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Sama, the first step, means conciliation or alliances. When conflict arises between states, the first step is to talk. There are five types of conciliations: praising the person, referring to a relationship (for example, marriage), pointing out common benefits, telling what might happen in future if
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An article on
Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses website states that the 20th-century power-politics theoretician Hans J. Morgenthau suggests four similar methods in a struggle for the balance of power: Divide and Rule; Compensation; Armaments; and Alliances.
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mentioned four Upayas - Sama, Dana or Dama, Danda and Bheda as ways to reach a solution in state politics to avoid conflicts and war situations (Arthashastra 2.10.47). This phrase is also commonly used when you need to find a solution to a problem anyhow.
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All of the above four Upayas are generally spoken together in a single colloquial phrase - "Sama Dana Bheda
Dandopaya". This is a very common quote that is used all over India as a suggestion to resolve any conflict.
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refers to force or armaments. To take up war with the opposite state. This is the last resort - using military force. There are three types of Dandas: killing, tormenting and plundering (Arthashastra 2.10.56).
30:) is a Sanskrit word that means "approaches" or "ideas", "to come into any state or condition" and "to come near or towards". It also refers to methods of
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King, Governance, and Law in
Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra - a New Annotated Translation by Patrick Olivelle, Oxford University Press, 2013
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Bheda, refers to the usage of logic or trickery, influencing the mind. Creating dissension and discord in the enemy (Arthashastra 2.10.55).
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Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Sanskrit
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something is done in a specific way, and lastly putting oneself at the other's disposal (Arthashastra 2.10.48-53).
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The
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National Security and Counter-Insurgency: The Use of Force Vs Non-violent Response
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.