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residents tend to maintain more spatially-dispersed networks of ties than rural or suburban residents. Among lower-income urban residents, the lack of mobility and communal space within the city often disrupts the formation of social ties and lends itself to creating an unintegrated and distant community space. While the high density of networks within the city weakens relations between individuals, it increases the likelihood that at least one individual within a network can provide the primary support found among smaller and more tightly knit networks. Since the 1970s, research into social networks has focused primarily on the types of ties developed within residential environments. Bonding ties, common in tightly knit neighbourhoods, consist of connections that provide an individual with primary support, such as access to income or upward mobility among a neighbourhood organization. Bridging ties, in contrast, are the ties that weakly connect strong networks of individuals together. A group of communities concerned about the placement of a nearby highway may only be connected through a few individuals that represent their views at a community board meeting, for instance.
1151:(C&C)," the article discusses future plans and discusses research needed for the coming future. The article proposes certain steps in order to react to urban trends, create a safer environment, and prepare for future urbanization. The steps include: publishing more C&C articles, more research towards segregation in metropolitan areas, focusing on trends and patterns in segregation and poverty, decreasing micro-level segregation, and research towards international urbanization changes. However, in a June 2018 issue of C&C, Mike Owen Benediktsson argues that spatial inequality, the idea of a lack of resources through a specific space, would be problematic for the future of urban sociology. Problems in neighbourhoods arise from political forms and issues. He argues that attention should be more on the relationship between spaces rather than the expansion of more urban cities.
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and long hours that characterized the work of the many newly arrived
European immigrants. Furthermore, unlike many other metropolitan areas, Chicago did not expand outward at the edges as predicted by early expansionist theorists, but instead 'reformatted' the space available in a concentric ring pattern. As with many modern cities the business district occupied the city centre and was surrounded by slum and blighted neighbourhoods, which were further surrounded by workingmens' homes and the early forms of the modern suburbs. Urban theorists suggested that these spatially distinct regions helped to solidify and isolate class relations within the modern city, moving the middle class away from the urban core and into the privatized environment of the outer suburbs.
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with ethnographic fieldwork in order to understand how individuals, groups, and communities interact within urban social systems. Unlike the primarily macro-based sociology that had marked earlier subfields, members of the
Chicago School placed greater emphasis on micro-scale social interactions that sought to provide subjective meaning to how humans interact under structural, cultural and social conditions. The theory of symbolic interaction, the basis through which many methodologically groundbreaking ethnographies were framed in this period, took primitive shape alongside urban sociology and shaped its early methodological leanings. Symbolic interaction was forged out of the writings of early micro-sociologists
31:
1078:'s (1979) "The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers" which determined the function and position of the individual, institution and community in the urban landscape in relation to their community. Wellman's categorization and incorporation of community-focused theories such as "Community Lost", "Community Saved", and "Community Liberated" which centre around the structure of the urban community in shaping interactions between individuals and facilitating active participation in the local community are explained in detail below:
58:
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residential mobility. However, the concentrated number of environments present in the city for interaction increases the likelihood of individuals developing secondary ties, even if they simultaneously maintain distance from tightly knit communities. Primary ties that offer the individual assistance in everyday life form out of sparsely-knit and spatially dispersed interactions, with the individual's access to resources dependent on the quality of the ties they maintain within their community.
905:
analysis, observation, archival research, census data, social theory, interviews, and other methods to study a range of topics, including poverty, racial residential segregation, economic development, migration and demographic trends, gentrification, homelessness, blight and crime, urban decline, and neighborhood changes and revitalization. Urban sociological analysis provides critical insights that shape and guide urban planning and policy-making.
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1028:, which helped to explain the often-positive role of local institutions on the formation of community acceptance and social ties. When race relations break down and expansion renders one's community members anonymous, as was proposed to be occurring in this period, the inner city becomes marked by high levels of social disorganization that prevent local ties from being established and maintained in local political arenas.
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among low-income communities, individuals have a tendency to adapt to their environment and pool resources in order to protect themselves collectively against structural changes. Over time urban communities have tendencies to become “urban villages”, where individuals possess strong ties with only a few individuals that connect them to an intricate web of other urbanities within the same local environment.
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and segmental”, maintaining ties in multiple social networks while at the same time lacking the strong ties that bound them to any specific group. This disorganization in turn caused members of urban communities to subsist almost solely on secondary affiliations with others and rarely allowed them to rely on other members of the community for assistance with their needs.
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neglecting the other major communities of suburbs, towns, and rural areas. He also believes that urban sociologists have overcomplicated the term of urban sociology and should possibly create a more clear and organized explanation for their studies, arguing that a "Sociology of
Settlements," would cover most issues around the term.
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throughout the 20th century. Early theories that sought to frame the city as an adaptable “superorganism” often disregarded the intricate roles of social ties within local communities, suggesting that the urban environment itself rather than the individuals living within it controlled the spread and
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A critical response to the community lost theory that developed during the 1960s, the community saved argument suggests that multistranded ties often emerge in sparsely-knit communities as time goes on, and that urban communities often possess these strong ties, albeit in different forms. Especially
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into new and developing environments. Political participation and the rise in inter-community organizations were also frequently covered in this period, with many metropolitan areas adopting census techniques that allowed for information to be stored and easily accessed by participating institutions
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began placing increased leverage on the importance of these weak ties. While strong ties are necessary for providing residents with primary services and a sense of community, weak ties bring together elements of different cultural and economic landscapes in solving problems affecting a great number
1084:
The earliest of the three theories, this concept was developed in the late 19th century to account for the rapid development of industrial patterns that seemingly caused rifts between the individual and their local community. Urbanites were claimed to hold networks that were “impersonal, transitory
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state, having expanded from a small town of 10,000 in 1860 to an urban metropolis of over two million in the next half-century. Along with this expansion came many of the era's emerging social problems – ranging from issues with concentrated homelessness and harsh living conditions to the low wages
983:
Urban sociology rose to prominence within North
American academics through a group of sociologists and theorists at the University of Chicago from 1910s to 1940s in what became known as the Chicago School of Sociology. The Chicago School of Sociology combined sociological and anthropological theory
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has criticized theory developed throughout the middle of the twentieth century as relying primarily on the structural roles of institutions, and not how culture itself affects common aspects of inner-city life such as poverty. The distance shown toward this topic, he argues, presents an incomplete
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A cross-section of the community lost and community saved arguments, the community liberated theory suggests that the separation of workplace, residence and familial kinship groups has caused urbanites to maintain weak ties in multiple community groups that are further weakened by high rates of
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questioned if urban sociology even exists and devoted 40 years' worth of research in order to redefine and reorganize the concept. With the growing population and majority of
Americans living in suburbs, Castells believes that most researchers focus their work of urban sociology around cities,
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programs- has in many cases eased the transition of low-income residents into stable housing and employment. Yet research covering the social impact of forced movement among these residents has noted the difficulties individuals often have with maintaining a level of economic comfort, which is
904:
study of cities and urban life. One of the field’s oldest sub-disciplines, urban sociology studies and examines the social, historical, political, cultural, economic, and environmental forces that have shaped urban environments. Like most areas of sociology, urban sociologists use statistical
1102:
Along with the development of these theories, urban sociologists have increasingly begun to study the differences between the urban, rural and suburban environments within the last half-century. Consistent with the community-liberated argument, researchers have in large part found that urban
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and others have been criticized as unsightly and unresponsive to residential needs. The slow development of empirically based urban research reflects the failure of local urban governments to adapt and ease the transition of local residents to the short-lived industrialization of the city.
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through its use of quantitative and ethnographic research methods. The importance of theories developed by the
Chicago School within urban sociology has been critically sustained and critiqued but still, remains one of the most significant historical advancements in understanding
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began to study the structure and revitalization of the most impoverished areas of the inner city. In their research, impoverished neighbourhoods, which often rely on tightly knit local ties for economic and social support, were found to be targeted by developers for
1144:
spurred by rising land values and inter-urban competition between cities as a means to attract capital investment. The interaction between inner-city dwellers and middle class passersby in such settings has also been a topic of study for urban sociologists.
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Scholars of the
Chicago School originally sought to answer a single question: how did an increase in urbanism during the time of the Industrial Revolution contribute to the magnification of contemporary social problems? Sociologists centred on
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Due to the high concentration of first-generation immigrant families in the inner city of
Chicago during the early 20th century, many prominent early studies in urban sociology focused on the transmission of immigrants' native culture
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within the invasion and succession framework of the
Chicago School in explaining how cultural groups form, expand and solidify a neighbourhood. The theme of transition by subcultures and groups within the city was further expanded by
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of individuals. As theorist Eric Oliver notes, neighbourhoods with vast social networks are also those that most commonly rely on heterogeneous support in problem-solving, and are also the most politically active.
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These theoretical foundations were further expanded upon and analyzed by a group of sociologists and researchers who worked at the
University of Chicago in the early twentieth century. In what became known as the
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which displaced residents living within these communities. Political experimentation in providing these residents with semi-permanent housing and structural support – ranging from Section 8 housing to
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The concept of urban sociology as a whole has often been challenged and criticized by sociologists through time. Several different aspects from race, land, resources, etc. have broadened the idea.
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and city optimization for the human population. Some sociologists study relationships between urban patterns/policy and social issues like racial discrimination or high-income taxes.
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Many theories in urban sociology have been criticized, most prominently directed toward the ethnocentric approaches taken by many early theorists that lay the groundwork for
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such as the University of Chicago. Park, Burgess and McKenzie, professors at the University of Chicago and three of the earliest proponents of urban sociology, developed the
1118:
As the suburban landscape developed during the 20th century and the outer city became a refuge for the wealthy and, later, the burgeoning middle class, sociologists and
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Some modern social theorists have also been critical of the apparent shortsightedness that urban sociologists have shown toward the role of culture in the inner city.
992:, and sought to frame how individuals interpret symbols in everyday interactions. With early urban sociologists framing the city as a 'superorganism', the concept of
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shape of the city. For impoverished inner-city residents, the role of highway planning policies and other government-spurred initiatives instituted by the planner
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and the city within the social sciences. The discipline may draw from several fields, including cultural sociology, economic sociology, and political sociology.
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Benediktsson, Mike Owen (June 2018). "Where Inequality Takes Place: A Programmatic Argument for Urban Sociology: WHERE INEQUALITY TAKES PLACE".
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courses at the University of Chicago were among the earliest and most prominent courses on urban sociological research in the United States.
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1192:, and field studies of urban social interaction. Perry Burnett, who studied at the University of Southern Indiana, researched the idea of
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The evolution and transition of sociological theory from the Chicago School began to emerge in the 1970s with the publication of
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Portes, A., and Sensenbrenner, J., "Embeddedness and immigration: notes on the social determinants of economic action",
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Portes, A., and Sensenbrenner, J.,"Embeddedness and immigration: notes on the social determinants of economic action,"
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Harvey, D., ""From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism".
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Harvey, D., "From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism".
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2014:
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Hyra, Derek (September 2015). "Advancing the Future Urban Discourse: ADVANCING THE FUTURE URBAN DISCOURSE".
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aided in parsing out how individual communities contribute to the seamless functioning of the city itself.
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picture of inner-city life. The urban sociological theory is viewed as one important aspect of sociology.
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The philosophical foundations of modern urban sociology originate from the work of sociologists such as
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Martin, D.G., "Chicago School" in D. Gregory, R. Johnston, G. Pratt, M. Watts and S. Whatmore, eds.,
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Burgess, E., "The growth of the city: an introduction to a research project," in Park, R.E. (ed)
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revolutionized not only the purpose of urban research in sociology but also the development of
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However, as the theory surrounding social networks has developed, sociologists such as
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1956:
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1702:"Some Problems of and Futures for Urban Sociology: Toward a Sociology of Settlements"
1701:
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Molotch, H., "The City as a Growth Machine: Toward a Political Economy of Place".
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2917:
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Urban sociologists focus on a range of concepts such as peri-urban settlements,
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754:
726:
698:
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537:
267:
242:
17:
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3329:
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1999:
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Wellman, B., "The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers".
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1563:"Penny for your Thoughts: Beggars and the Exercise of Morality in Daily Life"
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who studied and theorized the economic, social and cultural processes of
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1605:
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The Protestant Ethic and the "Spirit" of Capitalism and Other Writings
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Sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas
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1749:, (trans) Nice, R., Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.
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1805:, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987.
1833:, (trans) Loomis, C.P, East Lansing: Michigan State Press, 1957.
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1875:
1540:(1st paperback ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
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1824:
The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and The Revanchist City
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The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City
1847:, (trans) Baehr, P. and Wells, G.C., New York: Penguin, 2002.
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The Community Question: The Intimate Networks of East Yorkers
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The British Journal of Sociology: Volume 51, Number 1, 2000.
1403:, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 47–62, 1925.
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The rise of urban sociology coincided with the expansion of
1819:, (trans) Wolff, K.H., Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1950.
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Fischer, C.S., "Toward a Subculture Theory of Urbanism".
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Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste
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The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York
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1784:, (trans) Stone, N.I., Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1911.
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New frontiers facing urban sociology at the millennium
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Capitalism Nature Socialism: Volume 7, Number 2, 1996.
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When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor
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A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy
1756:, (trans) Coser, L.A., New York: Free Press, 1997.
1533:
1789:Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. 1
1768:Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography,
1803:Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place
1791:, (trans) Fowkes, B., New York: Penguin, 1976.
1773:Hutchison, R., Gottdiener M., and Ryan, M.T.:
1742:, Dubuque, Iowa : William C. Brown, 1978.
1739:The City: Urban Communities and Their Problems
1507:Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography
1481:Connecticut: Princeton University Press, 2001.
1451:Granovetter, M., "The Strength of Weak Ties",
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1429:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
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1364:Cambridge: University of Cambridge, 1993.
1864:Wirth, L., "Urbanism as a Way of Life".
1112:Wisconsin model of sociological research
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48:
7:
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1777:Westview Press, Google E-Book, 2014.
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1700:Gans, Herbert J. (September 2009).
25:
1349:The Dictionary of Human Geography
1141:Community Development Block Grant
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2635:
2634:
1854:, 84(5), pp. 1201–31, 1979.
1798:, 82(2), pp. 309–332, 1976.
1754:The Division of Labor in Society
1719:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01286.x
1579:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2012.01359.x
1561:Dromi, Shai M. (December 2012).
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3297:List of social science journals
1812:, 98, pp. 1320–1350, 1993.
1763:, 80, pp. 1319–1341, 1975.
1222:Index of urban studies articles
438:Peace, war, and social conflict
3254:Science and technology studies
1232:List of urban sociology topics
1147:In a September 2015 issue of "
1:
1868:, 44(1), pp. 1–24, 1938.
1866:American Journal of Sociology
1852:American Journal of Sociology
1817:The Sociology of Georg Simmel
1810:American Journal of Sociology
1796:American Journal of Sociology
1761:American Journal of Sociology
1520:American Journal of Sociology
1466:American Journal of Sociology
1453:American Journal of Sociology
35:Singapore National Day Parade
1362:Contemporary Urban Sociology
1801:Molotch, H. and Logan, J.,
1522:, 82(2), pp. 309–332, 1976.
1047:Evolution of the discipline
942:Chicago School of sociology
3433:
2558:Human environmental impact
1826:, London: Routledge, 1996.
1532:Duneier, Mitchell (2001).
1496:, London: Routledge, 1996.
1468:, 98, pp. 1320–1350, 1993.
1351:, London: Blackwell, 2009.
1327:. Routledge. p. 723.
1050:
979:Chicago school (sociology)
976:
109:Human environmental impact
3338:
2739:
2631:
1909:
1375:Urbanism as a Way of Life
1252:Sociology of architecture
1207:Bibliography of sociology
1995:Structural functionalism
1861:, New York: Knopf, 1996.
1775:The New Urban Sociology.
1770:71, pp. 3–17, 1989.
1455:,78(6), 1360–1380, 1973.
1325:Encyclopedia of the City
203:Structural functionalism
2942:international relations
2567:Industrial revolutions
2015:Symbolic interactionism
223:Symbolic interactionism
118:Industrial revolutions
3269:Quantum social science
2005:Social constructionism
213:Social constructionism
38:
3306:Other categorizations
3159:International studies
3144:History of technology
3079:Communication studies
2962:public administration
2612:Social stratification
2494:Conversation analysis
2051:Cultural anthropology
2041:Comparative sociology
1967:Sociological practice
1831:Community and Society
1509:, 71, pp. 3–17, 1989.
1479:Democracy in Suburbia
1323:Caves, R. W. (2004).
1174:William Julius Wilson
1051:Further information:
1033:statistical inference
977:Further information:
956:on the inner city of
588:Conversation analysis
163:Social stratification
33:
3139:Historical sociology
2061:Historical sociology
1706:City & Community
1629:City & Community
1594:City & Community
1312:Dictionary reference
1227:Garden city movement
1190:human overpopulation
1149:City & Community
1096:Community liberated:
1037:behavioural sciences
994:symbolic interaction
973:Development and rise
3319:Geisteswissenschaft
3313:Behavioral sciences
3239:Political sociology
3154:Information science
3099:Development studies
2622:Social cycle theory
2081:Social anthropology
2071:Political sociology
1962:Sociological theory
1671:. New York: Knopf.
1026:Subculture Theories
932:and its effects on
173:Social cycle theory
44:Part of a series on
3374:Society portal
2861:auxiliary sciences
2691:Society portal
2592:Social environment
2216:race and ethnicity
2066:Industrial society
1641:10.1111/cico.12302
1606:10.1111/cico.12129
1567:Sociological Forum
1262:Urban anthropology
1257:Sociology of space
859:Society portal
482:History of science
463:Race and ethnicity
143:Social environment
39:
3394:
3393:
3234:Political economy
3229:Political ecology
3084:Community studies
3074:Cognitive science
3037:Interdisciplinary
2937:Political science
2699:
2698:
2587:Social complexity
2519:Social experiment
2264:
2263:
2091:Social psychology
1736:Berger, Alan S.,
1678:978-0-394-48076-3
1212:Community studies
1120:urban geographers
934:social alienation
914:Ferdinand Tönnies
895:
894:
613:Social experiment
493:Social psychology
138:Social complexity
16:(Redirected from
3424:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3358:
3357:
3346:
3345:
3249:Regional science
3094:Cultural studies
3069:Business studies
2726:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2689:
2688:
2674:
2673:
2662:
2661:
2638:
2637:
2617:Social structure
2514:Network analysis
2106:
2096:Sociolinguistics
2086:Social movements
2010:Social darwinism
1947:Public sociology
1896:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1516:
1510:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1388:City and Ecology
1384:
1378:
1371:
1365:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1242:Social geography
1108:Alejandro Portes
1089:Community saved:
1071:symbolic capital
887:
880:
873:
857:
856:
608:Network analysis
498:Sociocybernetics
488:Social movements
218:Social darwinism
168:Social structure
60:
41:
21:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3407:Urban sociology
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3366:
3334:
3301:
3285:
3259:Science studies
3043:Administration
3032:
2758:
2735:
2733:Social sciences
2730:
2700:
2695:
2683:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2597:Social equality
2530:
2529:
2528:
2455:
2269:Major theorists
2260:
2104:
2101:Urban sociology
2076:Rural sociology
2028:
2021:
2020:
2019:
1990:Critical theory
1985:Conflict theory
1971:
1952:Social research
1939:General aspects
1933:
1905:
1900:
1733:
1731:Further reading
1728:
1727:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1679:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1513:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1407:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1272:Urban economics
1237:Rural sociology
1202:
1182:Manuel Castells
1157:
1082:Community lost:
1055:
1049:
1041:Micro-sociology
981:
975:
962:human geography
898:Urban sociology
891:
851:
844:
843:
804:
794:
793:
721:
647:
633:
631:Major theorists
623:
622:
558:
548:
547:
238:
228:
227:
198:Critical theory
193:Conflict theory
188:
178:
177:
148:Social equality
89:
28:
23:
22:
18:Urban Sociology
15:
12:
11:
5:
3430:
3428:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3412:Urban planning
3409:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3202:social science
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:Global studies
3131:
3129:Gender studies
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3112:social science
3108:Environmental
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:macroeconomics
2804:
2802:microeconomics
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2553:Human behavior
2550:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:stratification
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2110:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2027:Related fields
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1857:Wilson, W.J.,
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1752:Durkheim, E.,
1750:
1745:Bourdieu, P.,
1743:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1712:(3): 211–219.
1692:
1677:
1654:
1635:(2): 394–417.
1619:
1600:(3): 254–257.
1584:
1573:(4): 847–871.
1553:
1547:978-0374527259
1546:
1524:
1511:
1498:
1483:
1470:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1379:
1366:
1360:Flanagan, W.,
1353:
1340:
1334:978-0415862875
1333:
1315:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1292:Urban vitality
1289:
1284:
1282:Urban planning
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1156:
1153:
1137:gentrification
1124:Harvey Molotch
1067:social capital
1059:Claude Fischer
1053:Social network
1048:
1045:
974:
971:
954:Ernest Burgess
918:Émile Durkheim
893:
892:
890:
889:
882:
875:
867:
864:
863:
862:
861:
846:
845:
842:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
805:
800:
799:
796:
795:
649:
648:
634:
629:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
554:
553:
550:
549:
546:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
258:Astrosociology
255:
250:
245:
239:
234:
233:
230:
229:
226:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
189:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
116:
111:
106:
104:Human behavior
101:
96:
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:
75:
70:
62:
61:
53:
52:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3429:
3418:
3417:Urban society
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Human science
3323:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3281:Vegan studies
3279:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3244:Public health
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:Philosophies
3177:
3175:
3174:Media studies
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3149:Human ecology
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:Anthrozoology
3057:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:developmental
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2957:public policy
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2908:legal systems
2906:
2904:
2903:legal history
2901:
2899:
2898:jurisprudence
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2633:
2630:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Social equity
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Globalization
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2484:Computational
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2126:consciousness
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2029:and subfields
2024:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:Social theory
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:Tonnies, F.,
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1669:
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3064:Area studies
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2817:mathematical
2812:econometrics
2770:Anthropology
2682:
2675:
2663:
2639:
2607:Social power
2509:Mathematical
2489:Ethnographic
2469:Quantitative
2236:small groups
2109:Sociology of
2100:
2036:Anthropology
1976:Perspectives
1865:
1858:
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1815:Simmel, G.,
1809:
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1187:
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1166:Robert Moses
1158:
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1128:David Harvey
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1065:theories on
1056:
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967:urbanization
944:the work of
938:
930:urbanization
926:Georg Simmel
907:
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809:Bibliography
723:
651:
650:
637:
603:Mathematical
583:Ethnographic
563:Quantitative
527:
248:Architecture
186:Perspectives
158:Social power
3385:Wikiversity
3276:Social work
3164:Linguistics
3089:Criminology
3006:criminology
2989:personality
2947:comparative
2925:Linguistics
2918:private law
2775:archaeology
2677:WikiProject
2479:Comparative
2474:Qualitative
2441:Baudrillard
2291:Tocqueville
2186:immigration
2161:environment
2046:Criminology
1843:Weber, M.,
1836:Weber, M.,
1822:Smith, N.,
1490:Smith, N.,
1386:Trepl, L.,
1373:Wirth, L.,
1287:Urban tribe
1007:tabula rasa
1004:due to its
986:George Mead
950:Louis Wirth
946:Robert Park
814:Terminology
783:Baudrillard
659:Tocqueville
573:Comparative
568:Qualitative
538:Victimology
368:Immigration
353:Generations
268:Criminology
3401:Categories
3330:Humanities
3264:historical
3197:psychology
3169:Management
3011:demography
2969:Psychology
2952:philosophy
2913:public law
2844:integrated
2641:Categories
2582:Popularity
2535:Key themes
2499:Historical
2251:technology
2056:Demography
2000:Positivism
1787:Marx, K.,
1780:Marx, K.,
1425:Park, R.,
1299:References
1132:Neil Smith
1063:Bourdieu's
839:By country
593:Historical
518:Technology
458:Punishment
443:Philosophy
418:Mathematic
408:Literature
373:Industrial
363:Historical
288:Demography
208:Positivism
133:Popularity
88:Key themes
3208:Planning
3187:economics
3104:Education
3001:Sociology
2979:cognitive
2930:semiotics
2881:political
2839:technical
2824:Geography
2797:Economics
2504:Interview
2286:Martineau
2191:knowledge
2151:education
2146:economics
1903:Sociology
1649:150330337
1614:145369614
1155:Criticism
990:Max Weber
922:Max Weber
910:Karl Marx
655:Martineau
598:Interview
523:Terrorism
503:Sociology
448:Political
388:Knowledge
308:Education
50:Sociology
3349:Category
3217:regional
3212:land use
3047:business
3016:internet
2974:abnormal
2876:military
2866:economic
2856:cultural
2829:physical
2790:physical
2780:cultural
2652:Journals
2563:Identity
2446:Bourdieu
2436:Habermas
2431:Luhmann
2426:Foucault
2361:Mannheim
2336:Durkheim
2221:religion
2211:military
2206:medicine
2156:emotions
2141:deviance
1924:Timeline
1838:The City
1665:(1974).
1536:Sidewalk
1401:The City
1217:Ekistics
1200:See also
1122:such as
1110:and the
834:Timeline
819:Journals
787:Bourdieu
779:Habermas
775:Luhmann
771:Foucault
715:Mannheim
695:Durkheim
468:Religion
428:Military
393:Language
378:Internet
333:Feminist
317:Jealousy
303:Economic
298:Disaster
293:Deviance
236:Branches
114:Identity
3361:Commons
3192:history
3182:science
3117:studies
2851:History
2763:Primary
2749:History
2744:Outline
2665:Commons
2543:Society
2460:Methods
2451:Giddens
2416:Goffman
2411:Schoeck
2356:Du Bois
2321:Tönnies
2301:Spencer
2231:science
2201:leisure
2131:culture
1919:History
1914:Outline
1035:in the
1002:Chicago
958:Chicago
900:is the
791:Giddens
789:·
785:·
777:·
765:·
763:Goffman
759:Schoeck
745:·
737:·
713:·
711:Du Bois
709:·
701:·
697:·
689:·
683:Tönnies
681:·
667:Spencer
665:·
643:·
556:Methods
533:Utopian
478:Science
423:Medical
413:Marxist
403:Leisure
313:Emotion
278:Culture
94:Society
73:Outline
68:History
3052:public
2994:social
2886:social
2785:social
2524:Survey
2421:Bauman
2396:Nisbet
2391:Merton
2381:Gehlen
2376:Adorno
2341:Addams
2331:Simmel
2326:Veblen
2316:Pareto
2306:Le Bon
2281:Sieyès
2181:health
2176:gender
2166:family
1687:834874
1685:
1675:
1647:
1612:
1544:
1331:
829:People
767:Bauman
747:Nisbet
743:Merton
735:Gehlen
731:Adorno
724:1900s:
699:Addams
691:Simmel
687:Veblen
679:Pareto
671:Le Bon
652:1800s:
645:Sieyès
638:1700s:
618:Survey
543:Visual
453:Public
358:Health
348:Gender
338:Fiscal
328:Family
3222:urban
3026:urban
3021:rural
2871:human
2834:human
2754:Index
2647:lists
2401:Mills
2371:Fromm
2366:Elias
2351:Weber
2276:Comte
2241:space
2226:sport
2136:death
1929:Index
1645:S2CID
1610:S2CID
1021:norms
1017:roles
802:Lists
751:Mills
727:Fromm
719:Elias
707:Weber
641:Comte
528:Urban
513:Sport
508:Space
473:Rural
433:Music
383:Jewry
283:Death
243:Aging
78:Index
3290:List
2406:Bell
2386:Aron
2346:Mead
2311:Ward
2296:Marx
2256:work
2171:food
2121:body
1683:OCLC
1673:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1130:and
1069:and
1019:and
988:and
952:and
924:and
755:Bell
739:Aron
703:Mead
675:Ward
663:Marx
343:Food
263:Body
2893:Law
2196:law
2116:art
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398:Law
253:Art
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