250:
215:
238:
203:
270:. In protruded rounding, the corners of the mouth are drawn together and the lips protrude like a tube, with their inner surface visible. In compressed rounding, the corners of the mouth are drawn together, but the lips are also drawn together horizontally ("compressed") and do not protrude, with only their outer surface visible. That is, in protruded vowels the inner surfaces of the lips form the opening (thus the alternate term
2872:
2858:
2844:
5915:
2806:
6440:
6420:
6391:
6349:
6313:
6284:
6255:
6219:
6177:
6141:
6112:
6083:
6047:
6025:
5989:
5960:
5931:
6472:
5495:
4658:
665:. Front vowels are usually pronounced with the lips spread, and the spreading becomes more significant as the height of the vowel increases. Open vowels are often neutral, i.e. neither rounded nor spread, because the open jaw allows for limited rounding or spreading of the lips. This is reflected in the IPA's definition of the
475:
It is possible to mimic the acoustic effect of rounded vowels by narrowing the cheeks, so-called "cheek rounding", which is inherent in back protruded (but not front compressed) vowels. The technique is used by ventriloquists to mask the visible rounding of back vowels like . It is not clear if it is
182:, to indicate greater and lesser degrees of rounding, respectively. Thus has less rounding than cardinal , and has more (closer to the rounding of cardinal ). These diacritics can also be used with unrounded vowels: is more spread than cardinal , and is less spread than cardinal .
1832:
noted in 1890 that "the term 'inner rounding' derives from the use of the inner surfaces of the lips; the synonymous 'outrounding' derives from the forward projection of the lips. Both terms are justifiable, but their coexistence is likely to lead to serious confusion."
332:⟩ for protrusion. Compressed vowels may be pronounced either with the corners of the mouth drawn in, by some definitions rounded, or with the corners spread and, by the same definitions, unrounded. The distinction may be transcribed ⟨
3004:
3040:
3014:
3024:
313:
are typically compressed. Back or central compressed vowels and front protruded vowels are uncommon, and a contrast between the two types has been found to be phonemic in only one instance.
3009:
2994:
1438:
General South
African English is unique among accents of English in that it can feature up to three front rounded vowels, with two of them having unrounded counterparts.
2971:
2961:
2956:
5848:
3905:
3651:
896:. Contrasts based on roundedness are rarely categorical in English and they may be enhanced by additional differences in height, backness or diphthongization.
3919:
3912:
3658:
4133:
3891:
3637:
2906:
5637:
3926:
3623:
5676:
5599:
5810:
5740:
3898:
3644:
2586:
5683:
5580:
368:
6481:
6016:
5805:
5504:
4667:
4428:
4335:
2920:
2825:
2705:
2568:
425:
in languages such as
English is not protruded, as the lip contacts the teeth along its upper or outer edge. Also, in at least one account of
5760:
5697:
5509:
4518:
4410:
4317:
3630:
782:, historically rounded vowels have become unrounded, with the rounding being taken up by the consonant. Thus, Sepik and are phonemically
5704:
5650:
5606:
6032:
5853:
5043:
4998:
4505:
4442:
4349:
3800:
3556:
2558:
5833:
5618:
5587:
6054:
5009:
4961:
4947:
4889:
4875:
4527:
4435:
4342:
2951:
2799:
2513:
5782:
5767:
5547:
6103:
5023:
4545:
4456:
4417:
4363:
4324:
4081:
2738:
2686:
2634:
2615:
2596:
2544:
2465:
2434:
2413:
2392:
2349:
5533:
6275:
5016:
4672:
4599:
4536:
4449:
4356:
3863:
3807:
3772:
3563:
3528:
2803:
2653:
2525:
2503:
2484:
2381:
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990). "The
Phonetics of Cardiff English". In Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.).
2371:
1930:⟩ "might be used" for "a secondary reduction of the lip opening accompanied by neither protrusion nor velar constriction".
1679:
1643:
463:
5643:
5625:
6340:
6119:
6074:
4581:
3849:
3605:
2915:
1685:
1546:
1087:
1034:
1007:
965:
143:
74:
56:
5553:
649:
Of the open-mid vowels, occurs in
Swedish and Norwegian. Central and back have not been reported to occur in any language.
6291:
6246:
6132:
5499:
5494:
4926:
4854:
4662:
4657:
4463:
4370:
4016:
3975:
3711:
3378:
1947:(). To avoid the implication that the superscript represents an off-glide, it might be placed above the base letter: ⟨
1691:
1649:
1096:
1043:
987:
324:
5561:
3114:
6304:
6090:
5951:
5450:
5310:
5278:
4606:
3870:
3786:
3779:
3542:
3535:
3364:
1697:
1607:
1560:
1368:
1333:
1193:
1105:
1052:
1016:
974:
771:
341:
300:
5539:
6411:
6262:
6148:
5843:
5441:
5430:
5342:
4954:
4882:
4588:
4046:
3856:
3835:
3758:
3612:
3591:
3514:
2999:
2899:
1661:
1655:
1615:
1588:
1397:
1123:
284:
5656:
6320:
5967:
5922:
5457:
4940:
4919:
4868:
4615:
4033:
3989:
3982:
3933:
3725:
3718:
3669:
3414:
3385:
3234:
3067:
1864:
1702:
1673:
1637:
1524:
1497:
1377:
1344:
1217:
1201:
1070:
334:
167:
149:
5567:
146:
vowel chart, rounded vowels are the ones that appear on the right in each pair of vowels. There are also diacritics,
6531:
6476:
6471:
6382:
5980:
5471:
5393:
4275:
4168:
4055:
3961:
3877:
3793:
3697:
3549:
3396:
3371:
3350:
1707:
1667:
1255:
696:
695:
In many languages, such effects are minor phonetic detail, but in others, they become significant. For example, in
689:
671:
35:
5885:
6431:
6168:
5938:
5838:
5464:
5384:
5373:
4975:
4933:
4903:
4861:
4239:
3947:
3842:
3765:
3683:
3598:
3521:
3428:
3279:
3250:
1511:
1404:
318:
308:
6398:
6210:
5996:
5522:
5400:
4968:
4896:
4624:
4221:
4195:
4144:
4064:
3996:
3940:
3676:
3456:
3421:
3261:
3241:
3220:
1719:
1713:
1142:. The vowels are open-mid in the former dialect and open in the latter. In Western Pennsylvania English, the
408:
400:
292:
2646:
Handbook of the
International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
2518:
Handbook of the
International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
2477:
Handbook of the
International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
6447:
6360:
6184:
5414:
4810:
4282:
4115:
4106:
4089:
3968:
3884:
3704:
3442:
3403:
3357:
3293:
2892:
1413:
1229:
1177:
1171:
806:
443:
456:
has very little if any rounding of the lips. The "throaty" sound of the vowel is instead accomplished with
316:
There are no dedicated IPA diacritics to represent the distinction, but the superscript IPA letter ⟨
6226:
5407:
5171:
5109:
4801:
4790:
4735:
4701:
4261:
4246:
4126:
3954:
3690:
3435:
3321:
3286:
3177:
3162:
3146:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1927:
1915:
1386:
1237:
802:
798:
787:
783:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
726:
708:
700:
641:
634:
627:
617:
610:
603:
593:
586:
579:
567:
562:
557:
545:
538:
531:
521:
514:
507:
453:
422:
418:
390:
386:
351:
347:
340:
333:
329:
70:
66:
52:
5233:
5160:
5140:
5098:
5078:
4817:
4714:
4228:
4202:
4177:
4151:
3463:
3307:
3268:
3227:
3157:
3118:
2966:
2677:
998:
838:
703:
is pronounced after labial consonants, an allophonic effect that is so important that it is encoded in
1113:
437:, a non-lateral is pronounced with the teeth contacting the inner surface of the protruded lower lip.
5689:
5222:
5202:
5180:
5118:
4831:
4770:
4097:
3449:
3300:
3202:
1862:
1613:
1605:
1586:
1558:
1544:
1522:
1509:
1495:
1411:
1402:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1342:
1331:
1235:
1227:
1215:
1199:
1191:
1175:
1159:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1068:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1014:
1005:
985:
972:
963:
669:
461:
441:
406:
398:
374:
366:
306:
298:
290:
282:
2402:
Connolly, John H. (1990). "Port Talbot
English". In Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.).
6486:
5753:
5364:
5251:
5242:
5151:
5089:
4838:
4824:
4742:
4268:
3328:
3182:
3139:
1080:
834:
744:
135:
5776:
5213:
4779:
4728:
4707:
3470:
3314:
3172:
3152:
3110:
2771:
2672:
426:
127:
2085:
2663:
Paulian, Christiane (1975). "Le Kukuya, langue teke du Congo: phonologie – classes nominales".
6197:
5732:
5134:
4985:
4749:
4680:
4294:
3207:
3187:
3129:
3019:
2821:
2734:
2701:
2682:
2649:
2630:
2611:
2592:
2564:
2540:
2521:
2499:
2480:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2430:
2409:
2388:
2367:
2345:
1858:
1151:
730:
712:
6007:
5526:
5072:
4763:
4721:
3197:
3167:
3134:
3124:
2791:
2761:
1874:
1326:
1187:
885:
868:
851:
779:
433:
involves a lateral with the upper teeth contacting the upper-outer edge of the lip, but in
139:
274:), whereas in compressed vowels it is the margins of the lips which form the opening (thus
249:
214:
6526:
6331:
6065:
5063:
4756:
4189:
3192:
3062:
2884:
2578:
1534:
956:
842:
826:
822:
794:
775:
440:
Some vowels transcribed with rounded IPA letters may not be rounded at all. An example is
394:
237:
202:
123:
119:
1975:⟩). This recalls an old IPA convention of rounding an unrounded vowel letter like
2790:. Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466). Cambridge University Press.
2719:
405:, the labiodental sound is "accompanied by strong protrusion of both lips", whereas the
6237:
1571:
666:
2871:
2857:
2848:
2843:
1254:
may have a different vowel . In addition, all three vowels are short in
Scotland (see
6520:
5896:
5424:
5266:
4684:
2783:
2775:
2582:
2554:
2359:
685:
457:
362:
99:
42:
31:
2876:
2862:
5746:
3479:
1849:
noted that they are less distinctive from unrounded vowels than their counterparts.
131:
385:"work", whereas and simply labialized consonants are protruded. In Japanese, the
2424:
2403:
2382:
5908:
5891:
5669:
5196:
4004:
3077:
3055:
2715:
1829:
1485:
1462:
111:
30:
This article is about roundedness in vowels. For roundedness in consonants, see
692:: Rounded vowels labialize consonants, and labialized consonants round vowels.
6373:
5901:
3214:
3072:
2766:
2749:
115:
2795:
281:, p. 172) observes that back and central rounded vowels, such as German
6159:
5665:
4913:
4846:
3736:
3492:
3100:
414:
358:
83:
1955:⟩ for protrusion (w-like labialization without velarization), while
2294:
2292:
6465:
5800:
5722:
5716:
5488:
4651:
3489:
62:
17:
2625:
Lass, Roger (2002). "South
African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.).
657:
The lip position of unrounded vowels may be classified into two groups:
476:
used by languages with rounded vowels that do not use visible rounding.
5573:
4784:
3344:
3050:
1122:
In addition, contemporary Standard Southern British English as well as
1027:
830:
688:. Thus, rounded vowels and labialized consonants affect one another by
297:, are typically protruded, whereas front rounded vowels such as German
704:
2458:
The Akan (Twi-Fante) Language: Its Sound Systems and Tonal Structure
138:
distinguishes rounded and unrounded back vowels of the same height.
2167:
2165:
5876:
3045:
2132:
2096:
810:
95:
41:
This article is about labial rounding. For internal rounding, see
2279:
2277:
357:
The distinction between protruded and compressed holds for the
110:
vowels are pronounced with the lips relaxed. In most languages,
5874:
3098:
2933:
2888:
821:
Vowel pairs differentiated by roundedness can be found in some
854:
389:
is compressed rather than protruded, paralleling the Japanese
91:
1979:
with a subscript omega, and unrounding a rounded letter like
393:. The distinction applies marginally to other consonants. In
130:, distinguish rounded and unrounded front vowels of the same
1620:
is hard to perceive by outsiders, making utterances such as
888:
684:
Protruded rounding is the vocalic equivalent of consonantal
2342:
Vox Latina: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin
2264:
2262:
2201:
2199:
2197:
871:
106:
vowel is pronounced, the lips form a circular opening, and
1939:
Occasionally other symbols may be used, such as protruded
1210:
class as the cot-caught merger is common in Scotland. If
2099:, without comment on the implied difference in rounding.
1983:
with a turned omega (Jespersen & Pedersen 1926: 19).
1951:⟩. Ladefoged & Maddieson use old IPA ⟨
460:, a furrowing of the back of the tongue also found in
2818:
Practical Phonetics for Students of African Languages
1893:, p. 141); the front rounded vowels contrast in
1134:
mostly by rounding. An example of a minimal pairs is
747:, the opposite assimilation takes place: velar codas
118:
tend to be rounded. However, some languages, such as
4689:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
61:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
27:
How the lips form during the articulation of a vowel
6330:
6158:
6006:
5826:
3145:
3117:
3033:
2987:
2944:
2537:
Doing Phonology: Observing, Recording, Interpreting
2184:
2182:
2180:
2095:Both and have been mentioned at various times in
1902:
2754:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2405:English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
2384:English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change
1752:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
328:⟩ can be used for compression and ⟨
2648:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–119.
2479:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–142.
397:, the sole language reported to have a phonemic
75:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
2563:. Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter. pp. 187–208.
1258:), unless followed by a voiced fricative where
2408:. Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp. 121–129.
2283:
1750:'Further report on the 1989 Kiel Convention',
1266:, if they are merged) is long, as in England.
1206:, respectively. The latter often includes the
5849:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
2900:
2681:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
2387:. Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp. 87–103.
2108:
2052:
1604:The potential contrast between the close-mid
8:
2608:Phonology: An Introduction to Basic Concepts
2344:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
676:, which is unrounded yet not spread either.
2229:
2217:
2156:
755:are pronounced as labialized and or even
480:Unrounded, compressed and protruded vowels
5871:
5823:
3095:
2941:
2930:
2907:
2893:
2885:
2298:
2016:
1956:
2962:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
2765:
2205:
2133:International Phonetic Association (1999)
2097:International Phonetic Association (1999)
1890:
2253:
2171:
1992:
1919:
1440:
1268:
1190:, the two vowels tend to be realized as
898:
845:, with the unrounded vowel being either
478:
4703:
3144:
2731:A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology
2557:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006).
2004:
1971:⟩ for compression (e.g. ⟨
1738:
1731:
278:
262:There are two types of vowel rounding:
3128:
2748:Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003).
2120:
1963:⟩ for protrusion (e.g. ⟨
1182:. In SSBE, these are all distinct and
729:
711:
5363:
5062:
4778:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3138:
3133:
3123:
2816:Westerman, D.; Ward, Ida C. (2015) .
2496:Auditory Representations in Phonology
2268:
2241:
2144:
2040:
1870:
1846:
1834:
1817:
1784:
841:. They involve a contrastive pair of
7:
4736:
2322:
2310:
2188:
2028:
65:. For the distinction between ,
5854:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
4715:
4679:Symbols to the right in a cell are
2588:The Sounds of the World's Languages
2560:The Atlas of North American English
2475:Engstrand, Olle (1999). "Swedish".
1967:⟩) and a reversed w ⟨
4771:
2952:International Phonetic Association
2514:International Phonetic Association
2446:"Alekano Organised Phonology Data"
1881:as well as both front compressed
1640:= = = (in Japanese and Swedish)
1363:Standard Southern British English
879:and the rounded counterpart being
361:and as well as labialization. In
142:has only unrounded vowels. In the
25:
6446:
6430:
6410:
6397:
6381:
6359:
6339:
6319:
6303:
6290:
6274:
6261:
6245:
6225:
6209:
6196:
6183:
6167:
6147:
6131:
6118:
6102:
6089:
6073:
6053:
6031:
6015:
5995:
5979:
5966:
5950:
5937:
5921:
5781:
5766:
5759:
5739:
5715:
5703:
5696:
5682:
5675:
5649:
5636:
5624:
5617:
5605:
5598:
5586:
5579:
5560:
5546:
5532:
5470:
5463:
5456:
5449:
5440:
5429:
5413:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5383:
5372:
5341:
5309:
5277:
5250:
5241:
5232:
5221:
5212:
5201:
5179:
5170:
5159:
5150:
5139:
5117:
5108:
5097:
5088:
5077:
5042:
5022:
5015:
5008:
4997:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4800:
4789:
4743:
4623:
4614:
4605:
4598:
4587:
4580:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4504:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4416:
4409:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4323:
4316:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4260:
4245:
4238:
4227:
4220:
4201:
4194:
4176:
4167:
4150:
4143:
4132:
4125:
4114:
4105:
4096:
4080:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4032:
4015:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3478:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3402:
3395:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3349:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3267:
3260:
3249:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3203:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
2644:Okada, Hideo (1999). "Japanese".
2535:Kelly, John; Local, John (1989).
2426:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
2364:Fundamental Problems in Phonetics
1442:Long front vowels in General SAE
323:
317:
90:is the amount of rounding in the
6470:
6438:
6418:
6389:
6347:
6311:
6282:
6253:
6217:
6175:
6139:
6110:
6081:
6045:
6023:
5987:
5958:
5929:
5913:
5493:
4729:
4708:
4656:
3005:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
2870:
2856:
2842:
1680:Near-close front protruded vowel
1644:Near-close back compressed vowel
1112:The accent does not feature the
884:
867:
850:
248:
236:
213:
201:
4750:
2916:International Phonetic Alphabet
2539:. Manchester University Press.
1686:Close-mid front protruded vowel
1214:is distinct, it is realized as
817:Phonemic roundedness in English
759:and , after the rounded vowels
162:COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW
144:International Phonetic Alphabet
57:International Phonetic Alphabet
5834:Nasal labial–velar approximant
4764:
4722:
3025:IPA chart for English dialects
2675:; Ladusaw, William A. (1996).
2629:. Cambridge University Press.
2610:. Cambridge University Press.
2520:. Cambridge University Press.
2284:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
1903:Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
1692:Open-mid front protruded vowel
1650:Close central compressed vowel
739:
721:
180:COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW
1:
4757:
2875:The dictionary definition of
2861:The dictionary definition of
2847:The dictionary definition of
2301:, pp. 122, 126–128, 130.
1959:, p. 154) use w ⟨
1698:Close central protruded vowel
772:Northwest Caucasian languages
680:Roundedness and labialization
429:, a child's pronunciation of
94:during the articulation of a
5844:Voiceless bidental fricative
2967:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
2494:Flemming, Edward S. (2002).
2460:. Ghana Universities Press.
2366:. Indiana University Press.
1877:also has a back compressed
1754:20:2 (December 1990), p. 23.
1662:Close front compressed vowel
1656:Mid central compressed vowel
1398:Western Pennsylvania English
1124:Western Pennsylvania English
1062:may be diphthongal , whereas
3068:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
2700:(4th ed.). Routledge.
2429:(8th ed.). Routledge.
2109:Westerman & Ward (2015)
2053:Pullum & Ladusaw (1996)
1796:Compression is also called
1703:Mid central protruded vowel
1674:Close front protruded vowel
1638:Close back compressed vowel
813:had labiovelar consonants.
6548:
1763:Protrusion is also called
1708:Close back protruded vowel
1668:Mid front compressed vowel
1256:Scottish vowel length rule
797:, and were phonemically
707:transliteration: alveolar
134:(degree of openness), and
114:tend to be unrounded, and
40:
36:roundness (disambiguation)
29:
6372:
6236:
6064:
5907:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5883:
5870:
5839:Nasal palatal approximant
5523:Co-articulated consonants
5423:
5368:
5331:
5299:
5264:
5195:
5133:
5071:
5032:
4984:
4912:
4845:
4783:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4713:
4706:
4704:
4560:
4482:
4389:
4293:
4188:
4088:
4003:
3830:
3734:
3586:
3488:
3343:
3213:
3107:
3094:
2940:
2929:
2767:10.1017/S0025100303001397
2423:Cruttenden, Alan (2014).
2340:Allen, W. Sidney (1978).
2230:Collins & Mees (1990)
2218:Collins & Mees (1990)
2157:Collins & Mees (1990)
1670:(in French, German, etc.)
1664:(in French, German, etc.)
1575:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1410:
1297:
1294:
1291:
927:
924:
921:
734:
716:
2796:10.1017/CBO9780511611759
2665:Bibliothèque de la SELAF
2627:Language in South Africa
2454:Dolphyne, Florence Abena
2313:, pp. 116, 118–119.
2174:, pp. 122–123, 125.
2017:Kelly & Local (1989)
1926:recommends that ⟨
1869:rather than protruded (
1720:List of phonetics topics
1714:Mid back protruded vowel
1242:. This means that while
1146:class also includes the
837:) as well as in General
774:of the Caucasus and the
4699:Non-pulmonic consonants
3831:Non-sibilant fricative
3587:Non-sibilant affricate
2957:History of the alphabet
2721:A Handbook of Phonetics
2444:Deibler, Ellis (1992).
2206:Watt & Allen (2003)
1957:Kelly & Local (1989
1922:, p. 83); the IPA
1773:horizontal lip-rounding
1186:is a checked vowel. In
807:Indo-European languages
53:phonetic transcriptions
3015:Sinological extensions
2696:Robins, R. H. (2014).
1861:has a back compressed
825:dialects (such as the
454:Received Pronunciation
373:is compressed, as are
50:This article contains
34:. For other uses, see
2729:Trask, R. L. (1996).
2678:Phonetic Symbol Guide
2591:. Oxford: Blackwell.
2220:, pp. 88, 95–97.
1885:and front protruded
1806:vertical lip-rounding
1598:may be diphthongal .
839:South African English
690:phonetic assimilation
346:⟩ (or ⟨
4483:Lateral approximant
2606:Lass, Roger (1984).
2064:Or para-IPA ⟨
1949:yᷱ, ɯᷩ
1626:the turtle onslaught
1424:class also includes
1160:father-bother merger
725:) 'many' vs. labial
350:⟩ vs ⟨
339:⟩ vs ⟨
322:⟩ or ⟨
3111:Pulmonic consonants
2698:General Linguistics
2673:Pullum, Geoffrey K.
2271:, pp. 399–403.
2256:, pp. 122–123.
1622:the total onslaught
1443:
1288:
1170:due to its being a
1166:may be longer than
918:
862:or a monophthongal
835:Port Talbot English
481:
365:, for example, the
255:Compressed rounding
220:Compressed rounding
102:of a vowel. When a
5033:Lateral fricative
4683:, to the left are
4390:Lateral fricative
3178:Postalveolar
3163:Linguolabial
3010:Naming conventions
2973:Journal of the IPA
2788:Accents of English
2750:"Tyneside English"
2724:. Clarendon Press.
2159:, pp. 88, 95.
2068:⟩, ⟨
2043:, pp. 14, 20.
1943:() and compressed
1897:'window pane' and
1624:sound almost like
1441:
1354:often merges with
1269:
899:
653:Spread and neutral
479:
427:speech acquisition
243:Protruded rounding
208:Protruded rounding
6532:Labial consonants
6514:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6457:
6456:
5866:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5819:
5818:
5644:Uvular–epiglottal
5518:
5517:
5480:
5479:
4695:
4694:
4643:
4642:
4561:Lateral tap/flap
3158:Labiodental
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3020:World Orthography
2827:978-1-138-92604-2
2707:978-0-582-29144-7
2570:978-3-11-016746-7
2299:Cruttenden (2014)
1945:⟨ꝡ⟩
1941:⟨ỿ⟩
1887:⟨y⟩
1883:⟨u⟩
1879:⟨o⟩
1612:and the open-mid
1602:
1601:
1436:
1435:
1287:in some dialects
1152:cot-caught merger
1120:
1119:
917:in some dialects
647:
646:
377:consonants as in
375:labio-palatalized
186:Types of rounding
88:vowel roundedness
16:(Redirected from
6539:
6498:
6474:
6451:
6450:
6442:
6441:
6435:
6434:
6422:
6421:
6415:
6414:
6402:
6401:
6393:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6364:
6363:
6351:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6324:
6323:
6315:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6295:
6294:
6286:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6266:
6265:
6257:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6230:
6229:
6221:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6201:
6200:
6188:
6187:
6179:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6152:
6151:
6143:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6123:
6122:
6114:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6094:
6093:
6085:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6058:
6057:
6049:
6048:
6036:
6035:
6027:
6026:
6020:
6019:
6000:
5999:
5991:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5971:
5970:
5962:
5961:
5955:
5954:
5942:
5941:
5933:
5932:
5926:
5925:
5917:
5916:
5886:
5872:
5824:
5785:
5770:
5763:
5743:
5719:
5707:
5700:
5686:
5679:
5653:
5640:
5628:
5621:
5612:Labial–retroflex
5609:
5602:
5590:
5583:
5564:
5554:Labial–retroflex
5550:
5536:
5497:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5453:
5444:
5433:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5387:
5376:
5347:
5315:
5283:
5254:
5247:
5238:
5227:
5218:
5207:
5185:
5176:
5165:
5156:
5145:
5123:
5114:
5103:
5094:
5083:
5069:bottom: uvular)
5046:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5001:
4978:
4971:
4964:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4804:
4793:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4752:
4745:
4738:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4690:
4660:
4627:
4618:
4609:
4602:
4591:
4584:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4521:
4508:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4420:
4413:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4345:
4338:
4327:
4320:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4249:
4242:
4231:
4224:
4205:
4198:
4180:
4171:
4154:
4147:
4136:
4129:
4118:
4109:
4100:
4084:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4036:
4019:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3845:
3838:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3626:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3566:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3524:
3517:
3482:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3406:
3399:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3271:
3264:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3115:
3096:
2942:
2931:
2924:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2886:
2874:
2860:
2846:
2831:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2779:
2769:
2744:
2725:
2711:
2692:
2668:
2659:
2640:
2621:
2602:
2579:Ladefoged, Peter
2574:
2550:
2531:
2509:
2490:
2471:
2449:
2440:
2419:
2398:
2377:
2355:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2287:
2286:, pp. 88–9.
2281:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2192:
2186:
2175:
2169:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:, p. 118);
1868:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1827:
1821:
1794:
1788:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1619:
1611:
1597:
1592:
1583:
1564:
1555:
1550:
1541:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1492:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1444:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1408:
1390:
1381:
1372:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1337:
1327:Scottish English
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1188:Scottish English
1185:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1162:). In addition,
1157:
1149:
1145:
1133:
1129:
1114:pane–pain merger
1109:
1100:
1091:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1020:
1011:
991:
984:may be open-mid
983:
978:
969:
951:
950:
944:
943:
937:
936:
919:
916:
915:
910:
909:
904:
903:
895:
894:
891:
890:
882:
878:
877:
874:
873:
865:
861:
860:
857:
856:
848:
843:close-mid vowels
805:. A few ancient
804:
800:
789:
785:
780:Papua New Guinea
766:
762:
754:
750:
741:
736:
732:
728:
723:
718:
714:
710:
702:
697:Standard Chinese
675:
643:
636:
629:
619:
612:
605:
595:
588:
581:
569:
564:
559:
547:
540:
533:
523:
516:
509:
482:
467:
447:
424:
420:
412:
404:
392:
388:
372:
353:
349:
345:
338:
331:
327:
321:
312:
304:
296:
288:
252:
240:
217:
205:
181:
178:
177:
173:
171:
163:
160:
159:
155:
153:
72:
68:
21:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6517:
6516:
6515:
6506:
6496:
6495:unrounded
6491:
6453:
6452:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6429:
6424:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6409:
6404:
6403:
6396:
6394:
6390:
6387:
6380:
6366:
6365:
6358:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6338:
6326:
6325:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6302:
6297:
6296:
6289:
6287:
6283:
6280:
6273:
6268:
6267:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6251:
6244:
6232:
6231:
6224:
6222:
6218:
6215:
6208:
6203:
6202:
6195:
6190:
6189:
6182:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6166:
6154:
6153:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6137:
6130:
6125:
6124:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6101:
6096:
6095:
6088:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6072:
6060:
6059:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6038:
6037:
6030:
6028:
6024:
6021:
6014:
6002:
6001:
5994:
5992:
5988:
5985:
5978:
5973:
5972:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5956:
5949:
5944:
5943:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5920:
5914:
5879:
5858:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5789:
5788:Labial–alveolar
5786:
5779:
5774:
5771:
5764:
5756:
5751:
5750:
5744:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5720:
5712:
5711:
5708:
5701:
5693:
5692:
5687:
5680:
5672:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5654:
5646:
5641:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5622:
5614:
5613:
5610:
5603:
5595:
5594:
5593:Labial–alveolar
5591:
5584:
5576:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5543:
5542:
5540:Labial–alveolar
5537:
5529:
5519:
5514:
5344:
5312:
5300:Voiced lateral
5280:
5255:
5244:
5235:
5224:
5215:
5204:
5182:
5173:
5162:
5153:
5142:
5120:
5111:
5100:
5091:
5080:
5068:
5066:
4688:
4677:
3183:Retroflex
3103:
3082:
3041:ASCII encodings
3029:
2983:
2936:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2815:
2807:
2782:
2747:
2741:
2728:
2714:
2708:
2695:
2689:
2671:
2662:
2656:
2643:
2637:
2624:
2618:
2605:
2599:
2577:
2571:
2553:
2547:
2534:
2528:
2512:
2506:
2493:
2487:
2474:
2468:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2422:
2416:
2401:
2395:
2380:
2374:
2358:
2352:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2321:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2254:Connolly (1990)
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2195:
2187:
2178:
2172:Connolly (1990)
2170:
2163:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2094:
2090:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1993:Dolphyne (1988)
1991:
1987:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1913:
1909:
1905:, p. 292).
1886:
1882:
1878:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1828:
1824:
1820:, p. 252).
1795:
1791:
1787:, p. 180).
1762:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1646:= (in Swedish)
1634:
1595:
1581:
1553:
1539:
1521:may be central
1518:
1504:
1490:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1355:
1351:
1318:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1246:contrasts with
1223:
1211:
1207:
1183:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1131:
1127:
1075:or unrounded .
1064:
1063:
1059:
981:
948:
947:
941:
940:
934:
933:
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
900:
887:
883:
880:
870:
866:
863:
853:
849:
846:
827:Cardiff dialect
819:
793:In the extinct
776:Sepik languages
682:
655:
468:, the vowel of
448:, the vowel of
260:
259:
258:
257:
256:
253:
245:
244:
241:
232:
231:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
218:
210:
209:
206:
197:
196:
188:
179:
175:
174:
166:
165:
161:
157:
156:
148:
147:
80:
79:
78:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6545:
6543:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6519:
6518:
6512:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6503:
6502:
6490:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6468:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6454:
6444:
6437:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6417:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6395:
6388:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6346:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6317:
6310:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6288:
6281:
6272:
6271:
6269:
6259:
6252:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6234:
6233:
6223:
6216:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6181:
6174:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6138:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6116:
6109:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6087:
6080:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6051:
6044:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6029:
6022:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6004:
6003:
5993:
5986:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5964:
5957:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5935:
5928:
5919:
5918:
5911:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5875:
5868:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5787:
5780:
5775:
5772:
5765:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5745:
5738:
5737:
5731:
5721:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5694:
5690:Labial–palatal
5688:
5681:
5674:
5673:
5664:
5663:
5655:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5635:
5634:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5604:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5566:
5559:
5558:
5552:
5545:
5544:
5538:
5531:
5530:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5491:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5445:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5388:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5370:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5332:Nasal lateral
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5248:
5239:
5230:
5228:
5219:
5210:
5208:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5177:
5168:
5166:
5157:
5148:
5146:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5115:
5106:
5104:
5095:
5086:
5084:
5075:
5070:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5020:
5013:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4805:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4697:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4621:
4619:
4612:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4542:
4540:
4533:
4531:
4524:
4522:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4439:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4414:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4199:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4112:
4110:
4103:
4101:
4094:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4061:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3701:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3476:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3247:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3153:Bilabial
3150:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2988:Special topics
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2868:
2854:
2838:
2837:External links
2835:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2813:
2784:Wells, John C.
2780:
2760:(2): 267–271.
2745:
2739:
2726:
2712:
2706:
2693:
2687:
2669:
2660:
2654:
2641:
2635:
2622:
2616:
2603:
2597:
2583:Maddieson, Ian
2575:
2569:
2555:Labov, William
2551:
2545:
2532:
2526:
2510:
2504:
2491:
2485:
2472:
2466:
2450:
2441:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2399:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2356:
2350:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:, p. 118.
2315:
2303:
2288:
2273:
2258:
2246:
2244:, p. 375.
2234:
2222:
2210:
2208:, p. 269.
2193:
2176:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2088:
2057:
2055:, p. 191.
2045:
2033:
2031:, p. 124.
2021:
2009:
2005:Paulian (1975)
1997:
1985:
1932:
1920:Flemming (2002
1907:
1891:Engstrand 1999
1851:
1839:
1837:, p. 180)
1822:
1814:outer rounding
1789:
1781:inner rounding
1756:
1743:
1739:Deibler (1992)
1730:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1652:(in Norwegian)
1647:
1641:
1633:
1630:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1434:
1433:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1226:is lowered to
1118:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1003:
1001:
994:
993:
979:
970:
961:
959:
953:
952:
945:
938:
930:
929:
926:
923:
818:
815:
681:
678:
654:
651:
645:
644:
639:
637:
632:
630:
625:
621:
620:
615:
613:
608:
606:
601:
597:
596:
591:
589:
584:
582:
577:
573:
572:
570:
565:
560:
555:
553:
549:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
529:
525:
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
505:
501:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
254:
247:
246:
242:
235:
234:
233:
229:
228:
227:
226:
219:
212:
211:
207:
200:
199:
198:
194:
193:
192:
191:
187:
184:
73:⟩, see
49:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6544:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6501:
6500:
6499: rounded
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6473:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6449:
6433:
6426:
6413:
6406:
6400:
6384:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6362:
6355:
6342:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6306:
6299:
6293:
6277:
6270:
6264:
6248:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6228:
6212:
6205:
6199:
6192:
6186:
6170:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6134:
6127:
6121:
6105:
6098:
6092:
6076:
6069:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6042:
6040:
6034:
6018:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5998:
5982:
5975:
5969:
5953:
5946:
5940:
5924:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5869:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5784:
5778:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5748:
5742:
5734:
5727:
5725:
5718:
5706:
5699:
5691:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5667:
5658:
5657:Labial–uvular
5652:
5645:
5639:
5627:
5620:
5608:
5601:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5555:
5549:
5541:
5535:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5496:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5253:
5249:
5246:
5240:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5178:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5096:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5076:
5074:
5065:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4959:
4956:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4938:
4935:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4739:
4732:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4700:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:Case variants
2998:
2996:
2995:Cursive forms
2993:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2881:at Wiktionary
2880:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2867:at Wiktionary
2866:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2853:at Wiktionary
2852:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2820:. Routledge.
2819:
2814:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2740:0-415-11260-5
2736:
2733:. Routledge.
2732:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2688:0-226-68536-5
2684:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2636:9780521791052
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2617:0-521-28183-0
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2598:0-631-19815-6
2594:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2546:0-7190-2894-9
2542:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:. Routledge.
2497:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2467:9964-3-0159-6
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2436:9781444183092
2432:
2428:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2415:1-85359-032-0
2411:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2396:
2394:1-85359-032-0
2390:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:Catford, J. C
2357:
2353:
2351:0-521-37936-9
2347:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2235:
2232:, p. 95.
2231:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2135:, p. 13.
2134:
2129:
2126:
2123:, p. 90.
2122:
2121:Robins (2014)
2117:
2114:
2111:, p. 27.
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:, p. 41.
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1958:
1936:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1914:E.g. ⟨
1911:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1445:
1439:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1267:
1257:
1253:
1250:by rounding,
1249:
1245:
1239:
1234:or raised to
1231:
1219:
1203:
1195:
1189:
1179:
1173:
1161:
1153:
1141:
1137:
1125:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
995:
989:
980:
976:
971:
967:
962:
960:
958:
955:
954:
946:
939:
932:
931:
920:
897:
893:
876:
859:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
814:
812:
808:
796:
791:
781:
777:
773:
768:
758:
746:
743:) 'wave'. In
742:
731:
724:
713:
706:
698:
693:
691:
687:
686:labialization
679:
677:
673:
668:
664:
660:
652:
650:
640:
638:
633:
631:
626:
623:
622:
616:
614:
609:
607:
602:
599:
598:
592:
590:
585:
583:
578:
575:
574:
571:
566:
561:
556:
554:
551:
550:
544:
542:
537:
535:
530:
527:
526:
520:
518:
513:
511:
506:
503:
502:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
484:
483:
477:
473:
471:
465:
459:
458:sulcalization
455:
451:
445:
438:
436:
432:
428:
416:
410:
402:
396:
395:Southern Teke
384:
380:
376:
370:
364:
360:
355:
343:
336:
326:
320:
314:
310:
302:
294:
286:
280:
279:Catford (1982
277:
273:
269:
265:
251:
239:
216:
204:
190:
185:
183:
169:
151:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:labialization
97:
93:
89:
85:
76:
64:
60:
58:
54:
44:
43:sulcalization
37:
33:
32:Labialization
19:
6494:
6492:
5773:Labial–velar
5723:
5710:Labial–velar
5631:Labial–velar
5568:Labial–velar
5521:
5067:(top: velar;
4698:
4678:
3109:
2976:
2972:
2877:
2863:
2849:
2817:
2804:0-52128540-2
2787:
2757:
2753:
2730:
2720:
2716:Sweet, Henry
2697:
2676:
2664:
2655:0-52163751-1
2645:
2626:
2607:
2587:
2559:
2536:
2527:0-52163751-1
2517:
2505:0-81534041-9
2495:
2486:0-52163751-1
2476:
2457:
2425:
2404:
2383:
2373:0-25320294-9
2363:
2341:
2318:
2306:
2269:Wells (1982)
2249:
2242:Wells (1982)
2237:
2225:
2213:
2152:
2145:Allen (1978)
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2091:
2060:
2048:
2041:Sweet (1877)
2036:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1980:
1976:
1935:
1923:
1918:⟩ in
1910:
1898:
1894:
1854:
1847:Sweet (1877)
1842:
1825:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1734:
1694:(in Swedish)
1688:(in Swedish)
1682:(in Swedish)
1676:(in Swedish)
1658:(in Swedish)
1625:
1621:
1603:
1576:
1437:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1139:
1135:
1121:
1067:may be back
820:
792:
769:
757:labial-velar
738:
720:
699:, the vowel
694:
683:
662:
658:
656:
648:
474:
469:
449:
439:
434:
430:
413:found as an
382:
378:
356:
315:
275:
271:
267:
263:
261:
189:
112:front vowels
107:
103:
87:
81:
69:and ⟨
51:
5735:approximant
5670:approximant
4005:Approximant
3078:IPA Braille
3056:Kirshenbaum
2323:Lass (2002)
2311:Lass (2002)
2189:Lass (2002)
2029:Lass (1984)
1830:Henry Sweet
1777:outrounding
1769:lip-pouting
1479:realization
1474:lexical set
1469:realization
1463:lexical set
1453:Rnd. vowel
1450:Unr. vowel
1150:class (see
1081:Port Talbot
618:ɤ̞ɤ̞ᶹ/o̞ᵝo̞
552:Near-close
490:Near-front
452:, which in
354:⟩).
276:exolabial).
268:compression
116:back vowels
6521:Categories
6482:full chart
6008:Near-close
5806:full chart
5728:(variable)
5505:full chart
4988:affricate
4668:full chart
4297:affricate
3101:Consonants
3073:IPA number
2935:IPA topics
2850:endolabial
2333:References
2080:⟩ (
2076:) ⟨
2072:⟩ (
1871:Okada 1999
1835:Trask 1996
1818:Trask 1996
1810:inrounding
1785:Trask 1996
1765:endolabial
1577:(unpaired)
1222:, whereas
1172:free vowel
1154:) and the
745:Vietnamese
576:Close-mid
504:Semivowel
496:Near-back
381:"Twi" and
359:semivowels
272:endolabial
264:protrusion
136:Vietnamese
6332:Near-open
6066:Close-mid
5754:Implosive
5747:Velarized
5666:Fricative
5425:Voiceless
5365:Implosive
4914:Fricative
4847:Affricate
4685:voiceless
3737:fricative
3735:Sibilant
3493:affricate
3140:Laryngeal
3034:Encodings
2878:unrounded
2864:exolabial
2776:195784010
2078:
2070:
1798:exolabial
1535:Close-mid
1158:one (see
1126:contrast
624:Open-mid
568:ɯ̽ɯ̽ᶹ/ʊᵝʊ
415:allophone
230:Example 2
195:Example 1
128:Icelandic
108:unrounded
84:phonetics
18:Unrounded
6493:Legend:
6487:template
6466:IPA help
6238:Open-mid
5811:template
5801:IPA help
5777:Ejective
5749:alveolar
5510:template
5489:IPA help
4780:Ejective
4673:template
4652:IPA help
4090:Tap/flap
3490:Sibilant
3173:Alveolar
2786:(1982).
2718:(1877).
2667:. 49–50.
2585:(1996).
2516:(1999).
2456:(1988).
2362:(1982).
1924:Handbook
1901:'roar' (
1859:Japanese
1716:(common)
1710:(common)
1632:See also
1572:Open-mid
997:General
667:cardinal
493:Central
176:◌̜
158:◌̹
98:. It is
67:/ /
63:Help:IPA
6497:•
5897:Central
5733:Lateral
5574:Plosive
5369:Voiced
5267:lateral
5265:Tenuis
5256:
4986:Lateral
4295:Lateral
3345:Plosive
3208:Glottal
3188:Palatal
3130:Coronal
3051:X-SAMPA
1875:Swedish
1447:Height
1426:THOUGHT
1356:THOUGHT
1319:THOUGHT
1292:Accent
1284:THOUGHT
1260:THOUGHT
1212:THOUGHT
1208:THOUGHT
1148:THOUGHT
1028:Geordie
957:Cardiff
922:Accent
831:Geordie
823:British
770:In the
727:/pu̯ɔ˥/
709:/tu̯ɔ˥/
663:neutral
642:ʌʌᶹ/ɔᵝɔ
604:e̞ø̞ø̞ʷ
594:ɤɤᶹ/oᵝo
546:ɯɯᶹ/uᵝu
522:ɰɰᶹ/wᵝw
421:before
140:Alekano
104:rounded
55:in the
6527:Vowels
6475:
5877:Vowels
5726:-sound
5498:
5135:Voiced
5073:Tenuis
4681:voiced
4661:
3652:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
3198:Uvular
3168:Dental
3147:Manner
3135:Dorsal
3125:Labial
2824:
2808:
2802:
2774:
2737:
2704:
2685:
2652:
2633:
2614:
2595:
2567:
2543:
2524:
2502:
2483:
2464:
2433:
2412:
2391:
2370:
2348:
1802:pursed
1540:SQUARE
1491:FLEECE
1456:Notes
1298:Notes
1295:Vowel
1244:nought
982:SQUARE
942:SQUARE
928:Notes
925:Vowel
908:SQUARE
847:SQUARE
705:pinyin
659:spread
611:əø̞̈ɵ̞
563:ɪ̈ʏ̈ʊ̈
528:Close
487:Front
383:adwuma
172:
154:
132:height
124:German
120:French
71:
6477:audio
5909:Close
5892:Front
5827:Other
5761:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
5527:Nasal
5500:audio
5197:Nasal
5064:Click
4663:audio
4190:Trill
3659:d̠ɹ̠˔
3215:Nasal
3193:Velar
3119:Place
3046:SAMPA
2921:chart
2772:S2CID
1867:]
1863:[
1812:, or
1779:, or
1726:Notes
1618:]
1614:[
1610:]
1606:[
1591:]
1587:[
1563:]
1559:[
1554:NURSE
1549:]
1545:[
1527:]
1523:[
1519:GOOSE
1514:]
1510:[
1505:GOOSE
1500:]
1496:[
1486:Close
1416:]
1412:[
1407:]
1403:[
1389:]
1385:[
1380:]
1376:[
1371:]
1367:[
1347:]
1343:[
1336:]
1332:[
1305:STRUT
1272:STRUT
1262:(and
1240:]
1236:[
1232:]
1228:[
1220:]
1216:[
1204:]
1200:[
1196:]
1192:[
1180:]
1176:[
1168:STRUT
1130:with
1128:STRUT
1108:]
1104:[
1099:]
1095:[
1090:]
1086:[
1073:]
1069:[
1065:NURSE
1055:]
1051:[
1046:]
1042:[
1037:]
1033:[
1019:]
1015:[
1010:]
1006:[
990:]
986:[
977:]
973:[
968:]
964:[
949:NURSE
914:NURSE
881:NURSE
811:Latin
809:like
803:/kʷa/
799:/kʷə/
795:Ubykh
788:/kwə/
784:/kwɨ/
674:]
670:[
515:j̈ɥ̈ẅ
499:Back
470:nurse
435:crown
431:clown
423:/f,v/
411:]
407:[
371:]
367:[
352:ɨᶹ ɯᶹ
348:ʉᶹ uᶹ
96:vowel
59:(IPA)
6374:Open
5902:Back
5783:t͡pʼ
5024:q𝼄ʼ
5017:k𝼄ʼ
5010:c𝼆ʼ
4876:t̠ʃʼ
4862:t̪θʼ
4855:p̪fʼ
4785:Stop
4240:ɽ̊r̥
3906:ɹ̠̊˔
3638:tɹ̝̊
3063:TIPA
2977:JIPA
2822:ISBN
2800:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2702:ISBN
2683:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2522:ISBN
2500:ISBN
2481:ISBN
2462:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2368:ISBN
2346:ISBN
1899:ryta
1895:ruta
1596:GOAT
1582:GOAT
1430:PALM
1428:and
1420:The
1414:ɒ(ː)
1345:ɔ(ː)
1281:and
1198:and
1156:PALM
1138:vs.
1060:FACE
935:FACE
911:and
902:FACE
864:FACE
833:and
801:and
786:and
763:and
751:and
661:and
635:ɜœ̈ɞ
628:ɛœœʷ
600:Mid
587:ɘø̈ɵ
580:eøøʷ
558:ɪʏʏʷ
532:iyyʷ
508:jɥɥʷ
363:Akan
344:ᵝ ɯᵝ
337:ᵝ uᵝ
305:and
289:and
266:and
170:031C
164:and
152:0339
126:and
92:lips
6160:Mid
5768:ɠ͡ɓ
5651:q͡p
5638:q͡ʡ
5626:ɡ͡b
5619:k͡p
5607:ɖ͡b
5600:ʈ͡p
5588:d͡b
5581:t͡p
5562:ŋ͡m
5548:ɳ͡m
5534:n͡m
5236:ɴ𝼊
5234:ŋ𝼊
5174:ɢ𝼊
5172:ɡ𝼊
5112:q𝼊
5110:k𝼊
4999:tɬʼ
4904:qχʼ
4897:kxʼ
4890:tɕʼ
4883:tʂʼ
4869:tsʼ
4600:𝼈̥
4371:ɡʟ̝
4364:k𝼄
4357:ɟʎ̝
4350:c𝼆
4343:d𝼅
3920:ɻ̊˔
3913:ɹ̠˔
3645:dɹ̝
3631:d̪ð
3624:t̪θ
3613:b̪v
3606:p̪f
3536:d̠ʒ
3529:t̠ʃ
2945:IPA
2792:doi
2762:doi
1422:LOT
1387:o̞ː
1352:LOT
1312:LOT
1278:LOT
1264:LOT
1252:not
1248:nut
1224:LOT
1184:LOT
1164:LOT
1144:LOT
1140:not
1136:nut
1132:LOT
999:SAE
889:ɜːr
855:ɛər
778:of
765:/o/
761:/u/
753:/ŋ/
749:/k/
722:duō
701:/ɔ/
539:ɨÿʉ
450:lot
419:/m/
417:of
391:/u/
387:/w/
379:Twi
82:In
6523::
6227:o̞
6211:ɤ̞
6185:ø̞
6169:e̞
5724:Sj
5677:ɥ̊
5472:ʛ̥
5465:ɠ̊
5458:ʄ̊
5451:ᶑ̊
5442:ɗ̥
5431:ɓ̥
5345:ɴǁ
5343:ŋǁ
5313:ɢǁ
5311:ɡǁ
5281:qǁ
5279:kǁ
5245:ɴǂ
5243:ŋǂ
5225:ɴǃ
5223:ŋǃ
5216:ɴǀ
5214:ŋǀ
5205:ɴʘ
5203:ŋʘ
5183:ɢǂ
5181:ɡǂ
5163:ɢǃ
5161:ɡǃ
5154:ɢǀ
5152:ɡǀ
5143:ɢʘ
5141:ɡʘ
5121:qǂ
5119:kǂ
5101:qǃ
5099:kǃ
5092:qǀ
5090:kǀ
5081:qʘ
5079:kʘ
5044:ɬʼ
4976:χʼ
4969:xʼ
4962:ɕʼ
4955:ʂʼ
4948:ʃʼ
4941:sʼ
4934:θʼ
4927:fʼ
4920:ɸʼ
4839:ʡʼ
4832:qʼ
4825:kʼ
4818:cʼ
4811:ʈʼ
4802:tʼ
4791:pʼ
4772:EG
4744:RF
4737:PA
4716:LD
4709:BL
4687:.
4625:ʟ̆
4616:ʎ̆
4607:𝼈
4582:ɺ̥
4546:ʟ̠
4464:ʟ̝
4457:𝼄
4450:ʎ̝
4443:𝼆
4436:𝼅
4336:tꞎ
4325:dɮ
4318:tɬ
4262:ʀ̥
4247:ɽr
4222:r̥
4196:ʙ̥
4178:ʡ̆
4169:ɢ̆
4145:ɽ̊
4127:ɾ̥
4116:ɾ̼
4098:ⱱ̟
4082:ʔ̞
3927:ɻ˔
3899:ð̠
3892:θ̠
3871:ð̼
3864:θ̼
3726:ʔh
3719:ʡʢ
3712:ʡʜ
3705:ɢʁ
3698:qχ
3691:ɡɣ
3684:kx
3677:ɟʝ
3670:cç
3599:bβ
3592:pɸ
3564:dʑ
3557:tɕ
3550:dʐ
3543:tʂ
3522:dz
3515:ts
3386:d̼
3379:t̼
3372:b̪
3365:p̪
3322:ɴ̥
3308:ŋ̊
3294:ɲ̊
3280:ɳ̊
3262:n̥
3251:n̼
3235:ɱ̊
3221:m̥
3149:↓
3121:→
2798:.
2770:.
2758:33
2756:.
2752:.
2581:;
2291:^
2276:^
2261:^
2196:^
2179:^
2164:^
2084:).
2082:w̶
2074:ɥ̶
1973:uᫀ
1969:◌ᫀ
1965:øᪿ
1961:◌ᪿ
1953:◌̫
1916:ɨᵝ
1865:ɯᵝ
1808:,
1804:,
1800:,
1775:,
1771:,
1767:,
1628:.
1616:œː
1608:øː
1589:œː
1561:øː
1547:eː
1529:.
1525:ʉː
1512:yː
1498:iː
1432:.
1358:.
1275:,
1238:o̞
1178:ɒː
1174::
1116:.
1106:øː
1097:ɛː
1088:eː
1071:ɔː
1053:øː
1044:ɛː
1035:eː
1017:øː
1008:eː
992:.
988:ɛː
975:øː
966:eː
905:,
872:eɪ
829:,
790:.
767:.
740:bō
737:;
719:;
472:.
464:ɜː
330:◌ʷ
325:◌ᶹ
319:◌ᵝ
168:U+
150:U+
122:,
86:,
6448:ɒ
6432:ɑ
6412:ä
6399:ɶ
6383:a
6361:ɐ
6341:æ
6321:ɔ
6305:ʌ
6292:ɞ
6276:ɜ
6263:œ
6247:ɛ
6198:ə
6149:o
6133:ɤ
6120:ɵ
6104:ɘ
6091:ø
6075:e
6055:ʊ
6033:ʏ
6017:ɪ
5997:u
5981:ɯ
5968:ʉ
5952:ɨ
5939:y
5923:i
5741:ɫ
5717:ɧ
5705:w
5698:ʍ
5684:ɥ
5668:/
5415:ʛ
5408:ɠ
5401:ʄ
5394:ᶑ
5385:ɗ
5374:ɓ
5252:ʞ
4765:U
4758:V
4751:P
4730:A
4723:D
4589:ɺ
4537:ʟ
4528:ʎ
4519:ɭ
4506:l
4429:ꞎ
4418:ɮ
4411:ɬ
4283:ʢ
4276:ʜ
4269:ʀ
4229:r
4203:ʙ
4152:ɽ
4134:ɾ
4107:ⱱ
4065:ɰ
4056:j
4047:ɻ
4034:ɹ
4017:ʋ
3997:ɦ
3990:h
3983:ʕ
3976:ħ
3969:ʁ
3962:χ
3955:ɣ
3948:x
3941:ʝ
3934:ç
3885:ð
3878:θ
3857:v
3850:f
3843:β
3836:ɸ
3808:ʑ
3801:ɕ
3794:ʐ
3787:ʂ
3780:ʒ
3773:ʃ
3766:z
3759:s
3480:ʔ
3471:ʡ
3464:ɢ
3457:q
3450:ɡ
3443:k
3436:ɟ
3429:c
3422:ɖ
3415:ʈ
3404:d
3397:t
3358:b
3351:p
3329:ɴ
3315:ŋ
3301:ɲ
3287:ɳ
3269:n
3242:ɱ
3228:m
2979:)
2975:(
2923:)
2919:(
2908:e
2901:t
2894:v
2830:.
2811:.
2794::
2778:.
2764::
2743:.
2710:.
2691:.
2658:.
2639:.
2620:.
2601:.
2573:.
2549:.
2530:.
2508:.
2489:.
2470:.
2448:.
2439:.
2418:.
2397:.
2376:.
2354:.
2191:.
2147:.
2066:ɉ
2007:.
1995:.
1981:u
1977:i
1928:ᶹ
1889:(
1833:(
1816:(
1783:(
1741:.
1405:ɑ
1378:ɔ
1369:ʌ
1334:ʌ
1230:ɒ
1218:ɔ
1202:ɔ
1194:ʌ
892:/
886:/
875:/
869:/
858:/
852:/
735:波
733:(
717:多
715:(
672:a
466:/
462:/
446:/
444:ɒ
442:/
409:ɱ
403:/
401:ɱ
399:/
369:ɥ
342:ɨ
335:ʉ
311:/
309:y
307:/
303:/
301:ø
299:/
295:/
293:u
291:/
287:/
285:o
283:/
77:.
45:.
38:.
20:)
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