200:. In this work, he argues that urban civil rights advocates must focus on regional solutions to urban sprawl and concentrated poverty. To make his point, powell focuses on infill development, explaining that one of the major challenges to it is the lack of advocacy that it receives locally from urban civil rights advocates and community members. He cites that the concern within these groups is that infill development will bring in middle and upper-class residents and cause the eventual displacement of low-income residents. The fact that infill development "is mistakenly perceived as a gentrification process that will displace inner city residents from their existing neighborhoods," demonstrates that there exists confusion between the definitions of the terms.
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increases in property values. As gentrifiers start moving into a neighborhood, developers make upgrades to the neighborhood that are catered to them. The initial influx of middle class gentry occurs due to the affordability of the neighborhood combined with attractive developments that have already been made in the neighborhood. In order to accommodate these new residents, local governments will change zoning codes and give out subsidies to encourage the development of new living spaces. Rental increases are then justified by the new capital and demand for housing coming into an area. Through increased rents for existing shops and rental units, long time residents and shopkeepers are forced to move, making way for the more new development.
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benefit of improving property values for lower-class homeowners. While increases property values can sometimes force non-homeowners to relocate, Powell suggests that in poor cities there are enough options for relocation that the displacement often remains "intra-jurisdictional." Another benefit of infill development is the raising of the tax base, which brings more revenue into the city and improves the city’s ability to serve its residents. Infill development's ability to eradicate old industrial sites and city-wide blight also can improve the quality of life for residents and spark much-needed outside investment in cities.
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stable, mixed income communities. Gentrification is more strongly associated with the development of higher-end shopping centers, apartment complexes, and industrial sites. These structures are developed on used land, with the goal of attracting higher income residents to maximize the capital of a certain area. The mixed income communities seen during gentrification are inherently transitional (based on how gentrification is defined), whereas the mixed-income communities caused by infill development are ideally stable.
204:"inner-city residents of color." They often view "return by whites to the city as an effort to retake the city" that they had previously left. This alludes to the fear of cultural displacement, which has most often been associated with gentrification, but can also apply to infill development. Cultural displacement describes the “changes in the aspects of a neighborhood that have provided long-time residents with a sense of belonging and allowed residents to live their lives in familiar ways.” Due
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displace lower income residents, but instead benefit them in the creation of stable, mixed-income communities. Addressing the issue of cultural displacement is also paramount, as infill development still has the potential to shift the cultural identity of a neighborhood even if there is no physical displacement associated with it.
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Despite these concerns, Powell claims that, depending on the city, the benefits of infill development may outweigh the risks that such groups are concerned about. For example, poor cities with high levels of vacant land (such as
Detroit) have much to gain through infill development. He also addresses
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Powell also acknowledges that there is historical merit to these concerns, citing how during the 1960s infill development proved to favor white residents over minorities and how white-flight to the suburbs occurred throughout the mid-to-late twentieth century. Many opponents to infill development are
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The major difference between gentrification and infill development is that infill development does not always involve physical displacement whereas gentrification does. This is because infill development describes any development on unused or blighted land. When successful, infill development creates
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Amassing land is one challenge that infill development poses, but greenfield development does not. Neighborhoods that are targets for infill often have parcels of blighted land scattered among places of residence. Developers must be persistent to amass land parcel by parcel and often find resistance
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Considering the confusion between gentrification and infill development, a major obstacle for advocates of infill development is to educate community members on the differences between infill development and gentrification. Doing so requires explaining that infill projects use vacant land and do not
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has more specifically put gentrification into context by describing it as a process permitted by "decades of racist housing policy" and perpetuated through a "political system focused more on the creation and expansion of business opportunities than the well-being of its citizens." Gentrification is
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Gentrification is a term that is challenging to define because it manifests differently by location, and describes a process of gradual change in the identity of a neighborhood. Because gentrification represents a gradual change, scholars have struggled to draw a hard line between ordinary, natural
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to claim land. However, that is often unpopular with city management and neighborhood residents. Developers must also deal with regulatory barriers, visit numerous government offices for permitting, interact with a city management that is frequently unwilling to use eminent domain to remove current
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Redevelopment or land recycling are broad terms which include redevelopment of previously developed land. Infill development more specifically describes buildings that are constructed on vacant or underused property or between existing buildings. Terms describing types of redevelopment that do not
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A defining feature of gentrification is the effect it has on residents. Specifically, gentrification results in the physical displacement of lower class residents by middle or upper class residents. The mechanism by which this displacement most traditionally occurs is through rental increases and
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The ways that Powell believes infill development could help poor cities like
Detroit and Cleveland are through the increase in middle class residents and the new buildings that are constructed in the neighborhoods. These new buildings are an attractive alternative to blight, so they can have the
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Despite their differences, similarities between gentrification and infill development are apparent. Infill development can involve the development of the same high-end residential and non-residential structures seen with gentrification (i.e. malls, grocery stores, industrial sites, and apartment
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throughout the mid-to-late 20th century, minorities began to constitute the dominant group in inner-city communities. In the decades following, they developed distinct cultural identities and power within these communities. Powell suggests that it is unsurprising that they would want to risk
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and reduces the surrounding negative influences of neighborhood blight, crime, or poor schools. However, large scale infill development is often difficult in a blighted neighborhood for several reasons, such as the difficulties in acquiring land and in gaining community support.
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While the exact definition of gentrification varies by scholar, most can agree that gentrification redevelops a lower income neighborhood in a way that attracts higher income residents, or caters to their increasing presence. Peter
Moskowitz, the author of
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The similarities, and subsequent confusion, between gentrification and infill housing can be identified in John A. Powell’s broader scholarship on regional solutions to urban sprawl and concentrated poverty. This is particularly clear in his article titled
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or neighborhood. They can be provided as additional units built on the same lot, by dividing existing homes into multiple units, or by creating new residential lots by further subdivision or lot line adjustments. Units may also be built on vacant lots.
427:
McConnell, Virginia; Wiley, Keith (2011). "Part IV: Urban Land-Use and
Transportation Policy, Chapter 21: Infill Development: Perspectives and Evidence from Economics and Planning". In Brooks, Nancy; Donaghy, Kieran; Knaap, Gerrit-Jan (eds.).
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relinquishing this sense of belonging to an influx of upper class white people, especially considering the historical tensions leading up to white flight in urban areas across the country throughout the mid to late 20th century.
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Developers also meet with high social goal barriers in which the local officials and residents are not interested in the same type of development. Although citizen involvement has been found to facilitate the development of
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Although urban infill is an appealing tool for community redevelopment and growth management, it is often far more costly for developers to develop land within the city than it is to develop on the periphery, in suburban
265:, residents in blighted neighborhoods often want to convert vacant lots to parks or recreational facilities, but external actors seek to build apartment complexes, commercial shopping centers, or industrial sites.
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Scholars have argued that infill development is more financially feasible for development when it occurs on a large plot of land, with several acres. Large-scale development benefits from what economists call
750:
A documentary by Kelly
Anderson and Allison Lirish Dean ; My Brooklyn LLC. ; director, Kelly Anderson ; producers, Allison Lirish Dean and Kelly Anderson. My Brooklyn. :New Day Films, 2012.
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McConnell, Virginia; Wiley, Keith (12 January 2012). "Infill
Development: Perspectives and Evidence from Economics and Planning". In Brooks, Nancy; Donaghy, Kieran; Knaap, Gerrit-Jan (eds.).
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the concern that minority groups will lose power in these communities by explaining how "cities like
Detroit and Cleveland are far from being at risk of political domination by whites."
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involve using vacant land should not be confused with infill development. Infill development is commonly misunderstood to be gentrification, which is a different form of redevelopment.
464:
Houck, Michael C. (2010). "Chapter 5: In livable cities is preservation of the wild: the politics of providing for nature in cities". In
Douglas, Ian; et al. (eds.).
89:, and decreasing urban green-space. Many also dislike it for social and historical reasons, partly due to its unproven effects and its similarity with gentrification.
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590:. Conference proceedings, Transportation Research Board, volume 32). Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. p.
864:
Greenberg, M; Lewis, M. J. (2000). "Brownfields
Redevelopment, Preferences and Public Involvement: A Case Study of an Ethnically Mixed Neighbourhood".
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and other services: increased electrical and water usage, additional sewage, increased traffic control, and increased fire damage potential.
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land, but it usually reduces green space. In some cases of residential infill, existing infrastructure may need expansion to provide enough
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industries, infill has been defined as the use of land within a built-up area for further construction, especially as part of a community
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adjacent to multi-story buildings. Such vacant lots are often temporary, the old buildings having been demolished for infill development.
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Brooks, Nancy; Donaghy, Kieran; Knaap, Gerrit-Jan (2011). "Introduction". In Brooks, Nancy; Donaghy, Kieran; Knaap, Gerrit-Jan (eds.).
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As with other new construction, structures built as infill may clash architecturally with older, existing buildings.
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changes in a neighborhood and special, unnatural ones based in larger socio-economic and political structures.
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complexes) and it often brings middle and upper-class residents into the neighborhoods being developed.
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666:. Chattanooga, Tennessee: Southeast Tennessee Development District. 2011. p. 13. Archived from
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from landowners in the target area. One way to approach that problem is for city management to use
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most common in urban neighborhoods, although it has also been studied in suburban and rural areas.
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From Sprawl to
Sustainability: Smart Growth, New Urbanism, Green Development, and Renewable Energy
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Infill Architecture: Design Approaches for In-Between Buildings and 'Bond' as Integrative Element
310:
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Farris, J. T. (2001). "The barriers to using urban infill development to achieve smart growth".
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thus providing a source of confusion which may explain social opposition to infill development.
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in which land in the urban or suburban area is retained to grow food for local consumption.
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It focuses on the reuse and repositioning of obsolete or underutilized buildings and sites.
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69:" is sometimes used instead. Infill has been promoted as an economical use of existing
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1008:, News and information about urban infill development in the Mile High City of Denver.
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541:"Race, poverty, and urban sprawl: Access to opportunities through regional strategies"
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that was left vacant during the development of the suburb. It is one of the tenets of
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residents, and generally engage in public-private partnerships with local government.
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Infill housing is the insertion of additional housing units into an already-approved
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Dunphy, Robert (2005). "Smart Transportation and Land Use: the New American Dream".
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Race, poverty, and urban sprawl: Access to opportunities through regional strategies
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Porter, Michael (May–June 1995). "The Competitive Advantage of the Inner City".
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ultimately. In New Urbanism, an exception to infill is the practice of
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Listening To Detroit: Perspectives on Gentrification in the Motor City
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Freilich, Robert H.; Sitkowski, Robert J.; Mennillo, Seth D. (2010).
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Note: The odd grammar of the title is based on a quotation from
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Rededication of land in an urban environment to new construction
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911:(revised ed.). Chicago: American Bar Association. p.
468:. Abingdon, Oxfordshire, England: Routledge. pp. 48–62.
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941:"San Francisco Bay Area's Greenbelt Alliance: Infill Primer"
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that is not on the urban margin. The slightly broader term "
588:
Smart Growth and Transportation: Issues and Lessons Learned
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Urban infill projects can also be considered as a means of
1015:. The Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU). Archived from
285:, trends that urge densification to reduce the need for
432:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 473–502.
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Suburban infill is the development of land in existing
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The Southeast Tennessee Green Infrastructure Handbook
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The Oxford Handbook of Urban Economics and Planning
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The Oxford Handbook of Urban Economics and Planning
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The Oxford Handbook of Urban Economics and Planning
81:as overloading urban services, including increased
635:. Community Design Collaborative. Archived from
45:, or in-fill, is the rededication of land in an
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779:"Background: Gentrification and Displacement"
402:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
384:Alfirevic Dj., Simonovic Alfirevic S. (2015)
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691:Brown-Saracino, Japonica (2010).
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539:Powell, John (January 1999).
1969:Planning Accreditation Board
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124:sustainable land development
77:. Detractors view increased
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1981:Professional organizations
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545:Forum for Social Economics
325:, natural areas, or prime
100:In the urban planning and
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2217:List of planning journals
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1186:History of urban planning
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886:10.1080/00420980020080661
723:Moskowitz, Peter (2017).
61:, to construction on any
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1243:Village design statement
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1228:Conservation development
768:. University of Michigan
611:. OUP USA. p. 474.
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1899:List of urban theorists
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1323:Rational planning model
1305:Transportation planning
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807:Harvard Business Review
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32:Infill (disambiguation)
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1904:List of urban planners
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1974:Real estate education
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30:For other uses, see
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172:How to Kill a City,
1964:Planning education
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872:(13): 2501–2514.
727:. PublicAffairs.
673:on 20 March 2012.
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2113:Architecture
2086:Nazi Germany
1894:Thomas Adams
1874:Loretta Lees
1869:Le Corbusier
1839:Edmund Bacon
1804:Andrés Duany
1759:Urbanization
1745:Urban sprawl
1710:Rural flight
1690:Permeability
1685:Model cities
1655:
1557:Logging camp
1516:Company town
1430:Smart growth
1420:New Urbanism
1202:Urban design
1021:. Retrieved
1017:the original
988:. Retrieved
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955:. Retrieved
948:the original
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279:New Urbanism
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114:smart growth
99:
75:urban sprawl
55:construction
42:
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18:Urban infill
2106:disciplines
1929:Jane Jacobs
1854:James Rouse
1735:Urban decay
1720:Third place
1695:Placemaking
1545:Pit village
1535:Global city
997:(3.54
837:(1): 1–30.
643:13 November
551:(2): 1–20.
311:subdivision
293:, and save
287:automobiles
102:development
2244:Categories
1849:Ian McHarg
1794:Theorists/
1571:(New town)
1530:Ghost town
1369:Concepts/
1105:Urban area
1023:2014-05-01
990:2008-02-08
964:(109
957:2007-11-13
788:2020-11-21
372:References
128:urban core
51:open-space
49:, usually
2138:Geography
2050:Barcelona
2029:Singapore
2004:Australia
1997:Countries
1611:Cityscape
1378:Movements
894:154837433
851:154805986
573:153902483
565:0736-0932
331:utilities
152:Manhattan
87:pollution
53:, to new
2206:Category
2055:Shanghai
1957:Training
1599:Concepts
1590:Boomtown
1580:Arcology
1552:Man camp
1520:Monotown
1473:Ekistics
1455:Theories
1371:theories
1212:Urbanism
1161:branches
1130:Planning
1125:Land use
1079:Theories
809:: 55–72.
340:See also
148:car park
2260:Housing
2228:Commons
2104:Related
1917:Critics
1670:LEED-ND
1168:General
1098:General
1089:Outline
1074:History
874:Bibcode
317:Infill
291:walking
2076:Africa
2060:Sydney
2043:Cities
2024:Serbia
2019:Russia
1990:Places
1786:People
1773:Zoning
1656:Infill
1120:Suburb
995:
962:
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615:
571:
563:
472:
444:
410:
295:energy
59:polity
43:infill
2069:Other
2009:China
1445:YIMBY
1415:NIMBY
1221:Rural
1193:(Eur)
1159:Major
1084:Index
984:(PDF)
977:(PDF)
951:(PDF)
944:(PDF)
890:S2CID
847:S2CID
671:(PDF)
664:(PDF)
569:S2CID
1638:(US)
1245:(UK)
1182:(US)
1110:City
917:ISBN
729:ISBN
697:ISBN
645:2007
613:ISBN
561:ISSN
470:ISBN
442:ISBN
408:ISBN
281:and
85:and
999:MiB
966:KiB
913:269
882:doi
839:doi
592:126
553:doi
434:doi
150:in
130:.
108:or
37:In
2246::
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833:.
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559:.
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489:^
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146:A
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436::
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404:7
34:.
20:)
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