304:
228:
1915:
596:
196:
1927:
377:, is now a small volume, with a thousand options... We used to sit around in the Unix Room saying, 'What can we throw out? Why is there this option?' It's often because there is some deficiency in the basic design — you didn't really hit the right design point. Instead of adding an option, think about what was forcing you to add that option.
20:
659:
suggests that a key advantage of Unix was that it embodied a design philosophy he termed "worse is better", in which simplicity of both the interface and the implementation are more important than any other attributes of the system—including correctness, consistency, and completeness. Gabriel argues
281:
is typical of most UNIX programs: it implements one simple but general function that can be used in many different applications (including many not envisioned by the original author). Other commands are used for other functions. For example, there are separate commands for file system tasks like
212:
Even though the UNIX system introduces a number of innovative programs and techniques, no single program or idea makes it work well. Instead, what makes it effective is the approach to programming, a philosophy of using the computer. Although that philosophy can't be written down in a single
386:
As stated by McIlroy, and generally accepted throughout the Unix community, Unix programs have always been expected to follow the concept of DOTADIW, or "Do One Thing And Do It Well." There are limited sources for the acronym DOTADIW on the
Internet, but it is discussed at length during the
64:" movement. Over time, the leading developers of Unix (and programs that ran on it) established a set of cultural norms for developing software; these norms became as important and influential as the technology of Unix itself, and have been termed the "Unix philosophy."
213:
sentence, at its heart is the idea that the power of a system comes more from the relationships among programs than from the programs themselves. Many UNIX programs do quite trivial things in isolation, but, combined with other programs, become general and useful tools.
102:
Expect the output of every program to become the input to another, as yet unknown, program. Don't clutter output with extraneous information. Avoid stringently columnar or binary input formats. Don't insist on interactive
344:
The notion of "intricate and beautiful complexities" is almost an oxymoron. Unix programmers vie with each other for "simple and beautiful" honors — a point that's implicit in these rules, but is well worth making
254:
Much of the power of the UNIX operating system comes from a style of program design that makes programs easy to use and, more important, easy to combine with other programs. This style has been called the use of
259:, and depends more on how the programs fit into the programming environment and how they can be used with other programs than on how they are designed internally. This style was based on the use of
693:
criticized the design philosophy of Unix for its lack of concern for the user interface. Writing from his background in cognitive science and from the perspective of the then-current philosophy of
282:
renaming files, deleting them, or telling how big they are. Other systems instead lump these into a single "file system" command with an internal structure and command language of its own. (The
708:
criticised UNIX philosophy as being outdated. He argued that tying together modular tools results in very inefficient programs. He says that UNIX philosophy suffers from similar problems to
109:
Use tools in preference to unskilled help to lighten a programming task, even if you have to detour to build the tools and expect to throw some of them out after you've finished using them.
263:: using programs separately or in combination to get a job done, rather than doing it by hand, by monolithic self-sufficient subsystems, or by special-purpose, one-time programs.
671:
in the kernel, the handling of the situation was unclear. The signal handler could not be executed when the process was in kernel mode, with sensitive kernel data on the stack.
532:
of the 1980s and describes his philosophy that portability should be more important than the efficiency of using non-standard interfaces for hardware and graphics devices.
667:(which means that user processes carried out kernel system calls all on the user stack). If a signal was delivered to a process while it was blocked on a long-term
701:
of systems—or, in the case of Unix, fail to understand, with the result that disastrous mistakes (such as losing an hour's worth of work) are all too easy.
983:
106:
Design and build software, even operating systems, to be tried early, ideally within weeks. Don't hesitate to throw away the clumsy parts and rebuild them.
1953:
751:
1054:
60:. Early Unix developers were important in bringing the concepts of modularity and reusability into software engineering practice, spawning a "
328:
This is the Unix philosophy: Write programs that do one thing and do it well. Write programs to work together. Write programs to handle
444:
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1287:
1258:
1133:
1093:
807:
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176:
99:
Make each program do one thing well. To do a new job, build afresh rather than complicate old programs by adding new "features".
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242:. In this paper, they criticize the accretion of program options and features found in some newer Unix systems such as
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code that can be easily maintained and repurposed by developers other than its creators. The Unix philosophy favors
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is an example.) That approach is not necessarily worse or better, but it is certainly against the UNIX philosophy.
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47:
217:
The authors further write that their goal for this book is "to communicate the UNIX programming philosophy."
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architecture, stating that, "attempting to control services, sockets, devices, mounts, etc., all within one
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19:
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that this design style has key evolutionary advantages, though he questions the quality of some results.
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517:) port development at DEC in the 1980s and discussions with colleagues. He is also a member of the
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361:." He contrasts this with the earlier approach taken at Bell Labs when developing and revising
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131:
In their Unix paper of 1974, Ritchie and
Thompson quote the following design considerations:
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57:
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250:, and explain the Unix philosophy of software tools, each performing one general function:
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1011:"Remarks for Japan Prize award ceremony for Dennis Ritchie, May 19, 2011, Murray Hill, NJ"
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development and packaging of new operating systems, especially in the Linux community.
357:, remarking that, "adoring admirers have fed Linux goodies to a disheartening state of
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712:: without overall supervision, big architectures end up ineffective and inefficient.
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369:
Everything was small... and my heart sinks for Linux when I see the size of it. The
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320:, then head of the Bell Labs Computing Sciences Research Center, and inventor of the
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flies in the face of the Unix concept of doing one thing and doing it well."
127:
Write programs to handle text streams, because that is a universal interface.
67:
The Unix philosophy emphasizes building simple, compact, clear, modular, and
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423:(open source advocate and programmer) summarizes the Unix philosophy as
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1824:
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1491:
1464:
1454:
398:
358:
238:
In
October 1984, Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike published a paper called
192:, give a brief description of the Unix design and the Unix philosophy:
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by M. D. Schroeder, D. D. Clark, J. H. Saltzer, and D. H. Wells, 1977.
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of "Keep it Simple, Stupid." He provides a series of design rules:
528:
The book focuses on porting UNIX to different computers during the
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of design due to size constraints ("salvation through suffering").
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Beyond these statements, he has also emphasized simplicity and
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1713:
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697:, he focused on how end-users comprehend and form a personal
53:. It is based on the experience of leading developers of the
42:, is a set of cultural norms and philosophical approaches to
470:
Write programs which fail in a way that is easy to diagnose
1239:– The paper by Pike and Kernighan that preceded the book.
1282:, Eric S. Raymond, Addison-Wesley, September 17, 2003 (
802:. Addison-Wesley Professional (published 2003-09-23).
535:
The nine basic "tenets" he claims to be important are
397:, invoked this design principle in a criticism of the
1157:"The truth about Unix: The user interface is horrid"
461:
Make data complicated when required, not the program
1795:
1694:
1615:
1550:
1434:
1423:
1035:"Ancestry of Linux — How the Fun Began (2005)"
158:
system: all Unix software is maintained under Unix.
679:In a 1981 article entitled "The truth about Unix:
286:file copy program found on operating systems like
273:with larger program suites used by other systems.
1294:Final Report of the Multics Kernel Design Project
1253:, Peter H. Salus, Addison-Wesley, May 31, 1994 (
1055:"Interview with Patrick Volkerding of Slackware"
121:Write programs that do one thing and do it well.
976:"The Evolution of the UNIX Time-Sharing System"
367:
342:
326:
275:
252:
234:has written at length about the Unix philosophy
210:
135:Make it easy to write, test, and run programs.
1352:
920:Rob Pike; Brian W. Kernighan (October 1984).
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
324:, summarized the Unix philosophy as follows:
8:
984:AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal
929:AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal
915:
913:
464:Build on potential users' expected knowledge
832:; E. N. Pinson; B. A. Tague (8 July 1978).
663:For example, in the early days Unix used a
624:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
509:'s Unix Engineering Group (UEG), published
1431:
1359:
1345:
1337:
1328:– by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)
899:
897:
492:Make the program and protocols extensible.
349:Conversely, McIlroy has criticized modern
1326:The Unix Philosophy: A Brief Introduction
752:List of software development philosophies
644:Learn how and when to remove this message
922:"Program Design in the UNIX Environment"
558:Use software leverage to your advantage.
332:, because that is a universal interface.
267:The authors contrast Unix tools such as
772:
30:, key proponents of the Unix philosophy
1236:Program Design in the UNIX Environment
545:Build a prototype as soon as possible.
473:Value developer time over machine time
240:Program Design in the UNIX Environment
222:Program Design in the UNIX Environment
1332:Why the Unix Philosophy still matters
1196:"On the Metal Podcast: Jonathan Blow"
565:to increase leverage and portability.
117:in A Quarter-Century of Unix (1994):
87:The Unix philosophy is documented by
7:
1926:
834:"Unix Time-Sharing System: Foreword"
622:adding citations to reliable sources
542:Make each program do one thing well.
478:abstract programs that generate code
1120:"The Unix Philosophy in One Lesson"
548:Choose portability over efficiency.
373:, which really used to be a manual
174:In their preface to the 1984 book,
997:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1984.tb00054.x
419:that was first published in 2003,
14:
1954:Software development philosophies
905:The UNIX Programming Environment.
838:The Bell System Technical Journal
497:Mike Gancarz: The UNIX Philosophy
1925:
1914:
1913:
1213:The Unix Programming Environment
594:
489:Write flexible and open programs
299:Doug McIlroy on Unix programming
205:The UNIX Programming Environment
177:The UNIX Programming Environment
169:The UNIX Programming Environment
124:Write programs to work together.
1912:indicate discontinued systems.
903:Kernighan, Brian W. Pike, Rob.
840:. Bell Laboratories: 1902–1903.
794:"Basics of the Unix Philosophy"
521:development team and author of
480:instead of writing code by hand
445:Separate mechanisms from policy
16:Software development philosophy
1247:, Rob Pike, September 21, 1989
955:"CP/M Operating System Manual"
860:"The UNIX time-sharing system"
568:Avoid captive user interfaces.
1:
1320:Basics of the Unix Philosophy
704:In the podcast On the Metal,
507:Digital Equipment Corporation
408:
93:Bell System Technical Journal
1166:. Vol. 27, no. 12.
681:The user interface is horrid
486:software before polishing it
409:Eric Raymond's 17 Unix Rules
1897:Windows Subsystem for Linux
1279:The Art of Unix Programming
1125:The Art of Unix Programming
1085:The Art of Unix Programming
799:The Art of Unix Programming
416:The Art of Unix Programming
382:Do One Thing and Do It Well
138:Interactive use instead of
113:It was later summarized by
1975:
583:
455:Write transparent programs
1905:
1891:Windows Services for UNIX
1846:Microsoft POSIX subsystem
1385:
1251:A Quarter Century of Unix
1244:Notes on Programming in C
1178:"An Oral History of Unix"
868:Communications of the ACM
467:Avoid unnecessary output
513:based on his own Unix (
438:Write readable programs
732:Minimalism (computing)
393:, the project lead of
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347:
334:
314:
296:
265:
235:
215:
208:
31:
1885:UserLAnd Technologies
881:10.1145/361011.361061
722:Cognitive engineering
695:cognitive engineering
571:Make every program a
523:Ultrix Window Manager
458:Write robust programs
449:Write simple programs
340:in Unix programming:
306:
230:
198:
22:
1880:UNIX System Services
1379:compatibility layers
1182:Princeton University
1155:Norman, Don (1981).
757:Everything is a file
737:Software engineering
618:improve this section
452:Write small programs
51:software development
1607:Other distributions
1300:The UNIX Philosophy
1184:History of Science.
551:Store data in flat
539:Small is beautiful.
511:The UNIX Philosophy
1272:2008-05-12 at the
1219:2011-10-21 at the
1128:. Addison-Wesley.
1088:. Addison-Wesley.
1059:linuxquestions.org
657:Richard P. Gabriel
391:Patrick Volkerding
315:
236:
209:
32:
1941:
1940:
1791:
1790:
1375:operating systems
1009:Douglas McIlroy.
727:Unix architecture
665:monolithic kernel
654:
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580:"Worse is better"
77:monolithic design
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1302:, Mike Gancarz,
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991:(8): 1577–1593,
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1274:Wayback Machine
1225:Brian Kernighan
1221:Wayback Machine
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683:" published in
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586:Worse is better
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519:X Window System
499:
441:Use composition
421:Eric S. Raymond
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395:Slackware Linux
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232:Brian Kernighan
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202:, co-author of
182:Brian Kernighan
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156:Self-supporting
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972:Dennis Ritchie
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875:(7): 365–375,
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425:KISS Principle
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355:software bloat
312:Dennis Ritchie
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277:The design of
257:software tools
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75:as opposed to
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1061:. 2012-06-07
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939:December 15,
937:. Retrieved
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856:Ken Thompson
846:
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830:Doug McIlroy
824:
813:. Retrieved
798:
747:Hacker ethic
703:
684:
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655:
640:
631:
616:Please help
604:
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503:Mike Gancarz
500:
414:
413:In his book
412:
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310:(left) with
308:Doug McIlroy
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89:Doug McIlroy
86:
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40:Ken Thompson
35:
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24:Ken Thompson
1853:MKS Toolkit
1664:OpenSolaris
935:(8). part 2
371:manual page
95:from 1978:
1948:Categories
1874:PWS/VSE-AF
1771:SerenityOS
1678:Tru64 UNIX
1653:OpenServer
1405:Philosophy
1395:Filesystem
1266:Philosophy
1206:References
1164:Datamation
1141:2009-02-09
1101:2009-02-09
1065:2015-10-24
1040:2014-06-19
1019:2014-06-19
907:1984. viii
815:2016-11-01
691:Don Norman
686:Datamation
553:text files
353:as having
338:minimalism
69:extensible
44:minimalist
1709:Domain/OS
1425:Operating
1372:Unix-like
675:Criticism
605:does not
530:Unix wars
501:In 1994,
484:Prototype
322:Unix pipe
190:Bell Labs
1920:Category
1867:P.I.P.S.
1703:Coherent
1685:UnixWare
1619:System V
1572:ChromeOS
1527:NeXTSTEP
1512:bridgeOS
1410:Security
1270:Archived
1229:Rob Pike
1217:Archived
974:(1984),
889:53235982
858:(1974),
792:(2004).
716:See also
525:(uwm).
435:programs
248:System V
200:Rob Pike
186:Rob Pike
150:elegance
1932:Commons
1910:Italics
1839:MachTen
1832:Interix
1812:Darling
1783:more...
1670:Illumos
1658:Solaris
1592:Red Hat
1562:Android
1507:watchOS
1492:audioOS
1465:OpenBSD
1455:FreeBSD
1427:systems
1400:History
960:. 1983.
626:removed
611:sources
433:modular
399:systemd
359:obesity
318:McIlroy
146:Economy
91:in the
48:modular
1818:Eunice
1807:Cygwin
1799:layers
1726:LynxOS
1602:Ubuntu
1587:Gentoo
1582:Fedora
1577:Debian
1541:Ultrix
1497:iPadOS
1477:Darwin
1460:NetBSD
1449:386BSD
1306:
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1231:, 1984
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573:filter
515:Ultrix
476:Write
431:Build
403:daemon
345:overt.
292:RSX-11
244:4.2BSD
103:input.
83:Origin
1777:Xenix
1744:OSF/1
1731:Minix
1695:Other
1641:HP-UX
1553:Linux
1534:SunOS
1520:DYNIX
1482:macOS
1415:Shell
1160:(PDF)
1014:(PDF)
979:(PDF)
958:(PDF)
925:(PDF)
885:S2CID
863:(PDF)
768:Notes
351:Linux
261:tools
163:Parts
1959:Unix
1860:PASE
1719:Hurd
1647:IRIX
1630:A/UX
1597:SUSE
1567:Arch
1502:tvOS
1377:and
1370:and
1368:Unix
1304:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1227:and
1130:ISBN
1090:ISBN
941:2022
804:ISBN
609:any
607:cite
561:Use
375:page
288:CP/M
246:and
184:and
148:and
55:Unix
34:The
26:and
1825:GNV
1750:QNX
1737:MOS
1714:GNU
1636:AIX
1487:iOS
1438:BSD
1223:by
993:doi
877:doi
669:I/O
620:by
290:or
284:PIP
279:cat
270:cat
1950::
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989:63
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912:^
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365::
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943:.
879::
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647:)
641:(
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632:(
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555:.
142:.
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