31:
185:. For each of these methods, a baseline breath sample is required before taking the isotope-labeled urea, for comparison with the post-urea sample, with a 15- to 30-minute duration between them. Samples may be sent to a reference laboratory for analysis. Alternatively, NDIR spectrometry can be performed by a table-top instrument as an office-based test, and results are provided immediately within minutes.
188:
The difference between the pre- and post urea measurements is used to determine infection. This value is compared to a cut-off value. Results below the value are assumed to be negative, those above positive. The cut-off value itself is determined by comparing the results of patients with two or more
453:
Israeli, E, Ilan Y, Meir SB, Buenavida C, Goldin E (2003). "A novel 13C-urea breath test device for the diagnosis of
Helicobacter pylori infection: continuous online measurements allow for faster test results with high accuracy".
222:
The test is especially done accompanying an eradication therapy by antibiotics (to avoid overdosing) or to check the success of an ulcer operation. In both cases, immunological tests can give false positive results.
556:
Peng NJ, Lai KH, Liu RS, Lee SC, Tsay DG, Lo CC, Tseng HH, Huang WK, Lo GH, Hsu PI (2001). "Clinical significance of oral urease in diagnosis of
Helicobacter pylori infection by urea breath test".
410:
Shirin, H, Kenet G, Shevah O, Wardi Y, Birkenfeld S, Shahmurov M, Bruck R, Niv Y, et al. (2001). "Evaluation of a novel continuous real time 13C urea breath analyzer for
Helicobacter pylori".
197:. Both carbon-14 and carbon-13 urea breath tests have high sensitivity and specificity, though the carbon-13 test is preferred in certain populations due to its non-radioactive nature.
629:
1530:
1301:
1262:
1327:
1332:
622:
1068:
1225:
107:
to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Urea breath tests are recommended in leading society guidelines as a preferred non-invasive choice for detecting
46:
1571:
780:
615:
602:
829:
373:"A Sensitive Isotope Selective Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometer for 13 CO 2 and 12 CO 2 Concentration Measurements in Breath Samples"
1267:
1525:
1520:
1058:
178:
765:
716:
739:
1147:
891:
182:
1576:
1413:
1132:
959:
905:
836:
665:
656:
262:
701:
1322:
1157:
1230:
1152:
1020:
879:
1418:
1208:
1122:
1030:
949:
721:
711:
1512:
1367:
1025:
706:
648:
322:
Malfertheiner, P, Megraud F, O'Morain C, Bazzoli F, El-Omar E, Graham D, Hunt R, Rokkas T, et al. (2007).
208:
present, or the stomach conditions are less acidic than normal, the amount of urease present will be lessened.
173:
For the two different forms of urea, different instrumentation is required. Carbon-14 is normally measured by
1461:
1377:
1002:
760:
607:
174:
1491:
1306:
770:
639:
499:"13C-Urea Breath Test Accuracy for Helicobacter pylori Infection in the Asian Population: A Meta-Analysis"
324:"Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection: the Maastricht III Consensus Report"
261:
Chey, William, Wong BC, Practice
Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology (2007).
1566:
1466:
1396:
1252:
846:
807:
212:
1535:
1063:
1438:
1362:
1257:
1162:
1137:
1053:
1048:
992:
787:
263:"American College of Gastroenterology Guideline on the Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection"
215:, PPI) or 28 days after stopping antibiotic treatment. Some clinicians believe that a reservoir of
194:
190:
79:
932:
775:
581:
479:
435:
372:
301:
211:
Accordingly, the test should only be performed 14 days after stopping acid reducing medication (
1498:
1382:
1344:
1190:
1100:
922:
814:
755:
573:
538:
520:
471:
427:
392:
353:
293:
232:
70:
41:
1339:
745:
565:
528:
510:
463:
419:
384:
343:
335:
285:
277:
1540:
1317:
1313:
1296:
1291:
1078:
974:
964:
939:
927:
914:
866:
1545:
1372:
1235:
1180:
886:
856:
750:
691:
674:
533:
498:
348:
323:
139:
1560:
1456:
1185:
1115:
851:
686:
467:
423:
281:
128:
92:
483:
439:
189:
different detection methods. The value is chosen that gives the best combination of
30:
1433:
1247:
1142:
1127:
982:
305:
96:
585:
1423:
1279:
1242:
1110:
1105:
1090:
954:
841:
824:
802:
792:
696:
238:
1486:
1428:
1405:
1172:
1040:
819:
797:
569:
388:
155:
524:
396:
1283:
1086:
997:
987:
944:
874:
678:
339:
135:
131:
88:
84:
74:
577:
542:
475:
431:
357:
297:
1354:
1095:
289:
142:
in exhaled breath indicates that the urea was split; this indicates that
731:
163:
159:
124:
515:
55:
1448:
1012:
147:
143:
138:. In the subsequent 10–30 minutes, the detection of isotope-labelled
35:
Urea breath test, UBT-KIT for "Helicobacter pylori", (Ubit Tab; left)
1217:
497:
Manaf MR, Hassan MR, Shah SA, Johani FH, Rahim MA (2019-07-24).
120:
104:
611:
377:
Isotopenpraxis
Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies
134:(nowadays preferred in many countries) or non-radioactive
204:
infection. If antibiotics are depressing the amount of
371:
Haisch M, Hering P, Fuss W, Fabinski W (July 1994).
1511:
1479:
1447:
1404:
1395:
1353:
1278:
1216:
1207:
1171:
1077:
1039:
1011:
973:
913:
904:
865:
730:
673:
664:
655:
40:
23:
1263:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
623:
8:
1401:
1213:
910:
670:
661:
630:
616:
608:
183:nondispersive infrared (NDIR) spectrometry
29:
532:
514:
347:
99:disease. It is based upon the ability of
1069:Transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization
219:in dental plaque can affect the result.
1226:Artificial extracorporeal liver support
250:
177:, whereas carbon-13 can be detected by
20:
16:Medical test for a bacterial infection
7:
781:Vertical banded gastroplasty surgery
317:
315:
256:
254:
830:Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
638:Tests and procedures involving the
51:
1268:Distal splenorenal shunt procedure
14:
468:10.1097/00004836-200308000-00009
424:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00926.x
282:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2007.01393.x
235:(done on at time of gastroscopy)
1059:Lateral internal sphincterotomy
179:isotope ratio mass spectrometry
766:Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty
717:Functional Lumen Imaging Probe
1:
1148:Lower gastrointestinal series
892:Upper gastrointestinal series
1414:Diagnostic peritoneal lavage
1133:Double-contrast barium enema
960:Partial ileal bypass surgery
837:Esophagogastric dissociation
111:before and after treatment.
1572:Digestive system procedures
1231:Bioartificial liver devices
1158:Transrectal ultrasonography
73:procedure used to identify
1593:
1153:Small-bowel follow-through
1021:Abdominoperineal resection
880:Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
123:labelled with an uncommon
1513:Clinical prediction rules
1419:Intraperitoneal injection
1123:Abdominal ultrasonography
1031:Total mesorectal excision
950:Intestine transplantation
740:Sengstaken–Blakemore tube
722:High resolution manometry
712:Esophageal motility study
646:
603:Typical testing procedure
389:10.1080/00211919408046740
200:The test measures active
52:
28:
1368:Pancreas transplantation
1026:Lower anterior resection
707:Esophageal pH monitoring
649:Digestive system surgery
412:Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther
115:Principles and mechanism
1462:Inguinal hernia surgery
1378:Pancreaticoduodenectomy
761:Adjustable gastric band
702:Impedance–pH monitoring
570:10.1023/A:1010626225949
503:Annals of Global Health
340:10.1136/gut.2006.101634
1492:Exploratory laparotomy
1307:Hepatoportoenterostomy
771:Gastric bypass surgery
640:human digestive system
213:proton pump inhibitors
170:bacteria are present.
1467:Femoral hernia repair
1253:Liver transplantation
847:Nissen fundoplication
1064:Rubber band ligation
1003:Hartmann's operation
456:J Clin Gastroenterol
162:) is present in the
1577:Helicobacter pylori
1439:Peritoneal dialysis
1258:Portal hypertension
1163:Virtual colonoscopy
1138:Endoanal ultrasound
1054:Anorectal manometry
1049:Anal sphincterotomy
993:Colonic polypectomy
788:Collis gastroplasty
80:Helicobacter pylori
933:Jejunoileal bypass
776:Sleeve gastrectomy
270:Am J Gastroenterol
166:, and hence that
1554:
1553:
1499:Rapid urease test
1475:
1474:
1391:
1390:
1383:Puestow procedure
1345:Cholescintigraphy
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1191:Stool guaiac test
1101:Capsule endoscopy
923:Bariatric surgery
900:
899:
815:Gastroenterostomy
756:Bariatric surgery
516:10.5334/aogh.2570
233:Rapid urease test
119:Patients swallow
63:
62:
1584:
1536:Child–Pugh score
1503:Urea breath test
1402:
1363:Frey's procedure
1340:Cholecystography
1214:
911:
746:Nasogastric tube
671:
662:
632:
625:
618:
609:
590:
589:
553:
547:
546:
536:
518:
494:
488:
487:
450:
444:
443:
407:
401:
400:
383:(2–3): 247–251.
368:
362:
361:
351:
319:
310:
309:
276:(8): 1808–1825.
267:
258:
158:urea to produce
67:urea breath test
56:edit on Wikidata
33:
24:Urea breath test
21:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1541:Ranson criteria
1507:
1471:
1443:
1387:
1349:
1318:Cholangiography
1314:Medical imaging
1297:Cholecystostomy
1292:Cholecystectomy
1274:
1195:
1167:
1079:Medical imaging
1073:
1035:
1007:
969:
965:Strictureplasty
940:Bowel resection
928:Duodenal switch
896:
867:Medical imaging
861:
726:
657:Digestive tract
651:
642:
636:
599:
594:
593:
555:
554:
550:
496:
495:
491:
452:
451:
447:
409:
408:
404:
370:
369:
365:
321:
320:
313:
265:
260:
259:
252:
247:
229:
117:
59:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1546:Milan criteria
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1397:Abdominopelvic
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1373:Pancreatectomy
1370:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1236:Liver dialysis
1233:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:Fecal fat test
1177:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
979:
977:
971:
970:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
936:
935:
930:
919:
917:
908:
906:Lower GI tract
902:
901:
898:
897:
895:
894:
889:
887:Barium swallow
884:
883:
882:
871:
869:
863:
862:
860:
859:
857:Schilling test
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
833:
832:
822:
817:
812:
811:
810:
805:
800:
790:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
753:
751:Gastric lavage
748:
743:
736:
734:
728:
727:
725:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
692:Heller myotomy
689:
683:
681:
668:
666:Upper GI tract
659:
653:
652:
647:
644:
643:
637:
635:
634:
627:
620:
612:
606:
605:
598:
597:External links
595:
592:
591:
548:
489:
445:
418:(3): 389–394.
402:
363:
334:(6): 772–781.
311:
249:
248:
246:
243:
242:
241:
236:
228:
225:
181:or simpler by
140:carbon dioxide
116:
113:
87:implicated in
61:
60:
53:
50:
49:
44:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1589:
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1568:
1565:
1564:
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1527:
1524:
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1504:
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1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Hernia repair
1455:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
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1417:
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1400:
1398:
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1315:
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1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
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1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:Fecal pH test
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:Sigmoidoscopy
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
976:
972:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
920:
918:
916:
912:
909:
907:
903:
893:
890:
888:
885:
881:
878:
877:
876:
873:
872:
870:
868:
864:
858:
855:
853:
852:Pyloromyotomy
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
831:
828:
827:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
795:
794:
791:
789:
786:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
735:
733:
729:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
687:Esophagectomy
685:
684:
682:
680:
676:
672:
669:
667:
663:
660:
658:
654:
650:
645:
641:
633:
628:
626:
621:
619:
614:
613:
610:
604:
601:
600:
596:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:(8): 1772–8.
563:
559:
552:
549:
544:
540:
535:
530:
526:
522:
517:
512:
508:
504:
500:
493:
490:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:(2): 139–41.
461:
457:
449:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
406:
403:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
367:
364:
359:
355:
350:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
318:
316:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:2027.42/73792
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
264:
257:
255:
251:
244:
240:
237:
234:
231:
230:
226:
224:
220:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
186:
184:
180:
176:
175:scintillation
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
126:
122:
114:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:gastric ulcer
90:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
68:
57:
48:
45:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1567:Breath tests
1502:
1434:Paracentesis
1248:Liver biopsy
1143:Enteroclysis
1128:Defecography
983:Appendectomy
561:
557:
551:
506:
502:
492:
459:
455:
448:
415:
411:
405:
380:
376:
366:
331:
327:
273:
269:
221:
216:
210:
205:
201:
199:
187:
172:
167:
151:
118:
108:
100:
97:peptic ulcer
78:
66:
64:
18:
1424:Laparoscopy
1280:Gallbladder
1243:Hepatectomy
1173:Stool tests
1111:Proctoscopy
1106:Enteroscopy
1091:Colonoscopy
975:Large bowel
955:Jejunostomy
915:Small bowel
842:Hill repair
825:Gastrostomy
803:Billroth II
793:Gastrectomy
697:Sialography
558:Dig Dis Sci
239:Breath test
195:specificity
191:sensitivity
129:radioactive
103:to convert
83:, a spiral
69:is a rapid
1561:Categories
1487:Laparotomy
1429:Omentopexy
1406:Peritoneum
1041:Anal canal
820:Gastropexy
798:Billroth I
509:(1): 110.
245:References
156:metabolize
75:infections
71:diagnostic
1284:bile duct
1209:Accessory
1087:Endoscopy
998:Colostomy
988:Colectomy
945:Ileostomy
875:Endoscopy
808:Roux-en-Y
679:Esophagus
525:2214-9996
397:0021-1915
217:H. pylori
206:H. pylori
202:H. pylori
168:H. pylori
152:H. pylori
136:carbon-13
132:carbon-14
127:, either
109:H. pylori
101:H. pylori
89:gastritis
85:bacterium
1355:Pancreas
1096:Anoscopy
578:11508681
543:31348624
484:13527961
476:12869884
440:25680497
432:11207514
358:17170018
298:17608775
227:See also
154:uses to
42:ICD-9-CM
732:Stomach
534:6659579
349:1954853
306:1612772
164:stomach
160:ammonia
125:isotope
1449:Hernia
1013:Rectum
586:225771
584:
576:
541:
531:
523:
482:
474:
438:
430:
395:
356:
346:
304:
296:
150:that
148:enzyme
144:urease
95:, and
1531:UKELD
1480:Other
1218:Liver
582:S2CID
480:S2CID
436:S2CID
302:S2CID
266:(PDF)
146:(the
54:[
47:89.39
1526:PELD
1521:MELD
1328:MRCP
1302:ERCP
574:PMID
539:PMID
521:ISSN
472:PMID
428:PMID
393:ISSN
354:PMID
294:PMID
193:and
121:urea
105:urea
65:The
1333:PTC
675:SGs
566:doi
529:PMC
511:doi
464:doi
420:doi
385:doi
344:PMC
336:doi
328:Gut
286:hdl
278:doi
274:102
77:by
1563::
1501:/
1323:IV
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1282:,
1089::
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91:,
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624:t
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58:]
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