113:“A Quantitative Review of Urban Ecosystem Service Assessments: Concepts, Models, and Implementation” is an article that gives a comprehensive examination of 217 papers written on Urban Ecosystems to answer the questions of where studies are being done, which types of studies are being done, and to what extent do stakeholders influence these studies. According to this article, "The results indicate that most UES studies have been undertaken in Europe, North America, and China, at city scale. Assessment methods involve bio-physical models, Geographical Information Systems, and valuation, but few study findings have been implemented as land use policy."
216:(UHI) refers to the variation in average temperature that occurs within an urban area due to current methods of development. Patterns in UHIs cause disproportionate impacts of climate change, often creating extra burdens for the already vulnerable. Extreme heat events, which occur more frequently in UHIs, can and do result in deaths, cardiopulmonary diseases, reduced capacity for outdoor labor, mental health concerns, and kidney disease. The demographics most vulnerable to the negative impacts of UHIs are senior citizens, and those without resources to cool off, such as air conditioners.
71:
67:, that are made up of diverse patch types (e.g. buildings, paved surfaces, transport infrastructure, parks and gardens, refuse areas). Urban ecosystems rely on large subsidies of imported water, nutrients, food and other resources. Compared to other natural and artificial ecosystems human population density is high, and their interaction with the different patch types produces emergent properties and complex feedbacks among ecosystem components.
27:
144:
Cities are home to more than half of the world's population, and the number of people living in urban areas is expected to continue to grow in the coming decades. This rapid urbanization can have both positive and negative impacts. On the one hand, cities can provide economic opportunities, access to
263:
Beginning in earnest during the 1960, city planning in terms of transit centered around individual car use. Today, cars are still the most dominant form of transportation in urban areas. One effective solution is an improvement to public transportation. Expanding bus or train routes and switching to
155:
In many cities, air pollution levels are well above safe limits, and this can have serious implications for human health. Pollution from vehicles, factories, and power plants can cause respiratory problems, heart disease, and even cancer. In addition to its impact on human health, air pollution can
133:
Urban ecosystems are complex and dynamic systems that encompass a wide range of living and nonliving components. These components include humans, plants, animals, buildings, transportation systems, and water and energy infrastructure. As the world becomes increasingly urbanized, understanding urban
109:
The article “A Review of Urban
Ecosystem Services: Six Key Challenges for Future Research'' addresses the issue of geographical bias. According to this article, there is a significant geographical bias, “towards the northern hemisphere”. The article states that case study research is done primarily
224:
Currently methods of urban development increase the risk of disease proliferation within cities as compared to rural environments. Urban traits that contribute to higher risk are poor housing conditions, contaminated water supplies, frequent travel in and out, survival success of rats, and intense
373:
Kourdounouli, Christina, and Anna Maria Jönsson. “Urban
Ecosystem Conditions and Ecosystem Services – a Comparison between Large Urban Zones and City Cores in the EU.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management BECC: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in a Changing Climate, vol. 63, no. 5,
105:
Urban ecology is a relatively new field. Because of this, the research that has been done in this field has yet to become extensive. While there is still plenty of time for growth in the research of this field, there are some key issues and biases within the current research that still need to be
119:
Urban vacancy and land use legacies: A frontier for urban ecological research, design, and planning” is another scholarly article that gives an insight into the future of urban ecological research. It details an important opportunity for the future of urban ecological researchers that only a few
166:
As cities grow, natural areas such as forests, wetlands, and grasslands are often replaced by buildings, roads, and other forms of development. Lack of urban green spaces contribute to a reduction in air/water quality, mental and physical health of residents, energy efficiency, and
196:
from travel and shipping processes. Research has found that heavily urbanized areas have a higher richness of invasive species when compared to rural communities. While not all non-native or invasive species are inherently detrimental to a city, invasives can out-compete essential
657:
Haase, Dagmar; Larondelle, Neele; Andersson, Erik; Artmann, Martina; Borgström, Sara; Breuste, Jürgen; Gomez-Baggethun, Erik; Gren, Åsa; Hamstead, Zoé; Hansen, Rieke; Kabisch, Nadja; Kremer, Peleg; Langemeyer, Johannes; Rall, Emily
Lorance; McPhearson, Timon (2014-05-01).
547:
Luederitz, Christopher; Brink, Ebba; Gralla, Fabienne; Hermelingmeier, Verena; Meyer, Moritz; Niven, Lisa; Panzer, Lars; Partelow, Stefan; Rau, Anna-Lena; Sasaki, Ryuei; Abson, David J.; Lang, Daniel J.; Wamsler, Christine; von
Wehrden, Henrik (2015-08-01).
595:
Haase, Dagmar; Larondelle, Neele; Andersson, Erik; Artmann, Martina; Borgström, Sara; Breuste, Jürgen; Gomez-Baggethun, Erik; Gren, Åsa; Hamstead, Zoé; Hansen, Rieke; Kabisch, Nadja; Kremer, Peleg; Langemeyer, Johannes; Rall, Emily
Lorance;
369:
Colombo, Enea, et al. “Smartification from Pilot
Projects to New Trends in Urban Ecosystems.” 2022 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), 2022 IEEE International, September 2022, pp. 1–7.
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Nilon, C. H., Aronson, M. F., Cilliers, S. S., Dobbs, C., Frazee, L. J., Goddard, M. A., & Yocom, K. P. (2017). Planning for the future of urban biodiversity: A global review of city-scale initiatives. BioScience, 67(4),
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Nilon, Charles H.; Aronson, Myla F. J.; Cilliers, Sarel S.; Dobbs, Cynnamon; Frazee, Lauren J.; Goddard, Mark A.; o'Neill, Karen M.; Roberts, Debra; Stander, Emilie K.; Werner, Peter; Winter, Marten; Yocom, Ken P. (2017).
254:
can be used to establish green infrastructure practices in individual buildings. Buildings with LEED certification status report 30% less energy used and economic and mental benefits from natural lighting.
145:
healthcare and education, and a high quality of life for residents. On the other, increased urbanization exacerbates the struggles of pollution, loss of green spaces, loss of biodiversity, and more.
342:
309:
Gibson, R.B., Alexander, D.H.M., & Tomalty, R. (1997). "Putting cities in their place: Ecosystem-based planning for
Canadian urban regions". In M. Roseland (ed.).
82:, urban areas are considered part of a broader social-ecological system in which urban landscapes and urban human communities interact with other landscape elements.
185:
refers to the way in which green spaces get divided by urban development, making it impossible for some species to migrate between. The process, referred to as
267:
Another opportunity to reduce carbon emissions and increase population health would be the implementation of the walkable city model in urban planning. A
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in the United States and China. It goes on to explain how future research would benefit from a more geographically diverse array of case studies.
97:
and approaches to development of city fringe areas that can help reduce negative impact on surrounding environments and promote human well-being.
362:
Neuenkamp, Lena, et al. (2021). Special Issue: Urban
Ecosystems: Potentials, Challenges, and Solutions. Basic & Applied Ecology, 56, 281-288.
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1259:"Sustainable Public Transport Strategies—Decomposition of the Bus Fleet and Its Influence on the Decrease in Greenhouse Gas Emissions"
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Gaertner, Mirijam; Wilson, John R. U.; Cadotte, Marc W.; MacIvor, J. Scott; Zenni, Rafael D.; Richardson, David M. (2017-10-24).
238:
Green and blue infrastructure refers to methods of development that work to integrate natural systems and human made structures.
356:
1432:"Urban ecosystem conditions and ecosystem services – a comparison between large urban zones and city cores in the EU"
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Kumalasari, Dewi; Koeva, Mila; Vahdatikhaki, Faridaddin; Petrova
Antonova, Dessislava; Kuffer, Monika (2023-02-16).
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is strategically planned to reduce distance traveled in order to access resources needed such as food and jobs.
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includes land conservation, such as nature preserves, and increased vegetation cover, such as vertical gardens.
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researchers have inquired into so far, the utilization of vacant land for the creation of urban ecosystems.
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The IUCN Global
Ecosystem Typology 2.0: Descriptive profiles for biomes and ecosystem functional groups
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827:"Towards Green(er) Cities: Contextualizing Green Benefits for Urban Spaces and Contemporary Societies"
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Maes, Mikaël J. A., et al. (2019). Mapping Synergies and Trade-Offs between Urban Ecosystems and the
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660:"A Quantitative Review of Urban Ecosystem Service Assessments: Concepts, Models, and Implementation"
602:"A Quantitative Review of Urban Ecosystem Service Assessments: Concepts, Models, and Implementation"
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770:"Mapping synergies and trade-offs between urban ecosystems and the sustainable development goals"
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1212:"Walkable Cities: Revitalization, Vibrancy, and Sustainable Consumption by Carlos J. L. Balsas"
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clean energy use address the issues of air quality, noise pollution, and socioeconomic equity.
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1399:"Planning for the Future of Urban Biodiversity: A Global Review of City-Scale Initiatives"
1300:"Planning Walkable Cities: Generative Design Approach towards Digital Twin Implementation"
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with highly heterogeneous and dynamic spatial structure that is created and maintained by
1022:
Tong, Shilu; Prior, Jason; McGregor, Glenn; Shi, Xiaoming; Kinney, Patrick (2021-10-25).
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Neuenkamp, Lena; Fischer, Leonie K.; Schröder, Roland; Klaus, Valentin H. (2021-11-01).
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975:"Non-native species in urban environments: patterns, processes, impacts and challenges"
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Maes, Mikaël J. A.; Jones, Kate E.; Toledano, Mireille B.; Milligan, Ben (2019-03-01).
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1157:"Building Green: The Emerging Geography of LEED-Certified Buildings and Professionals"
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925:"The effects of environmental heterogeneity within a city on the evolution of clines"
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population density that causes rapid spread and rapid evolution of the disease.
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Steenberg (2015). "Neighborhood- scale urban forest ecosystem classification".
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also damage buildings, corrode infrastructure, and harm plant and animal life.
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550:"A review of urban ecosystem services: six key challenges for future research"
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876:"Expanding fundamental ecological knowledge by studying urban ecosystems"
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Species diversity is also impacted by the introduction of non-native and
1349:"Special issue: Urban ecosystems: potentials, challenges, and solutions"
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Jaworski, Artur; MÄ…dziel, Maksymilian; Kuszewski, Hubert (2022-03-18).
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720:"Smartification from Pilot Projects to New Trends in Urban Ecosystems"
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Santangelo, James S.; Roux, Cindy; Johnson, Marc T. J. (2022-04-10).
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ecosystems and how they function is becoming increasingly important.
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Colombo, Enea; Pal, Sudhanshu; Brunello, Michele (September 2022).
469:
Meirong, Su (2010). "Urban ecosystem health assessment:A review".
69:
52:
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352:, L'Ecosistema Urbano (The Urban Ecosystem), Dedalo Bari 1978
90:, and the study of urban ecosystems has led to proposals for
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Kourdounouli, Christina; Jönsson, Anna Maria (2020-04-15).
311:
Eco-city dimensions: Healthy communities, healthy planet
74:
Ecosystem service flows along the urban rural continuum
40:
are considered a ecosystem functional group within the
724:
2022 IEEE International Smart Cities Conference (ISC2)
313:. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society. pp. 25–39.
1138:"Green Infrastructure: Making a Virtue of Necessity"
246:
would include stormwater management efforts such as
1024:"Urban heat: an increasing threat to global health"
176:
Habitat fragmentation and loss of species diversity
359:. Environmental Science & Policy, 93, 181-188.
1436:Journal of Environmental Planning and Management
161:Dissolution of green spaces as a public resource
205:, and introduce new vectors for new diseases.
8:
341:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
181:Related to the dissolution of green space,
874:Hahs, Amy K.; Evans, Karl L. (July 2015).
374:January 2020, pp. 798–817. EBSCOhost
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426:"T7.4 Urban and industrial ecosystems"
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1079:Neiderud, Carl-Johan (January 2015).
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1085:Infection Ecology & Epidemiology
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471:The Science of the Total Environment
1216:Journal of Latin American Geography
514:Journal of Environmental Management
276:STRATEGIC INCREASES IN GREEN SPACES
774:Environmental Science & Policy
14:
1136:Tamulonis, Eric (April 1, 2016).
290:CITIZEN PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING
259:Public cities and walkable design
47:. They are structurally complex
825:Cilliers, Juaneé (2021-10-14).
491:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.009
424:Keith, DA; Corlett, RT (2020).
86:has large impacts on human and
1210:Bereitschaft, Bradley (2021).
732:10.1109/ISC255366.2022.9922115
124:Difficulties and Opportunities
1:
1449:10.1080/09640568.2019.1613966
526:10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.08.008
357:Sustainable Development Goals
234:Green and blue infrastructure
1155:Cidell, Julie (2009-04-14).
786:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.12.010
566:10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.05.001
432:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
1161:The Professional Geographer
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1365:10.1016/j.baae.2021.08.010
1144:: 79–81 – via EBSCO.
438:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2020.13.en
18:
1353:Basic and Applied Ecology
1181:10.1080/00330120902735932
992:10.1007/s10530-017-1598-7
933:10.1101/2022.04.06.487365
676:10.1007/s13280-014-0504-0
618:10.1007/s13280-014-0504-0
16:Structure of civilization
101:Urban ecosystem research
901:10.1111/1365-2435.12488
954:Cite journal requires
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1411:10.1093/biosci/bix012
1228:10.1353/lag.2021.0059
844:10.17645/up.v6i4.4821
203:biotic homogenization
183:habitat fragmentation
73:
29:
19:For the journal, see
1405:. pp. 332–342.
1142:Parks and Recreation
1097:10.3402/iee.v5.27060
979:Biological Invasions
240:Green Infrastructure
88:environmental health
1374:20.500.11850/501400
1316:2023RemS...15.1088K
1173:2009ProfG..61..200C
892:2015FuEco..29..863H
483:2010ScTEn.408.2425S
244:Blue infrastructure
61:smaller settlements
1325:10.3390/rs15041088
1276:10.3390/en15062238
880:Functional Ecology
554:Ecosystem Services
350:Manfredi Nicoletti
297:IMPROVING RESEARCH
252:LEED certification
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43:intensive land-use
34:
1040:10.1136/bmj.n2467
985:(12): 3461–3469.
741:978-1-6654-8561-6
598:McPhearson, Timon
477:(12): 2425–2434.
447:978-2-8317-2077-7
250:. The process of
214:Urban Heat Island
139:Population growth
31:Bangkok, Thailand
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