410:), as well as smaller weapons on the quarterdeck, forecastle and (if they had one) poop. A series of major changes to the rating system took effect from the start of January 1817, when the carronades carried by each ship were included in the count of guns (previously these had usually been omitted); the first rate from that date included all of the three-deckers (the adding in of their carronades had meant that all three-deckers now had over 100 guns), the new second rate included all two-deckers of 80 guns or more, with the third rate reduced to two-deckers of fewer than 80 guns.
434:
demi-batterie 32-gun and 36-gun ships of the 1690–1730 period. The fifth rates at the start of the 18th century were generally "demi-batterie" ships, carrying a few heavy guns on their lower deck (which often used the rest of the lower deck for row ports) and a full battery of lesser guns on the upper deck. However, these were gradually phased out, as the low freeboard (i.e., the height of the lower deck gunport sills above the waterline) meant that in rough weather it was often impossible to open the lower deck gunports.
426:, of about 50 or 60 guns on two decks, were ships-of-the-line until 1756, when it was felt that such 50-gun ships were now too small for pitched battles. The larger fourth rates of 60 guns continued to be counted as ships-of-the-line, but few new ships of this rate were added, the 60-gun fourth rate being superseded over the next few decades by the 64-gun third rate. The Navy did retain some fourth rates for convoy escort, or as flagships on far-flung stations; it also converted some
149:
52:
1339:, consisting each of two classes, to which different complements of men are assigned, though, unfortunately, their armaments are not specified. This mode of division would seem to have been adopted for the purpose of regulating the pay of the officers and seamen, rather than with the view of marking any distinction in the force or construction of the shapes." —
1732:
341:, revised the structure in 1677 and laid it down as a "solemn, universal and unalterable" classification. The rating of a ship was of administrative and military use. The number and weight of guns determined the size of crew needed, and hence the amount of pay and rations needed. It also indicated whether a ship was powerful enough to stand in the
1202:. By the end of the 18th century, the rating system had mostly fallen out of common use, although technically it remained in existence for nearly another century, ships of the line usually being characterized directly by their nominal number of guns, the numbers even being used as the name of the type, as in "a squadron of three seventy-fours".
532:
additions to its existing ordnance and some as replacements. When the carronades replaced or were in lieu of carriage-mounted cannon they generally counted in arriving at the rating, but not all were, and so may or may not have been included in the count of guns, though rated vessels might carry up to twelve 18-, 24- or 32-pounder carronades.
592:, to lower the centre of gravity and thus improve stability in bad weather. Some guns would also be removed from ships during peacetime service, to reduce the stress on the ships' structure, creating a distinction between a ship's wartime complement of guns (the figure normally quoted) and her lower peacetime complement.
1218:
Auxiliary vessels of less than 4000 tons—except tugs, sailing ships, and receiving ships which were not rated—were of the fourth rate. Torpedo-boat destroyers, torpedo boats, and similar vessels were not rated. Captains commanded ships of the first rate. Captains or commanders commanded ships of the
1120:
The fifth rate comprised all ships of which the complement was not more than 400 and not less than 300 men. The sixth rate consisted of all other ships bearing a captain. Of unrated vessels, the category of sloops comprised all vessels commanded by commanders. Next followed all other ships commanded
1103:
In
February 1817 the rating system changed. The recommendation from the Board of Admiralty to the Prince Regent was dated 25 November 1816, but the Order in Council establishing the new ratings was issued in February 1817. From February 1817 all carronades were included in the established number of
523:
Vessels might also carry other guns that did not contribute to the rating. Examples of such weapons would include mortars, howitzers or boat guns, the boat guns being small guns intended for mounting on the bow of a vessel's boats to provide fire support during landings, cutting out expeditions, and
459:
duties and the carrying of dispatches; their small size made them less suited for the general cruising tasks the fifth-rate frigates did so well. Essentially there were two groups of sixth rates. The larger category comprised the sixth-rate frigates of 28 guns, carrying a main battery of twenty-four
326:
for the first time in a classification scheme connected with the Navy. The table specified the amount of monthly wages a seaman or officer would earn, in an ordered scheme of six rates, from "first-rate" to "sixth-rate", with each rate divided into two classes, with differing numbers of men assigned
1116:
The third rate included all the rest of HM's royal yachts and "all such vessels as may bear the flag of pendant of any
Admiral Superintendent or Captain Superintendent of one of HM's Dockyards", and otherwise comprised all ships carrying at most 80 guns but not less than 60 guns, or the complements
476:
The rating system did not handle vessels smaller than the sixth rate. The remainder were simply "unrated". The larger of the unrated vessels were generally all called sloops, but that nomenclature is quite confusing for unrated vessels, especially when dealing with the finer points of "ship-sloop",
401:
The largest third rates, those of 80 guns, were likewise three-deckers from the 1690s until the early 1750s, but both before this period and subsequent to it, 80-gun ships were built as two-deckers. All the other third rates, with 74 guns or less, were likewise two-deckers, with just two continuous
1194:
Although the rating system described was only used by the Royal Navy, other major navies used similar means of grading their warships. For example, the French Navy used a system of five rates ("rangs") which had a similar purpose. British authors might still use "first rate" when referring to the
531:
Introduced in the late 1770s, the carronade was a short-barreled and relatively short-range gun, half the weight of equivalent long guns, and was generally mounted on a slide rather than on trucks. The new carronades were generally housed on a vessel's upperworks—quarterdeck and forecastle—some as
1112:
There was a further major change in the rating system in 1856. From that date, the first rate comprised all ships carrying 110 guns and upwards, or the complement of which consisted of 1,000 men or more. The second rate included one of HM's royal yachts, and otherwise comprised all ships carrying
584:
guns carried, which might change quite frequently for a variety of reasons: guns might be lost overboard during a storm, be jettisoned to speed the ship during a chase, or explode in service and become useless; they might also be stowed in the hold to allow the carriage of troops, or, for a small
546:
of 74 guns. She carried twenty-eight 32-pounder guns on her gundeck, twenty-eight 18-pounder guns on her upperdeck, four 12-pounder guns and ten 32-pounder carronades on her quarterdeck, two 12-pounder guns and two 32-pounder carronades on her forecastle, and six 18-pounder carronades on her poop
349:
that had previously been excluded. On the whole the trend was for each rate to have a greater number of guns. For instance, Pepys allowed a first rate 90–100 guns, but on the 1801 scheme a first rate had 100–120. A sixth rate's range went from 4–18 to 20–28 (after 1714 any ship with fewer than 20
1214:
were by law divided into classes called rates. Vessels of the first rate had a displacement tonnage in excess of 8000 tons; second rate, from 4000 to 8000 tons; third rate, from 1000 to 4000 tons; and fourth rate, of less than 1000 tons. Converted merchant vessels that were armed and equipped as
942:
The smaller fourth-rates, primarily the 50-gun ships, were, from 1756 on, no longer classified as ships of the line. Since not big enough to stand in the line of battle, were often called frigates, though not classed as frigates by the Royal Navy. They were generally classified, like all smaller
497:, the Royal Navy increased the number of sloops in service by some 400% as it found that it needed vast numbers of these small vessels for escorting convoys (as in any war, the introduction of convoys created a huge need for escort vessels), combating privateers, and themselves taking prizes.
1334:
The division of the navy into 'rates' appears for the first time in a table drawn up by
Charles I., in 1626, and entitled,—'The New Rates for Seaman's monthly wages, confirmed by the Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy, according to His Majesty's several rates of ships, and degrees of
433:
The smaller two deckers originally blurred the distinction between a fourth rate and a fifth rate. At the low end of the fourth rate one might find the two-decker 50-gun ships from about 1756. The high end of the fifth rate would include two-deckers of 40- or 44-guns (from 1690) or even the
1219:
second rate. Commanders or lieutenant-commanders commanded ships of the third rate. Lieutenant-commanders or lieutenants commanded ships of the fourth rate. Lieutenant-commanders, lieutenants, ensigns, or warrant officers might command unrated vessels, depending on the size of the vessel.
413:
A special case were the Royal Yachts, which, for reasons of protocol, had to be commanded by a senior captain. These vessels, despite their small size and minimal armament, were often classed as second or third rate ships, appropriate for the seniority of the captain.
1316:
Another list, dated 1612, divides them into... 'ships royal, measuring from twelve hundred to eight hundred tons; middling ships, from eight hundred to six hundred tons; small ships, three hundred and fifty tons; and pinnaces, from two hundred and fifty to eight
330:
This classification scheme was substantially altered in late 1653 as the complements of individual ships were raised. From about 1660 the classification moved from one based on the number of men to one based on the number of carriage guns a ship carried.
168:, initially classing them according to their assigned complement of men, and later according to the number of their carriage-mounted guns. The rating system of the Royal Navy formally came to an end in the late 19th century by declaration of the
241:, with the first lists of such categorisation appearing around 1604. At this time the combatant ships of the "Navy Royal" were divided up according to the number of men required to man them at sea (i.e. the size of the crew) into four groups:
1137:" referred to a vessel that carried square sails on three masts. Sailing vessels with only two masts or a single mast were technically not "ships", and were not described as such at the time. Vessels with fewer than three masts were unrated
1104:
guns. Until that date, carronades only "counted" if they were in place of long guns; when the carronades replaced "long" guns (e.g. on the upper deck of a sloop or post ship, thus providing its main battery), such carronades were counted.
1299:"The earliest naval list in which any classification of ships appears, is dated 1546, and it divides the fifty-eight ships of Henry VIII's Navy, according to their "quality, into... 'ships, galliasses, pinnaces, and cow barges.
1215:
cruisers were of the second rate if over 6000 tons, and of the third rate if over 1000 and less than 6000 tons. Auxiliary vessels such as colliers, supply vessels, repair ships, etc., if over 4000 tons, were of the third rate.
1084:
the maximum breadth of the vessel. It was a rough measurement of cargo-carrying capacity by volume, not displacement. Therefore, one should not change a measurement in "tons burthen" into a displacement in "tons" or "tonnes".
1121:
by lieutenants, and having complements of not less than 60 men. Finally were "smaller vessels, not classed as above, with such smaller complements as the Lords
Commissioners of the Admiralty may from time to time direct".
267:
A 1612 list referred to four groups: royal, middling, small and pinnaces; but defined them by tonnage instead of by guns, starting from 800 to 1200 tons for the ships royal, down to below 250 tons for the pinnaces.
1034:
327:
to each class. No specific connection with the size of the ship or number of armaments aboard was given in this 1626 table, and as far as is known, this was related exclusively to seaman pay grades.
172:. The main cause behind this declaration focused on new types of gun, the introduction of steam propulsion and the use of iron and steel armour which made rating ships by the number of guns obsolete.
345:. Pepys's original classification was updated by further definitions in 1714, 1721, 1760, 1782, 1801 and 1817, the last being the most severe, as it provided for including in the count of guns the
485:" (the last a French term that the British Navy did not use until the 1840s). Technically the category of "sloop-of-war" included any unrated combatant vessel—in theory, the term even extended to
202:, were denoted "great ships". This was only on the basis of their roughly-estimated size and not on their weight, crew or number of guns. When these carracks were superseded by the new-style
1671:
1117:
of which were under 800 but not less than 600 men. The fourth rate comprised all frigate-built ships of which the complement was not more than 600 and not less than 410 men.
943:
warships used primarily in the role of escort and patrol, as "cruisers", a term that covered everything from the smaller two-deckers down to the small gun-brigs and cutters.
576:
there was no exact correlation between formal gun rating and the actual number of cannons any individual vessel might carry. One therefore must distinguish between the
69:
1160:
Vessels were sometimes classified according to the substantive rank of her commanding officer. For instance, when the commanding officer of a gun-brig or even a
322:
The earliest rating was based not on the number of guns, but on the established complement (number of men). In 1626, a table drawn up by
Charles I used the term
1664:
1082:
1054:
509:, long-barreled, muzzle-loading guns that moved on 'trucks'—wooden wheels. The count did not include smaller (and basically anti-personnel) weapons such as
464:" of between 20 and 24 guns. These were too small to be formally counted as frigates (although colloquially often grouped with them), but still required a
237:
The formal system of dividing up the Navy's combatant warships into a number or groups or "rates", however, only originated in the very early part of the
505:
The rated number of guns often differed from the number a vessel actually carried. The guns that determined a ship's rating were the carriage-mounted
1822:
1657:
971:
classed as "frigates" by the
Admiralty officially. Only the larger sixth-rates (those mounting 28 carriage guns or more) were technically frigates.
116:
1482:
1459:
1379:
88:
520:
was rated for 18 guns but during construction her rating was reduced to 16 guns (6-pounders), and she also carried 14 half-pound swivels.
95:
444:
were never included among ships-of-the-line. The middle of the 18th century saw the introduction of a new fifth-rate type—the classic
448:, with no ports on the lower deck, and the main battery disposed solely on the upper deck, where it could be fought in all weathers.
1618:
1597:
180:
The first movement towards a rating system may be seen in the 15th century and the first half of the 16th century, when the largest
135:
988:
102:
1095:
Vessels of less than ten guns were commanded by lieutenants, while those with upwards of ten guns were commanded by commanders.
1578:
1559:
1531:
1505:
73:
206:
later in the 16th century, the term "great ship" was used to formally delineate the Navy's largest ships from all the rest.
84:
1396:
37:
This article is about the rating of Royal Navy ships. For the rating of late
Georgian and early Victorian buildings, see
982:
1173:
551:
1233:
has passed into general usage, as an adjective used to mean something of the best or highest quality available.
1113:
under 110 guns but more than 80 guns, or the complements of which were under 1,000 but not less than 800 men.
248:- the largest ships in the previous "great ships" grouping, mounting 42–55 guns and carrying at least 400 men;
198:
109:
911:
62:
550:
When carronades formed a ship's principal armament, they were included in the count of guns. For instance,
374:". The first and second rates were three-deckers; that is, they had three continuous decks of guns (on the
1405:. The Nineteenth Century: General Collection: History & Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: F.V. White.
869:
275:'s reign, these four groups had been renamed to a numerical sequence. The royal ships were now graded as
1271:
957:"frigates", although the 40-gun frigates built during the Napoleonic War also fell into this category.
651:
272:
1680:
1199:
1130:
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227:
164:
between the beginning of the 17th century and the middle of the 19th century to categorise sailing
1525:
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9-pounder guns, as well as four smaller guns on their superstructures. The second comprised the "
1402:
England on the Sea; Or, The Story of the
British Navy: Its Decisive Battles and Great Commanders
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251:
Great Ships - the rest of the ships in the previous "great ships" grouping, mounting 38–40 guns;
245:
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192:
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38:
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in succeeding eras. Some sloops were three-masted or "ship-rigged", and these were known as "
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with the status of master-and-commander, the custom was to recategorise the vessel as a
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1590:
British
Warships in the Age of Sail 1603–1714: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates
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guns ("swivels"), which fired half-pound projectiles, or small arms. For instance,
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219:
31:
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The larger fifth-rates were generally two-decked ships of 40 or 44 guns, and thus
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51:
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deck. In all, this 74-gun vessel carried 80 cannon: 62 guns and 18 carronades.
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468:(i.e. an officer holding the substantive rank of captain) as their commander.
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17:
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are also used as adjectives to mean that something is of inferior quality.
481:" (which really just meant the same in naval parlance as "sloop") or even "
214:
The earliest categorisation of Royal Navy ships dates to the reign of King
1801:
1258:
900:
888:
482:
456:
223:
1731:
1524:
1498:
985:). From c.1650 the burthen of a vessel was calculated using the formula
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1740:
761:
569:. She carried two 9-pounder cannon and eighteen 32-pounder carronades.
445:
203:
181:
165:
1270:
The term Royal Navy was only introduced after the
Restoration of King
1607:
Winfield, Rif (2010). "1. The Jacobean and Commonwealth First Rate".
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1138:
967:
The smaller sixth-rates were often popularly called frigates, though
506:
452:
1172:. For instance, when Pitt Burnaby Greene, the commanding officer of
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Rating was not the only system of classification used. Through the
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the like. From 1778, however, the most important exception was the
299:. Soon afterwards, the structure was again modified, with the term
34:, an enlisted member of the navy falling into one of several ranks.
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1146:
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892:
1653:
1571:
The Command of the Ocean, a Naval History of Britain 1649–1815
45:
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Galliasses, not to be confused with the Mediterranean vessel
1195:
largest ships of other nations or "third rate" to speak of a
1029:{\displaystyle {\frac {k\times b\times {\frac {1}{2}}b}{94}}}
596:
Royal Navy rating system in force during the Napoleonic Wars
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that was captured and recommissioned in the Royal Navy as a
152:
A 1728 diagram illustrating a first- and a third-rate ship
307:, and the former small ships now being sub-divided into
1554:. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Seaforth. pp. 17–52.
218:. Henry's Navy consisted of 58 ships, and in 1546 the
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First rate: The Greatest Warships of the Age of Sail
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armament of a vessel (which rarely altered) and the
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76:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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981:The ton in this instance is the burthen tonnage (
354:First, second and third rates (ships of the line)
1613:. Pen and Sword. FROM SHIP ROYAL TO FIRST RATE.
1569:Rodger, N.A.M. (2004). "A Note on Conventions".
1335:officers.' Herein are distinctly specified six
1475:British Warships in the Age of Sail: 1793–1817
1452:British Warships in the Age of Sail: 1714–1792
1372:British Warships in the Age of Sail: 1603–1714
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386:), usually as well as smaller weapons on the
8:
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1149:(in the first half of the 18th century), or
1573:. London: Allan Lane. pp. xxvi–xxvii.
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1523:; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905).
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451:Sixth-rate ships were generally useful as
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1550:Bennett, G. (2004). "2 Fighting Sali".
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222:divided them into four groups: 'ships,
1592:. Barnsley, United Kingdom: Seaforth.
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1535:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
1509:(1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
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160:and its predecessors was used by the
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74:adding citations to reliable sources
1178:in 1811, received his promotion to
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1477:, (2nd edition) Barnsley (2008).
85:"Rating system of the Royal Navy"
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501:The number of guns and the rate
158:rating system of the Royal Navy
61:needs additional citations for
1532:New International Encyclopedia
1506:New International Encyclopedia
1397:Adams, William Henry Davenport
1:
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271:By the early years of King
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27:Historic category for ships
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1210:As of 1905, ships of the
1190:Practices in other navies
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184:in the Navy, such as the
370:ship was regarded as a "
337:, then Secretary to the
287:, the middling ships as
257:mounting 30–32 guns; and
30:Not to be confused with
1552:The Battle of Trafalgar
176:Origins and description
1588:Winfield, Rif (2009).
1078:
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402:decks of guns (on the
303:now being replaced by
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1644:Ships of the Old Navy
1125:Other classifications
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281:, the great ships as
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1526:"Rate (ship)"
1500:"Rate (ship)"
1430:Winfield 2009, p. 1
1131:early modern period
627:In commission 1814
624:In commission 1794
350:guns was unrated).
1454:, Barnsley (2007)
1374:, Barnsley (2009)
1212:United States Navy
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230:, and row barges.'
199:Henri Grâce à Dieu
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1692:Ships of the line
1641:Michael Philips,
1483:978-1-84415-717-4
1460:978-1-84415-700-6
1380:978-1-84832-040-6
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59:This article
57:
53:
48:
47:
44:
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33:
19:
1764:Sloop-of-war
1683:
1681:Early Modern
1643:
1624:. Retrieved
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1544:Bibliography
1530:
1515:
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1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1401:
1371:
1341:Adams (1885)
1336:
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1305:Adams (1885)
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1200:seventy-four
1193:
1180:post-captain
1174:
1159:
1133:, the term "
1128:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:1856 changes
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1099:1817 changes
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856:Sloop-of-war
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487:bomb vessels
479:sloop-of-war
475:
466:post-captain
450:
436:
432:
424:fourth rates
422:The smaller
421:
412:
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357:
335:Samuel Pepys
333:
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220:Anthony Roll
213:
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132:
126:October 2013
123:
113:
106:
99:
92:
80:
68:Please help
63:verification
60:
43:
32:naval rating
18:Unrated ship
1772:Bomb vessel
1722:Fourth-rate
1712:Second-rate
1235:Second-rate
1155:ship sloops
844:340 to 450
841:140 to 160
826:Frigate or
815:450 to 550
782:200 to 300
746:320 to 420
716:500 to 650
686:700 to 750
578:established
559:French Navy
442:sixth rates
388:quarterdeck
380:middle deck
296:fourth rank
284:second rank
261:Small ships
246:Royal Ships
1754:Sixth-rate
1749:Fifth-rate
1717:Third-rate
1705:Man-of-war
1700:First-rate
1580:0713994118
1561:1844151077
1411:1013367718
1282:References
1272:Charles II
1239:third-rate
1230:first-rate
1223:Other uses
1166:lieutenant
912:Lieutenant
874:90 to 125
612:Gun decks
544:third rate
491:fire ships
462:post ships
408:upper deck
404:lower deck
392:forecastle
384:upper deck
376:lower deck
368:third-rate
347:carronades
290:third rank
278:first rank
239:Stuart era
224:galliasses
216:Henry VIII
162:Royal Navy
96:newspapers
1797:Post ship
1782:Fire ship
1351:Footnotes
1321:" —
1227:The term
1184:post ship
1062:sternpost
1005:×
999:×
920:< 220
917:20 to 90
870:Commander
863:16 to 18
832:20 to 24
828:post ship
773:32 to 44
737:50 to 60
707:64 to 80
677:80 to 98
587:HMS
567:post ship
552:HMS
537:HMS
526:carronade
515:HMS
339:Admiralty
273:Charles I
187:Mary Rose
170:Admiralty
1817:Category
1802:Schooner
1741:Frigates
1626:14 April
1399:(1885).
1287:Excerpts
1274:in 1660.
1036:, where
905:4 to 14
901:schooner
889:Gun-brig
860:Unrated
838:Captain
809:Captain
798:6th rate
779:Captain
768:5th rate
743:Captain
732:4th rate
713:Captain
702:3rd rate
683:Captain
640:1st rate
589:Ballahoo
483:corvette
457:blockade
228:pinnaces
204:galleons
196:and the
182:carracks
166:warships
1792:Gunboat
1416:2 April
1325:p. 128.
1147:ketches
1060:to the
776:1 to 2
762:frigate
652:Captain
572:By the
517:Cynthia
446:frigate
364:second-
319:rates.
232:
110:scholar
1787:Cutter
1617:
1596:
1577:
1558:
1481:
1458:
1409:
1378:
1343:p.128.
1307:p. 128
1197:French
1164:was a
1162:cutter
1139:sloops
1064:, and
897:cutter
749:1,000
719:1,750
689:2,200
659:2,500
582:actual
539:Armada
507:cannon
453:convoy
360:first-
309:fourth
190:, the
112:
105:
98:
91:
83:
1337:rates
1317:tons.
1245:Notes
1170:sloop
1151:brigs
1143:snows
931:Notes
899:, or
645:100+
609:Guns
606:Rate
603:Type
563:sloop
438:Fifth
324:rates
317:sixth
313:fifth
117:JSTOR
103:books
1777:Brig
1628:2021
1615:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1479:ISBN
1456:ISBN
1418:2018
1407:OCLC
1376:ISBN
1237:and
1135:ship
1058:stem
893:brig
883:360
877:380
821:Nil
812:200
791:134
725:103
618:Men
565:and
489:and
440:and
406:and
396:poop
394:and
382:and
315:and
305:rate
301:rank
156:The
89:news
1157:".
1145:or
969:not
955:not
880:76
850:25
847:10
818:22
803:28
788:78
755:10
722:71
366:or
72:by
1819::
1529:.
1503:.
1466:^
1435:^
1386:^
1359:^
1186:.
1091:^*
1022:94
983:bm
977:^*
963:^*
949:^*
938:^*
908:1
895:,
891:,
866:1
835:1
806:1
752:8
740:2
710:2
695:7
692:9
680:3
665:8
662:5
648:3
528:.
398:.
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378:,
362:,
358:A
311:,
234:"
226:,
1673:e
1666:t
1659:v
1630:.
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1583:.
1564:.
1420:.
1319:'
1303:"
1301:'
1261:.
1072:b
1044:k
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1010:1
1002:b
996:k
139:)
133:(
128:)
124:(
114:·
107:·
100:·
93:·
66:.
41:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
