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buildings, critical system failures or loss of control, and hull loss. In the case of autonomous or remote-piloted aircraft, cybersecurity becomes a risk as well. The type of and volume of the noise caused by aircraft and rotorcraft are two leading factors regarding the public perception of eVTOL craft in UAM applications. Specific security concerns include the physical security of passengers in the absence of crew members and the cybersecurity of both the craft and the systems governing it. In regard to social equity, the high initial costs of UAM services could prove to be detrimental to public opinion, especially as the affordability of services and technologies is not guaranteed. In the NASA UAM Market Study, respondents with higher incomes were more likely to take UAM trips. An EASA survey showed that 83% of respondents had a positive attitude towards UAM, while 71% were ready to try UAM services. Projects underway include Lilium announcing to create the first U.S. vertihub in
Orlando for its on-demand electric jet service and EHang created an UAM pilot program in Spain in the city of Seville.
669:, a vertiport is an identifiable ground or elevated area, that can be associated with various equipment and facilities, used for the take off and landing of tiltrotor aircraft and rotorcraft. The industry has used different terms for describing the various levels of equipment and sizes of these facilities. Vertipads are simple landing pads designed to be used by one aircraft at a time. Vertiports or vertibases can feature one or more Final Approach and Takeoff (FATO) and Touch-down and Lift-off (TLOF) areas, as well as several VTOL stands and other aircraft and passenger facilities. Vertihubs are larger aviation facilities serving the largest structure in the UAM environment. They can offer service ssuch as
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50:(AAM) concept that includes other use cases than intracity passenger transport; NASA describes Advanced Air Mobility as including small drones, electric aircraft, and automated air traffic management among other technologies to perform a wide variety of missions including cargo and logistics. This is also supported by the drone market consulting firm Drone Industry Insights, who also includes vertiports into the definition of AAM and UAM.
633:
Sikorsky is developing MATRIX technology, while
Honeywell is partnered with Pipistrel and other manufacturers to develop automatic landing systems for their respective aircraft. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning are necessary to develop autonomous craft, but pose a complication to certification because they are non-deterministic, i.e. they may behave differently given the same input in the same scenario.
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actual airspace, delineations of air corridors, dynamic geofencing to maintain flight paths, weather avoidance, and route planning without continuous human monitoring. Airspace Link developed AirHub, a system to connect cities, states, drone operators, and the FAA into a single space to map out the safest routes for autonomous drones using publicly available flight data.
717:
on defined corridors for UAM craft which must then abide by specific protocols when inside the corridor. EASA's regulatory approach leaves local decision to “local actors” and will instead seek to certify the aircraft themselves for safety. They developed the VTOL Special
Condition to certify the specific class of aircraft that were previously undefined.
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Governments around the world have begun debating changes to their airspace rules to accommodate high numbers of autonomous or semi-autonomous aircraft operating at low altitudes. NASA and EASA have proposed concepts for the requirements of a UAM system. NASA's concept of operations, or ConOps, relies
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Flight controls consists of flight control surfaces, cockpit controls, and operating mechanisms to control an aircraft's direction in flight. Honeywell, Pipistrel, Vertical
Aerospace, Lilium and other companies are collaborating to create new flight controls for a variety of eVTOL aircraft. Honeywell
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Conventional fossil fuels are readily available and offer high power density (the amount of power produced per kilogram of fuel). However, traditional piston or turbine engines emit smoke and noise. The heavy mechanical linkages needed to distribute power limit the number and configuration of rotors
438:
capabilities, are deployed to take off and land vertically in a relatively small area to avoid the need of a runway. The majority of designs are electric and use multiple rotors to minimize noise (due to rotational speed) while providing high system redundancy. Many of them have completed their first
71:
began prototyping “plane cars” as single-seat aircraft, but halted development after a fatal crash in early tests. One of the first vertical-takeoff-and-landing aircraft (VTOLs) was the 1924 Berliner No. 5. It recorded its best performance when it reached a height of 4.57 m (15 ft) during a
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Pilots need to be certified to operate an eVTOL and remote eVTOLs. Pilots can obtain a
Commercial Pilot License (CPL(H)) or an Air Transport Pilot License (ATPL(H)) for manned craft. CAE is developing training programs utilizing data analytics with complex simulators. CAE and BETA partnered to offer
243:
completed the first pilotless test flight of the AAV EHang216 in Honshu, China. In the same month, Volocopter demonstrated its first public flight of an electric air taxi in France along with remote-controlled flight of its eVTOL, the
Volocopter 2X. In July 2021, Joby completed a flight of its eVTOL
730:
Aircraft need to be certified as airworthy, as well as registered with the appropriate governing body. Regulations for UAM aircraft are most similar to helicopter regulations but will need additional regulations for electric and/or autonomous craft. FAA established certification basis for its eVTOL
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UAM requires infrastructure for vehicles to take off, land, be repaired, recharge or refuel, and park. The size of the physical infrastructure determines the market size, as trips can only be completed between established landing areas. While some components can be integrated into existing aviation
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Avionics are electronic systems designed for aircraft. Honeywell is developing integrated avionics systems comprising a vehicle management system, autonomous navigation, a fly-by-wire control system, and compact satellite connectivity. The avionics are modular and able to integrate with third-party
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Advanced autonomous eVTOL fleets require management software to scale to profitable levels. Pilot training is costly and expensive, and pilots themselves take up much of an aircraft's payload. So many manufacturers are designing aircraft that can fly autonomously as automation technology improves.
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Fly-by-wire systems translate a pilot's inputs into commands sent to an aircraft's motors, propeller governors, ailerons, elevators and other moving surfaces. They are essential in multirotor designs because human pilots cannot control multiple propellers without computer assistance. In June 2019,
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offered regular helicopter connections between midtown
Manhattan and John F. Kennedy International Airport, allowing for passengers to connect directly to their flights from the New York City Pan American building. The service was halted in 1979 after a crash in 1977 killed four people on the roof
42:
systems to control them. Inventors have explored urban air mobility concepts since the early days of powered flight. However, advances in materials, computerized flight controls, batteries and electric motors improved innovation and designs beginning in the late 2010s. Most UAM proponents envision
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Public acceptance of UAM relies on a variety of factors, including but not limited to safety, energy consumption, noise, security, and social equity. Safety risks overlap with most current aircraft risks, including the potential for flights outside of approved airspace, proximity to people and/or
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Unmanned
Aircraft Systems (UAS) Traffic Management (collectively UTM) is a specific air traffic management system designed around the unique needs of unmanned and low-altitude aircraft. UTM provides airspace integrations necessary for ensuring safe operation through services such as design of the
238:
Lockheed Martin debuted their optionally-piloted helicopter, the S-76B Sikorsky
Autonomous Research Aircraft (SARA) in 2019, in downtown Los Angeles. In 2018, the Wisk Cora eVTOL test flight occurred in Mountain View, CA. That same year, Opener flew the BlackFly a personal air vehicle, after nine
234:
partnered to prototype an experimental eVTOL. In 2014, The
Leading Edge Asynchronous Propeller Technology (LEAPTech) project was launched as a collaboration of NASA Langley Research Center and NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center along with Empirical Systems Aerospace (ESAero) and Joby Aviation.
88:
was a disk-shaped aircraft designed for military use. Initially funded by the Canadian government, the project was dropped due to costs until the U.S. Army and Air Force took over development of the Avrocar in 1958. The Avrocar encountered issues with both thrust and stability and the project was
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Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity by circulating hydrogen gas through a catalytic membrane. Small fuel cells can power light drones for three times longer than equivalent batteries. Fuel cells are in development for larger aircraft. Experimental regional aircraft retrofitted with fuel
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Hybrid-electric systems use a combination of internal combustion engine (ICE) and electric propulsion system components. Different combinations are possible. These systems can provide combined advantages from different energy sources, but still must be viewed in terms of the overall system's
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All VTOL and eVTOL aircraft that carry persons or property for hire must be flown by an appropriately certificated operator. Joby applied for a FAA Part 135 certificate to operate their own aircraft for UAM projects. Lilium partnered with Luxaviation to operate eVTOL jets in Europe.
22:(UAM) is the use of small, highly automated aircraft to carry passengers or cargo at lower altitudes in urban and suburban areas which have been developed in response to traffic congestion. It usually refers to existing and emerging technologies such as traditional
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craft. eVTOLs are classified with the FAA as an airplane that can take off and land vertically. EASA released Special Condition VTOL certification to separate VTOLs and eVTOLs from conventional rotocraft or fixed-wing aircraft. Archer Aviation uses a blend of the
680:
In 2020, Lilium announced their plans to construct a vertiport near Orlando International Airport. Joby has partnered with REEF Technology and Neighborhood Property Group (NPG) to use the rooftops of parking structures as take-off and landing areas.
514:
Rechargeable batteries are often used in UAVs and eVTOLs. Emerging eVTOL vehicles are limited by the relatively low energy density to weight ratio in current battery technology, as well as the lack of infrastructure required for recharging stations.
184:
began to offer Uber Copter in Lower Manhattan New York to John F. Kennedy International Airport. Some cities have encouraged the idea of inexpensive, point-to-point air travel as a way of reducing traffic congestion and moving goods.
385:
UAVs are more commonly referred to as “drones” and can be piloted remotely or autonomously. While most UAVs are used to transport cargo, larger UAVs could transport passengers with no ability to intervene in the craft's operation.
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Existing helipads, or helicopter landing pads, can be used to accommodate UAM aircraft. Helipads are insufficient to sustain the industry without construction of additional infrastructure or modification of existing helipads.
193:
By the mid-2000s, aircraft designers were incorporating technologies pioneered in small drones into new aircraft designs for passengers. These technologies included distributed propulsion (the use of multiple rotors or fans),
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Airports are already being used in limited locations to facilitate on-demand helicopter and eVTOL services. Such airports include John Wayne Airport, John F. Kennedy International Airport, and Portland International Airport.
883:
271:(THI in the artificial intelligence research network) and other partners. Envisioned was use of UAM in emergency services, transport of blood and organs, traffic monitoring, public safety and passenger transport.
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Tiltrotor aircraft lift exclusively by rigid propeller and have no other horizontal propulsion type. They generate horizontal thrust by physically tilting the rotors into a horizontal position once airborne.
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and aerospace infrastructure, additional facilities need to be constructed. For large cities it is estimated that there could be 85–100 take-off and landing pads to accommodate a UAM environment.
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In order for UAM aircraft to be most efficient, recharging and refueling must be done as quickly as possible, whether that is swapping batteries, fast recharging batteries, or hydrogen refueling.
2716:
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applications. The architecture can also incorporate Simplified Vehicle Operations, which replaces traditional pilot displays with imagery that is similar to a car GPS system or smartphone app.
218:. On October 5, 2011, Marcus Leng, Founder of Opener, piloted the first manned flight of a fixed-wing all electric VTOL aircraft. On October 21, 2011, the co-founder and primary designer of
607:
developed a fly-by-wire computer that controls multiple rotors, a detection and avoidance radar to navigate traffic, and software to track landing zones for repeatable vertical landings.
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requirements to certify its eVTOL. BETA applied for eVTOL certification under Part 23 with the FAA. BETA was the first manned eVTOL to receive military airworthiness from the Air Force.
2995:
2481:
Mallela, J.; Wheeler, P.; Le Bris, G.; Nguyen, L.-G. (2023). ACRP Research Report 243: Urban Air Mobility: An Airport Perspective. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC:
2387:
3161:
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506:-neutral energy while utilizing existing refueling infrastructure. But they pose the same challenges as conventional fuel in terms of noise and mechanical limitations.
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Mechanics also need to be certified, but as this is an emerging industry there are not yet regulations in place to do so for the relevant aircraft and technologies.
168:
BLADE, launched in 2014 in New York City, providing helicopter-based air taxi services. BLADE has since launched similar services in the San Francisco Bay Area and
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1995:
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Lift-plus-cruise aircraft utilize vertically mounted propellers for take-off and landing, but a horizontal propeller and wings for sustained cruise flight.
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with one original Honeywell TPE 331 turboprop engine on the right wing and a proprietary ZeroAvia hydrogen-electric engine on the left wing. In March 2023,
2432:
3335:
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eVTOL pilot and maintenance technician training for ALIA eVTOLs. CAE and Volocopter partnered to develop a pilot training program for Volocopter eVTOLs.
2109:
3096:"Urban air mobility: A comprehensive review and comparative analysis with autonomous and electric ground transportation for informing future research"
3021:"Urban air mobility: A comprehensive review and comparative analysis with autonomous and electric ground transportation for informing future research"
2457:
786:
In December 2016, the Vertical Lift Research Centers of Excellence (VLRCOE) announced its new academic teams for its program. The joint effort of the
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298:, France, is participating in the European Urban Air Mobility Initiative. The project is coordinated by Airbus, the European institutional partner
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that flew a 150-mile flight on a single battery charge by flying in a 14-mile circle 11 times for a total flight time of one hour and 17 minutes.
565:
Multirotor aircraft have small wings, or no wings at all. They use downward-facing propellers or fans to generate the majority of their lift.
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118:
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aims to foster direct collaboration between the government and academic institutions. Universities have been associated into various teams:
122:
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UAs generally refer to aircraft without the possibility of human intervention in the craft's operation, from either pilots or passengers.
149:, utilizing Sikorsky S-61 helicopters. The service was discontinued in the 1990s after Trump Shuttle was acquired by US Airways. In 1986,
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815:
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Tiltwing aircraft are similar to tiltrotor aircraft, but rather than independently rotating the rotors, the entire wing is rotated.
38:(UAVs). These aircraft are characterized by the use of multiple electric-powered rotors or fans for lift and propulsion, along with
97:
Beginning in the early 1950s, air operators offered UAM air taxis services via helicopters in a handful of U.S. cities, including
2088:
1205:
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843:
3185:
2895:
2840:
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330:, Mexico. Fast air connections are still associated with high costs, and cause considerable noise and high energy consumption.
303:
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using Airbus helicopters. The Voom UAM demonstration program operated for four years and was shut down in March 2020. In 2019,
2019:
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that the aircraft will be owned and operated by professional operators, as with taxis, rather than by private individuals.
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1971:
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255:, the WiNDroVe project – (use of drones in a metropolitan area) was implemented from May 2017 through January 2018. In
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Ducted fans are a type of propeller mounted within a duct, which optimizes the thrust from the tips of the blades.
546:
158:
2433:"The ABC's of UAM Infrastructure: If You Don't Build It, They Won't Come By Jeff Guzzetti | Aerospace Tech Review"
2717:"EASA announces eVTOL certification expected 2024, clear approval of citizens and key role for local authorities"
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VTOL aircraft can take off and land vertically, as well as hover. eVTOLs are electrically powered VTOL aircraft.
73:
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1477:
878:
85:
1938:
1898:
1650:
63:
The development of the earliest predecessors of UAM aircraft began in the early 1900s with early concepts of “
239:
years of development. Joby Aviation tested its tilt-rotor UAM vehicle in flight in March 2021. In June 2021,
3330:
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Volocopter and CAE partnered to create the first eVTOL pilot training and development program in July 2021.
851:
835:
819:
462:
294:
joined the UAM Initiative of the European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities (EIP-SCC).
248:
77:
35:
2168:
811:
211:
1338:
457:). The first type uses only rotors with vertical axis, while the second additionally have propulsion and
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803:
47:
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Applications include commute, law enforcement, air medical, fire, private security, and military.
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Verger, R. This plane powered by hydrogen has made an electrifying first flight. March 7, 2023:
2138:
ACRP Research Report 236: Preparing Your Airport for Electric Aircraft and Hydrogen Technologies
477:
377:
SUAs are unmanned aircraft with a total weight (including cargo) under 55 pounds (25 kg).
318:, Brazil, with over 15,000 passengers flown by Voom. There, urban air mobility was provided by
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1946:
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The Voom UAM demonstration program operated for four years, and was shut down in March 2020.
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2154:
Solomon, T. With First Flight and More, ZeroAvia Turns a Corner in 2023. February 22, 2023:
1021:
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110:
2599:"DroneX Tradeshow & Conference - What can you expect to see at the new show this year?"
2361:
2209:"Honeywell Forms Business Unit Dedicated To Unmanned Aerial Systems And Urban Air Mobility"
3236:"Direct current pulse train actuation to enhance droplet control in digital microfluidics"
2996:"CAE, BETA Technologies announce collaboration for pilot and maintenance training program"
2980:
2652:
2418:
3162:"Electric jet aims for Lake Nona as the nation's 1st 'vertiport' for flying taxi service"
2483:
https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26899/urban-air-mobility-an-airport-perspective
3251:
3136:"EASA publishes results of first EU study on citizens' acceptance of Urban Air Mobility"
1856:"A Performance Benchmark of Recent Personal Air Vehicle Concepts for Urban Air Mobility"
1313:
940:
411:(PAVs) are under development for urban air mobility. These include projects such as the
2548:
2458:"Understanding Infrastructure Challenges for Urban Air Mobility Development in the US"
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Honeywell introduced a miniaturized computer specifically designed for UAM aircraft.
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2337:"Airflow Partners with Pipistrel for Proof-of-Concept Electric-Propulsion Aircraft"
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267:, the Carisma Research Center, the Fraunhofer Application Center for Mobility, the
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315:
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2841:"eVTOL Certification: Where Are They Now and the Challenges that Still Lie Ahead"
2791:"eVTOL Certification: Where Are They Now and the Challenges that Still Lie Ahead"
2624:"A Legal and Regulatory Assessment for the Potential of Urban Air Mobility (UAM)"
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130:
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339:, a UK Government-sponsored helipad+ startup R&D firm, with a prototype at
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2767:"Joby shares detailed timelines for eVTOL certification and commercialization"
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STOL aircraft have shorter runway requirements for both takeoff and landing.
3186:"Seville to run the first urban air mobility pilot program in Spain | Eltis"
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2623:
1624:
1551:"Joby Aviation Air Taxi: First Footage of Vehicle in Flight [VIDEO]"
1254:
660:
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67:” such as Glenn Curtiss's Autoplane, developed in 1917. Three years later,
3302:"CAE and Volocopter Partner to Create Global eVTOL Pilot Training Program"
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447:
340:
323:
295:
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3094:
Garrow, Laurie A.; German, Brian J.; Leonard, Caroline E. (2021-11-01).
3019:
Garrow, Laurie A.; German, Brian J.; Leonard, Caroline E. (2021-11-01).
2169:
https://www.popsci.com/technology/hydrogen-fuel-cell-aircraft-explained/
3276:"Volocopter and Canada's CAE launch first eVTOL pilot training program"
2946:"Description of the NASA Urban Air Mobility Maturity Level (UML) Scale"
2520:"Joby partners with REEF Technology on aerial rideshare infrastructure"
287:
283:
259:, Germany the Urban Air Mobility project began in June 2018, involving
252:
150:
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3235:
1829:
1041:"UAM Vision Concept of Operations (ConOps) UAM Maturity Level (UML) 4"
533:
cell-electric propulsion systems have flown in 2023. In January 2023,
30:(VTOL), electrically propelled vertical-takeoff-and-landing aircraft (
3211:"NASA Renews Support of Vertical Lift Research Centers of Excellence"
2631:
1779:"UK Government Funds Development of Pop Up eVTOL Airport in Coventry"
1753:"Closing This Chapter: Our Learnings On Transforming How People Move"
1452:
279:
264:
173:
169:
137:
114:
2922:"Luxaviation & Lilium partner to build eVTOL airlines in Europe"
2549:"Urban Air Mobility | Transportation Sustainability Research Center"
2388:"EHang to Provide UAM Services in Hengqin New Area in Zhuhai, China"
1601:"Watch Joby Aviation's electric air taxi complete a 150-mile flight"
1575:"EHang completes its first auto, no-pilot AAV trial flight in Japan"
1110:"Urban Air Mobility | Transportation Sustainability Research Center"
884:
List of aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations
2495:"To take off, flying vehicles first need places to land | McKinsey"
1996:"To take off, flying vehicles first need places to land | McKinsey"
1909:
1899:"Fast-Forwarding to a Future of On-Demand Urban Air Transportation"
214:, funded by Google Co-founder Larry Page, began development of the
614:
476:
442:
The most common configurations of urban air mobility aircraft are
424:
240:
31:
2239:"Honeywell Releases Their New Compact Fly-By-Wire System for UAM"
1678:"European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities"
1206:"Berliner Helicopter, Model 1924 | National Air and Space Museum"
1158:"Berliner Helicopter, Model 1924 | National Air and Space Museum"
3070:"An Assessment of Public Perception of Urban Air Mobility (UAM)"
2692:"Five things to know about NASA's ConOps for urban air mobility"
2622:
Serrao, Jacqueline; Nilsson, Sarah; Kimmel, Shawn (2018-11-21).
1905:
1854:
Michael Shamiyeh, Raoul Rothfeld, Mirko Hornung (Sep 14, 2018).
795:
466:
435:
260:
231:
181:
27:
1071:"The Vision of Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) | Droneii.com 2023"
666:
2182:"Aircraft Configuration - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1339:"Uber Copter to Offer Flights From Lower Manhattan to J.F.K."
966:"Positioning Helicopters in the Urban Air Mobility Ecosystem"
222:, Thomas Senkel, flew the first manned flight of an electric
343:, equipped for eVTOLs, PAVs and drones, in conjunction with
1290:"The rise and fall of Donald Trump's $ 365 million airline"
1256:
DTIC ADA398619: FAA Vertical Flight Bibliography, 1962-2001
677:. Vertihubs would serve concentrated high-traffic regions.
2573:
1017:
Systems analysis of urban air mobility operational scaling
434:
In the concept phase, urban air mobility aircraft, having
1271:"The Trump Shuttle Connection timetable December 4, 1989"
991:"Eco Helicopters Launching Urban Air Mobility Operations"
3234:
Murran, Miguel A.; Najjaran, Homayoun (1 October 2012).
1020:(Thesis thesis). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
502:
Synthetic fuels have the potential to produce nearly CO
1373:"Larry Page is quietly amassing a 'flying car' empire"
1367:
1365:
3100:
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
3025:
Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
2817:"EASA details approach behind VTOL special condition"
1625:"Commercial use of drones: WiNDroVe project launched"
1830:"The Complete Market Overview of the eVTOL Industry"
1526:"What is it like to fly a helicopter with a tablet?"
2668:"The Evolution of Drone Laws in 2023 | Droneii.com"
1478:"Electrical Power Will Change the Look of Aviation"
1253:Defense Technical Information Center (2001-12-01).
145:offered helicopter service between Wall Street and
247:Air mobility is progressing along both manned and
153:began as a helicopter airline with routes between
133:. The average cost for a one-way fare was $ 4–11.
2288:"Honeywell Goes "All In" on Urban Air Mobility"
1314:"Helijet Airways history from Americas, Canada"
172:. In 2017 Voom, a subsidiary of aircraft maker
2871:"CAE and BETA Team Up on eVTOL Pilot Training"
2362:"Airflow, Pipistrel Partner For eSTOL Concept"
2263:"Fly-by-wire controls set for electric flight"
2156:https://www.zeroavia.com/first-flight-and-more
1014:Vascik, Parker D. (Parker Denys Neff) (2020).
912:"Urban Air Mobility and Advanced Air Mobility"
557:Common VTOL and eVTOL configurations include:
2110:"Are Batteries Truly Enough to Power eVTOLs?"
2020:"The Inevitable Merge of UAM and UAV: Part 1"
1134:"1924 Berliner Helicopter No. 5 | MNCPPC, MD"
461:systems for horizontal flight (e.g. pressure
8:
2131:
2129:
1882:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1728:"The Future of Urban Air Mobility - TEDxWHU"
918:. United States Department of Transportation
46:Urban air mobility is a subset of a broader
141:and one on the ground below. In the 1980s,
1972:"Electric Air Taxis Are About to Take Off"
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1897:Jeff Holden, Nikhil Goel (Oct 27, 2016).
864:Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
226:, the Volocopter VC1 prototype. In 2012,
80:, Buhl and other manufacturers developed
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2715:Butterworth-Hayes, Philip (2021-05-19).
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2312:"UAM Autonomy: What It's Going to Take"
2089:"URBAN AIR MOBILITY (UAM) MARKET STUDY"
1939:"Taxi! To the Airport — by Air, Please"
1804:"Urban Air Mobility – the sky is yours"
935:
933:
900:
72:one-minute, thirty-five second flight.
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2574:"UAS Traffic Management (UTM) Project"
2414:
2404:
2386:Limited, EHang Holdings (2021-01-12).
1875:
1426:"Kitty Hawk Flyer (defunct prototype)"
906:
904:
498:Sustainable or synthetic aviation fuel
446:(such as the Volocopter) or so-called
176:, flew more than 15,000 passengers in
1401:"Volocopter Flies at Paris Air Forum"
399:Vertical take-off and landing (VTOL)
274:The German, Dutch and Belgian cities
119:John F. Kennedy International Airport
117:offered more than 30 flights between
28:vertical-takeoff-and-landing aircraft
16:Urban transportation using air travel
7:
3068:Yedavalli, Pavan; Mooberry, Jessie.
2896:"Joby moves on Part 135 certificate"
2742:"EASA's EVTOL CERTIFICATION PROCESS"
1064:
1062:
828:Embry Riddle Aeronautical University
619:Compact fly-by-wire system workbench
123:Newark Liberty International Airport
2059:"Multicopter in the rescue service"
306:(European Aviation Safety Agency).
3300:Swartz, Kenneth I. (8 July 2021).
1726:Andreas Thellmann (Mar 20, 2018).
1233:"A ROADMAP TO CERTIFY FLYING CARS"
366:Short take-off and landing (STOL)
269:THI University of Applied Sciences
14:
3336:Proposed transport infrastructure
3160:Spear, Kevin (11 November 2020).
1599:Hawkins, Andrew J. (2021-07-27).
93:Helicopters and air taxi services
2136:Le Bris, G; et al. (2022).
1676:MASCHIO, Isabella (2016-01-14).
844:University of Texas at Arlington
3209:Margetta, Robert (2021-08-10).
2267:Aerospace Testing International
1651:"Urban Air Mobility Initiative"
1039:Hill, Brian (2 December 2020).
916:Federal Aviation Administration
832:University of California, Davis
800:Georgia Institute of Technology
733:FAA Part 23, 27, 33, 35, and 36
382:Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
2572:Gipson, Lillian (2018-08-31).
1937:Nagesh, Gautham (2021-11-22).
1502:"Great Electric Airplane Race"
856:Technical University of Munich
374:Small unmanned aircraft (SUA)
1:
2920:Gislam, Steven (2021-05-28).
2237:Gaubatz, Naish (2019-06-11).
2142:Transportation Research Board
2114:interactive.aviationtoday.com
1549:McNabb, Miriam (2021-03-01).
1045:NASA Technical Reports Server
848:University of Texas at Austin
824:Pennsylvania State University
89:eventually canceled in 1961.
2994:Stonor, Chris (2021-09-21).
1337:Vora, Shivani (2019-06-05).
429:Boeing Passenger Air Vehicle
314:The concept was realized in
2666:Alvarado, Ed (2023-01-23).
2437:www.aerospacetechreview.com
1069:Alvarado, Ed (2023-02-03).
995:Aviation International News
840:United States Naval Academy
3357:
941:"Urban Air Mobility (UAM)"
889:Index of aviation articles
838:, University of Maryland,
3113:10.1016/j.trc.2021.103377
3038:10.1016/j.trc.2021.103377
2740:HQ, Osinto (2020-01-20).
2171:. Accessed March 8, 2023.
2158:. Accessed March 8, 2023.
2144:(Report). Washington, DC.
2024:www.commercialuavnews.com
561:Multirotor or multicopter
326:are already available in
2815:says, Lucas Marchesini.
1482:Air & Space Magazine
1275:Airline Timetable Images
879:Lists of aviation topics
852:Texas A&M University
549:made its maiden flight.
36:unmanned aerial vehicles
3240:Applied Physics Letters
3000:Urban Air Mobility News
2954:10.2514/6.2021-1627.vid
2672:Drone Industry Insights
2603:Urban Air Mobility News
2392:GlobeNewswire News Room
1075:Drone Industry Insights
836:University of Tennessee
820:University of Liverpool
391:Unmanned aircraft (UA)
210:construction. In 2010,
3306:The Electric VTOL News
2975:Cite journal requires
2647:Cite journal requires
812:University of Michigan
782:Training and Education
703:Air traffic management
620:
482:
212:Kitty Hawk Corporation
3341:Technology in society
2765:says, Jasper Nuyens.
2518:says, Alan McMillan.
2186:www.sciencedirect.com
816:Washington University
804:Iowa State University
618:
480:
427:and the experimental
409:Personal air vehicles
196:lithium ion batteries
48:Advanced Air Mobility
2597:admin (2021-03-31).
1682:e3p.jrc.ec.europa.eu
3252:2012ApPhL.101n4102M
3166:orlandosentinel.com
860:Roma Tre University
528:Hydrogen fuel cells
136:From 1964 to 1968,
3326:Urban air mobility
2439:. 27 February 2021
2417:has generic name (
2407:cite press release
1943:The New York Times
1476:Larson, George C.
1342:The New York Times
1288:Flanagan, Graham.
1210:airandspace.si.edu
1162:airandspace.si.edu
792:United States Navy
788:United States Army
621:
543:Universal Hydrogen
483:
481:1MW turbogenerator
415:demonstrator, the
204:navigation systems
20:Urban Air Mobility
3261:10.1063/1.4756914
2721:Unmanned airspace
2553:tsrc.berkeley.edu
2213:www.honeywell.com
1453:"Opener BlackFly"
1114:tsrc.berkeley.edu
945:eu-smartcities.eu
808:Purdue University
773:Public acceptance
665:According to the
659:See main article
489:Conventional fuel
406:
405:
178:SĂŁo Paulo, Brazil
147:LaGuardia Airport
3348:
3310:
3309:
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2632:10.7922/G24M92RV
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2499:www.mckinsey.com
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2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2000:www.mckinsey.com
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1970:Grossman, Eric.
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1934:
1925:
1924:
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1920:
1914:
1908:. Archived from
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1294:Business Insider
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928:
927:
925:
923:
908:
569:Lift-plus-cruise
494:on an aircraft.
355:
216:Kitty Hawk Flyer
189:VTOLs and eVTOLs
163:British Columbia
111:New York Airways
84:prototypes. The
3356:
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2926:Industry Europe
2919:
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2397:
2395:
2394:(Press release)
2385:
2384:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2366:FLYING Magazine
2360:
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2316:AeroCar Journal
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2018:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1976:www.barrons.com
1969:
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1318:Airline History
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1138:www.pgparks.com
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989:Thurber, Matt.
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602:Flight controls
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521:
519:Hybrid-electric
512:
505:
500:
491:
475:
453:aircraft (e.g.
353:
312:
251:directions. In
202:, miniaturized
191:
95:
61:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3331:Infrastructure
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3246:(14): 144102.
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2977:|journal=
2948:. 2020-01-11.
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2875:Aviation Today
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2845:Aviation Today
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2795:Aviation Today
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2462:Aviation Today
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2071:
2035:
2011:
1987:
1962:
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1889:
1846:
1821:
1810:. Nov 27, 2018
1795:
1783:Aviation Today
1770:
1759:. Mar 30, 2020
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1657:. Sep 24, 2018
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1631:. Jul 11, 2017
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646:Infrastructure
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337:Urban-Air Port
311:
310:Implementation
308:
200:accelerometers
198:, inexpensive
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125:with stops in
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3142:. 19 May 2021
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