U-boat campaign - Knowledge

2290: 1490:. He fired a single torpedo which struck the liner aft, and she sank within 10 minutes, with the loss of 44 passengers and crew, 3 of whom were American. Following speculation that the US would sever relations with Germany, on 28 August the Chancellor issued new orders to submarine commanders and relayed them to Washington. The new orders stated that until further notice, all passenger ships could only be sunk after warning and the saving of passengers and crews. On September 1 the unrestricted submarine warfare doctrine was essentially abandoned. This proved unacceptable to the Naval High Command, and on 18 September the High Seas flotillas were withdrawn from the commerce war. 365: 292: 2112: 1730: million tons of Allied shipping, scarcely denting the British merchant fleet; whilst new building, and additions from ships seized, had more than made up this loss. On the other hand, serious offence had been given to neutrals such as Norway and the Netherlands, and brought the United States to the brink of war. This failure, and the various restrictions imposed on the U-boat Arm in the Atlantic area largely brought the campaign there to a halt, although it continued with little hindrance in the Mediterranean and elsewhere, where there was less likelihood of offending neutrals. 475: 464: 453: 442: 340: 353: 1178: 2138:

home port of Kiel, and the British blockade had caused a food scarcity that was in turn causing deaths due to malnutrition. The military staff urged the Kaiser to unleash the submarine fleet on shipping travelling to Britain, Hindenburg advising the Kaiser that "The war must be brought to an end by whatever means as soon as possible." On 31 January, the Kaiser duly signed the order for unrestricted submarine warfare to resume effective 1 February; Bethmann Hollweg, who had opposed the decision, said "Germany is finished".

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in official pronouncements, this amounted to unprecedented restrictions on trade with the Central Powers, with even food considered "absolute contraband of war". Though at this point Germany was still receiving sufficient imports from neutral countries, Germans regarded this as a blatant attempt to starve the German people into submission and wanted to retaliate in kind, and in fact the severity of the British blockade did not go over well in America either. This gave the Germans the pretext to act. The German Chancellor,

279: 430: 419: 408: 397: 304: 255: 243: 3854:"This government has already taken occasion to inform the Imperial German government that it cannot admit the adoption of such measures or such a warning of danger to operate as in any degree an abbreviation of the rights of American shipmasters or of American citizens bound on lawful errands as passengers on merchant ships of belligerent nationality; and that it must hold the Imperial German government to a strict accountability for any infringement of those rights, intentional or incidental." 2175: 1683: 2095: 1188: 944: 316: 377: 328: 2228:, the United States, France and Italy to provide an 'international administration' for more efficient management of shipping. This initiative lead the civil action which complemented the naval action in response to the U-boat campaign, and which consisted of the efficient organisation of both shipping and of the distribution of supplies, such that the utility of every ton of imported goods was used to the maximum effectiveness. 1671:. A variant on the idea was to equip small vessels with a submarine escort. In 1915, two U-boats were sunk by Q-ships, and two more by submarines accompanying trawlers. Once the Germans became aware of these tactics, successes were much less common. Efforts were made to use nets to find submerged U-boats, and explosive sweeps to destroy them, but these were largely failures. Attempts were also made to close routes like the 2217:

drop in shipping losses, with the U-boats seeking out easier prey. It also brought warships escorting the convoys in contact with attacking U-boats, leading to an increase in U-boats destroyed. German submarine losses were between 5 and 10 each month, and they soon realised the need to increase production, even at the expense of building surface warships. However, production was delayed by labour and material shortages.

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widespread convoying or escorting. Convoying imposed severe delays on shipping, and was believed to be counterproductive, amounting to a loss of carrying capacity greater than the loss inflicted by the U-boats. It was disliked by both merchant and naval captains, and derided as a defensive measure. It was not until 27 April that the Admiralty endorsed the convoy system, the first convoy sailing from Gibraltar on 10 May.

266: 1090:. At the start of hostilities, the Austro-Hungarian Navy had seven U-boats in commission; five operational, two training; all were of the coastal type, with limited range and endurance, suitable for operation in the Adriatic. However during the war new larger U-boats came into service plus Germany shipped several overland. The Austro-Hungarian U-boats had a number of successes. On 21 December 1914 43: 1228:, felt that such a submarine blockade, based on "shoot without warning", would simply antagonise the United States and other neutrals and have little chance of achieving its objectives. However, he was unable to hold back the pressures for taking such a step. The Chancellor and the Admiralty came to an agreement on 1 February and directives were sent out the next day. 1216:, naval officials proposed extremely optimistic views of how effective even a very a small U-boat (with as few as 4–20 vessels) blockade could be. Such views were readily taken up by the German public, as by early 1915, all the combatants had lost the illusion that the war could be won quickly, and began to consider harsher measures in order to gain an advantage. 2983:, approved four standard designs of merchant ship and placed orders for over 1,000,000 tons of shipping (Britain launched 495,000 tons of shipping in the first half of 1917, but 850,000 tons were sunk in the first quarter alone; by 1918 3,000,000 tons a year were being launched). Additional shipping was built by the US after they joined the Allies in April 1917. 163: 1679:; to lay minefields around U-boat bases, and station submarines on patrol to catch them leaving or entering port. These measures required a huge expenditure of effort and material, but met with little success for the time being. Though eventually mines would be one of the most common causes of U-boat loss, only two U-boats were sunk by these measures in 1915. 1319: 2126:

shipping was sunk at such a rate, Britain would run out of shipping and be forced to sue for peace within six months, well before the Americans could act. Even if the "disorganized and undisciplined" Americans did intervene, Holtzendorff assured the Kaiser, "I give your Majesty my word as an officer, that not one American will land on the Continent."

1564:; a significant proportion of British imports passed through it, it was critical to French and Italian trade, and submarines would be able to operate effectively in it even in autumn and winter when poor weather hampered Atlantic and North Sea operations. Additionally, there were certain choke points through which shipping had to pass, such as the 1270:

168,200 tonnes going down in August. Attacking sometimes without warning, German U-boats sank nearly 100,000 GRT per month, an average of 1.9 ships daily. The economic and military effect was however, virtually nothing. Britain alone had around 20 million GRT in shipping at the start of the war and production managed to keep pace with losses.

2277:. The Type U-151 carried 18 torpedoes (24 torpedoes on the Type U-139) and two 150 mm deck guns, and had a range of around 25,000 nautical miles (46,300 km). Seven Type U-151 and three Type U-139 had been built, the Type U-151 originally as large merchant U-boats for shipping material to and from locations otherwise denied German 1247:(1) The waters around Great Britain and Ireland, including the whole of the English Channel, are hereby declared to be a War Zone. From February 18 onwards every enemy merchant vessel encountered in this zone will be destroyed, nor will it always be possible to avert the danger thereby threatened to the crew and passengers. 2149:

initially a great success, nearly 500,000 tons of shipping being sunk in both February and March, and 860,000 tons in April, when Britain's supplies of wheat shrank to six weeks worth. In May losses exceeded 600,000 tons, and in June 700,000. Germany had lost only nine submarines in the first three months of the campaign.

1827:, in May 1916, saw no U-boat involvement at all; the fleets met and engaged largely by chance, and there were no U-boat patrols anywhere near the battle area. A further series of operations, in August and October 1916, were similarly unfruitful, and the strategy was abandoned in favor of resuming commerce warfare. 1910:, Rose raided Allied shipping off the coast of Canada and the United States. Although this was in international waters, and Rose scrupulously followed international law, the action was seen as an affront to the US, particularly when US warships were forced to stand aside while merchant ships nearby were sunk. 2504:

Beginning in April 1917, Japan, an ally of the United Kingdom, sent a total of 14 destroyers to the Mediterranean with cruiser flagships which were based at Malta and played an important part in escorting convoys to guard them against enemy submarines. The Japanese ships were very effective in patrol

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had developed a tactical response to the problem (which, in the event, was never tested). Faced with a German fleet that turned away, he would assume a submarine trap, and decline to follow, but would move at high speed to the flank, before deploying or opening fire; the aim of this would be to fight

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Offensive measures were less effective. From arming ships for self-defence, the next step was arming ships for the purpose of seeking out and engaging the U-boats in gun battles; two U-boats were sunk in 1915 whilst attacking trawlers so fitted. The following step was to arm and man ships with hidden

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immediately on the outbreak of war in August 1914, and in early November 1914 declared the North Sea to be a "Military Area". Any ships entering were advised to pass through specific lanes (inspected by the British) or risk striking a growing array of minefields. While the word "blockade" was avoided

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The first attacks on merchant ships had started in October 1914. At that time there was no plan for a concerted U-boat offensive against Allied trade. It was recognised that the U-boat had several drawbacks as a commerce raider, and such a campaign risked alienating neutral opinion. In the six months

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Aircraft began to play an increasingly effective role in patrolling large areas quickly. While they had little effect when attacking (only one U-boat was confirmed as sunk by air attack) the presence of aircraft forced the U-boat to dive, becoming blind and immobile, or risk the air patrol summoning

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Germany had 105 submarines ready for action on 1 February: 46 in the High Seas Fleet; 23 in Flanders; 23 in the Mediterranean; 10 in the Baltic; and 3 at Constantinople. Fresh construction ensured that, despite losses, at least 120 submarines would be available for the rest of 1917. The campaign was

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to discuss measures to resolve Germany's increasingly grim war situation; its military campaign in France had bogged down, and with Allied divisions outnumbering German ones by 190 to 150, there was a real possibility of a successful Allied offensive. Meanwhile, the German navy was bottled up in its

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However, when Atlantic submarines were finally out into action under cruiser rules in October, they were an immediate success, sinking an average of 350,000 tons per month, over twice what had been managed during unrestricted submarine warfare in 1915. This was despite a large increase in the number

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while sailing under the Austrian flag, and the loss of nine American citizens caused the "sinking without warning" policy to be suspended in April 1916 until the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917. A similar incident in March 1916 became a contributing factor in Italy's decision to

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submarine would be ideal for Mediterranean service. Since these were too large to be shipped in sections by rail to Pola like the Type UB I, the materials for their construction and German workers to assemble them were sent instead. This meant a shortage of workers to complete U-boats for service in

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At first, the British Admiralty failed to respond effectively to the German offensive. Despite the proven success of troop convoys earlier in the war, the Channel convoys between England and France, and the Dutch, French, and Scandinavian convoys in the North Sea, they initially refused to consider

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The third note, of 21 July, issued an ultimatum, to the effect that the US would regard any subsequent sinkings that harm American citizens as "deliberately unfriendly", but signaling an acceptance of submarine warfare under cruiser rules. While the American public and leadership were not ready for

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The first note affirmed the right of Americans to travel as passengers on merchant ships of any nationality. As the Germans claimed it was impossible to use submarines "without an inevitable violation of many sacred principles of justice and humanity", it called for the Germans to abandon submarine

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in the area but was later salvaged. Only 13 people died in the seven sinkings, their deaths caused by a capsized lifeboat. She returned to Kiel on 20 July 1918 after a 94-day cruise in which she had covered a distance of 10,915 mi (17,566 km), sunk 23 ships totalling 61,000 tons, and had

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In May and June a regular system of transatlantic convoys were established, and after July the monthly losses never exceeded 500,000 tons, although they remained above 300,000 tons for the remainder of 1917. Convoying was an immediate success; on whichever routes it was introduced it resulted in a

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At the end of 1917 Allied shipping losses stood at over 6 million GRT for the year overall. However monthly shipping losses had dropped to around 300,000 GRT, and never rose to the levels suffered in spring 1917. With the establishment of a comprehensive convoy system, Allied shipping losses

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composed a memorandum which became the pivotal document for Germany's resumption of unrestricted U-boat warfare in 1917. Holtzendorff proposed breaking Britain's back by sinking 600,000 tons of shipping per month, based on a February 1916 study by Richard Fuss, who had postulated that if merchant

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Von Pohl breached protocol by acting without proper consultation with the Kaiser and the other naval offices, but the Germans were now bound to the strategy to avoid political embarrassment. The measure was subject to fierce internal debate amongst the German government as neutral nations and the

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the U-boat had a weapon that could sink an armored warship with one shot. Its disadvantages were less obvious but became apparent during the campaign. While submerged, the U-boat was virtually blind and immobile; boats of this era had limited underwater speed and endurance, and so needed to be in

3884:"The events of the past two months have clearly indicated that it is possible and practicable to conduct such submarine operations as have characterized the activity of the Imperial German Navy within the so-called war zone in substantial accord with the accepted practices of regulated warfare." 3405:

However, different sources give different numbers, as the nature of submarine warfare creates uncertainty. U-boats on patrol frequently just disappear and the cause must then be inferred from the location they sank, reported engagements by Allies, or wreck data if the wreck is found. Uboat.net's

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The logical response to the convoy system, which concentrated forces for the defence, was to similarly concentrate the attacking force. The U-boat arm did not succeed in World War I in developing such a response. Just one attempt was made to operate a group, to mount a pack attack on any convoy

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The Allies insisted that an essential precondition of any armistice was that Germany surrender all her submarines, and on 24 October 1918 all German U-boats were ordered to cease offensive operations and return to their home ports. The Allies stipulated that all seaworthy submarines were to be

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in Belgium, giving the submarines better access to the sea lanes around England. In January, before the declaration of "unrestricted submarine warfare" as the submarine blockade was called, 43,550 tonnes of shipping had been sunk by U-boats. The number of sinkings then steadily increased, with

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In 1916 the German Navy again tried to use the U-boats to erode the Grand Fleet's numerical superiority; they staged operations to lure the Grand Fleet into a U-boat trap. Because the U-boats were much slower than the battle fleet, these operations required U-boat patrol lines to be set up in

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home waters, but it seemed justified by the successes in the Mediterranean in November, when 44 ships were sunk, for a total of 155,882 tons. The total in December fell to 17 ships (73,741 tons) which was still over half the total tonnage sunk in all theaters of operation at the time.

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against Austro-Hungarian forces during the war. Though their participation in the conflict was intended as a counter-submarine effort, they were engaged by enemy shore batteries, charted a path through a minefield and helped sink two Austro-Hungarian destroyers at the naval base of

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in May 1917. Despite their long journey, when asked when they would be ready to go on patrol, the squadron commander replied "We are ready now". Essentially all available American destroyers and much of the submarine force were deployed in 1917–18, with bases including Queenstown,

1250:(2) Neutral vessels also will run a risk in the War Zone, because in view of the hazards of sea warfare and the British authorization of January 31 of the misuse of neutral flags, it may not always be possible to prevent attacks on enemy ships from harming neutral ships. 2189:

The new policy of unrestricted submarine warfare was initially a success. In January 1917, prior to the campaign, Britain lost 49 ships; in February, after it opened, 105; and in March, 147. In March a full 25% of all Britain-bound shipping was sunk.

3869:"Only her actual resistance to capture or refusal to stop when ordered to do so for the purpose of visit could have afforded the commander of the submarine any justification for so much as putting the lives of those on board the ship in jeopardy." 966:

in the first submarine war patrol in history. Their aim was to sink capital ships of the British Grand Fleet, and so to reduce the Grand Fleet's numerical superiority over the German High Seas Fleet. The first sortie was not a success. One of

1847:. Allied countermeasures were largely ineffective; the complex arrangements for co-operation between the various navies meant a fragmented and unco-ordinated response, while the main remedy favored by the Allies for the U-boat menace, the 1658:

The navy advised merchant vessels on evading U-boats: to zig-zig, to keep away from the shore, to turn away and run from spotted submarines if possible, or to turn towards submarines in front of them to force them to submerge. A system of

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sailed for Cattaro. Since Germany was not yet at war with Italy, even though Austria was, German U-boats were ordered to refrain from attacking Italian shipping in the eastern Mediterranean. When operating in the west, up to the line of

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near the North Hinder lightship, just outside the strip of sea declared safe by von Pohl. The ship had been en route for America to collect food for starving Belgians, and its sinking outraged US citizens already unhappy at the death of

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Just two U-boats were caught in the barrage in all the time it was in operation; meanwhile merchant shipping suffered huge losses. In 1916 the Allies lost 415 ships, of 1,045,058 GRT, half of all Allied ships sunk in all theatres.

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Kaiser reacted strongly negatively, and a compromise was put in place whereby neutral shipping (which the admiralty wished to attack as well) would be spared. In a February 12 directive, von Pohl's replacement as Admiralty Chief

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The biggest obstacle to early German efforts was simply the small size of the submarine fleet relative to their task. At the beginning of this period the British Merchant Marine had a shipping fleet totaling of 21 million

2483:, and other locations. Many contacts and attacks were made in the Atlantic and Mediterranean, though only two U-boats were sunk or disabled by American action. An American auxiliary cruiser heavily damaged a U-boat during the 1195:

Because Germany could not possibly deal with British naval strength on an even basis, the German navy was relatively inactive at the start of the war, yet eager to demonstrate a role for itself. Throughout 1914, figures like

1878:. The aim was to use them to carry high value goods to neutral nations such as the US, which still maintained a strict neutrality, and was prepared to trade with Germany as with any other nation. The first of these vessels, 1361:

When Germany began its U-boat campaign against Britain, Wilson had warned that the US would hold the German government strictly accountable for any violations of American rights. Backed by State Department second-in-command

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from its base in search of a safe anchorage, but the German Navy was unable to erode the Grand Fleet's advantage as hoped. Also, in the two main surface actions of this period, the U-boat was unable to have any effect; the

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The appearance of new minefields off the east coast of Britain in June 1915 puzzled the Royal Navy due to the waters being very busy, and was blamed initially on neutral fishing boats. However, on 2 July the small coaster

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by the town of Orleans. The U-boat fired on the town ineffectually for about an hour before it was fought off by two Navy planes. It was the first attack involving a foreign power's artillery against US soil since the

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warships were deployed to both the Atlantic and Mediterranean with the primary objective of fighting German submarines and escorting convoys. American participation commenced with an event known as the "Return of the

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on 25 and 27 May, respectively, on her way to Constantinople, but ran into severe limitations in the Dardanelles, where swarms of small craft and extensive anti-submarine netting and booms restricted their movements.

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arrived in London as US Naval Liaison. He was dismayed to be informed by the Admiralty that Germany would win the war if its submarines went unchecked, and cabled Washington to have USN destroyers despatched to

7400: 2650:, commanding officer of the Harwich fleet, the German crews were loaded on to transport ships to be sent home without being allowed to set foot on British soil. Some of the U-boats were sent to places such as 7405: 2103:

of defensively armed British merchantmen, aimed at reducing the effectiveness of surface attacks. Yet, the political tides had begun to shift strongly towards the supporters of an unlimited submarine war.

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on 11 November. Before sinking the ship, the captain of the U-boat allowed the ship's crew to take refuge in his submarine, then later he handed over the crew to a Russian sailing ship which took them to

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The official figures give 1195 lost out of 1959, excluding three stowaways who also were lost. The figures here eliminate some repetitions from the list and people subsequently known not to be on board.

7390: 6748: 2618:-Gibraltar triangle, which was suspected to be used by U-boats waiting on convoys, until 3 November 1918 when it sailed for Gibraltar to begin operations in the Mediterranean, with the exception of the 2972:

shipping were lost. In that month a total of 881,027 tons were sunk by the U-boats. After convoying began, losses diminished. In October 270,000 tons were lost, and in December 170,000 tons were lost.

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shipping were lost in January 1917, and 300,000 tons in February; Allied and neutral losses increased in a similar proportion. The worst month for shipping losses was April 1917 when 525,000 tons of

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By mid-1918, U-boat losses had reached unacceptable levels, and the morale of their crews had drastically deteriorated; by the autumn it became clear that the Central Powers could not win the war.

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position before an attack took place, while even on the surface their speed (around 15 knots) was less than the cruising speed of most warships and two-thirds that of the most modern dreadnoughts.

1614:, German U-boats flew the Austrian flag, and a sinking without warning policy was adopted, since large merchant ships could be attacked on the suspicion of being transports or auxiliary cruisers. 2213:. When coupled with Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare, the result was that Brazilian ships were soon lost, which drove the country closer to declaring war on the Central Powers. 808: 2087:, a key early supporter of submarine warfare, was removed from his post, but the disagreement continued unabated. The Admiralty pushed for no restrictions whatsoever. In particular, after the 6830: 2436:, designed as a hunter-killer vessel, with a high underwater speed and sophisticated hydrophone system. These came too late to see action, however, and no successes were recorded by them. 6467: 818: 5638: 920:. However, the Allies were able to keep a fairly constant tonnage of shipping available, due to a combination of ship construction and countermeasures, particularly the introduction of 7385: 7370: 6909: 2378:

A few of the U-cruisers also made long voyages south to the Azores and the African coast, where they operated generally unmolested against shipping operating in the area, though one,

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The heaviest losses were suffered after unrestricted submarine warfare was resumed in February 1917, before the British began full-scale convoying in September 1917. 150,000 tons of

7485: 7415: 7410: 7395: 6937: 5451: 2313:. On 25 May she stopped three US schooners off Virginia, took their crews prisoner, and sank the three ships by gunfire. On 2 June 1918, known to some historians as "Black Sunday", 1253:(3) Navigation to the north of Shetland, in the eastern parts of the North Sea and through a zone at least thirty nautical miles wide along the Dutch coast is not exposed to danger. 721: 6852: 7425: 7420: 7125: 6544: 5509: 803: 7232: 2061:

During 1916, continual and fierce debate took place within the German government between advocates and opponents of unrestricted submarine warfare, the latter led by Chancellor

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Following the incident, the German government attempted to justify it with a range of arguments. This only exacerbated the massive outrage in Britain and America. US President

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On 21 December 1917 the British government requested that a Brazilian naval force of light cruisers be placed under Royal Navy control and a squadron comprising the cruisers

1502:, after it became obvious that their Austro-Hungarian allies could do little against it with their small submarine force, which nevertheless was successful in defending the 2630:. The Division arrived at Gibraltar on 10 November; while passing through the Straits of Gibraltar, they mistook three USN subchasers for U-boats but no damage was caused. 2422:

hunting warships to the scene. During 1918 no convoy escorted by air patrol lost a ship, and U-boats were forced increasingly to operate at night or beyond aircraft range.

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The depth charge, or "dropping mine" as it was initially named, was first mooted in 1910, and developed into practicality when the British Royal Navy's Commander in Chief,

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Until 1917, U-boat captains preferred to abide by cruiser rules anyway, due to a shortage of torpedoes and a periscope launched torpedo accuracy of only 42%. Ritter, p 123

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fell to non-critical levels, while U-boat losses increased alarmingly. From 48 boats lost in the years up to February 1917, a further 61 were lost by the end of the year.

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In 1914 the U-boat's chief advantage was to submerge; surface ships had no means to detect a submarine underwater, and no means to attack even if they could, while in the

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As merchantmen from Allied countries were sunk, Brazilian ships took over routes that had been vacated. However, this led the Brazilian vessels into waters patrolled by

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Lost in battle: 72 (34 by surface warships, 17 by allied submarines. The remainder mostly by Q-ships or civilian vessels, with the latter typically employing ramming.)

2035:, but missed. The Romanian warship counterattacked, damaging the submarine's periscope and conning tower and forcing her to retreat. In November, the German submarine 4041: 7365: 6820: 6185: 7375: 813: 6449: 5678: 1145:

course they were relatively safe, and for the remainder of the war, the U-boats were unable to mount a successful attack on a warship traveling in this manner.

1603:. That month, 18 ships were sunk, for a total of 63,848 tons. It was decided the same month that further reinforcements were called for, and the large U-boat, 793: 6880: 6810: 5668: 5579: 2305:

departed Kiel on 14 April 1918 commanded by Korvettenkapitän Heinrich von Nostitz und Jänckendorff, her mission to attack American shipping. She arrived in

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Anti-submarine vessels initially carried only two depth charges, to be released from a chute at the stern of the ship. The first success was the sinking of

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million GRT for the year overall (averaging 323,000 tons through March and declining thereafter) at a cost of 69 submarines, the U-boat Arm's worst year.

1884:, sailed in summer 1916 and made a favorable impact on US public opinion. She made a second equally successful voyage in autumn of that year. Her sister, 5479: 3217: 764: 5168: 1663:

were also employed with stern mounted guns to discourage pursuit by U-boats operating on the surface. Such defensive measures were the most effective.

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was lost with all hands on the return voyage when she struck a mine off Bergen, Norway, on 25 September 1918. Another trio of long-range submarines,

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Several of these operations were staged, in March and April 1916, but with no success. Ironically, the major fleet action which did take place, the

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to be put on display whilst others were left on the beach. The last significant role played by U-boats in World War I was the suppression of the

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The British were well aware of the risk of U-boat traps to the Grand Fleet, although they had no means of knowing where these might lie. However

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relied heavily on imports to feed its population, and both required raw materials to supply their war industry; the powers aimed, therefore, to

7355: 7254: 7112: 2261:. Rucker had found it next to impossible to exercise control from his position at sea, and the loss ratio discouraged any further experiments. 938: 901: 7465: 7026: 6960: 6797: 6676: 6349: 5375: 5231: 5114: 5095: 5056: 5023: 4834: 2976: 2098:

Graph showing the increasing numbers of British defensively armed merchant ships. Shaded areas are periods of unrestricted submarine warfare.

2053:, whose systems most likely malfunctioned after being forced to submerge in the shallow waters, upon encountering the Romanian torpedo boat. 638: 550: 7201: 6621: 5413: 2091:, High Seas fleet commander Scheer adopted an all or nothing approach, refusing to contemplate using his submarines in a limited campaign. 2041:

was sent on a minelaying mission off Sulina and never returned, being sunk by her own mines. This was probably caused by an encounter with

680: 6972: 4778: 2281:, such as the United States, and 6 Type U-151 were refitted for war duty in 1917. The Type U-139 were the largest U-boats of World War I. 1417:

became the first submarine minelayer to penetrate into the English Channel, laying 12 mines off Boulogne, one of which sank the steamship

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Klovland, Jan T. (2017). "Navigating through torpedo attacks and enemy raiders: Merchant shipping and freight rates during World War 1".

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and anti-submarine activity. However, of the 9 Austro-Hungarian navy submarines lost to enemy action, 5 were sunk by Italian navy units (

5931: 5436: 3234: 1859: 716: 7171: 6461: 1576:. Finally, the Mediterranean offered the advantage that fewer ships of neutral powers (such as the US or Brazil) would be encountered. 5870: 3233:, the highest bravery award for non-commissioned officers and enlisted men. The most successful U-boat commanders of World War I were 1660: 1097: 769: 497: 412: 6556: 5616: 4853: 3566: 7455: 7046: 6740: 5835: 5306: 5041: 5004: 4987: 4973: 4938: 4921: 4907: 4889: 4870: 4654: 4596: 4408: 4374: 4162: 4075: 3729: 3683: 2487:. As a result, the Germans sailed directly for Spain where they scuttled their boat. American submarine chasers also engaged in one 2429:

saw the laying of over 70,000 mines during the summer of 1918. From September to November 1918 6 U-boats were sunk by this measure.

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did not defend herself, but was attacked without warning in such a way that endangered innocent civilian lives. Secretary of State

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In the second note Wilson rejected German defenses, rebutting some false claims and asserting that all that mattered was that the

6298: 6233: 5271: 5200: 2534: 1831: 1749: 543: 423: 60: 5969: 2251:. They encountered several home-bound convoys and succeeded in sinking 3 ships, but at the loss of 2 of their number, including 2045:, whose captain surprised a German submarine near Sulina in November 1916, the latter reportedly never returning to her base at 7297: 7102: 7082: 6869: 6805: 6628: 6497: 5408: 5328: 5266: 2111: 1236: 1110: 675: 580: 6771: 6145: 4543: 2152:

On 3 February, in response to the new submarine campaign, President Wilson severed all diplomatic relations with Germany, and

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minelaying submarines, which were ordered converted into transports to carry small quantities of critical supplies to Turkey.

107: 7480: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7077: 5423: 5398: 5296: 4488: 4343: 3228: 1172: 687: 665: 64: 4238: 2603:, on 23 August. On the night of 25 August the division believed it had been attacked by a U-boat when the auxiliary cruiser 2309:

on 21 May where she laid mines off the Delaware capes, and cut the submerged telegraph cables which connected New York with

1835:

the battle away from the ground chosen by his enemy, and forcing any U-boats present to surface if they intended to follow.

79: 2961:

12,850,815 gross tons. More than 3000 British civilian ships were sunk with almost 15,000 British merchant sailors killed.

7475: 7470: 7130: 7072: 7067: 7031: 6965: 6857: 6703: 6293: 5683: 5611: 5542: 5311: 5281: 5276: 4053: 2317:

sank six US ships and damaged two others off the coast of New Jersey in the space of a few hours. The next day the tanker

2142: 1225: 401: 4739: 1408:, and when she was salvaged she was found to be a submarine minelayer, fitted with twelve mines in six launching chutes. 1265:

Though the Germans had only 21 submarines available, not all of which were operational, they were now primarily based at

7021: 6648: 6588: 6485: 6390: 6160: 5946: 5650: 5489: 5388: 5182: 2358: 1879: 1313: 781: 774: 655: 150: 6263: 86: 7259: 6696: 6681: 6539: 6491: 5814: 5688: 5601: 5365: 5353: 5348: 4928: 2274: 2270: 1618: 1548:

submarines at Pola, two of which were to be transferred to the Austro-Hungarian Navy. They were also assembling three

1177: 1010: 609: 592: 587: 6473: 5875: 5142: 3535: 2145:

observed that "The real crux lies in whether we blockade the enemy to his knees, or whether he does the same to us."

4949: 4762:

Ehrenbuch des Orden vom Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz e.V. und die Geschichte der Ordens-Gemeinschaft, Die Ordens-Sammlung

7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7360: 7239: 7196: 6238: 6223: 6125: 5994: 5562: 5474: 5431: 4642: 3460: 2269:

Late in the war, the German high command decided to take the submarine war to the coast of the US, using the large

1700: 1549: 1545: 759: 694: 7181: 6521: 6135: 5989: 1843:

During 1916 the commerce war continued in the Mediterranean, albeit under cruiser rules after April 24 due to the

6949: 6533: 6283: 6268: 5880: 5574: 5552: 5301: 5291: 5224: 2433: 1220: 1141:

was unable to draw the Grand Fleet into a U-boat trap. Whilst warships were traveling at speed and on an erratic

1091: 93: 6562: 6503: 6443: 3478: 3245:(144 ships with 299,482 tons). So far, their records have never been surpassed by anyone in any later conflict. 2407: 1858:

Eight of the top dozen U-boat aces served in the Pola flotilla, including the highest scoring commander of all,

1366:, Wilson made his position clear in three notes to the German government issued on 13 May, 9 June, and 21 July. 1347:, Ireland, and sank in just 18 minutes. Of the 1,960 people aboard, 1,197 were killed, 124 of them US citizens. 1068:. By the end of the initial campaign, the U-boats had sunk nine warships while losing five of their own number. 7156: 6643: 6633: 6515: 6258: 6253: 6175: 5584: 5557: 5261: 2488: 2122: 1262:

however noted that enemy passenger vessels should be deliberately targetted, so as to create a "shock effect".

1104: 468: 5979: 4736:"Military decorations – U-boat Commanders – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine" 3216:

Allied military losses included 10 battleships, 18 cruisers and several smaller naval vessels. Also sunk were

2425:

In 1918 the USN embarked on a mammoth scheme to create a barrage across the routes exiting the North Sea. The

2351:

were despatched on similar missions, but the US Navy was now ready for them, and the hunting was not as good.

17: 5131: 7227: 7219: 7161: 6921: 6616: 6379: 6213: 6208: 6180: 6140: 5999: 5984: 5959: 5840: 5717: 2484: 1965: 1885: 1381:

considered Wilson's second note too provocative and resigned in protest after failing to have it moderated.

75: 53: 4307: 6994: 6718: 6653: 6509: 6243: 6170: 6120: 6105: 6087: 6060: 5974: 5941: 5606: 5567: 5547: 5358: 5251: 2426: 2165: 1650: 1378: 1155: 897: 597: 309: 31: 6527: 2607:

sighted a torpedo track. The purported submarine was depth-charged, fired on, and reportedly sunk by the

6984: 6638: 6303: 6273: 6203: 6150: 6072: 6040: 6014: 5964: 5895: 5797: 5750: 5596: 5534: 5403: 5286: 5204: 5194: 3886: 3871: 3856: 1907: 1322:

General warning issued by Imperial German Embassy, appearing coincidentally alongside an advert for the

1213: 1083: 1063: 997: 846: 660: 370: 333: 5936: 4775:"Most Successful U-boat commanders – German and Austrian U-boats of World War One – Kaiserliche Marine" 2069:, a number of options for an intensified campaign was suggested and in some cases briefly implemented: 4670: 1583:

for operations against commerce in the Mediterranean. The campaign got underway in October 1915, when

1154:

to the opening of the commerce war in February 1915, U-boats had sunk 19 ships, totalling 43,000

7334: 7249: 5910: 5885: 5860: 5217: 3990: 3982: 2980: 2659: 2116:

The shaded areas show the unrestricted submarine warfare zone announced by Germany on 1 February 1917

1938:. These boats sank 34 ships (19 of them Norwegian) before winter ice closed the area for operations. 878: 358: 5074:, London, has them all, also Vol. 1–3 in an English translation: The submarine war against commerce. 3813: 2588: 1682: 7316: 7269: 6455: 6319: 6278: 6155: 6115: 6110: 6055: 5738: 5732: 5633: 2988: 2663: 2592: 2471: 2094: 1534: 1344: 733: 345: 259: 2242: 2174: 7276: 7191: 6550: 6414: 6396: 6361: 6325: 6165: 6130: 6082: 6067: 5954: 5905: 5744: 5703: 5383: 4007: 3797: 2462: 2293: 2134: 1927: 1871: 1760:, England, and the first effective depth charge, the "Type D", became available in January 1916. 1527: 1499: 1498:

The German Navy sent their first submarines to the Mediterranean in response to the Anglo-French

1201: 1087: 1014: 981: 974:'s engines broke down and she had to return to Heligoland. Only one attack was carried out, when 650: 297: 4723:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

1712:

to attempt to reduce shipping losses to torpedoes. The results in both cases were inconclusive.

1187: 943: 5163: 3442: 7309: 7303: 7264: 7166: 6999: 6582: 6437: 6420: 6228: 6050: 6030: 5865: 5850: 5780: 5768: 5628: 5469: 5446: 5393: 5110: 5091: 5071: 5052: 5037: 5019: 5000: 4983: 4969: 4934: 4917: 4903: 4885: 4866: 4830: 4650: 4592: 4404: 4370: 4158: 4071: 3725: 3679: 3224: 2647: 2642:

surrendered to them and those in shipyards be broken up. More than 160 U-boats surrendered at

2395: 1946: 1824: 1709: 1695: 1338: 1290: 1286: 1026: 991: 975: 890: 754: 706: 645: 602: 211: 168: 3814:"The Counselor for the Department of State ( Lansing ) to the Secretary of State, May 1 1915" 1354:

refused to overreact, though some believed the massive loss of life caused by the sinking of

873:

which was superior in numbers and could operate on most of the world's oceans because of the

100: 7380: 6367: 6337: 6331: 6248: 6077: 6045: 6035: 5774: 5698: 5693: 5621: 5441: 5341: 4774: 3999: 3238: 2062: 2031: 1745: 1672: 1561: 1480: 1209: 1036: 1020: 886: 738: 726: 711: 699: 624: 619: 5189:

original documents, photos and maps about World War I German submarine warfare and British

3227:, the highest German decoration for gallantry for officers. 12 U-boat crewmen received the 2076:

Allowing attacks without warning only on British merchant ships (but not passenger vessels)

1890:, was less fortunate; she disappeared on her maiden voyage, the cause of her loss unknown. 1385:

war, a rule on what is acceptable and what is not had been set as a result of the sinking.

1103:(beyond Otranto), causing her to retire to Malta for serious repairs, and on 27 April 1915 1082:

The initial phase of the U-boat campaign in the Mediterranean comprised the actions by the

7176: 7016: 6355: 5915: 5890: 5589: 5336: 5186: 2084: 2046: 1900: 1875: 1848: 1777: 1476: 1259: 1138: 1059: 913: 629: 614: 479: 457: 4434: 2662:

that same month, when they stood ready to "fire without warning on any vessel flying the

1953: 861:

relied on imports for food and domestic food production (especially fertilizer) and the

7009: 6989: 6660: 6373: 6218: 6009: 5900: 5756: 5660: 5643: 4612: 3983:"The Dazzling Zoologist: John Graham Kerr and the Early Development of Ship Camouflage" 3242: 2599:, arriving at Freetown on 9 August, and sailing onwards to its new base of operations, 2306: 2225: 1405: 1363: 1351: 1212:

provided a means of quickly defeating Britain. Perhaps influenced by the appearance of

874: 429: 418: 407: 396: 382: 321: 203: 5146: 5135: 5070:. Berlin: Mittler & Sohn. Vols. 4+5, dealing with 1917+18, are very hard to find: 7349: 7120: 6408: 6402: 5845: 5762: 5673: 4011: 2402: 2088: 2066: 1844: 1748:, requested its production in 1914. Design work was carried out by Herbert Taylor at 1676: 1331: 1277:, a Belgian relief ship and clearly marked as such, was torpedoed without warning by 1232: 1205: 1197: 858: 854: 850: 838: 474: 463: 452: 446: 441: 175: 6570: 6004: 3829: 2596: 2418:

By 1918 the Allied anti-submarine measures had continued to become more effective.

2278: 2198: 1770: 1739: 1611: 917: 882: 284: 4492: 4339: 2014: 4994: 1544:

By the end of June 1915, the Germans had assembled a further three prefabricated

6781: 6686: 6384: 5819: 5240: 4569: 2310: 2256: 1923: 1318: 1133: 835: 670: 568: 271: 154: 42: 4735: 3509: 2375:

were making their way across the Atlantic in November 1918 when the war ended.

2224:

was established on 3 November 1917, bringing together representatives from the

1810:

1916: The High Seas Fleet; Mediterranean, American, Arctic and Black Sea waters

1132:

The U-boats scored a number of impressive successes and were able to drive the

2615: 2476: 2182: 2018: 1980:. In three years of operation, the Flotilla sank ships totalling 117,093 GRT. 1918:

In autumn 1916, U-boats of the High Seas flotilla attacked shipping bound for

1757: 1565: 1426: 959: 955: 870: 248: 5179: 5157: 4544:"Hampton Roads Naval Museum: The Return of the Mayflower, by Bernard Gribble" 1820:

advance; then the battle fleet manoeuvred to draw the Grand Fleet onto them.

1782:. Germany became aware of the depth charge following unsuccessful attacks on 1051:, the first time one submarine sank another, and on the last day of the year 6576: 6343: 5169:

A 44 min. German film from 1917 about a cruise of the German submarine U-35.

4436:

Allied shipping control : an experiment in international administration

2651: 1969: 1935: 1903: 1691: 1634: 1630: 1573: 1296: 963: 215: 207: 4003: 3514:

German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net

2493: 2079:

Allowing attacks without warning in a close proximity to the British isles.

3527: 900:, losing 178 boats and about 5,000 men in combat. U-boats operated in the 535: 162: 6836: 4957: 2655: 2399: 2379: 2370: 2364: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2300: 2246: 2037: 2009: 2003: 1990: 1984: 1941:

One of the ships sunk near the Norwegian coast was the Romanian merchant

1931: 1801: 1795: 1596: 1579:

Throughout the summer, the German navy assembled a force of 4 U-boats at

1503: 909: 866: 5173: 2533:), while none were sunk by the Japanese navy, which lost one destroyer ( 5190: 3386: 3237:(189 merchant vessels and two gunboats with 446,708 tons), followed by 2643: 2385: 2241:

encountered; 6 U-boats sailed in May 1918 as a group, commanded by K/L

2210: 2001:

Throughout September and October 1916, the main task of the submarines

1894: 1789: 1783: 1764: 1717: 1604: 1600: 1580: 1517: 1511: 1487: 1470: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1412: 1399: 1278: 1125: 1052: 4491:. Scuba Diving – New Jersey & Long Island New York. Archived from 3385:

Total sunk in combat: 178 (41 by mines, 30 by depth charges and 13 by

2185:

ripping apart Germany's promise to "abandon ruthless submarine policy"

1972:. Bulgaria joined the campaign in May 1916, when the German submarine 2480: 2022: 1919: 1774: 1687: 1668: 1370:

warfare against commercial vessels, whatever flag they sailed under.

1266: 1142: 1046: 1004: 968: 921: 842: 502: 254: 4589:

Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001

4228:, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1987, pp. 681–682 2131:

the Kaiser met with Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg and military leaders

1182:

Shaded area shows "War Zone" announced by Germany on 4 February 1915

954:

In August 1914, a flotilla of ten U-boats sailed from their base in

5147:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

5136:

1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

7004: 4950:"Total Rhetoric, Limited War: Germany's U-Boat Campaign 1917–1918" 4717: 4715: 2600: 2288: 2173: 2110: 2093: 1934:. Also, the two UE1-class minelaying boats laid minefields in the 1806:

were the only other submarines sunk by depth charges during 1916.

1681: 1569: 1317: 1219:

The British, with their overwhelming sea power, had established a

1186: 1176: 942: 5153:

World's Navies in World War 1, Campaigns, Battles, Warship losses

4175:

U-Boats Destroyed: The Effect of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914–1918

3720:

Potter, Elmer Belmont; Roger Fredland; Henry Hitch Adams (1981).

1560:

The Mediterranean was an attractive theater of operations to the

896:

German U-boats sank almost 5,000 ships with over 12 million

27:

WWI German naval campaign to attack Allied trade routes (1914–18)

5152: 2203: 5213: 4956:. The Centre for Military and Strategic Studies. Archived from 4800: 4214:

Amintiri despre o flota pierduta – vol. II – Voiaje neterminate

3661:

The Sword and the Scepter vol III: The tragedy of statesmanship

3253:

According to Clodfelter's encyclopedia of military casualties:

1720:. In six months of unrestricted submarine warfare U-boats sank 539: 5209: 2987:

Available allied and neutral steamship tonnage (in thousands,

2398:

when a U-boat sunk four barges and a tugboat off the coast of

1486:, outward bound for America, 50 mi (80 km) south of 36: 2326:

laid mines responsible for the sinking of another 4 vessels.

1655:

Allied countermeasures during this period had mixed success.

5088:

Room 40: German Naval Warfare 1914–1918: The Fleet in Action

1704:, 1922. The conspicuous markings obscure the ship's heading. 1086:'s U-boat force against the French, who were blockading the 5107:

Room 40: German Naval Warfare 1914–1918: The Fleet in Being

1031:) in a single action. Other successes followed. In October 2680:

Allied and neutral tonnage sunk by U-boats in World War I

7401:

Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

3479:"How the uboats launched the age of unrestricted warfare" 7406:

Naval battles of World War I involving the United States

5164:

Photos of cruises of German submarine U-54 in 1916–1918.

4325:

International law, German Submarines and American Policy

3646:

International law, German Submarines and American Policy

2073:

Allowing attacks without warning on armed merchant ships

1968:

was established in May 1915 and operated U-boats in the

3872:"Second U.S. Protest over the Sinking of the Lusitania" 3401:

Men lost in U-boats: 515 officers and 4894 enlisted men

2206:, Ireland, from where they were to patrol to the west. 990:

Later in the month, the U-boats achieved success, when

7391:

Naval battles of World War I involving Austria-Hungary

4309:

The Merchant Navy, Volume 2, Summer 1915 to early 1917

4239:"Torpilorul SMEUL – un simbol al eroismului românilor" 3970:. Thames and Hudson / Imperial War Museum. p. 74. 3887:"Third U.S. Protest over the Sinking of the Lusitania" 3510:"Ships hit during WWI: Allied Warships hit during WWI" 1994:

in December, both sunk by Russian mines. In addition,

1893:

A less favorable impression was made by the cruise of

4691:, Vol. 3, p. 465, Table I; London: John Murray, 1924. 2013:

was patrolling the Russian and Romanian coasts, from

1433:. Further mines were laid off the southeast coast by 4367:

The Folly of War: American foreign policy, 1898–2005

4281:

United States Naval Institute Proceedings, Volume 64

4046:

Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society

2457:

United States Navy in the Atlantic and Mediterranean

1998:

was reportedly sunk by Russian aircraft in October.

7289: 7210: 7149: 7111: 7055: 7044: 6948: 6920: 6868: 6790: 6764: 6716: 6669: 6609: 6602: 6430: 6312: 6194: 6096: 6023: 5924: 5828: 5790: 5725: 5716: 5659: 5533: 5522: 5488: 5460: 5422: 5374: 5327: 5320: 1526:sinking the Royal Navy pre-dreadnought battleships 67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2107:1917: Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare 1429:on 7 September, one of which sank the cable layer 4142:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 3674:Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). 3461:"World War 1 Battleships: The American Destroyer" 2065:. As the military opposed commerce warfare under 1708:In 1917 Britain and in 1918 America also adopted 30:For the campaign fought during World War II, see 4201:Marina românâ în primul război mondial 1914–1918 3857:"U.S. Protest over the Sinking of the Lusitania" 2439:By the end of 1918, Allied shipping losses were 2029:launched a torpedo at the Romanian torpedo boat 1956:. From there, they were eventually repatriated. 1698:(left) and the same ship uncamouflaged (right), 1686:Claimed effectiveness: Artist's conception of a 6186:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 4456: 4454: 1398:accidentally ran down the small coastal U-boat 1245: 849:. It took place largely in the seas around the 143: 7386:Naval battles of World War I involving Germany 7371:Ships sunk by German submarines in World War I 3943: 3941: 1235:, commander of the German High Seas Fleet and 194:(4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) 18:Unrestricted submarine warfare (February 1915) 7486:Naval battles of World War I involving Russia 7416:Naval battles of World War I involving Canada 7411:Naval battles of World War I involving Brazil 7396:Naval battles of World War I involving France 5225: 5176:Detailed information about German submarines. 4827:Room 40: British Naval Intelligence 1914–1918 3223:29 U-boat commanders were decorated with the 1675:with boom nets and minefields, the so-called 551: 8: 7426:Naval battles of World War I involving Japan 7421:Naval battles of World War I involving Italy 5201:Historical footage of U-boats in World War I 4283:, United States Naval Institute, 1938, p. 73 3981:Murphy, Hugh; Bellamy, Martin (April 2009). 3663:. University of Miami Press. pp. 18–19. 2470:", when the first six destroyers arrived at 4340:"von Holtzendorff's Memo, 22 December 1916" 4070:, New York: Sterling Publishing Co., 1989, 1617:The German Admiralty also decided that the 1595:, were ordered to attack the approaches to 1078:Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War I) 881:surface fleet was mainly restricted to the 7052: 6761: 6666: 6606: 5722: 5530: 5324: 5232: 5218: 5210: 4861:Gibson, R.H.; Maurice Prendergast (2002). 1976:was commissioned by the Bulgarian Navy as 1667:guns to bait in submarines, the so-called 558: 544: 536: 495:Various armed trawlers and smaller vessels 140: 5109:. Vol. II. Steinbach: LIS Reinisch. 5016:Die Unterseeboote der Kaiserlichen Marine 4954:Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 4576:. New York: Capricorn Books. p. 295. 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 3715: 3713: 3416:Lost on patrol for non-combat reasons: 29 2591:"). The DNOG sailed on 31 July 1918 from 2384:, was torpedoed by the British submarine 2021:. On 30 September 1916, near the port of 1746:Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Callaghan 1326:, published a day before the ship sailed. 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 6468:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 5090:. Vol. I. Steinbach: LIS Reinisch. 4212:Constantin Cumpănă, Corina Apostoleanu, 3255: 2985: 2678: 1239:until 1 Feb, published a warning in the 6845:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 4968:(1919, reprinted 1990) Studio Editions 4613:"Willow sub marks WW1 U-boat surrender" 4114:Raymond Stănescu, Cristian Crăciunoiu, 3796:Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff (1920). 3434: 2611:, but the sinking was never confirmed. 2391:off the coast of Portugal in May 1918. 2154:the US Congress declared war on 6 April 1641:declare war on Germany in August 1916. 167:A German postcard depicting the U-boat 7366:Submarines of the Imperial German Navy 5158:"First Battle of the Atlantic" article 4671:"A short history of the merchant navy" 4188:Verschollen: World War I U-boat losses 4116:Marina română în primul război mondial 3724:. Naval Institute Press. p. 223. 3588: 3586: 3584: 2646:, Essex in November 1918. Overseen by 1358:required a firm response from the US. 939:Atlantic U-boat Campaign (World War I) 7376:Campaigns and theatres of World War I 6798:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 6141:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 5068:Der Handelskrieg mit U-Booten. 5 Vols 4846:"Secrets of Kent's WW1 German U-boat" 4623:from the original on 18 November 2018 4249:from the original on 5 September 2017 3559:"Secrets of Kent's WW1 German u-boat" 2345:, and the large Type 139, U-cruisers 1273:On 10 April 1915 the British steamer 908:, and to a lesser degree in both the 7: 7202:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 4844:Jasper, Copping (20 December 2013). 4781:from the original on 8 December 2010 4346:from the original on 18 October 2018 4271:, Periscope Publishing, 2002, p. 135 3557:Copping, Jasper (20 December 2013). 2975:Losses were offset by construction. 2585:Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra 2255:, which was rammed by the troopship 987:. Two of the ten U-boats were lost. 65:adding citations to reliable sources 7131:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 5932:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4914:Lloyd George: War Leader, 1916–1918 4550:from the original on 15 August 2014 4489:""Black Sunday" – Victims of U-151" 3241:(149 ships with 391,607 tons), and 1773:, Ireland, on 22 March 1916 by the 1465:and a pause in unrestricted warfare 1425:laid 6 more mines off Boulogne and 5871:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 4863:The German Submarine War 1914–1918 4725:, 4th ed., McFarland, 2017, p. 428 4401:The Great War: An Imperial History 4296:, Modelism Publishing, 2003, p. 24 4269:The German Submarine War 1914–1918 4267:R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast, 4129:The German Submarine War 1914–1918 4127:R.H. Gibson, Maurice Prendergast, 4021:from the original on 29 March 2021 3489:from the original on 21 April 2018 2648:Rear Admiral Sir Reginald Tyrwhitt 2525:), 1 by Italian and French units ( 1870:In 1916 the Germans completed two 1633:when she sank the Italian steamer 1343:, 13 mi (21 km) off the 980:fired a torpedo (which missed) at 25: 4948:Herwig, Holger H. (Spring 1998). 4742:from the original on 12 June 2010 4369:. Algora Publishing. p. 83. 3257:German Submarine Force 1914–1918 2321:struck a mine previously laid by 2222:Allied Maritime Transport Council 2170:Allied Maritime Transport Council 1815:In support of the High Seas Fleet 1510:and the two small coastal boats, 869:one another. The British had the 7491:Naval battles involving Bulgaria 6234:Second Battle of the Piave River 5856:Russian invasion of East Prussia 5143:Submarines and Submarine Warfare 4342:. World War I Document Archive. 3538:from the original on 14 May 2011 3235:Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière 1860:Lothar von Arnauld de la Perière 1661:defensively armed merchant ships 845:against the trade routes of the 498:Defensively armed merchant ships 473: 462: 451: 440: 428: 417: 406: 395: 375: 363: 351: 338: 326: 314: 302: 290: 277: 264: 253: 241: 161: 41: 7496:Naval battles involving Romania 7298:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 6498:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 4439:. Oxford : Clarendon Press 3830:"Passenger and Crew Statistics" 3230:Goldene Militär-Verdienst-Kreuz 1922:. Five U-boats operated in the 1149:First attacks on merchant ships 192:28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 52:needs additional citations for 7461:Austria-Hungary in World War I 7121:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 6980:Deportations from East Prussia 6777:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 5105:Koerver, Hans Joachim (2009). 5086:Koerver, Hans Joachim (2008). 5051:. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. 5034:The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945 5018:. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe. 4999:. Washington D.C.: Brassey's. 4930:A Naval History of World War I 4880:Compton-Hall, Richard (2004). 4243:Liga Militarilor Profesionisti 4155:The U-Boat offensive 1914–1945 4068:The U-Boat Offensive 1914–1945 3678:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 836–837. 3406:listing of u-boat fates gives 1988:was lost in November 1916 and 1173:Unrestricted submarine warfare 1167:Unrestricted submarine warfare 528:217 U-boats lost to all causes 519:15,000 merchant sailors killed 1: 7356:U-boat Campaign (World War I) 7032:Ukrainian Canadian internment 4966:Fighting Ships of World War I 4700:Grigg 2002, pp. 48–49, 52, 53 4591:. Brassey's. pp. 38–39. 4226:Revista de istorie, Volume 40 3908:Gibson and Prendergast, p. 50 3395:Completed after Armistice: 45 2614:The DNOG patrolled the Dakar- 2329:Encouraged by the success of 1226:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 1191:1915 Map of German Operations 1116:, with a heavy loss of life. 7466:German Empire in World War I 7187:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 6486:Estonian War of Independence 6161:Southern Palestine offensive 4399:Morrow, John Howard (2005). 4216:, 2011, Telegraf Advertising 4052:(5): 225–229. Archived from 4040:Buskirk, Harold Van (1919). 3754:von Tirpitz, Alfred (1926). 3607:Gibson and Prendergast, p. 2 3419:Lost for unknown reasons: 27 3382:Total operational boats: 351 1522:, achieved initial success, 1314:Sinking of the RMS Lusitania 1072:Mediterranean: Initial stage 1011:sank three armoured cruisers 7141:USA against Austria-Hungary 6540:Turkish War of Independence 6492:Latvian War of Independence 6224:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 5815:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 5047:Schroeder, Joachim (2002). 5014:Roessler, Eberhard (1997). 4993:Scheina, Robert L. (2003). 4829:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 4587:Scheina, Robert L. (2003). 4542:Orr, Laura (15 July 2014). 4365:Schmidt, Donald E. (2005). 4327:(Thesis). pp. 350–399. 4294:Romanian navy torpedo boats 2583:was formed, designated the 1694:view of a merchant ship in 1243:(Imperial German Gazette): 1237:Head of the Admiralty Staff 1231:On 4 February 1915 Admiral 7512: 7224:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 6772:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 6239:Second Battle of the Marne 6126:Second battle of the Aisne 5995:Second Battle of Champagne 5836:German invasion of Belgium 4403:. Routledge. p. 202. 3756:Politische Dokumente vol 2 3722:Sea Power: A Naval History 3398:Surrendered to Allies: 179 3359: 3340: 3320: 3300: 3280: 3194: 3174: 3154: 3134: 3114: 3094: 3074: 3054: 3034: 3014: 2936: 2917: 2897: 2877: 2857: 2837: 2818: 2799: 2780: 2761: 2742: 2723: 2704: 2529:), 1 by Royal Navy units ( 2432:The RN also developed the 2197:In April, US Rear Admiral 2163: 1872:submarine merchant vessels 1737: 1648: 1506:. The first U-boats sent, 1311: 1170: 1075: 936: 841:campaign fought by German 834:from 1914 to 1918 was the 491:~500 Royal Navy destroyers 29: 7330: 7005:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 6534:Irish War of Independence 6284:Armistice of Villa Giusti 6269:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 5881:First Battle of the Marne 5247: 4927:Halpern, Paul G. (1994). 4882:Submarines at War 1914–18 4645:; Darko Pavlovic (1995). 4423:Scheina (2003), pp. 35–36 3799:My Three Years in America 3648:(Thesis). pp. 69–70. 1330:On 7 May 1915, the liner 1221:naval blockade of Germany 576: 517:5,000 merchant ships sunk 511: 485: 388: 234: 184: 160: 148: 7456:Naval history of Germany 7157:Constantinople Agreement 6450:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 6313:Co-belligerent conflicts 6289:Second Romanian campaign 6259:Third Transjordan attack 5970:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 5876:Battle of Grand Couronné 5132:Atlantic U-boat Campaign 4978:Messimer, Dwight (2001) 4933:. U.S. Naval Institute. 4884:. Periscope Publishing. 4865:. Periscope Publishing. 4825:Beesly, Patrick (1982). 4801:"U-boat Fates 1914–1918" 3659:Ritter, Gerhard (1972). 3443:"WW1 British Destroyers" 3301:Additions (Commissioned) 2579:and the ocean-going tug 2394:July 1918 witnessed the 2123:Admiral von Holtzendorff 1556:Mediterranean operations 1241:Deutscher Reichsanzeiger 933:North Sea: Initial stage 819:Indian and Pacific Ocean 469:Henning von Holtzendorff 7220:Modus vivendi of Acroma 7172:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 6480:Greater Poland Uprising 6380:National Protection War 6264:Meuse–Argonne offensive 6214:German spring offensive 6209:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 5985:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 5960:Second Battle of Artois 5841:Battle of the Frontiers 5185:15 October 2018 at the 5049:Die U-Boote des Kaisers 4433:Salter, Arthur (1921). 3899:Manson 1977, pp. 99–128 3465:Warfare History Network 2575:, and the support ship 2547:Brazilian participation 1966:Constantinople Flotilla 1851:, was of little value. 1754:Torpedo and Mine School 1701:Encyclopædia Britannica 1098:French battleship 7245:Paris Peace Conference 7233:Ukraine–Central Powers 7027:Massacres of Albanians 6995:Late Ottoman genocides 6802:Bulgarian occupations 6510:Third Anglo-Afghan War 6474:Hungarian–Romanian War 6299:Naval Victory Bulletin 6294:Armistice with Germany 6244:Hundred Days Offensive 6171:Battle of La Malmaison 6121:Second battle of Arras 6088:Battle of Transylvania 5942:Second Battle of Ypres 5810:Sarajevo assassination 5699:South African Republic 5205:europeanfilmgateway.eu 5032:Tarrant, V. E. (1989) 4004:10.25071/2561-5467.330 3834:The Lusitania Resource 2500:Japanese participation 2485:action of 4 April 1918 2427:North Sea Mine Barrage 2297: 2186: 2166:Convoys in World War I 2118: 2099: 2057:Internal German debate 1906:. After refuelling at 1788:on 15 April 1916, and 1705: 1651:Anti-submarine warfare 1494:Dardanelles Operations 1379:William Jennings Bryan 1327: 1255: 1208:argued that submarine 1192: 1184: 951: 928:1914: Initial campaign 898:gross register tonnage 893:to operate elsewhere. 389:Commanders and leaders 310:Imperial Japanese Navy 32:Battle of the Atlantic 7481:Brazil in World War I 7255:Treaty of St. Germain 7228:Russia–Central Powers 7182:Sykes–Picot Agreement 7010:Pontic Greek genocide 6985:Destruction of Kalisz 6961:Eastern Mediterranean 6522:Polish–Lithuanian War 6304:Armistice of Belgrade 6274:Armistice of Salonica 6204:Operation Faustschlag 6151:Third Battle of Oituz 6073:Baranovichi offensive 6041:Lake Naroch offensive 6015:Battle of Robat Karim 5990:Vistula–Bug offensive 5965:Battles of the Isonzo 5896:First Battle of Ypres 5195:The National Archives 4709:Grigg 2002, pp. 48–49 4649:. Osprey. p. 7. 4292:Cristian Crăciunoiu, 4203:, p. 67 (in Romanian) 3508:Helgason, Guðmundur. 3413:Lost due to mines: 58 2461:During the Great War 2414:Final countermeasures 2292: 2177: 2164:Further information: 2121:On 22 December 1916, 2114: 2097: 2049:. This could only be 1908:Newport, Rhode Island 1685: 1649:Further information: 1645:Early countermeasures 1631:a diplomatic incident 1321: 1214:submarines in fiction 1190: 1180: 1162:1915: War on commerce 1084:Austro-Hungarian Navy 946: 656:Sinai & Palestine 512:Casualties and losses 371:Austro-Hungarian Navy 334:Imperial Russian Navy 7476:Italy in World War I 7471:Japan in World War I 7250:Treaty of Versailles 6966:Mount Lebanon famine 6881:in the United States 6849:Russian occupations 6563:Turkish–Armenian War 6504:Polish–Ukrainian War 6444:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6391:Central Asian Revolt 6181:Armistice of Focșani 5911:Battle of Sarikamish 5861:Battle of Tannenberg 5257:Military engagements 5197:, Kew, Richmond, UK. 4996:Latin America's Wars 4916:Allen Lane, London. 4856:on 21 December 2013. 4721:Micheal Clodfelter, 4647:U-Boat Crews 1914–45 4619:. 18 November 2018. 4532:Messimer pp. 145–146 4186:Dwight E. Messimer, 3991:The Northern Mariner 3966:Newark, Tim (2007). 3786:Compton-Hall, p. 196 2981:Minister of Shipping 2587:("Naval Division in 2408:Mexican–American War 2181:, cartoon depicting 1839:Mediterranean waters 1591:, followed later by 1562:German Naval Command 1500:Dardanelles campaign 1389:Submarine minelayers 1111:French cruiser 879:Imperial German Navy 530:6,000 sailors killed 359:Imperial German Navy 61:improve this article 7317:They shall not pass 7240:Treaty of Bucharest 7197:Treaty of Bucharest 7136:USA against Germany 7113:Declarations of war 6817:German occupations 6730:British casualties 6589:Soviet–Georgian War 6516:Egyptian Revolution 6456:Armeno-Georgian War 6320:Somaliland campaign 6279:Armistice of Mudros 6156:Battle of Caporetto 6146:Battle of Mărășești 6116:Zimmermann telegram 6111:February Revolution 6056:Battle of the Somme 5980:Bug-Narew Offensive 5955:Battle of Gallipoli 5947:Sinking of the RMS 5739:Scramble for Africa 5733:Franco-Prussian War 5389:Sinai and Palestine 4912:Grigg, John (2002) 4898:Grey, Edwyn (1972) 4675:Imperial War Museum 4523:Halpern pp. 438–441 4514:Halpern pp. 424–427 3956:Messimer pp. 40, 50 3889:. 28 November 2010. 3874:. 28 November 2010. 3859:. 28 November 2010. 3802:. pp. 136–140. 3744:Ritter, pp. 128–130 3625:Jane pp. 39–41, 124 3569:on 21 December 2013 3258: 2992: 2681: 2660:German naval mutiny 2624:Rio Grande do Norte 2609:Rio Grande do Norte 2593:Fernando de Noronha 2565:Rio Grande do Norte 2472:Queenstown, Ireland 2232:1918: The last year 2129:On 9 January 1917, 1469:On 19 August 1915, 1345:Old Head of Kinsale 1045:sank the submarine 770:North-West Frontier 523:42 warships damaged 346:Royal Romanian Navy 260:Royal Canadian Navy 7277:Treaty of Lausanne 7192:Paris Economy Pact 7126:UK against Germany 7056:Entry into the war 7022:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 6741:Ottoman casualties 6551:Franco-Turkish War 6431:Post-War conflicts 6415:Russian Revolution 6397:Invasion of Darfur 6362:Kelantan rebellion 6350:Kurdish rebellions 6326:Mexican Revolution 6166:October Revolution 6131:Kerensky offensive 6106:Capture of Baghdad 6083:Monastir offensive 6068:Brusilov offensive 5906:Battle of Kolubara 5745:Russo-Japanese War 5193:Intelligence from 5130:Abbatiello, John: 4960:on 13 August 2009. 4687:Fayle, C. Ernest, 4643:Williamson, Gordon 4469:Tarrant pp. 43, 60 3836:. 12 December 2010 3616:Tarrant pp. 10, 11 3447:Naval Encyclopedia 3256: 2986: 2679: 2463:United States Navy 2298: 2296:recruitment poster 2294:United States Navy 2275:Type U-139 U-boats 2187: 2119: 2100: 1706: 1625:In November 1915, 1328: 1301:on 28 March 1915. 1202:Alfred von Tirpitz 1193: 1185: 1088:Straits of Otranto 952: 671:Hejaz & Levant 493:~250 US destroyers 435:Sir Rosslyn Wemyss 298:United States Navy 7451:Conflicts in 1918 7446:Conflicts in 1917 7441:Conflicts in 1916 7436:Conflicts in 1915 7431:Conflicts in 1914 7361:Submarine warfare 7343: 7342: 7326: 7325: 7310:The Golden Virgin 7304:Mutilated victory 7285: 7284: 7265:Treaty of Trianon 7260:Treaty of Neuilly 7167:Damascus Protocol 7040: 7039: 7000:Armenian genocide 6957:Allied blockades 6929:Belgian refugees 6712: 6711: 6622:Strategic bombing 6598: 6597: 6583:Franco-Syrian War 6557:Greco-Turkish War 6545:Anglo-Turkish War 6528:Polish–Soviet War 6462:German Revolution 6438:Russian Civil War 6421:Finnish Civil War 6254:Battle of Megiddo 6229:Battle of Goychay 6176:Battle of Cambrai 6136:Battle of Mărăști 6051:Battle of Jutland 6031:Erzurum offensive 5886:Siege of Przemyśl 5866:Siege of Tsingtao 5851:Battle of Galicia 5781:Second Balkan War 5769:Italo-Turkish War 5726:Pre-War conflicts 5712: 5711: 5602:Portuguese Empire 5518: 5517: 5480:German New Guinea 5462:Asian and Pacific 5116:978-3-902433-77-0 5097:978-3-902433-76-3 5072:Guildhall Library 5058:978-3-7637-6235-4 5025:978-3-7637-5963-7 4836:978-0-241-10864-2 4306:Hurd, Archibald. 4173:Robert M. Grant, 4140:Robert Gardiner, 4096:Halpern pp. 37–38 3379: 3378: 3218:18 hospital ships 3214: 3213: 2977:Sir Joseph Maclay 2956: 2955: 2620:Rio Grande do Sul 2559:, the destroyers 2553:Rio Grande do Sul 2434:R-class submarine 2396:Attack on Orleans 2285:American campaign 1825:Battle of Jutland 1710:dazzle camouflage 1696:dazzle camouflage 1337:was torpedoed by 1120:Submarine warfare 1035:sank the cruiser 996:sank the cruiser 891:submarine warfare 827: 826: 695:South West Africa 534: 533: 521:104 warships sunk 424:Sir John Jellicoe 413:Sir Henry Jackson 230: 229: 212:Mediterranean Sea 137: 136: 129: 111: 76:"U-boat campaign" 16:(Redirected from 7503: 7270:Treaty of Sèvres 7162:Treaty of London 7053: 6831:Northeast France 6762: 6734:Parliamentarians 6667: 6629:Chemical weapons 6607: 6368:Senussi campaign 6338:Muscat rebellion 6332:Maritz rebellion 6249:Vardar offensive 6078:Battle of Romani 6046:Battle of Asiago 6036:Battle of Verdun 6000:Kosovo offensive 5775:First Balkan War 5723: 5622:Russian Republic 5531: 5325: 5267:Economic history 5234: 5227: 5220: 5211: 5141:Karau, Mark D.: 5120: 5101: 5075: 5066:Spindler, Arno. 5062: 5036:Arms and Armour 5029: 5010: 4982:Naval Institute 4980:Find and Destroy 4961: 4944: 4900:The Killing Time 4895: 4876: 4857: 4852:. Archived from 4840: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4771: 4765: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4732: 4726: 4719: 4710: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4667: 4661: 4660: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4539: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4495:on 2 March 2009. 4485: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4449: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4430: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4396: 4381: 4380: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4303: 4297: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4210: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4178: 4171: 4165: 4151: 4145: 4138: 4132: 4125: 4119: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4079: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4056:on 4 March 2016. 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4020: 3987: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3900: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3793: 3787: 3784: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3745: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3717: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3617: 3614: 3608: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3590: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3565:. Archived from 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3439: 3392:Other losses: 39 3259: 3239:Walter Forstmann 2993: 2682: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2369:, and U-cruiser 2319:Herbert L. Pratt 2083:In March, Grand 2063:Bethmann Hollweg 1960:Black Sea waters 1876:blockade runners 1874:, to be used as 1729: 1728: 1724: 1673:Straits of Dover 1287:Leon C. Thrasher 1210:commerce raiding 1003:. In September, 962:warships in the 887:commerce raiders 571: 560: 553: 546: 537: 478: 477: 467: 466: 456: 455: 445: 444: 433: 432: 422: 421: 411: 410: 400: 399: 381: 379: 378: 369: 367: 366: 357: 355: 354: 344: 342: 341: 332: 330: 329: 320: 318: 317: 308: 306: 305: 296: 294: 293: 283: 281: 280: 270: 268: 267: 258: 257: 247: 245: 244: 186: 185: 165: 141: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 21: 7511: 7510: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7322: 7281: 7213: 7206: 7177:Treaty of Darin 7145: 7107: 7063:Austria-Hungary 7049: 7036: 7017:Rape of Belgium 6944: 6916: 6864: 6858:Western Armenia 6853:Eastern Galicia 6786: 6760: 6724: 6723:Civilian impact 6722: 6708: 6665: 6594: 6426: 6356:Ovambo Uprising 6308: 6190: 6092: 6019: 5937:Battle of Łomża 5920: 5916:Christmas truce 5891:Race to the Sea 5824: 5786: 5708: 5679:Austria-Hungary 5655: 5590:Empire of Japan 5527: 5525: 5514: 5498:U-boat campaign 5484: 5456: 5418: 5370: 5316: 5297:Popular culture 5243: 5238: 5187:Wayback Machine 5127: 5117: 5104: 5098: 5085: 5082: 5080:Further reading 5065: 5059: 5046: 5026: 5013: 5007: 4992: 4947: 4941: 4926: 4892: 4879: 4873: 4860: 4843: 4837: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4794: 4784: 4782: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4760:Bruno Fischer, 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4686: 4682: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4626: 4624: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4599: 4586: 4585: 4581: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4442: 4440: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4384: 4377: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4338:Steffen, Dirk. 4337: 4336: 4332: 4323:Manson, Janet. 4322: 4321: 4317: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4220: 4211: 4207: 4198: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4168: 4152: 4148: 4139: 4135: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4066:Tarrant, V.E., 4065: 4061: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4018: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3926:Halpern, p. 382 3925: 3921: 3917:Halpern, p. 381 3916: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3743: 3739: 3732: 3719: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3673: 3672: 3668: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3644:Manson, Janet. 3643: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3592: 3591: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3556: 3555: 3551: 3541: 3539: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3251: 2677: 2672: 2636: 2549: 2539:, torpedoed by 2502: 2459: 2449: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2416: 2287: 2267: 2234: 2172: 2162: 2160:Allied response 2141:On 27 January, 2117: 2109: 2085:Admiral Tirpitz 2059: 2047:Varna, Bulgaria 1962: 1916: 1868: 1866:American waters 1849:Otranto Barrage 1845:Sussex incident 1841: 1817: 1812: 1742: 1736: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1653: 1647: 1558: 1496: 1467: 1391: 1316: 1310: 1289:, drowned when 1260:Gustav Bachmann 1183: 1175: 1169: 1164: 1151: 1139:High Seas Fleet 1122: 1080: 1074: 1060:pre-dreadnought 941: 935: 930: 914:South East Asia 832:U-boat campaign 828: 823: 572: 566: 564: 529: 525:61 Q-ships sunk 524: 522: 520: 518: 500: 496: 494: 492: 480:Reinhard Scheer 472: 471: 461: 460: 458:Gustav Bachmann 450: 449: 439: 427: 426: 416: 415: 405: 404: 394: 376: 374: 373: 364: 362: 361: 352: 350: 339: 337: 336: 327: 325: 324: 315: 313: 312: 303: 301: 300: 291: 289: 288: 278: 276: 274: 265: 263: 262: 252: 251: 242: 240: 218: 193: 166: 144:U-boat campaign 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 58: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7509: 7507: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7348: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7337: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7301: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7282: 7280: 7279: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7242: 7237: 7236: 7235: 7230: 7222: 7216: 7214: 7212:Peace treaties 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7098:United Kingdom 7095: 7090: 7088:Ottoman Empire 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7059: 7057: 7050: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7002: 6992: 6990:Sack of Dinant 6987: 6982: 6977: 6976: 6975: 6970: 6969: 6968: 6954: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6938:United Kingdom 6935: 6926: 6924: 6918: 6917: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6898: 6892:POW locations 6890: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6874: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6847: 6842: 6841: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6800: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6768: 6766: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6751: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6736: 6727: 6725: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6692:United Kingdom 6689: 6687:Ottoman Empire 6684: 6679: 6673: 6671: 6664: 6663: 6661:Trench warfare 6658: 6657: 6656: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6613: 6611: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6377: 6374:Volta-Bani War 6371: 6365: 6359: 6353: 6347: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6219:Zeebrugge Raid 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6010:Battle of Loos 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5901:Black Sea raid 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5806: 5805: 5803:Historiography 5794: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5757:Bosnian Crisis 5754: 5751:Tangier Crisis 5748: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5727: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5684:Ottoman Empire 5681: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5661:Central Powers 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5644:British Empire 5639:United Kingdom 5636: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5617:Russian Empire 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5593: 5592: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5537: 5535:Entente Powers 5528: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5503:North Atlantic 5494: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5414:Central Arabia 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5376:Middle Eastern 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5351: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5333: 5331: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5277:Historiography 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5198: 5177: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5155: 5150: 5139: 5126: 5125:External links 5123: 5122: 5121: 5115: 5102: 5096: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5063: 5057: 5044: 5030: 5024: 5011: 5005: 4990: 4976: 4962: 4945: 4939: 4924: 4910: 4896: 4890: 4877: 4871: 4858: 4841: 4835: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4792: 4766: 4753: 4727: 4711: 4702: 4693: 4680: 4662: 4655: 4634: 4604: 4597: 4579: 4561: 4534: 4525: 4516: 4507: 4505:Gibson, p. 308 4498: 4480: 4478:Halpern p. 427 4471: 4462: 4460:Tarrant p. 149 4450: 4425: 4416: 4409: 4382: 4375: 4357: 4330: 4315: 4298: 4285: 4273: 4260: 4230: 4218: 4205: 4199:Marian Sârbu, 4192: 4179: 4166: 4146: 4133: 4120: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4087:Halpern p. 329 4080: 4059: 4032: 3998:(2): 171–192. 3973: 3958: 3949: 3937: 3935:Messimer p. 31 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3877: 3862: 3847: 3819: 3805: 3788: 3779: 3777:Ritter, p. 131 3770: 3761: 3758:. p. 308. 3746: 3737: 3730: 3709: 3707:Ritter, p. 127 3700: 3698:Ritter, p. 126 3691: 3684: 3666: 3651: 3636: 3634:Tarrant p. 148 3627: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3580: 3549: 3519: 3500: 3470: 3452: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3383: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3250: 3247: 3243:Max Valentiner 3225:Pour le Mérite 3212: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2979:, the British 2966:purely British 2954: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2635: 2632: 2589:War Operations 2581:Laurindo Pitta 2573:Santa Catarina 2548: 2545: 2501: 2498: 2458: 2455: 2415: 2412: 2307:Chesapeake Bay 2286: 2283: 2266: 2263: 2233: 2230: 2226:British Empire 2179:Just like that 2161: 2158: 2143:Admiral Beatty 2115: 2108: 2105: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2058: 2055: 1961: 1958: 1915: 1912: 1867: 1864: 1840: 1837: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1738:Main article: 1735: 1732: 1646: 1643: 1557: 1554: 1495: 1492: 1466: 1459: 1421:the same day. 1419:William Dawson 1406:Great Yarmouth 1390: 1387: 1364:Robert Lansing 1352:Woodrow Wilson 1312:Main article: 1309: 1303: 1181: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1150: 1147: 1121: 1118: 1096:torpedoed the 1076:Main article: 1073: 1070: 947:German U-boat 937:Main article: 934: 931: 929: 926: 877:, whereas the 875:British Empire 863:United Kingdom 825: 824: 822: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 785: 784: 782:Naval theatres 778: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 751: 750: 744: 743: 742: 741: 731: 730: 729: 719: 714: 709: 704: 703: 702: 691: 690: 684: 683: 681:Central Arabia 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 642: 641: 635: 634: 633: 632: 627: 622: 612: 607: 606: 605: 600: 590: 584: 583: 577: 574: 573: 565: 563: 562: 555: 548: 540: 532: 531: 526: 514: 513: 509: 508: 505: 488: 487: 483: 482: 437: 391: 390: 386: 385: 383:Bulgarian Navy 348: 322:Brazilian Navy 237: 236: 232: 231: 228: 227: 226:Allied victory 224: 220: 219: 204:Atlantic Ocean 202: 200: 196: 195: 190: 182: 181: 158: 157: 146: 145: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7508: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7329: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7299: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7103:United States 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7043: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6974: 6971: 6967: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6947: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6927: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6720: 6715: 6705: 6704:United States 6702: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6659: 6655: 6654:Convoy system 6652: 6651: 6650: 6649:Naval warfare 6647: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6590: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6564: 6561: 6558: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6472: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6409:Kaocen revolt 6407: 6404: 6403:Easter Rising 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6336: 6333: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5975:Great Retreat 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5846:Battle of Cer 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5763:Agadir Crisis 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5715: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5651:United States 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5568:French Empire 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5521: 5511: 5510:Mediterranean 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5490:Naval warfare 5487: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5366:Italian Front 5364: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5354:Eastern Front 5352: 5350: 5349:Western Front 5347: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5307:Puppet states 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5228: 5223: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5042:0-85368-928-8 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5008: 5006:1-57488-452-2 5002: 4998: 4997: 4991: 4989: 4988:1-55750-447-4 4985: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4974:1-85170-378-0 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4940:1-85728-498-4 4936: 4932: 4931: 4925: 4923: 4922:0-713-99343-X 4919: 4915: 4911: 4909: 4908:0-85422-070-4 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4891:1-55750-447-4 4887: 4883: 4878: 4874: 4872:1-904381-08-1 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4850:The Telegraph 4847: 4842: 4838: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4764:, 1960, p. 16 4763: 4757: 4754: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4689:Seaborn Trade 4684: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4663: 4658: 4656:1-85532-545-4 4652: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4635: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4600: 4598:1-57488-452-2 4594: 4590: 4583: 4580: 4575: 4574:The Great War 4571: 4565: 4562: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4484: 4481: 4475: 4472: 4466: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4438: 4437: 4429: 4426: 4420: 4417: 4412: 4410:0-415-20440-2 4406: 4402: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4376:0-87586-383-3 4372: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4302: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4163:0-85368-928-8 4160: 4156: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4076:1-85409-520-X 4073: 4069: 4063: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4036: 4033: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3984: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3950: 3947:Tarrant p. 24 3944: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3896: 3893: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3848: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3820: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3800: 3792: 3789: 3783: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3731:0-87021-607-4 3727: 3723: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3701: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3685:1-85109-420-2 3681: 3677: 3670: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3568: 3564: 3563:The Telegraph 3560: 3553: 3550: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3501: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3321:Battle losses 3319: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3249:U-boat losses 3248: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3219: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3195:1918 December 3193: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3155:1917 December 3153: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3115:1916 December 3113: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3075:1915 December 3073: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3035:1914 December 3033: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2962: 2960: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2675:Allied losses 2674: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2456: 2454: 2437: 2435: 2430: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2404: 2403:Massachusetts 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2279:surface ships 2276: 2272: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2238: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2212: 2207: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2136: 2135:Schloss Pless 2132: 2127: 2124: 2113: 2106: 2104: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2089:Sussex Pledge 2086: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2067:cruiser rules 2064: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1914:Arctic waters 1913: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1883: 1882: 1877: 1873: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1794:on 20 April. 1793: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1734:Depth charges 1733: 1731: 1719: 1713: 1711: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1677:Dover Barrage 1674: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1464: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1411:On 21 August 1409: 1407: 1403: 1402: 1397: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1276: 1271: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:Hugo von Pohl 1229: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:Hugo von Pohl 1203: 1199: 1198:Hermann Bauer 1189: 1179: 1174: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1148: 1146: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1127: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1113:Léon Gambetta 1108: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 995: 994: 988: 986: 985: 979: 978: 973: 972: 965: 961: 957: 950: 945: 940: 932: 927: 925: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 906:Mediterranean 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 859:German Empire 856: 855:Mediterranean 852: 851:British Isles 848: 844: 840: 837: 833: 820: 817: 815: 812: 810: 807: 805: 804:Mediterranean 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 783: 780: 779: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 758: 756: 753: 752: 749: 746: 745: 740: 737: 736: 735: 732: 728: 725: 724: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 701: 698: 697: 696: 693: 692: 689: 686: 685: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 643: 640: 637: 636: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 617: 616: 613: 611: 608: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 594: 593:Eastern Front 591: 589: 588:Western Front 586: 585: 582: 579: 578: 575: 570: 561: 556: 554: 549: 547: 542: 541: 538: 527: 516: 515: 510: 506: 504: 499: 490: 489: 484: 481: 476: 470: 465: 459: 454: 448: 447:Hugo von Pohl 443: 438: 436: 431: 425: 420: 414: 409: 403: 398: 393: 392: 387: 384: 372: 360: 349: 347: 335: 323: 311: 299: 287: 286: 273: 261: 256: 250: 239: 238: 233: 225: 222: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 198: 197: 191: 188: 187: 183: 180: 179: 173: 172: 164: 159: 156: 152: 151:naval theatre 147: 142: 139: 131: 128: 120: 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 62: 56: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 7315: 7308: 7296: 6903: / 6835: 6670:Conscription 6634:Cryptography 6571:Iraqi Revolt 6005:Siege of Kut 5948: 5526:participants 5497: 5475:German Samoa 5409:South Arabia 5106: 5087: 5067: 5048: 5033: 5015: 4995: 4979: 4965: 4958:the original 4953: 4929: 4913: 4899: 4881: 4862: 4854:the original 4849: 4826: 4819:Bibliography 4804:. Retrieved 4795: 4783:. Retrieved 4769: 4761: 4756: 4744:. Retrieved 4730: 4722: 4705: 4696: 4688: 4683: 4674: 4665: 4646: 4637: 4625:. Retrieved 4616: 4607: 4588: 4582: 4573: 4570:Falls, Cyril 4564: 4552:. Retrieved 4537: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4493:the original 4483: 4474: 4465: 4443:13 September 4441:. Retrieved 4435: 4428: 4419: 4400: 4366: 4360: 4348:. Retrieved 4333: 4324: 4318: 4308: 4301: 4293: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4263: 4251:. Retrieved 4242: 4233: 4225: 4221: 4213: 4208: 4200: 4195: 4187: 4182: 4174: 4169: 4154: 4149: 4141: 4136: 4128: 4123: 4115: 4110: 4101: 4092: 4083: 4067: 4062: 4054:the original 4049: 4045: 4042:"Camouflage" 4035: 4023:. Retrieved 3995: 3989: 3976: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3880: 3865: 3850: 3838:. Retrieved 3833: 3822: 3808: 3798: 3791: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3749: 3740: 3721: 3703: 3694: 3675: 3669: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3639: 3630: 3621: 3612: 3603: 3594: 3571:. Retrieved 3567:the original 3562: 3552: 3540:. Retrieved 3531: 3528:"RN Q-ships" 3522: 3513: 3503: 3491:. Retrieved 3482: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3404: 3341:Other losses 3252: 3229: 3222: 3215: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2640: 2637: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2597:Sierra Leone 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2550: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2503: 2467: 2460: 2438: 2431: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2393: 2387: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2330: 2328: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2301: 2299: 2268: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2199:William Sims 2196: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2128: 2120: 2101: 2082: 2060: 2050: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2026: 2008: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1973: 1963: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1917: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1880: 1869: 1857: 1853: 1842: 1829: 1822: 1818: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1771:County Kerry 1765: 1762: 1751: 1743: 1740:Depth charge 1714: 1707: 1699: 1690:commander's 1665: 1657: 1654: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1616: 1612:Cape Matapan 1605: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1559: 1543: 1536: 1529: 1523: 1518: 1512: 1507: 1497: 1482: 1471: 1468: 1462: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1383: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1360: 1355: 1349: 1339: 1333: 1329: 1323: 1306: 1297: 1291: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1264: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1240: 1230: 1218: 1194: 1152: 1131: 1123: 1112: 1105: 1099: 1092: 1081: 1064: 1054: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1021: 1015: 1006: 999: 992: 989: 983: 976: 970: 953: 948: 918:Indian Ocean 895: 883:German Bight 831: 829: 788: 775:Central Asia 748:Asia-Pacific 722:North Africa 700:South Africa 676:South Arabia 567:Theatres of 285:Regia Marina 275: 235:Belligerents 177: 170: 149:Part of the 138: 123: 117:January 2017 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 71: 59:Please help 54:verification 51: 6933:Netherlands 6910:Switzerland 6791:Occupations 6782:Spanish flu 6559:(1919–1922) 6553:(1918–1921) 6547:(1918–1923) 6536:(1919–1921) 6530:(1919–1921) 6524:(1919–1920) 6500:(1918–1920) 6494:(1918–1920) 6488:(1918–1920) 6470:(1918–1920) 6452:(1918–1920) 6446:(1917–1921) 6440:(1917–1921) 6387:(1916-1918) 6385:Arab Revolt 6376:(1915–1917) 6370:(1915–1917) 6358:(1914-1917) 6352:(1914–1917) 6346:(1914–1921) 6340:(1913–1920) 6328:(1910–1920) 6322:(1900–1920) 5820:July Crisis 5741:(1880–1914) 5404:Mesopotamia 5282:Home fronts 5241:World War I 4627:18 November 4253:5 September 4153:VE Tarrant 4131:, pp. 63–64 4105:Grey p. 132 3676:World War I 2959:Grand Total 2496:, Albania. 2311:Nova Scotia 1924:Barents Sea 1881:Deutschland 1779:Farnborough 1134:Grand Fleet 1062:battleship 885:, and used 853:and in the 836:World War I 717:East Africa 661:Mesopotamia 639:Middle East 569:World War I 507:351 U-boats 402:Lord Fisher 272:French Navy 155:World War I 7350:Categories 7150:Agreements 6950:War crimes 6826:Luxembourg 6719:Casualties 5597:Montenegro 5432:South West 5312:Technology 5302:Propaganda 5292:Opposition 5174:Uboat.net: 4554:14 October 3968:Camouflage 3573:18 January 3424:References 2952:2,666,942 2616:Cape Verde 2477:Bantry Bay 2271:Type U-151 2265:U-cruisers 2204:Queenstown 2183:Wilhelm II 2019:Sevastopol 1945:, sunk by 1932:Kola inlet 1928:North Cape 1758:Portsmouth 1619:Type UB II 1566:Suez Canal 1477:White Star 1427:Folkestone 1396:Cottingham 1171:See also: 1065:Formidable 1000:Pathfinder 960:Royal Navy 958:to attack 956:Heligoland 916:, and the 871:Royal Navy 814:Baltic Sea 765:New Guinea 734:Somaliland 249:Royal Navy 87:newspapers 7047:Diplomacy 6754:Olympians 6677:Australia 6644:Logistics 6577:Vlora War 6506:(1918–19) 6482:(1918–19) 6476:(1918–19) 6464:(1918–19) 6411:(1916–17) 6393:(1916–17) 6344:Zaian War 6334:(1914–15) 6061:first day 5949:Lusitania 5777:(1912–13) 5771:(1911–12) 5759:(1908–09) 5753:(1905–06) 5735:(1870–71) 5524:Principal 5384:Gallipoli 5287:Memorials 5272:Geography 5262:Aftermath 4785:1 January 4746:1 January 4025:8 January 4012:247298555 3532:gwpda.org 3493:1 January 3360:Years end 3175:1918 June 3135:1917 June 3095:1916 June 3055:1915 June 3015:1914 June 2949:6,235,878 2946:2,327,326 2943:1,307,996 2858:September 2652:Liverpool 2634:Aftermath 2468:Mayflower 2386:HMS 2015:Constanța 1978:Podvodnik 1970:Black Sea 1936:White Sea 1904:Hans Rose 1692:periscope 1574:Gibraltar 1568:, Malta, 1550:Type UC I 1546:Type UB I 1535:HMS 1528:HMS 1475:sank the 1375:Lusitania 1356:Lusitania 1334:Lusitania 1332:RMS 1324:Lusitania 1307:Lusitania 1275:Harpalyce 1109:sank the 1100:Jean Bart 1058:sank the 998:HMS 982:HMS 964:North Sea 809:Black Sea 794:North Sea 651:Gallipoli 625:Macedonia 216:Black Sea 208:North Sea 178:Lusitania 7335:Category 6922:Refugees 6888:Italians 6877:Germans 6837:Ober Ost 6617:Aviation 5718:Timeline 5689:Bulgaria 5470:Tsingtao 5447:Togoland 5394:Caucasus 5329:European 5321:Theatres 5183:Archived 5180:Room 40: 4806:12 April 4779:Archived 4740:Archived 4621:Archived 4617:BBC News 4572:(1961). 4548:Archived 4350:29 April 4344:Archived 4247:Archived 4190:, p. 131 4177:, p. 152 4144:, p. 412 4118:, p. 259 4016:Archived 3840:27 April 3536:Archived 3487:Archived 2998:British 2918:December 2898:November 2893:118,559 2873:187,881 2853:283,815 2833:260,967 2814:255,587 2795:295,520 2776:278,719 2757:342,597 2738:318,957 2724:February 2719:306,658 2664:red flag 2656:Brighton 2628:Belmonte 2605:Belmonte 2577:Belmonte 2400:Cape Cod 1943:Bistrița 1930:and the 1926:between 1832:Jellicoe 1635:SS 1597:Salonika 1537:Majestic 1504:Adriatic 1481:SS 1279:SM 1053:SM 1005:SM 969:SM 910:Far East 904:and the 902:Atlantic 867:blockade 799:Atlantic 755:Tsingtao 739:Ethiopia 712:Cameroon 707:Togoland 646:Caucasus 486:Strength 199:Location 174:sinking 7381:U-boats 7073:Germany 6973:Germany 6901:Germany 6821:Belgium 6806:Albania 6765:Disease 6745:Sports 6697:Ireland 6610:Warfare 6603:Aspects 5798:Origins 5791:Prelude 5694:Senussi 5674:Germany 5669:Leaders 5607:Romania 5548:Belgium 5543:Leaders 5442:Kamerun 5424:African 5359:Romania 5337:Balkans 5252:Outline 5191:Room 40 4964:Jane's 4902:Seeley 4157:(1989) 4078:, p. 27 3542:6 March 3387:Q-ships 3281:On hand 3210:38,775 3190:36,683 3170:36,241 3150:36,858 3130:38,282 3110:38,157 3090:38,221 3070:37,950 3050:37,569 3030:36,838 3001:Allied 2970:British 2940:312,672 2930:399,212 2927:355,139 2924:123,141 2913:17,682 2910:289,212 2907:311,508 2904:153,043 2890:458,558 2887:353,660 2878:October 2870:351,748 2867:230,460 2864:151,884 2850:511,730 2847:162,744 2844:185,866 2830:557,988 2827:118,215 2824:109,640 2811:687,507 2808:108,851 2805:131,428 2792:596,629 2789:129,175 2786:120,058 2773:881,027 2770:191,667 2754:593,841 2751:167,097 2735:540,006 2732:117,547 2716:368,521 2705:January 2670:Summary 2644:Harwich 2561:Paraíba 2494:Durazzo 2448:⁄ 2258:Olympic 2211:U-boats 1725:⁄ 1629:caused 1601:Kavalla 1581:Cattaro 1530:Triumph 1488:Kinsale 1431:Monarch 1126:torpedo 1016:Aboukir 984:Monarch 922:convoys 843:U-boats 615:Balkans 603:Finland 598:Romania 503:Q-ships 101:scholar 7093:Russia 7068:France 6896:Canada 6811:Serbia 6682:Canada 6639:Horses 6591:(1921) 6585:(1920) 6579:(1920) 6573:(1920) 6565:(1920) 6518:(1919) 6512:(1919) 6458:(1918) 6423:(1918) 6417:(1917) 6405:(1916) 6399:(1916) 6364:(1915) 5783:(1913) 5765:(1911) 5747:(1905) 5704:Darfur 5629:Serbia 5612:Russia 5575:Greece 5563:France 5553:Brazil 5399:Persia 5342:Serbia 5145:, in: 5134:, in: 5113: 5094: 5055: 5040: 5022: 5003: 4986: 4972: 4937: 4920: 4906: 4888: 4869: 4833: 4653: 4595: 4407: 4373: 4161: 4074: 4010: 3728: 3682: 3207:10,237 3198:17,601 3187:10,286 3178:17,415 3167:10,459 3158:17,725 3147:10,670 3138:18,535 3127:11,220 3118:19,900 3107:11,265 3098:20,464 3087:11,163 3078:20,804 3067:11,074 3058:20,866 3047:11,068 3038:20,752 3027:10,930 3018:20,524 3010:Total 3007:Other 2921:44,197 2901:19,413 2884:88,534 2881:87,917 2861:98,378 2841:62,767 2838:August 2767:55,725 2748:80,775 2729:59,921 2713:81,259 2710:47,981 2685:Month 2626:, and 2571:, and 2536:Sakaki 2521:, and 2489:battle 2481:Azores 2479:, the 2243:Rucker 2023:Sulina 1920:Russia 1899:under 1887:Bremen 1775:Q-ship 1752:Vernon 1688:U-boat 1669:Q ship 1637:Ancona 1572:, and 1483:Arabic 1479:liner 1463:Arabic 1451:, and 1298:Falaba 1267:Ostend 1143:zigzag 1028:Cressy 1025:, and 857:. The 847:Allies 789:U-boat 688:Africa 666:Persia 630:Greece 620:Serbia 581:Europe 380: 368: 356: 343: 331: 319: 307: 295: 282: 269: 246: 223:Result 103: 96: 89: 82: 74: 7290:Other 7083:Japan 7078:Italy 6905:camps 6749:Rugby 5585:Japan 5580:Italy 5558:China 5452:North 4019:(PDF) 4008:S2CID 3986:(PDF) 3483:Wired 3429:Notes 3276:1918 3273:1917 3270:1916 3267:1915 3264:1914 3204:7,977 3201:2,960 3184:6,059 3181:2,954 3164:4,868 3161:3,189 3144:4,213 3141:3,441 3124:3,589 3121:3,573 3104:2,891 3101:3,537 3084:2,756 3081:3,497 3064:2,645 3061:3,444 3044:2,352 3041:3,396 3024:2,070 3021:3,352 2937:Total 2762:April 2743:March 2700:1918 2697:1917 2694:1916 2691:1915 2688:1914 2601:Dakar 2569:Piauí 2557:Bahia 2381:U-154 2372:U-139 2366:U-152 2360:U-155 2354:U-156 2348:U-140 2342:U-117 2336:U-156 2331:U-151 2323:U-151 2315:U-151 2302:U-151 2253:U-103 2248:U-103 2051:UC-15 2043:Smeul 2038:UC-15 2032:Smeul 2027:UB-42 2010:UB-14 2004:UB-42 1991:UB-46 1985:UB-45 1954:Vardø 1803:UB-29 1797:UC-19 1570:Crete 1295:sank 1038:Hawke 1022:Hogue 839:naval 760:Samoa 727:Libya 610:Italy 108:JSTOR 94:books 6870:POWs 6196:1918 6098:1917 6024:1916 5925:1915 5829:1914 5634:Siam 5437:East 5111:ISBN 5092:ISBN 5053:ISBN 5038:ISBN 5020:ISBN 5001:ISBN 4984:ISBN 4970:ISBN 4935:ISBN 4918:ISBN 4904:ISBN 4886:ISBN 4867:ISBN 4831:ISBN 4808:2024 4787:2019 4748:2019 4651:ISBN 4629:2018 4593:ISBN 4556:2014 4445:2018 4405:ISBN 4371:ISBN 4352:2009 4255:2017 4159:ISBN 4072:ISBN 4027:2016 3842:2024 3726:ISBN 3680:ISBN 3575:2014 3544:2015 3495:2018 3375:134 3296:142 3004:USA 2819:July 2800:June 2595:for 2555:and 2541:U-27 2527:U-30 2523:U-23 2519:U-20 2515:U-16 2511:U-10 2507:U-13 2273:and 2220:The 2168:and 2007:and 1996:UB-7 1974:UB-8 1964:The 1948:U-43 1896:U-53 1800:and 1791:U-69 1785:U-67 1769:off 1766:U-68 1750:HMS 1627:U-38 1606:U-38 1599:and 1593:U-35 1589:U-39 1587:and 1585:U-33 1533:and 1524:U-21 1519:UB-8 1516:and 1513:UB-7 1508:U-21 1472:U-24 1454:UC-7 1448:UC-6 1442:UC-3 1436:UC-1 1423:UC-5 1414:UC-5 1404:off 1401:UC-2 1340:U-20 1305:RMS 1292:U-28 1281:UB-4 1204:and 1093:U-12 1055:U-24 1043:U-27 1041:and 993:U-21 977:U-15 949:U-14 912:and 889:and 830:The 501:366 189:Date 176:RMS 171:U-20 80:news 4000:doi 3996:XIX 3595:NHH 3372:142 3369:133 3336:69 3316:70 3310:108 3293:133 2989:GRT 2781:May 2666:". 2654:or 2543:). 2531:U-3 2388:E35 2245:in 2133:at 2017:to 1901:K/L 1756:in 1718:GRT 1461:SS 1156:GRT 1106:U-5 1033:U-9 1007:U-9 971:U-9 169:SM 153:of 63:by 7352:: 5203:, 4952:. 4848:. 4777:. 4738:. 4714:^ 4673:. 4615:. 4546:. 4453:^ 4385:^ 4245:. 4241:. 4050:14 4048:. 4044:. 4014:. 4006:. 3994:. 3988:. 3940:^ 3832:. 3712:^ 3583:^ 3561:. 3534:. 3530:. 3512:. 3485:. 3481:. 3463:. 3445:. 3366:54 3363:29 3355:9 3352:15 3333:63 3330:22 3327:19 3313:87 3307:52 3304:10 3290:54 3287:29 3284:24 3220:. 2991:) 2622:, 2567:, 2563:, 2517:, 2513:, 2509:, 2410:. 2363:, 2339:, 2333:, 2156:. 2025:, 1862:. 1457:. 1445:, 1439:, 1200:, 1158:. 1048:E3 1019:, 924:. 214:, 210:, 206:, 6721:/ 5233:e 5226:t 5219:v 5160:. 5149:. 5138:. 5119:. 5100:. 5061:. 5028:. 5009:. 4943:. 4894:. 4875:. 4839:. 4810:. 4789:. 4750:. 4677:. 4659:. 4631:. 4601:. 4558:. 4447:. 4413:. 4379:. 4354:. 4312:. 4257:. 4029:. 4002:: 3844:. 3816:. 3734:. 3688:. 3597:. 3577:. 3546:. 3516:. 3497:. 3467:. 3449:. 3389:) 3349:7 3346:8 3324:5 2450:4 2446:3 2443:+ 2441:2 1727:4 1723:3 1013:( 559:e 552:t 545:v 130:) 124:( 119:) 115:( 105:· 98:· 91:· 84:· 57:. 34:. 20:)

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