4800:Lutheran Worship
4707:Liturgical books
4639:sacramental wine
4269:Athanasian Creed
4186:Dominus vobiscum
4095:
4088:
4081:
4072:
4060:
4059:
3941:Closed communion
3734:Amish Mennonites
3661:Zwickau prophets
3656:German mysticism
3610:
3603:
3596:
3587:
3537:Luther Monuments
3350:Karl von Miltitz
3330:Johann Cochlaeus
3304:
3296:
3294:Magdalena Luther
3288:
3280:
3061:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2810:
2771:
2566:
2565:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2336:Winkler, p. 317.
2334:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2151:Graf, pp. 35-38.
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2065:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2016:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1775:Rushdoony, R. J.
1771:
1765:
1764:
1744:
1738:
1721:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1635:
1629:
1624:would enter the
1614:
1583:
1567:
1566:
1547:
1546:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1417:
1409:
1391:
1204:federal theology
996:
989:
985:
982:
976:
945:
937:
795:
788:
781:
767:
766:
726:Neo-charismatics
473:Revival meetings
423:Huldrych Zwingli
277:
254:
250:Protestant views
222:
107:Genesis 14:18–20
21:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5740:
5736:Quaker theology
5711:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5687:
5675:
5656:Relief Services
5617:
5608:Taizé Community
5546:
5527:Theology on Tap
5463:Catholic Action
5446:
5365:of the faithful
5364:
5357:
5293:Militia Christi
5185:of the faithful
5184:
5182:
5171:
5100:
5069:
5043:Confraternities
5037:
5008:Order of Minims
4954:
4945:
4901:administrations
4900:
4893:
4884:
4880:nor members of
4874:Catholic Church
4872:members of the
4862:
4857:
4827:
4822:
4701:
4648:
4592:
4566:
4535:
4484:
4413:
4288:
4246:Hymn of the day
4147:
4128:Penitential Act
4109:
4099:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4048:
3999:Michael Sattler
3994:Pilgram Marpeck
3976:
3970:
3919:
3842:
3787:
3724:New Order Amish
3670:
3651:Moravian Church
3619:
3614:
3584:
3579:
3556:
3551:Luther Monument
3545:Luther Monument
3531:
3445:
3441:Wartburg Castle
3384:
3335:Johann Reuchlin
3268:
3227:Marian theology
3118:
3108:
3059:
3009:Large Catechism
2993:Small Catechism
2860:
2842:
2837:
2799:Wayback Machine
2787:Wayback Machine
2764:
2698:Waldron, Jeremy
2574:
2569:
2562:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2505:
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2500:
2493:
2478:
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2461:
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2449:
2436:
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2431:
2415:
2410:
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2383:
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2369:
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2326:
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2299:
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2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:Olmstead, p. 6.
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:Heussi, p. 316.
2132:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2080:
2076:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2043:"Archived copy"
2041:
2036:Martin Luther,
2035:
2031:
2026:Wayback Machine
2017:
2013:
2008:Wayback Machine
1999:
1995:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1959:
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1941:
1917:
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1731:Wayback Machine
1722:
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1677:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1638:
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1632:
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1611:
1606:
1594:
1506:Revelation 20:6
1461:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1430:
1418:
1407:
1401:
1392:
1386:
1370:
1357:
1224:social contract
1200:Plymouth Colony
1196:Pilgrim Fathers
1188:
1139:added regional
1090:
1045:concerning the
1017:local preachers
997:
986:
980:
977:
962:
946:
935:
904:1 Corinthians 4
892:nostro consensu
839:
823:Anglo-Catholics
799:
761:
756:
755:
741:Paleo-orthodoxy
696:Emerging church
671:Confessionalism
656:
648:
647:
588:Radical Pietism
490:
480:
479:
365:
355:
354:
298:
290:
252:
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220:
177:Catholic Church
173:
118:Odes of Solomon
95:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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5015:
5010:
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5003:Order of Mercy
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
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4962:
4956:
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4903:
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4867:
4864:
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4860:Catholic laity
4858:
4856:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4812:
4808:ReClaim Hymnal
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4732:
4724:
4715:
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4703:
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4591:
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4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4559:
4557:sanctuary lamp
4554:
4552:paschal candle
4549:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4506:altar crucifix
4503:
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4457:
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4408:Ite, missa est
4404:
4399:
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4387:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4349:
4344:
4322:
4299:
4297:
4290:
4289:
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4286:
4281:
4276:
4273:Trinity Sunday
4262:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4222:
4217:
4207:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4177:
4170:
4163:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4130:including the
4125:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4103:Divine Service
4100:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4066:
4065:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4039:Alexander Mack
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3980:
3978:
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3953:
3948:
3943:
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3918:
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3914:Sola scriptura
3910:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3874:Great Apostasy
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3850:
3848:
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3823:
3818:
3813:
3810:Martyrs Mirror
3806:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3783:Peace churches
3780:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3756:River Brethren
3753:
3748:
3746:Schwenkfelders
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3694:
3689:
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3682:Swiss Brethren
3678:
3676:
3672:
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3669:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:Petr Chelčický
3643:
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3264:(1537 edition)
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3222:Law and Gospel
3219:
3213:
3208:
3205:Sola scriptura
3201:
3194:
3189:
3179:
3177:Luther's canon
3174:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3151:
3147:Exsurge Domine
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3114:
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3110:
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3043:
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3027:
3019:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
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2969:Deutsche Messe
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2937:Formula missae
2933:
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2893:
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2807:
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2789:
2777:
2763:
2762:External links
2760:
2759:
2758:
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2730:
2723:
2712:
2695:
2688:
2674:
2667:
2658:Ohst, Martin,
2656:
2645:
2628:
2614:
2609:Heussi, Karl,
2607:
2593:
2586:
2573:
2570:
2568:
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2291:Ohst, col. 364
2284:
2275:
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2248:
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2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2178:Heussi, p. 325
2171:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2113:
2096:
2086:Weimar Ausgabe
2074:
2038:Weimar Ausgabe
2029:
2011:
1993:
1975:
1957:
1939:
1911:Alger of Liège
1903:
1885:
1867:
1823:
1816:
1796:
1789:
1777:(2017-07-11).
1766:
1759:
1739:
1715:
1713:
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1680:
1671:
1658:
1651:
1630:
1618:ancient Israel
1608:
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1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1494:Revelation 1:4
1463:
1462:
1421:
1419:
1412:
1405:Untranslatable
1400:
1397:
1384:
1369:
1366:
1356:
1353:
1314:Bill of Rights
1246:and practiced
1216:John Greenwood
1198:) who founded
1187:
1184:
1176:Restorationist
1107:state churches
1089:
1086:
1065:Roger Williams
999:
998:
949:
947:
940:
934:
933:Nonconformists
931:
838:
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706:Fundamentalism
703:
701:Evangelicalism
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650:
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148:infant baptism
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50:form a common
26:
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14:
13:
10:
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4:
3:
2:
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5672:
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5649:
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5646:Home Missions
5644:
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5542:We Are Church
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5412:Madonna House
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4562:votive candle
4560:
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4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4385:Postcommunion
4383:
4381:
4380:
4379:Nunc dimittis
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4352:Sign of peace
4350:
4348:
4347:Lord's Prayer
4345:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4204:Old Testament
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4101:Order of the
4096:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3989:Conrad Grebel
3987:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3973:
3967:
3966:Simple living
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:Nonresistance
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3599:
3597:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3477:Martin Luther
3474:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3461:Martin Luther
3458:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3115:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3065:List of hymns
3062:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:Martin Luther
2834:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2742:0-7894-8903-1
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:Weerda, Jan,
2713:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2563:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2536:0-930464-11-7
2532:
2528:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2475:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2426:(1): 113–135.
2425:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:0-8028-3898-7
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:. Vatican.va.
1989:
1987:
1979:
1976:
1972:. Vatican.va.
1971:
1969:
1961:
1958:
1954:. Vatican.va.
1953:
1951:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:. Vatican.va.
1899:
1897:
1889:
1886:
1882:. Vatican.va.
1881:
1879:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1711:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:1 Timothy 2:5
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1490:1 Peter 2:4–9
1487:
1486:Exodus 19:5–6
1483:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1459:
1456:
1448:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1422:This section
1420:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:Thomas Hooker
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:Henry Barrowe
1209:
1208:Robert Browne
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1155:, except the
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:church polity
1118:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
995:
992:
984:
974:
970:
966:
960:
959:
955:
950:This section
948:
944:
939:
938:
932:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
883:
881:
880:
873:
871:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:
844:
843:Martin Luther
836:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:Protestantism
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
777:
776:
774:
773:
770:
765:
760:
759:
752:
749:
747:
746:Progressivism
744:
742:
739:
737:
736:New Calvinism
734:
732:
731:Neo-orthodoxy
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:Church Growth
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
652:
651:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
545:
542:
541:
540:
537:
533:
530:
528:
527:Presbyterians
525:
523:
520:
519:
518:
515:
513:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
484:
483:
474:
471:
470:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
417:
414:
412:
411:
407:
406:
405:
404:Martin Luther
402:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
359:
358:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
300:
294:
293:
287:
284:
283:
281:
280:
276:
272:
271:
268:
267:Protestantism
264:
260:
256:
255:
249:
247:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
217:
213:
211:
210:participation
207:
199:
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
184:
183:
182:Lumen gentium
178:
171:Catholic view
170:
168:
166:
165:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:Old Testament
92:
90:
88:
87:denominations
84:
80:
79:Martin Luther
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
32:
19:
5183:associations
4960:Third orders
4924:Anglican Use
4814:
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4734:
4726:
4718:
4682:humeral veil
4547:altar candle
4459:
4418:Participants
4406:
4389:
4377:
4373:Distribution
4355:
4330:
4324:
4312:
4308:Sursum corda
4306:
4265:Nicene Creed
4224:
4191:
4184:
4172:
4167:Gloria Patri
4165:
4158:
4139:
4034:Jakob Ammann
4029:Menno Simons
4024:Dirk Philips
4009:Jakob Hutter
3946:Foot washing
3912:
3898:
3825:
3808:
3741:Abecedarians
3729:Beachy Amish
3692:Batenburgers
3572:
3525:Luther and I
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3411:Lutherstädte
3389:Luther sites
3345:Justus Jonas
3261:
3251:Antisemitism
3211:Two kingdoms
3203:
3196:
3191:
3159:
3146:
3086:
3078:
3047:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2924:(1522, 1534)
2921:Luther Bible
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2851:Bibliography
2776:at Wikiquote
2747:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2701:
2691:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2634:
2617:
2610:
2596:
2589:
2582:
2578:
2551:
2545:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2481:
2474:
2464:
2457:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2419:
2406:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2368:. Retrieved
2359:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2305:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2235:
2215:
2210:
2201:
2192:
2187:Wentz, p. 41
2183:
2174:
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2099:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2051:. Retrieved
2037:
2032:
2014:
1996:
1985:
1978:
1967:
1960:
1949:
1942:
1923:
1913:
1906:
1898:, 1536–1600"
1895:
1888:
1877:
1870:
1843:
1839:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1769:
1749:
1742:
1719:
1698:. Retrieved
1683:
1674:
1666:
1661:
1641:
1633:
1612:
1598:Lay preacher
1569:
1556:by the word
1549:
1537:
1528:
1514:
1479:
1474:
1466:
1451:
1445:January 2010
1442:
1431:Please help
1426:verification
1423:
1394:
1388:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1360:
1358:
1334:
1310:Constitution
1302:civil rights
1298:two kingdoms
1274:William Penn
1263:Pennsylvania
1261:(1636), and
1255:Rhode Island
1252:
1235:
1227:
1189:
1173:
1161:
1145:presbyteries
1115:
1095:
1093:structures.
1091:
1074:
1055:
1026:
1021:lay speakers
1013:denomination
1002:
987:
978:
963:Please help
951:
926:
909:
895:
891:
887:
885:
877:
875:
866:
846:
840:
804:
666:Charismatics
633:Pentecostals
408:
328:Ecclesiology
323:Demographics
244:similar view
241:
225:
215:
203:
180:
174:
162:
156:
140:St Augustine
134:
115:
96:
76:
62:priesthood (
59:
43:
41:
5666:Pax Christi
5387:Canção Nova
4878:holy orders
4677:geneva gown
4397:Benediction
4107:Lutheranism
3977:Anabaptists
3956:Plain dress
3931:Agape feast
3908:free church
3879:Memorialism
3641:Waldensians
3568:Luther rose
3527:(2017 film)
3519:(2003 film)
3511:(1983 film)
3503:(1974 film)
3495:(1964 film)
3487:(1961 play)
3479:(1953 film)
3471:(1928 film)
3463:(1923 film)
3453:and theatre
3325:Georg Rörer
3302:Paul Luther
3131:Lutheranism
3126:Reformation
2392:(1): 9–21.
1622:high priest
1570:presbyteros
1564:πρεσβύτερος
1469:1 Peter 2:9
1286:Holy Spirit
1282:human right
1259:Connecticut
1117:John Calvin
1081:theologians
1058:Reformation
981:August 2024
896:ius imperii
888:ministerium
837:Lutheranism
711:High church
681:Convergence
623:Keswickians
551:Anabaptists
522:Continental
505:Waldensians
458:John Wesley
433:Arminianism
428:John Calvin
387:Magisterial
382:Reformation
206:Melchizedek
146:(including
83:John Calvin
68:Catholicism
64:holy orders
60:ministerial
5715:Categories
5507:El Shaddai
5308:Pax Romana
5147:Penitentes
5105:Individual
4895:prelatures
4609:holy water
4531:tabernacle
4511:altar rail
4501:altar bell
4144:on Easter)
4004:Hans Denck
3984:Felix Manz
3697:Mennonites
3687:Hutterites
3624:Background
3617:Anabaptism
3406:Lutherhaus
3365:Pope Leo X
3297:(daughter)
3119:and events
3048:Table Talk
2572:References
2370:2017-05-23
2053:2013-06-24
1926:: 85–108.
1916:quoted by
1861:2263/79729
1700:2007-09-20
1349:Hutterites
1337:Anabaptist
1280:, a basic
1192:Separatist
1049:. British
1036:Laestadian
827:ordination
716:Liberalism
583:Methodists
566:Mennonites
561:Hutterites
544:Continuing
448:Dissenters
348:Five Solas
343:Theologies
233:absolution
152:ordination
126:Tertullian
56:Protestant
52:priesthood
48:Christians
5623:Charities
5451:Movements
4899:apostolic
4654:Vestments
4402:Dismissal
4368:Agnus Dei
4362:elevation
4332:Epiclesis
4295:Eucharist
4279:Offertory
4132:Confiteor
3924:Practices
3773:Bruderhof
3281:(parents)
3198:Sola fide
3046:Luther's
2120:Treatise
1604:Footnotes
1582:כֹּהֲנִים
1525:Hebrews 7
1345:Bruderhof
1137:Huguenots
1109:. In the
1103:democracy
1005:Methodism
952:does not
913:preaching
900:1 Peter 2
870:1 Peter 2
831:sacrament
829:is not a
721:Mainlines
691:Ecumenism
655:Movements
608:Adventist
539:Anglicans
512:Lutherans
313:Criticism
229:eucharist
150:) was an
130:Montanism
93:Antiquity
38:Art. XXI.
5551:See also
5223:Cursillo
4919:Opus Dei
4692:surplice
4672:dalmatic
4667:chasuble
4644:thurible
4578:ciborium
4445:crucifer
4226:Alleluia
4141:Asperges
3961:Shunning
3894:Pacifism
3847:Theology
3216:Beerwolf
3105:" (1543)
3098:" (1529)
2795:Archived
2783:Archived
2441:. SPCK.
2364:Archived
2255:Fennell.
2236:Ministry
2062:cite web
2047:Archived
2022:Archived
2004:Archived
1988:, 15546"
1727:Archived
1694:Archived
1592:See also
1558:sacerdos
1508:and the
1399:Theology
1385:—
1308:(1776),
1257:(1636),
1240:republic
1236:de facto
1028:Baptists
1007:and the
923:states:
917:ministry
882:(1520):
857:baptized
815:Lutheran
811:Anglican
618:Holiness
578:Baptists
517:Reformed
500:Hussites
488:Branches
453:Puritans
297:Concepts
259:a series
257:Part of
219:—
161:'s book
136:Irenaeus
5636:Caritas
5283:L'Arche
4711:hymnals
4697:tunicle
4614:incense
4583:chalice
4540:Candles
4521:piscina
4516:kneeler
4425:Acolyte
4319:Hosanna
4314:Sanctus
4303:Preface
4233:during
4220:Epistle
4210:gradual
4206:reading
4199:Collect
4160:Introit
3975:Notable
3951:Ordnung
3827:Ausbund
3792:History
3561:Related
3553:, Worms
3320:Erasmus
1970:, 1454"
1952:, 1333"
1880:, 1547"
1737:, 2000.
1578:kohanim
1550:hiereus
1519:). The
1228:worldly
1129:deacons
1077:Pastors
1070:Seekers
1062:Puritan
1051:Quakers
1039:pietist
973:removed
958:sources
853:secular
613:Irvings
593:Shakers
573:Quakers
463:Pietism
397:Counter
392:Radical
363:History
333:Liturgy
318:Culture
286:Outline
185:of the
144:baptism
122:Antioch
103:Levites
97:Hebrew
5328:SIGNIS
5238:FIMCAP
5167:RVISSM
4897:, and
4819:(1958)
4811:(2006)
4803:(1982)
4795:(2006)
4787:(1989)
4779:(1941)
4771:(1978)
4763:(2006)
4755:(1996)
4747:(1912)
4739:(1917)
4731:(2021)
4723:(1993)
4474:Priest
4470:Pastor
4465:lector
4450:deacon
4435:cantor
4430:bishop
4259:Sermon
4255:Postil
4251:Homily
4241:Gospel
4193:Oremus
4180:Gloria
3675:Groups
3517:Luther
3501:Luther
3493:Luther
3485:Luther
3469:Luther
3289:(wife)
3273:People
3218:(1539)
3162:, 1521
3149:, 1520
3117:Topics
3091:(1524)
3083:(1524)
3075:(1524)
3051:(1566)
3042:(1543)
3034:(1543)
3026:(1539)
3018:(1537)
3012:(1529)
3004:(1529)
2996:(1529)
2988:(1529)
2980:(1528)
2972:(1526)
2964:(1526)
2956:(1525)
2948:(1525)
2940:(1523)
2932:(1523)
2916:(1522)
2908:(1520)
2900:(1520)
2892:(1520)
2884:(1518)
2876:(1517)
2754:
2740:
2718:, in:
2708:
2684:
2662:, in:
2651:, in:
2641:
2624:
2603:
2581:, in:
2558:
2533:
2489:
2445:
2230:
2222:
2124:, 1523
1914:et al.
1814:
1787:
1757:
1669:Dreyer
1649:
1574:priest
1560:) and
1545:ἱερεύς
1542:words
1480:(This
1476:light.
1312:, and
1271:Quaker
1269:, and
1214:, and
1149:synods
1141:synods
1135:, the
1125:elders
841:While
5700:Index
5661:CIDSE
5651:CNEWA
5348:UIGSE
5074:Types
4687:stole
4633:wafer
4624:paten
4588:cruet
4496:altar
4480:usher
4460:laity
4455:elder
4440:choir
4231:tract
4174:Kýrie
3719:Amish
3305:(son)
2865:Works
2416:(PDF)
1846:(4).
1712:Notes
1586:pagan
1554:Latin
1540:Greek
1341:Amish
556:Amish
308:Bible
111:Korah
4709:and
4472:(or
4235:Lent
4212:(or
4138:(or
4134:and
3451:Film
2752:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2682:ISBN
2639:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2601:ISBN
2556:ISBN
2531:ISBN
2487:ISBN
2443:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2068:link
1812:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1667:apud
1647:ISBN
1361:each
1347:and
1328:and
1222:, a
1190:The
1147:and
1043:rite
1019:and
956:any
954:cite
821:and
813:and
231:and
175:The
116:The
81:and
70:and
42:The
5389:) (
4870:lay
4662:alb
4618:use
4357:pax
4271:on
4253:or
4105:in
2394:doi
1986:CCC
1968:CCC
1950:CCC
1928:doi
1896:CCC
1878:CCC
1856:hdl
1848:doi
1616:In
1435:by
1253:In
967:by
861:God
74:.
5717::
4934:,
4930:,
4926::
4354:/
4339:/
4335:/
4317:/
4311:/
3906:–
2700:,
2633:,
2510:.
2424:23
2422:.
2418:.
2390:60
2388:.
2362:.
2358:.
2226:,
2084:,
2064:}}
2060:{{
2045:.
1922:.
1854:.
1844:76
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1838:.
1826:^
1692:.
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1504:,
1500:,
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1471::
1374:no
1343:,
1332:.
1210:,
1182:.
863::
833:.
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261:on
239:.
142:,
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4616:(
4476:)
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4329:(
4321:)
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4275:)
4267:(
4261:)
4257:(
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2539:.
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2512:2
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2400:.
2396::
2373:.
2072:.
2070:)
2056:.
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1948:"
1936:.
1930::
1894:"
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1864:.
1858::
1850::
1820:.
1793:.
1763:.
1703:.
1655:.
1580:(
1568:(
1548:(
1498:6
1496:–
1458:)
1452:(
1447:)
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1429:.
994:)
988:(
983:)
979:(
975:.
961:.
794:e
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780:v
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