Urea - Knowledge (XXG)

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without lowering the overall pressure, by suppressing the partial pressure of just one of the reactants in order to promote carbamate decomposition. Instead of feeding carbon dioxide gas directly to the urea synthesis reactor with the ammonia, as in the conventional process, the stripping process first routes the carbon dioxide through the stripper. The stripper is a carbamate decomposer that provides a large amount of gas-liquid contact. This flushes out free ammonia, reducing its partial pressure over the liquid surface and carrying it directly to a carbamate condenser (also under full system pressure). From there, reconstituted ammonium carbamate liquor is passed to the urea production reactor. That eliminates the medium-pressure stage of the conventional recycle process.

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high temperature (around 190 °C) needed for the second is compensated for by conducting the process under high pressure (140–175 bar), which favors the first reaction. Although it is necessary to compress gaseous carbon dioxide to this pressure, the ammonia is available from the ammonia production plant in liquid form, which can be pumped into the system much more economically. To allow the slow urea formation reaction time to reach equilibrium, a large reaction space is needed, so the synthesis reactor in a large urea plant tends to be a massive pressure vessel.

547: 387: 3071: 1355:. The resulting dense and energetically favourable hydrogen-bond network is probably established at the cost of efficient molecular packing: The structure is quite open, the ribbons forming tunnels with square cross-section. The carbon in urea is described as sp hybridized, the C-N bonds have significant double bond character, and the carbonyl oxygen is relatively basic. Urea's high aqueous solubility reflects its ability to engage in extensive hydrogen bonding with water. 62: 894: 1716: 915: 3251:, and the carbon dioxide was usually wasted. Later process schemes made recycling unused ammonia and carbon dioxide practical. This was accomplished by the "total recycle process", developed in the 1940s to 1960s and now called the "conventional recycle process". It proceeds by depressurizing the reaction solution in stages (first to 18–25 bar and then to 2–5 bar) and passing it at each stage through a steam-heated 90: 99: 71: 1074: 920: 919: 3275:

in The Netherlands, that operates at or near the full pressure of the reaction vessel. It reduces the complexity of the multi-stage recycle scheme, and it reduces the amount of water recycled in the carbamate solution, which has an adverse effect on the equilibrium in the urea conversion reaction and

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to urea is exothermic, with the reaction heat from the first reaction driving the second. The conditions that favor urea formation (high temperature) have an unfavorable effect on the carbamate formation equilibrium. The process conditions are a compromise: the ill-effect on the first reaction of the

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This decomposition is at its worst when the urea solution is heated at low pressure, which happens when the solution is concentrated for prilling or granulation (see below). The reaction products mostly volatilize into the overhead vapours, and recombine when these condense to form urea again, which

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in water (UAN) are commonly used as a liquid fertilizer. In admixture, the combined solubility of ammonium nitrate and urea is so much higher than that of either component alone that it gives a stable solution with a total nitrogen content (32%) approaching that of solid ammonium nitrate (33.5%),

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Normally this reaction is suppressed in the synthesis reactor by maintaining an excess of ammonia, but after the stripper, it occurs until the temperature is reduced. Biuret is undesirable in urea fertilizer because it is toxic to crop plants to varying degrees, but it is sometimes desirable as a

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In the conventional recycle processes, carbamate decomposition is promoted by reducing the overall pressure, which reduces the partial pressure of both ammonia and carbon dioxide, allowing these gasses to be separated from the urea product solution. The stripping process achieves a similar effect

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Urea in concentrations up to 8 M can be used to make fixed brain tissue transparent to visible light while still preserving fluorescent signals from labeled cells. This allows for much deeper imaging of neuronal processes than previously obtainable using conventional one photon or two photon

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that urea can be produced from inorganic starting materials, which was an important conceptual milestone in chemistry. This showed for the first time that a substance previously known only as a byproduct of life could be synthesized in the laboratory without biological starting materials, thereby

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For its main use as a fertilizer urea is mostly marketed in solid form, either as prills or granules. Prills are solidified droplets, whose production predates satisfactory urea granulation processes. Prills can be produced more cheaply than granules, but the limited size of prills (up to about

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In early "straight-through" urea plants, reactant recovery (the first step in "recycling") was done by letting down the system pressure to atmospheric to let the carbamate decompose back to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Originally, because it was not economic to recompress the ammonia and carbon

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Because the urea conversion is incomplete, the urea must be separated from the unconverted reactants, including the ammonium carbamate. Various commercial urea processes are characterized by the conditions under which urea forms and the way that unconverted reactants are further processed.

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by adding strong nitric acid to urine. To purify the resulting crystals, they were dissolved in boiling water with charcoal and filtered. After cooling, pure crystals of urea nitrate form. To reconstitute the urea from the nitrate, the crystals are dissolved in warm water, and

918: 1605:. For this reason, pure urea solutions should be freshly prepared and used, as aged solutions may develop a significant concentration of cyanate (20 mM in 8 M urea). Dissolving urea in ultrapure water followed by removing ions (i.e. cyanate) with a mixed-bed 3444:

2.1 mm in diameter), their low crushing strength, and the caking or crushing of prills during bulk storage and handling make them inferior to granules. Granules are produced by acretion onto urea seed particles by spraying liquid urea in a succession of layers.

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in cells to toxic levels. Therefore, many organisms convert ammonia to urea, even though this synthesis has a net energy cost. Being practically neutral and highly soluble in water, urea is a safe vehicle for the body to transport and excrete excess nitrogen.

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is added during the production of both prills and granules in order to increase crushing strength and suppress caking. Other shaping techniques such as pastillization (depositing uniform-sized liquid droplets onto a cooling conveyor belt) are also used.

1771:), which is also a nitrogen-rich plant nutrient. The loss of nitrogenous compounds to the atmosphere and runoff is wasteful and environmentally damaging so urea is sometimes modified to enhance the efficiency of its agricultural use. Techniques to make 2430:

Amino acids from ingested food (or produced from catabolism of muscle protein) that are used for the synthesis of proteins and other biological substances can be oxidized by the body as an alternative source of energy, yielding urea and

874: 5690:"Extrait d’un premier mémoire des cit. Fourcroy et Vaulquelin, pour servir à l’histoire naturelle, chimique et médicale de l’urine humaine, contenant quelques faits nouveaux sur son analyse et son altération spontanée" 2618:, some of this reabsorbed urea eventually flows back into the thin descending limb of the tubule, through the collecting ducts, and into the excreted urine. The body uses this mechanism, which is controlled by the 4454:

Hama H, Kurokawa H, Kawano H, Ando R, Shimogori T, Noda H, Fukami K, Sakaue-Sawano A, Miyawaki A (August 2011). "Scale: a chemical approach for fluorescence imaging and reconstruction of transparent mouse brain".

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The substance decomposes on heating above melting point, producing toxic gases, and reacts violently with strong oxidants, nitrites, inorganic chlorides, chlorites and perchlorates, causing fire and explosion.

5692:(Extract of a first memoir by citizens Fourcroy and Vauquelin, for use in the natural, chemical, and medical history of human urine, containing some new facts of its analysis and its spontaneous alteration), 3575: 1629:(after initial conversion of urea to ammonia via urease). These methods are amenable to high throughput instrumentation, such as automated flow injection analyzers and 96-well micro-plate spectrophotometers. 2839:

This was the first time an organic compound was artificially synthesized from inorganic starting materials, without the involvement of living organisms. The results of this experiment implicitly discredited

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to generate heat (predominantly natural gas, and less often petroleum derivatives or coal), urea production plants are almost always located adjacent to the site where the ammonia is manufactured.

5711:"Deuxième mémoire: Pour servir à l’histoire naturelle, chimique et médicale de l’urine humaine, dans lequel on s’occupe spécialement des propriétés de la matière particulière qui le caractérise," 5713:(Second memoir: For use in the natural, chemical and medical history of human urine, in which one deals specifically with the properties of the particular material that characterizes it), 1609:

and storing that solution at 4 °C is a recommended preparation procedure. However, cyanate will build back up to significant levels within a few days. Alternatively, adding 25–50 mM

5760:"Observations on the nature of some of the proximate principles of the urine; with a few remarks upon the means of preventing those diseases, connected with a morbid state of that fluid" 3745:

Ishida, Tateki; Rossky, Peter J.; Castner, Edward W. (2004). "A Theoretical Investigation of the Shape and Hydration Properties of Aqueous Urea: Evidence for Nonplanar Urea Geometry".

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Loeser E, DelaCruz M, Madappalli V (9 June 2011). "Solubility of Urea in Acetonitrile–Water Mixtures and Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation of Urea-Saturated Acetonitrile–Water Mixtures".

2661:, 1 mmol of excessive urea in the urine (as measured by urine volume in litres multiplied by urea concentration in mmol/L) roughly corresponds to a muscle loss of 0.67 gram. 2044:. Urea present in urine/wastewater can be used directly (though bacteria normally quickly degrade urea). Producing hydrogen by electrolysis of urea solution occurs at a lower voltage ( 6097: 2123:. Urea 40% "dissolves the intercellular matrix" of the nail plate. Only diseased or dystrophic nails are removed, as there is no effect on healthy portions of the nail. This drug (as 3962:

Schaber, Peter M.; Colson, James; Higgins, Steven; Thielen, Daniel; Anspach, Bill; Brauer, Jonathan (2004). "Thermal decomposition (pyrolysis) of urea in an open reaction vessel".

2465:) is a common byproduct of the metabolism of nitrogenous compounds. Ammonia is smaller, more volatile, and more mobile than urea. If allowed to accumulate, ammonia would raise the 3291:

Urea hydrolyzes back to ammonium carbamate in the hottest stages of the synthesis plant, especially in the stripper, so residence times in these stages are designed to be short.

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Durand, Erwann; Lecomte, Jérôme; Baréa, Bruno; Piombo, Georges; Dubreucq, Éric; Villeneuve, Pierre (1 December 2012). "Evaluation of deep eutectic solvents as new media for

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though not, of course, that of urea itself (46%). UAN allows use of ammonium nitrate without the explosion hazard. UAN accounts for 80% of the liquid fertilizers in the US.

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Urea has also been studied as an excipient in Drug-coated Balloon (DCB) coating formulation to enhance local drug delivery to stenotic blood vessels. Urea, when used as an

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has the retained name 'urea', which is the preferred IUPAC name, with locants N and N′, as shown above the structure below. The systematic name is 'carbonic diamide', (…).

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oxide layer on exposed stainless steel surfaces. Highly corrosion resistant materials have been introduced to reduce the need for passivation oxygen, such as specialized

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Werk Michael; Albrecht Thomas; Meyer Dirk-Roelfs; Ahmed Mohammed Nabil; Behne Andrea; Dietz Ulrich; Eschenbach Götz; Hartmann Holger; Lange Christian (1 December 2012).

4036: 3870: 2228:, by a reaction that produces ammonia from urea. This increases the pH (reduces the acidity) of the stomach environment around the bacteria. Similar bacteria species to 921: 2697:. Despite the generalization above, the urea pathway has been documented not only in mammals and amphibians, but in many other organisms as well, including birds, 2844:, the theory that the chemicals of living organisms are fundamentally different from those of inanimate matter. This insight was important for the development of 7707: 5859: 3586: 3276:

thus on overall plant efficiency. Effectively all new urea plants use the stripper, and many total recycle urea plants have converted to a stripping process.

596: 2918:. It is the classical pre-dialysis era description of crystallized urea deposits over the skin of patients with prolonged kidney failure and severe uremia. 6484: 2025:

as it disrupts the noncovalent bonds in the proteins. This property can be exploited to increase the solubility of some proteins. A mixture of urea and

2914:, the first Danish pediatrician in 1870 who also described the disease that carries his name in 1886. Uremic frost has become rare since the advent of 7403: 3901: 2934:

obtained crystals containing urea from human urine by evaporating it and treating it with alcohol in successive filtrations. This method was aided by

2608: 6015:"Effects of Urea-Ammonium Nitrate Solution on Yield, N2O Emission, and Nitrogen Efficiency of Summer Maize Under Integration of Water and Fertilizer" 2967:

added. The water is then evaporated and anhydrous alcohol added to extract the urea. This solution is drained off and evaporated, leaving pure urea.

2958:, in 1817, succeeded in obtaining and determining the chemical composition of the pure substance. In the evolved procedure, urea was precipitated as 2179:

in small doses (~3 μg/mm) to coat DCB surface was found to form crystals that increase drug transfer without adverse toxic effects on vascular

1731:. Urea has the highest nitrogen content of all solid nitrogenous fertilizers in common use. Therefore, it has a low transportation cost per unit of 7408: 2721:

Urea can be irritating to skin, eyes, and the respiratory tract. Repeated or prolonged contact with urea in fertilizer form on the skin may cause

943: 2649:) can be estimated by the conversion factor 0.028 g/mmol. Furthermore, 1 gram of nitrogen is roughly equivalent to 6.25 grams of 2303:. It is often the main ingredient of pet friendly salt substitutes although it is less effective than traditional rock salt or calcium chloride. 7436: 2943: 5742: 5554: 5294: 5241: 4557: 4203: 4168: 3518: 785: 2689:

reptiles have a different form of nitrogen metabolism that requires less water, and leads to nitrogen excretion in the form of uric acid.

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organisms the most common form of nitrogen waste is ammonia, whereas land-dwelling organisms convert the toxic ammonia to either urea or

2261:(DEF), which is 32.5% urea and 67.5% de-ionized water. DEF is sprayed into the exhaust stream of diesel vehicles to break down dangerous 1775:

that slow the release of nitrogen include the encapsulation of urea in an inert sealant, and conversion of urea into derivatives such as

1377:. This is determined when the crystal is nucleated and can thus be forced by seeding. The resulting crystals have been used to separate 3655: 4053: 1344: 936: 7429: 5207: 5173: 4950: 4924: 3855: 3559: 1836: 561: 5284: 4547: 4126: 4422: 2545: 6477: 2596: 2728:

High concentrations in the blood can be damaging. Ingestion of low concentrations of urea, such as are found in typical human

3782:"A Comprehensive Analysis in Terms of Molecule-Intrinsic, Quasi-Atomic Orbitals. III. The Covalent Bonding Structure of Urea" 2584: 1358:

By virtue of its tendency to form porous frameworks, urea has the ability to trap many organic compounds. In these so-called

1348: 432: 5836:, Carl Bosch & Wilhelm Meiser, "Process of Manufacturing Urea", issued 1922-09-19, assigned to 3080: 7307: 2794: 2768: 1840: 1772: 1343:

symmetry when in the gas phase or in aqueous solution, with C–N–H and H–N–H bond angles that are intermediate between the

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to produce toxins, and its presence in the runoff from fertilized land may play a role in the increase of toxic blooms.

1755:). The ammonium is taken up by the plant through its roots. In some soils, the ammonium is oxidized by bacteria to give 1625:

Urea is readily quantified by a number of different methods, such as the diacetyl monoxime colorimetric method, and the

504: 2736:, rodents or dogs) have a much more concentrated urine which may contain a higher urea amount than normal human urine. 7702: 2583:

is a vital part of mammalian metabolism. Besides its role as carrier of waste nitrogen, urea also plays a role in the

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Kolachalama, Vijaya B.; Shazly, Tarek; Vipul C. Chitalia; Lyle, Chimera; Azar, Dara A.; Chang, Gary H. (2 May 2019).

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intermediate. Non-symmetric ureas can be accessed by the reaction of primary or secondary amines with an isocyanate.

5833: 3781: 893: 7662: 6880: 6470: 4498: 3502: 2134:. It was first used by Dr. W. Friedrich in 1892. In a 2010 study of ICU patients, urea was used to treat euvolemic 718: 4967:"Lacura Multi Intensive Serum – Review – Excellent value for money – Lacura Multi Intensive Serum "Aqua complete"" 2950:

discovered in 1799 that the nitrated crystals were identical to Rouelle's substance and invented the term "urea."

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of 13.9. When combined with strong acids, it undergoes protonation at oxygen to form uronium salts. It is also a

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Wöhrle, Jochen (1 October 2012). "Drug-Coated Balloons for Coronary and Peripheral Interventional Procedures".

2164:(BUN) test is a measure of the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea. It is used as a marker of 1998:), so it is the reactant of choice. Trucks and cars using these catalytic converters need to carry a supply of 4573: 3693: 3267:

The "conventional recycle process" for recovering and reusing the reactants has largely been supplanted by a

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I must tell you that I can make urea without the use of kidneys, either man or dog. Ammonium cyanate is urea.

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The first mention of urea is as "the essential salt of the human body" in: Peter Shaw and Ephraim Chambers,

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because blood urea levels are influenced by other factors such as diet, dehydration, and liver function.

7542: 7397: 7285: 3268: 2356: 2154: 2064: 2030: 1539: 1336: 886: 194: 2732:, are not dangerous with additional water ingestion within a reasonable time-frame. Many animals (e.g. 6446: 5679: : 451–468. Rouelle describes the procedure he used to separate urea from urine on pages 454–455. 5367: 3243:

dioxide for recycle, the ammonia at least would be used for the manufacture of other products such as

324: 272: 7687: 7677: 7588: 7366: 6811: 6184: 5579: 5491: 5434: 5078: 5001: 4870: 4338: 4073: 3971: 3916: 3793: 3716: 3355: 3089: 2935: 2619: 2376: 2348: 2289: 2258: 1999: 1574: 182: 5139: 2037:. When used in a deep eutectic solvent, urea gradually denatures the proteins that are solubilized. 1362:, the organic "guest" molecules are held in channels formed by interpenetrating helices composed of 7682: 7594: 6672: 6400: 6395: 6380: 6350: 6289: 6218: 6160: 6145: 5311: 3499:

Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book)

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Shorter, J. (1978). "The conversion of ammonium cyanate into urea—a saga in reaction mechanisms".

5389: 2904:. Regardless, with his discovery, Wöhler secured a place among the pioneers of organic chemistry. 1979:

in water (545 g/L at 25 °C), urea is much easier and safer to handle and store than the more

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of 2.5 to 6.7 mmol/L) and further transported and excreted by the kidney as a component of

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solutions are highly corrosive to metallic construction materials – even to resistant forms of

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The three main side reactions that produce impurities have in common that they decompose urea.

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More than 90% of world industrial production of urea is destined for use as a nitrogen-release

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that share the same functional group, a carbonyl group attached to two organic amine residues:

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Backer, H. J. (1943) "Boerhaave's Ontdekking van het Ureum" (Boerhaave's discovery of urea),

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Crawford JH, McIntosh JF (1925). "The use of urea as a diuretic in advanced heart failure".

4464: 4394: 4346: 4291: 4247: 4239: 4097: 4089: 4041: 3979: 3924: 3884: 3843: 3801: 3754: 3724: 3662: 3620: 3549: 3506: 3399:– especially in the hottest parts of the synthesis plant such as the stripper. Historically 3344: 3248: 3244: 3074:

Urea plant using ammonium carbamate briquettes, Fixed Nitrogen Research Laboratory, ca. 1930

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In water, the amine groups undergo slow displacement by water molecules, producing ammonia,

2331: 2195: 2026: 1715: 1428: 1247: 1158: 1126: 1122: 1018: 689: 619: 146: 123: 61: 42: 4859:"Intrinsic coating morphology modulates acute drug transfer in drug-coated balloon therapy" 4277:"Evaluation of flow injection analysis for determination of urea in sheep's and cow's milk" 3780:

West, Aaron C.; Schmidt, Michael W.; Gordon, Mark S.; Ruedenberg, Klaus (15 October 2015).

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system, for example, injects a water-based urea solution into the exhaust system. Ammonia (

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compounds, which degrade into ammonia at a pace matching plants' nutritional requirements.

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Worsch, Detlev; Vögtle, Fritz (2002). "Separation of enantiomers by clathrate formation".

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has been minimized (although not eliminated) by continuous injection of a small amount of

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It is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic (

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When urea is used, a pre-reaction (hydrolysis) occurs to first convert it to ammonia:

1176:-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the 7646: 7561: 7549: 7535: 7489: 7463: 7371: 7319: 7250: 7136: 7126: 7121: 7111: 7106: 7056: 7051: 6967: 6962: 6952: 6806: 6761: 6723: 6711: 6682: 6560: 6410: 6279: 6259: 6135: 4432: 3297:

is formed when two molecules of urea combine with the loss of a molecule of ammonia.

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Godfrey, Peter D.; Brown, Ronald D.; Hunter, Andrew N. (1997). "The shape of urea".

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Urea can in principle serve as a hydrogen source for subsequent power generation in

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Ren, Baizhao; Guo, Yanqing; Liu, Peng; Zhao, Bin; Zhang, Jiwang (3 August 2021).

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Donaldson, William R.; Tang, C. L. (1984). "Urea optical parametric oscillator".

4775:"Paclitaxel-Coated Balloons Reduce Restenosis After Femoro-Popliteal Angioplasty" 3909:

Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry

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Ureas in the more general sense can be accessed in the laboratory by reaction of

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urine — i.e., urine with a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the

477: 7475: 7361: 7314: 7275: 7156: 7044: 7029: 7024: 7012: 6577: 6572: 6538: 6533: 6523: 6501: 6274: 6223: 6194: 4741: 3875: 3510: 3272: 3165: 2939: 2740: 2733: 2646: 2327: 2116: 2104: 2068: 1870: 1866: 1858: 1812: 1199: 979: 955: 89: 5775: 4882: 2451:. Because ammonia is toxic, it is excreted immediately by fish, converted into 1311:, which stated that only living organisms could produce the chemicals of life. 7493: 7270: 7261: 7141: 7096: 6992: 6957: 6947: 6887: 6823: 6746: 6694: 6284: 6264: 6228: 6203: 6180: 5030: 4827: 4350: 3983: 3928: 3255:, then recombining the resulting carbon dioxide and ammonia in a falling-film 3097: 3085: 3010: 2722: 2600: 2510: 2478: 2474: 2440: 2169: 2092: 1980: 1976: 1885: 1862: 1796: 1728: 1720: 1613:

to a concentrated urea solution decreases formation of cyanate because of the

1397: 1285: 1281: 1169: 700: 640: 422: 335: 6040: 6031: 5999: 5991: 5952: 5917: 4406: 4327:"A microscale method for colorimetric determination of urea in soil extracts" 4295: 4243: 4178: 3991: 3936: 3879:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) " 3813: 3805: 3766: 3047:

In 2020, worldwide production capacity was approximately 180 million tonnes.

1791:, such as UF, MUF, and MUPF, used mainly in wood-based panels, for instance, 7512: 7237: 7151: 7116: 7101: 7089: 6932: 6907: 6716: 6238: 3888: 3416: 3400: 2951: 2682: 2674: 2591:, that allows for reabsorption of water and critical ions from the excreted 2506: 2496: 2452: 2409: 2370: 2296: 2191: 2187: 2176: 2100: 2080: 2041: 1854: 1691: 1679: 1675: 1585:

proteins, in particular the N-terminal amino group, the side chain amino of

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Kurzer F, Sanderson PM (1956). "Urea in the History of Organic Chemistry".

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Kurzer F, Sanderson PM (1956). "Urea in the History of Organic Chemistry".

5323: 5217: 5125: 4900: 4835: 4800: 4759: 4661: 4476: 4303: 4261: 4111: 3821: 4710: 4692: 3432: 2571:. For this reason, old, stale urine has a stronger odor than fresh urine. 1573:

In aqueous solution, urea slowly equilibrates with ammonium cyanate. This

1351:

angle of 109.5°. In solid urea, the oxygen center is engaged in two N–H–O

70: 7606: 7570: 7452: 7245: 7199: 7166: 6862: 6768: 6642: 6597: 6582: 6441: 6334: 6324: 6294: 6233: 5628: 5199: 4524: 4390: 3476: 2976: 2841: 2530: 2394: 2274: 2213: 2150: 2131: 2108: 1740: 1663: 1594: 1590: 1567: 1308: 1173: 1155: 1014: 942: 935: 928: 901: 402: 394: 355: 4626:"Treatment of euvolemic hyponatremia in the intensive care unit by urea" 4502: 4078:"Why Urea Eliminates Ammonia Rather than Hydrolyzes in Aqueous Solution" 2435:. The oxidation pathway starts with the removal of the amino group by a 364: 17: 7579: 7207: 7131: 6982: 6977: 6942: 6927: 6922: 6892: 6875: 6699: 6626: 6592: 6329: 6319: 6140: 5944: 5643:"The discovery of urea and the end of vitalism - Hektoen International" 4677:"Induction of therapeutic abortion by intra-amniotic injection of urea" 3847: 3334: 3259:

and pumping the carbamate solution back into the urea reaction vessel.

3051: 2802: 2690: 2686: 2650: 2588: 2482: 2448: 2388: 2335: 2317: 2300: 2245: 2209: 2084: 2019: 1988: 1874: 1800: 1756: 1667: 1480: 1432: 1259: 1114: 1043: 658: 464: 5591: 5503: 5446: 4093: 3758: 3624: 2653:, and 1 gram of protein is roughly equivalent to 5 grams of 1904:) and water within the catalytic converter. The conversion of noxious 7295: 7227: 7071: 6780: 6773: 6667: 6648: 6637: 6621: 6567: 6451: 5384:

For an English translation of the relevant passage, see: Peter Shaw,

5377:…, volume 2, (Leipzig ("Lipsiae"), (Germany): Caspar Fritsch, 1732), 5190:

Klein J, Blount MA, Sands JM (2011). "Urea Transport in the Kidney".

3404: 3294: 2760: 2678: 2654: 2635: 2630:. This mechanism is important to prevent the loss of water, maintain 2221: 2146: 2096: 2003: 1736: 1683: 1586: 1466: 1218: 1181: 765: 315: 6462: 5976:"Feed Grade Biuret as a Protein Replacement for Ruminants. A Review" 5090: 4468: 4326: 2447:

in the liver is removal of the alpha-amino nitrogen, which produces

1064:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

5286:

Skin Protection: Practical Applications in the Occupational Setting

4642: 1739:, which impairs plant growth. Urea breaks down in the soil to give 452: 129: 7176: 7146: 7079: 6937: 6902: 6897: 6870: 6818: 6785: 6689: 6513: 6126: 4624:

Decaux G, Andres C, Gankam Kengne F, Soupart A (14 October 2010).

3428: 3069: 2980: 2755:

Urea was first discovered in urine in 1727 by the Dutch scientist

2729: 2706: 2702: 2592: 2557: 2549: 2534: 2486: 2408:

As an additive to extend the working temperature and open time of

2384: 2278: 1714: 1687: 1643: 1638: 1370: 1255: 1177: 1144: 1140: 772: 488: 295: 271: 261: 35: 5974:

Fonnesbeck, Paul V.; Kearl, Leonard C.; Harris, Lorin E. (1975).

2778:

Boiled off water, resulting in a substance similar to fresh cream

2473:

Urea is synthesized in the body of many organisms as part of the

1335:. The urea molecule is planar when in a solid crystal because of 6604: 5837: 5721: : 80–112; 113–162. On page 91, urea is again named "urée". 5570:

Gibb BC (April 2009). "Teetering towards chaos and complexity".

2900:, which are in chemical equilibrium heavily favoring urea under 2642: 2311: 2076: 2048:) and thus consumes less energy than the electrolysis of water ( 1373:

are interconnected, all helices in a crystal must have the same

1243: 443: 7425: 6466: 6086: 4275:

Baumgartner M, Flöck M, Winter P, Luf W, Baumgartner W (2005).

7529: 5461:"Why Pee is Cool – entry #5 – "How Pee Unites You With Rocks"" 4574:"Carbamide Peroxide Drops GENERIC NAME(S): CARBAMIDE PEROXIDE" 3548:

Yalkowsky, Samuel H.; He, Yan; Jain, Parijat (19 April 2016).

3458: 2552:. In addition, a small amount of urea is excreted (along with 2415: 2241: 2237: 2233: 132: 5366:…, vol 2, (London, England: J. Osborn and T. Longman, 1727), 2930:

in the early 18th century from evaporates of urine. In 1773,

2414:

As a solubility-enhancing and moisture-retaining additive to

7421: 4942:

Chlorides—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition

3092:, with incomplete conversion of the reactants. The first is 530: 155: 97: 88: 69: 60: 7499: 5031:"Dyeing FAQ: What is urea for, in dyeing? Is it necessary?" 5015:

10.1175/1520-0469(1966)023<0197:UAAINF>2.0.CO;2

2466: 673:

133 to 135 °C (271 to 275 °F; 406 to 408 K)

167: 161: 135: 4163:. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press/Elsevier. p. 819. 2954:

made further improvements to its purification and finally

1920:

is described by the following simplified global equation:

4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4146: 3168:

decomposition of ammonium carbamate into urea and water:

2848:. His discovery prompted Wöhler to write triumphantly to 2115:, 40% urea preparations may also be used for nonsurgical 913: 126: 5104:

Sakami W, Harrington H (1963). "Amino acid metabolism".

4724:

Traynor J, Mactier R, Geddes CC, Fox JG (October 2006).

3652:, 49th edition (1968–1969). A value of 0.18 is given by 3100:

reaction of liquid ammonia with gaseous carbon dioxide (

2198:, which is used to detect the presence of the bacterium 1242:

is 15 g/kg for rats). Dissolved in water, it is neither

5355:

Boerhaave called urea "sal nativus urinæ" (the native,

2443:. The first step in the conversion of amino acids into 2421:

As an optical parametric oscillator in nonlinear optics

1082: 4198:. Methods in enzymology. Academic Press. p. 267. 2232:

can be identified by the same test in animals such as

41:"Carbonic diamide" redirects here. For the azide, see 5931:

Mikkelsen, R. L (1990). "Biuret in urea fertilizer".

5166:

Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach

3088:

and Wilhelm Meiser. The process consists of two main

3050:

For use in industry, urea is produced from synthetic

2759:, although this discovery is often attributed to the 2693:

excrete ammonia, but shift to urea production during

1601:

to the mass of the protein, which can be observed in

395: 152: 4726:"How to measure renal function in clinical practice" 3407:(as air) into the plant to establish and maintain a 2784:

Waited a year for solid to form under an oily liquid

2774:

Boerhaave used the following steps to isolate urea:

2533:

act as intermediates. Urea production occurs in the

170: 158: 7339: 7259: 7236: 7198: 7175: 7070: 6991: 6861: 6838: 6794: 6737: 6660: 6635: 6500: 6343: 6247: 6193: 6125: 3156:= −117 kJ/mol at 110 atm and 160 °C) 3078:The basic process, patented in 1922, is called the 1250:. The body uses it in many processes, most notably 431: 164: 149: 5390:page 198: Process CXVIII: The native salt of urine 5056:"Optical parametric oscillator using urea crystal" 4159:Burgess, Richard R.; Deutscher, Murray P. (2009). 5673:Journal de Médecine, de Chirurgie et de Pharmacie 5388:…, 2nd ed., (London, England: T. Longman, 1741), 4501:. Odan Laboratories. January 2009. Archived from 4331:Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 4226:Sun S, Zhou JY, Yang W, Zhang H (February 2014). 2781:Used filter paper to squeeze out remaining liquid 2168:, though it is inferior to other markers such as 1538:At higher temperatures it converts to a range of 5700: : 48–71. On page 69, urea is named "urée". 5283:Schliemann, S.; Elsner, Peter (1 January 2007). 4990:"Urea as an Ice Nucleant for Supercooled Clouds" 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 3419:or zirconium-clad titanium tubing in the 2000s. 2938:'s discovery that urine treated by concentrated 2544:. Urea is then dissolved into the blood (in the 1735:. The most common impurity of synthetic urea is 1288:as a source of nitrogen (N) and is an important 476: 5986:(6). Oxford University Press (OUP): 1150–1184. 5885: 5883: 5853: 5851: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3957: 3955: 3953: 2581:cycling of and excretion of urea by the kidneys 917: 247: 4037:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 3833: 3831: 3576:"Solubility of Various Compounds in Glycerine" 2455:by birds, and converted into urea by mammals. 1823:that is used industrially and as part of some 1787:Urea is a raw material for the manufacture of 1168:Urea serves an important role in the cellular 7437: 6478: 6098: 3740: 3738: 2220:. The test detects the characteristic enzyme 2138:and was found safe, inexpensive, and simple. 8: 5528:(2) : 253–256. Available in English at 5398:…, (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1974), 5289:. Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. 3543: 3541: 2864:In fact, his second sentence was incorrect. 1589:, and to a lesser extent the side chains of 1161:(–C(=O)–). It is thus the simplest amide of 6079:in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) 3493: 3491: 3107:) at high temperature and pressure to form 2634:, and maintain a suitable concentration of 2306:A main ingredient in hair removers such as 7444: 7430: 7422: 6858: 6657: 6485: 6471: 6463: 6105: 6091: 6083: 3613:Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 3343:results from the thermal decomposition of 3327:nitrogen source when used in animal feed. 2886:are two different chemicals with the same 1339:of the N orbitals. It is non-planar with C 1307:contradicting the widely held doctrine of 545: 385: 343: 49: 6048: 6030: 5907: 5783: 5518:"Ueber künstliche Bildung des Harnstoffs" 5344:International Chemical Safety Cards: UREA 5013: 4890: 4790: 4779:Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventions 4749: 4700: 4651: 4641: 4325:Greenan NS, Mulvaney RL, Sims GK (1995). 4251: 4101: 3271:process, developed in the early 1960s by 2609:thin descending limb of the loop of Henle 2288:, providing a relatively cheap source of 2127:) is also used as an earwax removal aid. 1324:The structure of the molecule of urea is 512: 5463:. Science minus details. 11 October 2011 4919:. Cengage Learning. 2015. p. 1117. 3435:, pellets or crystals) or as solutions. 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3349: 3339: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3220: 3213: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3118: 3114: 3103: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2461: 2264: 1994: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1907: 1900: 1891: 1880: 1847: 1837:Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) 1562: 1558: 1548: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1489: 1485: 1475: 1471: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1403: 1331: 1327: 1276: 1265: 1150: 1135: 1131: 631: 627: 5520:(On the artificial formation of urea), 5407:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 4945:. ScholarlyEditions. 2013. p. 77. 4363:Duo et al., (1992). Can. J. Chem. Eng, 3902:"The crystal structure of urea nitrate" 3487: 3206:= +15.5 kJ/mol at 160–180 °C) 2809:obtained urea artificially by treating 2439:; the amino group is then fed into the 601: 566: 541: 363: 5814:. International Fertilizer Association 3900:Harkema, S.; Feil, D. (1 March 1969). 1897:) and is converted into nitrogen gas ( 1400:, forming metal complexes of the type 376: 5232:Jacki Bishop; Thomas, Briony (2007). 4988:Knollenberg, Robert G. (March 1966). 4546:Habif, Thomas P. (25 November 2009). 3650:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 3427:Urea can be produced in solid forms ( 3384:contaminates the process condensate. 3016:Urea can also be produced by heating 2316:A browning agent in factory-produced 2014:Urea in concentrations up to 10 1888:of urea reacts with nitrogen oxides ( 573:Key: XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 323: 303: 7: 7708:Organic compounds with 1 carbon atom 5860:"Thermodynamics of the Urea Process" 5734:Four Centuries of Clinical Chemistry 5029:Burch, Paula E. (13 November 1999). 4792:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.971630 4611:10.1001/archinte.1925.00120160088004 4423:"Researchers develop urea fuel cell" 3694:"Urea - Registration Dossier - ECHA" 3636: 3634: 2641:The equivalent nitrogen content (in 2418:baths for textile dyeing or printing 1811:Urea can be used in a reaction with 859: 849: 570:InChI=1S/CH4N2O/c2-1(3)4/h(H4,2,3,4) 5118:10.1146/annurev.bi.32.070163.002035 4421:Carow, Colleen (14 November 2008). 4127:"Urea Solution Product Information" 4082:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 3842:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 21–41. 3786:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 3747:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 3551:Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data 3009:These reactions proceed through an 2944:Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy 1841:Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) 1597:. Each carbamylation event adds 43 583:Key: XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYAF 580:InChI=1/CH4N2O/c2-1(3)4/h(H4,2,3,4) 467: 451: 5312:"Urea pollution turns tides toxic" 4034:Meessen, Jozef H. (2012). "Urea". 3876:Compendium of Chemical Terminology 2685:, as well as some fish. Birds and 2611:, which makes the water reabsorb. 2599:of the nephrons, thus raising the 2145:, urea has been injected into the 1670:or other groups. Examples include 1493:via reaction with isocyanic acid: 25: 7523:Additional chemicals (E1100–1599) 5194:. Vol. 1. pp. 699–729. 1465:Heating above 160 °C yields 5547:Molecules That Changed The World 5359:, natural, salt of urine). See: 3654:Williams, R. (24 October 2001). 2677:. Urea is found in the urine of 2597:inner medullary collecting ducts 2351:, commonly used in dry chemical 2157:is no longer in widespread use. 2130:Urea has also been studied as a 1072: 892: 145: 122: 5764:Medico-Chirurgical Transactions 4994:American Meteorological Society 4431:(Press release). Archived from 4381:B lipase catalyzed reactions". 3505:. 2014. pp. 416, 860–861. 2910:was first described in 1865 by 2477:, either from the oxidation of 2295:A non-corroding alternative to 2006:, a solution of urea in water. 1682:. Ureas are closely related to 1431:at about 152 °C, and into 1320:Molecular and crystal structure 1068:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 707: 50 g/L ethanol 5709:Fourcroy and Vauqeulin (1800) 5688:Fourcroy and Vauquelin (1799) 3713:Journal of Molecular Structure 3503:The Royal Society of Chemistry 3238:Conventional recycle processes 3200: 3150: 2657:tissue. In situations such as 2585:countercurrent exchange system 2489:groups donated by ammonia and 2033:(DES), a substance similar to 1773:controlled-release fertilizers 1723:that produces urea fertilizer. 1: 6351:Peritoneal dialysis solutions 5522:Annalen der Physik und Chemie 5484:Journal of Chemical Education 5427:Journal of Chemical Education 5413: : 1274–1278 (in Dutch). 5409:(Dutch Journal of Medicine), 5106:Annual Review of Biochemistry 4598:Archives of Internal Medicine 4399:10.1016/j.procbio.2012.07.027 4195:Guide to Protein Purification 4161:Guide to protein purification 4046:10.1002/14356007.a27_333.pub2 3729:10.1016/S0022-2860(97)00176-2 2499:are converted to urea, while 2344:agent, along with other salts 1389:Urea is a weak base, with a p 5808:"Urea production statistics" 5310:Coombs A (27 October 2008). 5230:Section 1.9.2 (page 76) in: 5077:(1). AIP Publishing: 25–27. 4969:. Dooyoo.co.uk. 19 June 2009 4552:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2790:Dissolved the solid in water 2595:. Urea is reabsorbed in the 2079:. Urea 40% is indicated for 1825:improvised explosive devices 1686:and related in structure to 1427:Molten urea decomposes into 779:ThermochemistryCRC Handbook 6248:Irrigating solutions (B05C) 6129:and related products (B05A) 5737:. CRC Press. pp. 41–. 5396:Boerhaave and Great Britain 5234:Manual of Dietetic Practice 4742:10.1136/bmj.38975.390370.7c 4675:Diggory PL (January 1971). 4549:Clinical Dermatology E-Book 3840:Topics in Current Chemistry 3511:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001 2216:of humans, associated with 1869:, dual fuel, and lean-burn 1225: 'urine', itself from 968:or concentration (LD, LC): 84: 56: 7729: 6019:Frontiers in Plant Science 5776:10.1177/095952871700800123 4883:10.1038/s41598-019-43095-9 4816:Current Cardiology Reports 4284:Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 4070:Alexandrova, Anastassia N. 3210:The overall conversion of 2979:with primary or secondary 2926:Urea was first noticed by 2638:ions in the blood plasma. 1636: 1603:protein mass spectrometery 1258:forms it by combining two 1211: 40: 29: 7459: 7380: 6116:and perfusion solutions ( 5980:Journal of Animal Science 5549:. Wiley-VCH. p. 11. 5516:Wöhler, Friedrich (1828) 5386:A New Method of Chemistry 5368:page 193: Process LXXXVII 5364:A New Method of Chemistry 4828:10.1007/s11886-012-0290-x 4351:10.1080/00103629509369465 3984:10.1016/j.tca.2004.05.018 3929:10.1107/S0567740869002603 3459:urea and ammonium nitrate 3263:Stripping recycle process 3081:Bosch–Meiser urea process 2355:charges such as the urea- 1789:formaldehyde based resins 1284:. Urea is widely used in 1062: 1003: 964: 873: 868: 832: 778: 758: 645:60.06 g/mol 612: 592: 557: 231: 205: 193: 181: 111: 83: 55: 7519:Miscellaneous (E900–999) 6032:10.3389/fpls.2021.700331 5992:10.2527/jas1975.4061150x 5902:(12). Wiley: 2180–2189. 5896:Chemie Ingenieur Technik 5616:Chemical Society Reviews 5263:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov 5192:Comprehensive Physiology 5164:Walter F. Boron (2005). 4916:Heavy Duty Truck Systems 4605:(4). New York: 530–541. 4499:"UriSec 40 How it Works" 4296:10.1556/AVet.50.2002.3.2 4244:10.1016/j.ab.2013.10.024 4192:Deutscher, M.P. (1990). 3806:10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03400 3648:is given as 0.10 by the 1843:reactions to reduce the 709: ~4 g/L 30:Not to be confused with 7391:chemical classification 6421:Sodium glycerophosphate 5890:Meessen, Jozef (2014). 5144:Imperial College London 5071:Applied Physics Letters 4681:British Medical Journal 4232:Analytical Biochemistry 4040:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. 3889:10.1351/goldbook.U06580 3413:duplex stainless steels 2948:Louis Nicolas Vauquelin 2942:precipitated crystals. 2787:Removed the oily liquid 986:8500 mg/kg (oral, rat) 748:Magnetic susceptibility 6151:Hemoglobin crosfumaril 5909:10.1002/cite.201400064 5545:, Montagnon T (2008). 5324:10.1038/news.2008.1190 3375:][OCN] → HNCO + NH 3084:after its discoverers 3075: 2971:Laboratory preparation 2922:Historical preparation 2605:medullary interstitium 2383:, for fermentation of 2362:An ingredient in many 2322:An ingredient in some 2065:Urea-containing creams 2056:confocal microscopes. 1724: 1347:angle of 120° and the 1198: 924: 102: 93: 74: 65: 7398:chemical nomenclature 5394:Lindeboom, Gerrit A. 5168:. Elsevier/Saunders. 5035:All About Hand Dyeing 4693:10.1136/bmj.1.5739.28 4074:Jorgensen, William L. 3640:Calculated from 14−pK 3472:Wöhler urea synthesis 3090:equilibrium reactions 3073: 3043:Industrial production 2797:to tease out the urea 2357:potassium bicarbonate 2031:deep eutectic solvent 1975:Being a solid highly 1718: 1540:condensation products 923: 403:(glazing agents, ...) 195:Systematic IUPAC name 101: 92: 73: 64: 7589:Potassium persulfate 6219:Protein hydrolysates 6185:umbilical cord blood 5731:Rosenfeld L (1999). 5629:10.1039/CS9780700001 5200:10.1002/cphy.c100030 4383:Process Biochemistry 4337:(15–16): 2519–2529. 3715:. 413–414: 405–414. 3356:chemical equilibrium 3253:carbamate decomposer 2936:Carl Wilhelm Scheele 2850:Jöns Jakob Berzelius 2620:antidiuretic hormone 2537:and is regulated by 2377:diammonium phosphate 2349:flame-proofing agent 2259:diesel exhaust fluid 2071:products to promote 2067:are used as topical 2000:diesel exhaust fluid 1575:elimination reaction 1375:molecular handedness 906:(fire diamond) 183:Preferred IUPAC name 7698:Household chemicals 7693:Commodity chemicals 7595:Ammonium persulfate 6854:not C, H or O) 6401:Magnesium phosphate 6381:Potassium phosphate 6344:Others (B05D, B05X) 6290:Ethacridine lactate 6161:Hydroxyethyl starch 6156:Hemoglobin raffimer 5933:Fertilizer Research 5584:2009NatCh...1...17G 5496:1956JChEd..33..452K 5439:1956JChEd..33..452K 5236:. Wiley-Blackwell. 5083:1984ApPhL..44...25D 5006:1966JAtS...23..197K 4875:2019NatSR...9.6839C 4527:. Odan Laboratories 4457:Nature Neuroscience 4343:1995CSSPA..26.2519G 4076:(1 February 2007). 3976:2004TcAc..424..131S 3921:1969AcCrB..25..589H 3798:2015JPCA..11910368W 3792:(41): 10368–10375. 3753:(45): 17583–17590. 3721:1997JMoSt.413..405G 3257:carbamate condenser 3094:carbamate formation 2912:Harald Hirschsprung 2902:standard conditions 2769:William Cruickshank 2701:, insects, plants, 2393:A nutrient used by 2201:Helicobacter pylori 2162:blood urea nitrogen 2111:. If covered by an 1439:above 160 °C: 1227:Proto-Indo-European 695:545 g/L (at 25 °C) 690:Solubility in water 285:Beilstein Reference 52: 7703:E-number additives 7480:acidity regulators 7296:Hypervalent iodine 6406:Magnesium chloride 6361:Sodium bicarbonate 6356:Potassium chloride 6315:Sodium bicarbonate 5945:10.1007/bf01048769 5373:Boerhaave, Herman 4863:Scientific Reports 4525:"UriSec 40% Cream" 4505:on 2 February 2011 4379:Candida antarctica 3964:Thermochimica Acta 3848:10.1007/bfb0003835 3668:on 24 August 2003. 3583:msdssearch.dow.com 3415:in the 1990s, and 3393:Ammonium carbamate 3229:Reactant recycling 3109:ammonium carbamate 3076: 2616:urea transporter 2 2252:Miscellaneous uses 2186:Urea labeled with 2125:carbamide peroxide 2113:occlusive dressing 1884:) produced by the 1831:Automobile systems 1725: 1672:carbamide peroxide 1652:chemical compounds 1627:Berthelot reaction 1607:ion-exchange resin 1280:) molecule in the 1252:nitrogen excretion 1095:Infobox references 1034:Carbamide peroxide 1004:Related compounds 925: 103: 94: 75: 66: 50: 7663:Functional groups 7640: 7639: 7601:Potassium bromate 7582: 7573: 7513:Flavour enhancers 7507:anticaking agents 7419: 7418: 7357:Sulfenyl chloride 7335: 7334: 6834: 6833: 6653:(only C, H and O) 6494:Functional groups 6460: 6459: 6437:Potassium acetate 6426:Potassium lactate 6416:Hydrochloric acid 6376:Magnesium sulfate 6371:Ammonium chloride 6310:Magnesium citrate 6114:Blood substitutes 5744:978-90-5699-645-1 5715:Annales de Chimie 5694:Annales de Chimie 5592:10.1038/nchem.148 5556:978-3-527-30983-2 5504:10.1021/ed033p452 5447:10.1021/ed033p452 5375:Elementa Chemicae 5296:978-3-8055-8218-6 5243:978-1-4051-3525-2 5058:. Google Patents. 4559:978-0-323-08037-8 4205:978-0-12-182083-1 4170:978-0-12-374536-1 4094:10.1021/jp066478s 3759:10.1021/jp0473218 3644:. The value of pK 3625:10.1021/je200122b 3520:978-0-85404-182-4 2888:empirical formula 2846:organic chemistry 2815:ammonium chloride 2795:recrystallization 2614:By action of the 2521:argininosuccinate 2485:. In this cycle, 2399:ocean nourishment 2369:An ingredient in 2353:fire extinguisher 2332:hair conditioners 2292:to promote growth 2257:An ingredient in 2181:endothelial cells 1777:urea-formaldehyde 1733:nitrogen nutrient 1633:Related compounds 1615:common ion effect 1611:ammonium chloride 1411:Urea reacts with 1294:chemical industry 1113:(because it is a 1103:Chemical compound 1101: 1100: 1054:Carbonyl fluoride 1026:Related compounds 992:Safety data sheet 813:Gibbs free energy 705:500 g/L glycerol 526:CompTox Dashboard 273:Interactive image 107: 106: 79: 78: 16:(Redirected from 7720: 7713:Organic minerals 7631:Benzoyl peroxide 7619:Azodicarbonamide 7613:Chlorine dioxide 7580: 7571: 7543:Improving agents 7536:Synthetic glazes 7446: 7439: 7432: 7423: 7386: 7291:Trifluoromethoxy 6859: 6855: 6658: 6654: 6507: 6487: 6480: 6473: 6464: 6447:Alanyl glutamine 6396:Sodium phosphate 6386:Calcium chloride 6197:solutions (B05B) 6107: 6100: 6093: 6084: 6063: 6062: 6052: 6034: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5939:(1–3): 311–318. 5928: 5922: 5921: 5911: 5892:"Urea synthesis" 5887: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5864: 5855: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5787: 5758:Prout W (1817). 5755: 5749: 5748: 5728: 5722: 5707: 5701: 5686: 5680: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5572:Nature Chemistry 5567: 5561: 5560: 5539: 5533: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5422: 5416: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5187: 5181: 5179: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5066: 5060: 5059: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4794: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4753: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4704: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4655: 4645: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4418: 4412: 4410: 4374: 4368: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4281: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4255: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4156: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4125:Aldrich, Sigma. 4122: 4116: 4115: 4105: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4031: 3996: 3995: 3970:(1–2): 131–142. 3959: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3939:. Archived from 3906: 3897: 3891: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3742: 3733: 3732: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3690: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3661:. Archived from 3660: 3638: 3629: 3628: 3619:(6): 2909–2913. 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3592:on 13 April 2014 3591: 3585:. Archived from 3580: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3545: 3536: 3535: 3495: 3379: 3353: 3345:ammonium cyanate 3342: 3322: 3249:ammonium sulfate 3245:ammonium nitrate 3223: 3216: 3201: 3198: 3151: 3148: 3122: 3106: 3038: 3029:][OCN] → (NH 3018:ammonium cyanate 3005: 2965:barium carbonate 2928:Herman Boerhaave 2899: 2885: 2874: 2866:Ammonium cyanate 2835: 2807:Friedrich Wöhler 2757:Herman Boerhaave 2607:surrounding the 2569:bicarbonate ions 2542:-acetylglutamate 2528: 2527: 2518: 2517: 2504: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2464: 2401:experiments for 2269: 2196:urea breath test 2051: 2047: 2027:choline chloride 1997: 1971: 1942: 1919: 1912: 1903: 1896: 1883: 1852: 1835:Urea is used in 1770: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1661: 1657: 1565: 1551: 1534: 1514: 1492: 1478: 1461: 1429:ammonium cyanate 1417:barbituric acids 1407: 1379:racemic mixtures 1366:urea molecules. 1337:sp hybridization 1334: 1301:Friedrich Wöhler 1279: 1268: 1222: 1215: 1159:functional group 1153: 1138: 1127:chemical formula 1123:organic compound 1085: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1019:Hydroxycarbamide 945: 938: 931: 916: 896: 863: 853: 824: 802: 754:−33.4·10 cm/mol 634: 620:Chemical formula 550: 549: 534: 532: 516: 480: 469: 455: 435: 411:Gmelin Reference 397: 389: 378: 367: 347: 327: 307: 275: 251: 223:Diaminomethanone 199:Carbonic diamide 177: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 163: 160: 157: 154: 151: 142: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 85: 57: 53: 43:carbonyl diazide 27:Organic compound 21: 7728: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7717: 7643: 7642: 7641: 7636: 7567: 7550:Packaging gases 7526: 7455: 7450: 7420: 7415: 7384: 7376: 7331: 7286:Trichloromethyl 7281:Trifluoromethyl 7255: 7232: 7194: 7171: 7066: 7035:Phosphine oxide 6987: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 6840: 6830: 6790: 6733: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6631: 6505: 6504: 6496: 6491: 6461: 6456: 6366:Sodium chloride 6339: 6300:Sodium chloride 6255:Cetylpyridinium 6243: 6209:Lipid emulsions 6189: 6121: 6111: 6071: 6066: 6012: 6011: 6007: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5889: 5888: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5867:ureaknowhow.com 5862: 5858:Brouwer, Mark. 5857: 5856: 5849: 5842: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5812:www.ifastat.org 5806: 5805: 5801: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5708: 5704: 5687: 5683: 5667:Rouelle (1773) 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5649:. 15 April 2024 5641: 5640: 5636: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5541: 5540: 5536: 5515: 5511: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5454: 5424: 5423: 5419: 5354: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5297: 5282: 5281: 5277: 5267: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5210: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5091:10.1063/1.94590 5068: 5067: 5063: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5028: 5027: 5023: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4972: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4953: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4927: 4913: 4912: 4908: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4813: 4812: 4808: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4736:(7571): 733–7. 4723: 4722: 4718: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4572: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4497: 4496: 4492: 4469:10.1038/nn.2928 4453: 4452: 4448: 4438: 4436: 4435:on 29 June 2017 4428:Ohio University 4420: 4419: 4415: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4362: 4358: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4171: 4158: 4157: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4033: 4032: 3999: 3961: 3960: 3951: 3946:on 2 June 2024. 3943: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3869: 3865: 3858: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3744: 3743: 3736: 3710: 3709: 3705: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3680:"Carbamic acid" 3678: 3677: 3673: 3665: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3610: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3589: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3562: 3547: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3497: 3496: 3489: 3485: 3468: 3455: 3441: 3425: 3397:stainless steel 3390: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3337: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3286: 3265: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3199: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3162:urea conversion 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3101: 3068: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020:to 60 °C. 3003: 3000:CO + 2 [RNH 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2973: 2932:Hilaire Rouelle 2924: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822:AgNCO + [NH 2821: 2765:Hilaire Rouelle 2753: 2739:Urea can cause 2719: 2717:Adverse effects 2667: 2577: 2554:sodium chloride 2546:reference range 2525: 2524: 2515: 2514: 2501: 2500: 2491: 2490: 2463: 2459: 2445:metabolic waste 2428: 2364:tooth whitening 2284:A component of 2268: 2262: 2254: 2194:is used in the 2062: 2049: 2045: 2012: 2010:Laboratory uses 2002:, also sold as 1996: 1992: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1882: 1878: 1851: 1845: 1833: 1809: 1785: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1713: 1708: 1659: 1655: 1641: 1635: 1623: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1546: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1456:][OCN] → NH 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1425: 1415:esters to make 1405: 1401: 1395: 1387: 1364:hydrogen-bonded 1345:trigonal planar 1342: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1317: 1278: 1274: 1267: 1263: 1240: 1152: 1148: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1104: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1090: ?) 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1058: 1027: 1017: 1011: 983: 977: 950: 949: 948: 947: 940: 933: 926: 922: 914: 889: 842: 828:−197.15 kJ/mol 825: 819: 815: 806:−333.19 kJ/mol 803: 800: 794: 790: 787: 786:Std enthalpy of 768: 751: 727: 708: 692: 633: 629: 625: 622: 608: 605: 600: 599: 588: 585: 584: 581: 575: 574: 571: 565: 564: 553: 535: 528: 519: 499: 483: 470: 458: 438: 425: 413: 370: 350: 330: 310: 287: 278: 265: 254: 241: 227: 226: 220:Diaminomethanal 217:Carbonyldiamine 214:Carbonyldiamide 201: 200: 189: 188: 148: 144: 125: 121: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7726: 7724: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7673:Soil improvers 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7653:Nitrogen cycle 7645: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7577: 7566: 7565: 7562:Foaming agents 7559: 7553: 7547: 7539: 7533: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7516: 7510: 7497: 7483: 7473: 7467: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7426: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7406: 7394: 7387: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7372:Sulfinylamines 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7352:Phosphoramides 7349: 7347:Isothiocyanate 7343: 7341: 7337: 7336: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7267: 7265: 7257: 7256: 7254: 7253: 7248: 7242: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7225: 7223:Selenenic acid 7220: 7218:Seleninic acid 7215: 7213:Selenonic acid 7210: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7181: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7082: 7076: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7021: 7020: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7006:Phosphodiester 6997: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6867: 6865: 6856: 6852:(one element, 6836: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6828: 6827: 6826: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6743: 6741: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6731: 6729:Methylenedioxy 6726: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6655: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6612: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6510: 6508: 6506:(only C and H) 6498: 6497: 6492: 6490: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6467: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6391:Sodium acetate 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6305:Sodium citrate 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6270:Sulfamethizole 6267: 6262: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6200: 6198: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6146:Gelatin agents 6143: 6138: 6132: 6130: 6123: 6122: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6070: 6069:External links 6067: 6065: 6064: 6005: 5966: 5923: 5879: 5847: 5825: 5799: 5750: 5743: 5723: 5702: 5681: 5660: 5634: 5605: 5562: 5555: 5534: 5509: 5474: 5452: 5433:(9): 452–459. 5417: 5415: 5414: 5403: 5392: 5382: 5371: 5348: 5336: 5302: 5295: 5275: 5249: 5242: 5223: 5208: 5182: 5174: 5156: 5131: 5096: 5061: 5047: 5021: 4980: 4958: 4951: 4932: 4925: 4906: 4849: 4822:(5): 635–641. 4806: 4785:(6): 831–840. 4765: 4716: 4687:(5739): 28–9. 4667: 4643:10.1186/cc9292 4616: 4587: 4565: 4558: 4538: 4516: 4490: 4463:(11): 1481–8. 4446: 4413: 4369: 4356: 4317: 4267: 4218: 4204: 4184: 4169: 4142: 4117: 4088:(4): 720–730. 4061: 4055:978-3527306732 4054: 3997: 3949: 3915:(3): 589–591. 3892: 3863: 3856: 3827: 3772: 3734: 3703: 3698:echa.europa.eu 3685: 3671: 3645: 3641: 3630: 3603: 3567: 3560: 3537: 3530: 3526: 3525:The compound H 3519: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3464: 3454: 3451: 3440: 3437: 3424: 3421: 3389: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3354:, which is in 3331:Isocyanic acid 3324: 3323: 3285: 3284:Side reactions 3282: 3264: 3261: 3239: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3208: 3207: 3160:The second is 3158: 3157: 3067: 3064: 3056:carbon dioxide 3044: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3007: 3006: 2972: 2969: 2923: 2920: 2862: 2861: 2837: 2836: 2811:silver cyanate 2799: 2798: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2752: 2749: 2718: 2715: 2711:microorganisms 2666: 2663: 2659:muscle wasting 2645:) of urea (in 2632:blood pressure 2576: 2573: 2556:and water) in 2433:carbon dioxide 2427: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2403:geoengineering 2391: 2381:yeast nutrient 2373: 2367: 2360: 2345: 2338: 2320: 2314: 2304: 2293: 2282: 2273:into harmless 2253: 2250: 2224:, produced by 2166:renal function 2069:dermatological 2061: 2058: 2018:is a powerful 2011: 2008: 1987:and hazardous 1973: 1972: 1944: 1943: 1832: 1829: 1821:high explosive 1808: 1805: 1784: 1781: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1700:thiocarbamides 1637:Main article: 1634: 1631: 1622: 1619: 1579:isocyanic acid 1536: 1535: 1515: 1463: 1462: 1437:isocyanic acid 1424: 1421: 1393: 1386: 1383: 1353:hydrogen bonds 1340: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1271:carbon dioxide 1238: 1154:) joined by a 1109:, also called 1102: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1071: 1070: 1066:standard state 1063: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1039:Urea phosphate 1036: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1005: 1001: 1000: 995: 988: 987: 984: 975: 973: 970: 969: 962: 961: 960:Non-flammable 958: 952: 951: 941: 934: 927: 912: 911: 910: 909: 907: 898: 897: 890: 885: 882: 881: 871: 870: 866: 865: 843: 838: 835: 834: 830: 829: 826: 817: 811: 808: 807: 804: 798: 792: 784: 781: 780: 776: 775: 769: 764: 761: 760: 756: 755: 752: 746: 743: 742: 739: 737:Conjugate acid 733: 732: 729: 725: 715: 714: 703: 697: 696: 693: 688: 685: 684: 681: 675: 674: 671: 665: 664: 661: 655: 654: 651: 647: 646: 643: 637: 636: 623: 618: 615: 614: 610: 609: 607: 606: 603: 595: 594: 593: 590: 589: 587: 586: 582: 579: 578: 576: 572: 569: 568: 560: 559: 558: 555: 554: 552: 551: 538: 536: 524: 521: 520: 518: 517: 509: 507: 501: 500: 498: 497: 493: 491: 485: 484: 482: 481: 473: 471: 463: 460: 459: 457: 456: 448: 446: 440: 439: 437: 436: 428: 426: 421: 418: 417: 414: 409: 406: 405: 399: 391: 390: 380: 372: 371: 369: 368: 360: 358: 352: 351: 349: 348: 340: 338: 332: 331: 329: 328: 320: 318: 312: 311: 309: 308: 300: 298: 292: 291: 288: 283: 280: 279: 277: 276: 268: 266: 259: 256: 255: 253: 252: 244: 242: 237: 234: 233: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 218: 215: 212: 208: 207: 203: 202: 198: 197: 191: 190: 186: 185: 179: 178: 118: 117:Pronunciation 114: 113: 109: 108: 105: 104: 95: 81: 80: 77: 76: 67: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7725: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7578: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7471: 7470:Preservatives 7468: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7447: 7442: 7440: 7435: 7433: 7428: 7427: 7424: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7383: 7382: 7379: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7316: 7313: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7251:Telluroketone 7249: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7137:Sulfonic acid 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7127:Sulfinic acid 7125: 7123: 7122:Thiosulfonate 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7112:Thiosulfinate 7110: 7108: 7107:Sulfenic acid 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7062:Phosphaallene 7060: 7058: 7057:Phosphaalkyne 7055: 7053: 7052:Phosphaalkene 7050: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7007: 7004: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6837: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6804: 6803: 6800: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6736: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6724:Ethylenedioxy 6722: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6659: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6570: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6516: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6481: 6476: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6411:Zinc chloride 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6280:Mandelic acid 6278: 6276: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6260:Chlorhexidine 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6214:Carbohydrates 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6136:Serum albumin 6134: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6103: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6089: 6088: 6085: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6006: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5970: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5924: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5609: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5490:(9). p. 454. 5489: 5485: 5478: 5475: 5462: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5421: 5418: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5340: 5337: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5306: 5303: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5279: 5276: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5209:9780470650714 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5175:1-4160-2328-3 5171: 5167: 5160: 5157: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5112:(1): 355–98. 5111: 5107: 5100: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5051: 5048: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5022: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4981: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4952:9781481674331 4948: 4944: 4943: 4936: 4933: 4928: 4926:9781305073623 4922: 4918: 4917: 4910: 4907: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4850: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4720: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4668: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4630:Critical Care 4627: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4591: 4588: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4542: 4539: 4526: 4520: 4517: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4450: 4447: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4393:: 2081–2089. 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4290:(3): 263–71. 4289: 4285: 4278: 4271: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4128: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3881:uronium salts 3878: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3857:3-540-17307-2 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3561:9781439802465 3557: 3554:. CRC Press. 3553: 3552: 3544: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3522: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3501:. Cambridge: 3500: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3457:Solutions of 3452: 3450: 3447: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3387: 3385: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3346: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3300: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3237: 3235: 3228: 3226: 3205: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3164:: the slower 3163: 3155: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3110: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3072: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3014: 3012: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2961: 2957: 2956:William Prout 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2903: 2889: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2820: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2801:In 1828, the 2796: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2699:invertebrates 2696: 2695:metamorphosis 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2665:Other species 2664: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2565:ammonium ions 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2512: 2508: 2498: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2468: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2342:cloud seeding 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218:peptic ulcers 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2107:, corns, and 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2089:onychomycosis 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2029:is used as a 2028: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2001: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1913:to innocuous 1910: 1894: 1887: 1876: 1873:engines. The 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859:exhaust gases 1856: 1853: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793:particleboard 1790: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1758: 1742: 1741:ammonium ions 1738: 1734: 1730: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1696:carbodiimides 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660:R, R, R and R 1656:RRN−C(=O)−NRR 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1555: 1545: 1544:cyanuric acid 1541: 1516: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1482: 1468: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1423:Decomposition 1422: 1420: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1399: 1392: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1338: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1272: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1214: 1210: 1207: 1206:Ancient Greek 1203: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1163:carbamic acid 1160: 1157: 1146: 1142: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1119:carbonic acid 1116: 1112: 1108: 1096: 1089: 1084: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1049:Carbonic acid 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1010:Related ureas 1008: 1007: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 989: 985: 981: 972: 971: 967: 963: 959: 957: 954: 953: 946: 939: 932: 908: 905: 904: 900: 899: 895: 891: 888: 884: 883: 879: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 844: 841: 837: 836: 833:Pharmacology 831: 827: 822: 814: 810: 809: 805: 797: 789: 783: 782: 777: 774: 770: 767: 766:Dipole moment 763: 762: 757: 753: 749: 745: 744: 740: 738: 735: 734: 730: 724: 720: 717: 716: 713: 712: 704: 702: 699: 698: 694: 691: 687: 686: 682: 680: 679:Boiling point 677: 676: 672: 670: 669:Melting point 667: 666: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 649: 648: 644: 642: 639: 638: 624: 621: 617: 616: 611: 602: 598: 591: 577: 567: 563: 556: 548: 544: 543:DTXSID4021426 540: 539: 537: 527: 523: 522: 515: 511: 510: 508: 506: 503: 502: 495: 494: 492: 490: 487: 486: 479: 475: 474: 472: 466: 462: 461: 454: 450: 449: 447: 445: 442: 441: 434: 430: 429: 427: 424: 420: 419: 415: 412: 408: 407: 404: 400: 398: 393: 392: 388: 384: 381: 379: 377:ECHA InfoCard 374: 373: 366: 362: 361: 359: 357: 354: 353: 346: 342: 341: 339: 337: 334: 333: 326: 322: 321: 319: 317: 314: 313: 306: 302: 301: 299: 297: 294: 293: 289: 286: 282: 281: 274: 270: 269: 267: 263: 258: 257: 250: 246: 245: 243: 240: 236: 235: 230: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 204: 196: 192: 184: 180: 175: 140: 119: 116: 115: 110: 100: 96: 91: 87: 86: 82: 72: 68: 63: 59: 58: 54: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 7624: 7541: 7518: 7476:Antioxidants 7396: 7389: 7303:Vinyl halide 7260: 7190:Borinic acid 7185:Boronic acid 7162:Thioxanthate 6502:Hydrocarbons 6431:Cardioplegia 6224:Electrolytes 6176:Blood plasma 6171:Thrombocytes 6166:Erythrocytes 6074: 6022: 6018: 6008: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5899: 5895: 5870:. Retrieved 5866: 5828: 5816:. Retrieved 5811: 5802: 5767: 5763: 5753: 5733: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5663: 5651:. Retrieved 5646: 5637: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5546: 5537: 5525: 5521: 5512: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5465:. Retrieved 5455: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5410: 5406: 5395: 5385: 5374: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5339: 5327:. Retrieved 5315: 5305: 5285: 5278: 5266:. Retrieved 5262: 5259:"urea cycle" 5252: 5233: 5226: 5191: 5185: 5165: 5159: 5147:. Retrieved 5134: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5050: 5038:. Retrieved 5034: 5024: 4997: 4993: 4983: 4971:. Retrieved 4961: 4941: 4935: 4915: 4909: 4866: 4862: 4852: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4782: 4778: 4768: 4733: 4729: 4719: 4684: 4680: 4670: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4578:. Retrieved 4568: 4548: 4541: 4529:. Retrieved 4519: 4507:. Retrieved 4503:the original 4493: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4437:. Retrieved 4433:the original 4426: 4416: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4367:, 1014–1020. 4364: 4359: 4334: 4330: 4320: 4287: 4283: 4270: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4209:. Retrieved 4194: 4187: 4160: 4133:. Retrieved 4120: 4085: 4081: 4064: 4035: 3967: 3963: 3941:the original 3912: 3908: 3895: 3874: 3866: 3839: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3750: 3746: 3712: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3674: 3663:the original 3649: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3594:. Retrieved 3587:the original 3582: 3570: 3550: 3524: 3498: 3456: 3453:Liquid forms 3446:Formaldehyde 3442: 3426: 3391: 3382: 3329: 3325: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3278: 3266: 3256: 3252: 3241: 3232: 3209: 3203: 3161: 3159: 3153: 3093: 3079: 3077: 3060:hydrocarbons 3049: 3046: 3015: 3008: 2974: 2960:urea nitrate 2925: 2908:Uremic frost 2906: 2863: 2857: 2838: 2800: 2773: 2754: 2745: 2741:algal blooms 2738: 2727: 2720: 2668: 2640: 2628:blood plasma 2624:hyperosmotic 2622:, to create 2613: 2578: 2562: 2539: 2472: 2457: 2437:transaminase 2429: 2328:moisturizers 2265: 2229: 2225: 2205: 2199: 2185: 2174: 2159: 2140: 2136:hyponatremia 2129: 2063: 2054: 2039: 2035:ionic liquid 2013: 1974: 1945: 1908: 1892: 1848: 1834: 1817:urea nitrate 1810: 1786: 1726: 1647: 1646:describes a 1642: 1624: 1581:, which can 1577:cogenerates 1572: 1542:, including 1537: 1530:CONHCONHCONH 1488:CONHCONHCONH 1464: 1426: 1410: 1402:[M(urea) 1390: 1388: 1368: 1357: 1323: 1298: 1290:raw material 1234: 1229: 1219: 1216: 1209: 1197: 1185: 1167: 1145:amino groups 1110: 1106: 1105: 965: 902: 875: 820: 795: 722: 711:acetonitrile 706: 653:White solid 489:RTECS number 232:Identifiers 206:Other names 143:, carbamide 47: 7688:Lymph fluid 7678:Fertilizers 7494:emulsifiers 7490:stabilisers 7367:Thiocyanate 7362:Sulfonamide 7327:Perchlorate 7315:Acyl halide 7276:Fluoroethyl 7157:Thionoester 7045:Phosphonium 7030:Phosphinate 7025:Phosphonous 7013:Phosphonate 6712:Hydroperoxy 6534:Cyclopropyl 6275:Taurolidine 6204:Amino acids 6195:Intravenous 5872:26 February 5770:: 526–549. 5623:(1): 1–14. 5578:(1): 17–8. 5543:Nicolaou KC 4973:28 December 4869:(1): 6839. 4636:(5): R184. 4509:15 February 4211:24 February 3439:Solid forms 3358:with urea: 3273:Stamicarbon 3166:endothermic 3096:: the fast 2940:nitric acid 2826:]Cl → CO(NH 2767:as well as 2709:, and even 2479:amino acids 2375:Along with 2286:animal feed 2244:(including 2155:this method 2153:, although 2117:debridement 2105:keratoderma 2073:rehydration 2060:Medical use 2046:0.37 V 1925:4 NO + 4 NH 1871:natural gas 1813:nitric acid 1799:, OSB, and 1719:A plant in 1711:Agriculture 1662:groups are 1583:carbamylate 1526:+ HNCO → NH 1506:+ HNCO → NH 1349:tetrahedral 1286:fertilizers 1262:molecules ( 1204:, from 1192:, from 980:median dose 966:Lethal dose 956:Flash point 683:decomposes 650:Appearance 613:Properties 383:100.000.286 305:CHEBI:16199 7683:Urea cycle 7647:Categories 7564:(E990–999) 7558:(E950–969) 7556:Sweeteners 7552:(E930–949) 7545:(E920–929) 7538:(E910–919) 7532:(E900–909) 7515:(E600–699) 7509:(E500–599) 7503:regulators 7496:(E400–499) 7486:Thickeners 7482:(E300–399) 7472:(E200–299) 7466:(E100–199) 7271:Haloalkane 7142:Thioketone 7097:Persulfide 6993:Phosphorus 6958:Isocyanate 6948:Isonitrile 6849:or oxygen 6847:hydrogen, 6843:not being 6824:Orthoester 6717:Dioxiranes 6695:Enol ether 6583:1-Propenyl 6285:Noxytiolin 6265:Nitrofural 6229:Trometamol 6181:Stem cells 6025:: 700331. 5834:US 1429483 5647:hekint.org 5000:(2): 197. 4135:7 February 3656:"pKa Data" 3483:References 3352:][OCN] 3098:exothermic 3086:Carl Bosch 3011:isocyanate 2873:][OCN] 2723:dermatitis 2683:amphibians 2601:osmolarity 2511:citrulline 2475:urea cycle 2441:urea cycle 2426:Physiology 2324:skin cream 2170:creatinine 2149:to induce 2093:ichthyosis 2050:1.2 V 2042:fuel cells 2023:denaturant 1886:hydrolysis 1863:combustion 1855:pollutants 1807:Explosives 1797:fiberboard 1729:fertilizer 1721:Bangladesh 1692:carbamates 1398:Lewis base 1360:clathrates 1315:Properties 1304:discovered 1282:urea cycle 1170:metabolism 887:Pictograms 759:Structure 701:Solubility 663:1.32 g/cm 641:Molar mass 514:8W8T17847W 423:IUPHAR/BPS 336:ChemSpider 260:3D model ( 239:CAS Number 7668:Excretion 7625:Carbamide 7574:-cysteine 7453:E numbers 7404:inorganic 7238:Tellurium 7152:Thioester 7117:Sulfoxide 7102:Disulfide 7090:Sulfonium 7040:Phosphine 7018:Phosphite 7001:Phosphate 6933:Carbamate 6908:Hydrazone 6841:element, 6839:Only one 6812:Anhydride 6551:Methylene 6433:solutions 6239:Carbamide 6041:1664-462X 6000:0021-8812 5953:0167-1731 5918:0009-286X 5530:Chem Team 5346:. cdc.gov 5257:PubChem. 5040:24 August 4580:19 August 4531:20 August 4439:6 January 4407:1359-5113 4238:: 76–81. 4179:463300660 3992:0040-6031 3937:0567-7408 3814:1089-5639 3767:1520-6106 3423:Finishing 3417:zirconium 3401:corrosion 3388:Corrosion 3371:→ [NH 3333:HNCO and 3269:stripping 3066:Synthesis 2952:Berzelius 2875:and urea 2675:uric acid 2507:ornithine 2497:aspartate 2458:Ammonia ( 2453:uric acid 2410:hide glue 2371:dish soap 2299:for road 2297:rock salt 2271:emissions 2230:H. pylori 2226:H. pylori 2208:) in the 2206:H. pylori 2192:carbon-13 2188:carbon-14 2177:excipient 2101:keratosis 2081:psoriasis 1680:hydantoin 1676:allantoin 1554:guanidine 1452:→ [NH 1385:Reactions 1299:In 1828, 1269:) with a 1230:*h₂worsom 1190:Neo-Latin 1121:), is an 1111:carbamide 998:ICSC 0595 878:labelling 788:formation 604:C(=O)(N)N 496:YR6250000 325:ChEMBL985 211:Carbamide 32:uric acid 7607:Chlorine 7583:-cystine 7385:See also 7320:Chloride 7246:Tellurol 7200:Selenium 7167:Xanthate 6881:Ammonium 6863:Nitrogen 6845:carbon, 6802:Carboxyl 6769:Aldehyde 6757:Acryloyl 6739:carbonyl 6643:hydrogen 6598:Cumulene 6442:Arginine 6335:Mannitol 6325:Sorbitol 6295:Neomycin 6234:Mannitol 6059:34413867 5818:19 April 5794:20895332 5653:17 April 5600:21378787 5467:9 August 5379:page 276 5329:5 August 5218:23737200 5180:Page 837 5149:23 March 5126:14144484 4901:31048704 4836:22825918 4801:23192918 4760:17023465 4662:20946646 4485:28281721 4477:21878933 4391:Elsevier 4312:42485569 4304:12237967 4262:24161613 4112:17249815 3822:26371867 3596:12 April 3477:Thiourea 3466:See also 3433:granules 3314:CONHCONH 3117:][NH 2977:phosgene 2916:dialysis 2842:vitalism 2805:chemist 2763:chemist 2691:Tadpoles 2589:nephrons 2531:arginine 2481:or from 2405:purposes 2395:plankton 2366:products 2336:shampoos 2318:pretzels 2301:de-icing 2290:nitrogen 2275:nitrogen 2246:big cats 2214:duodenum 2151:abortion 2132:diuretic 2109:calluses 1981:irritant 1963:O → 2 NH 1815:to make 1664:hydrogen 1658:, where 1621:Analysis 1595:cysteine 1591:arginine 1568:melamine 1522:CONHCONH 1510:CONHCONH 1474:CONHCONH 1309:vitalism 1292:for the 1248:alkaline 1174:nitrogen 1156:carbonyl 1143:has two 1015:Thiourea 903:NFPA 704 869:Hazards 840:ATC code 750:(χ) 741:Uronium 719:Basicity 396:E number 356:DrugBank 18:Ureylene 7627:(E927b) 7464:Colours 7409:organic 7208:Selenol 7132:Sulfone 7085:Sulfide 6983:NONOate 6978:Nitroso 6968:Nitrite 6963:Nitrate 6953:Cyanate 6943:Nitrile 6928:Amidine 6923:Imidate 6893:Nitrene 6888:Hydrazo 6876:Enamine 6807:Acetoxy 6795:carboxy 6762:Benzoyl 6700:Epoxide 6683:Methoxy 6673:Alcohol 6627:Carbene 6561:Methine 6330:Glycine 6320:Glucose 6141:Dextran 6050:8369924 5961:5970745 5785:2128986 5580:Bibcode 5492:Bibcode 5435:Bibcode 5400:page 51 5268:28 June 5079:Bibcode 5002:Bibcode 4892:6497887 4871:Bibcode 4844:8879713 4751:1592388 4711:5539139 4702:1794772 4653:3219290 4576:. WebMD 4339:Bibcode 4253:4072244 4103:2995377 3972:Bibcode 3917:Bibcode 3794:Bibcode 3717:Bibcode 3529:N-CO-NH 3409:passive 3348:[NH 3335:ammonia 3185:⇌ CO(NH 3113:[NH 3052:ammonia 3025:[NH 2996:→ (RNH) 2992:+ 4 RNH 2869:[NH 2751:History 2687:saurian 2679:mammals 2671:aquatic 2651:protein 2603:in the 2587:of the 2483:ammonia 2449:ammonia 2389:ethanol 2379:, as a 2359:mixture 2210:stomach 2085:xerosis 2075:of the 2020:protein 1989:ammonia 1985:caustic 1977:soluble 1875:BlueTec 1801:plywood 1757:nitrate 1684:biurets 1668:organyl 1599:daltons 1481:triuret 1433:ammonia 1413:malonic 1371:helices 1369:As the 1326:O=C(−NH 1260:ammonia 1182:mammals 1139:. This 1115:diamide 1088:what is 1086: ( 1044:Acetone 858: ( 856:D02AE01 854:) 848: ( 846:B05BC02 816:(Δ 659:Density 635: 465:PubChem 365:DB03904 290:635724 249:57-13-6 7633:(E928) 7621:(E927) 7615:(E926) 7609:(E925) 7603:(E924) 7597:(E923) 7591:(E922) 7585:(E921) 7576:(E920) 7505:& 7492:& 7478:& 7308:Iodide 7228:Selone 7072:Sulfur 6781:Ketone 6774:Ketene 6752:Acetyl 6707:Peroxy 6678:Alkoxy 6668:Acetal 6649:oxygen 6638:carbon 6622:Alkyne 6615:Benzyl 6610:Phenyl 6593:Allene 6588:Crotyl 6568:Alkene 6556:Bridge 6544:Pentyl 6529:Propyl 6519:Methyl 6452:Lysine 6057: 6047: 6039: 5998: 5959: 5951: 5916: 5843: 5792: 5782: 5741: 5598: 5553: 5316:Nature 5293: 5240: 5216: 5206: 5172: 5140:"Urea" 5124: 4949: 4923: 4899: 4889: 4842: 4834: 4799: 4758: 4748: 4709: 4699: 4660: 4650: 4556: 4483: 4475: 4405: 4389:(12). 4310: 4302: 4260: 4250: 4202: 4177: 4167: 4110: 4100: 4052: 3990: 3935: 3854: 3820: 3812: 3765: 3558: 3517: 3429:prills 3405:oxygen 3295:Biuret 2981:amines 2834:+ AgCl 2803:German 2761:French 2734:camels 2655:muscle 2636:sodium 2575:Humans 2567:, and 2523:, and 2385:sugars 2334:, and 2240:, and 2222:urease 2147:uterus 2143:saline 2097:eczema 2004:AdBlue 1867:diesel 1783:Resins 1737:biuret 1698:, and 1688:amides 1678:, and 1666:(–H), 1587:lysine 1566:, and 1557:HNC(NH 1547:(CNOH) 1467:biuret 1460:+ HNCO 1254:. The 1244:acidic 1194:French 1083:verify 1080: 994:(SDS) 597:SMILES 453:D00023 401:E927b 316:ChEMBL 112:Names 7658:Ureas 7530:Waxes 7340:Other 7177:Boron 7147:Thial 7080:Thiol 6973:Nitro 6938:Imide 6918:Amide 6903:Oxime 6898:Imine 6871:Amine 6819:Ester 6786:Ynone 6690:Ether 6661:R-O-R 6636:Only 6578:Allyl 6573:Vinyl 6539:Butyl 6524:Ethyl 6514:Alkyl 6183:from 6127:Blood 5957:S2CID 5863:(PDF) 4840:S2CID 4481:S2CID 4308:S2CID 4280:(PDF) 4130:(PDF) 3944:(PDF) 3905:(PDF) 3871:IUPAC 3666:(PDF) 3659:(PDF) 3590:(PDF) 3579:(PDF) 3363:CO(NH 2877:CO(NH 2813:with 2793:Used 2730:urine 2707:fungi 2703:yeast 2643:grams 2593:urine 2558:sweat 2550:urine 2535:liver 2487:amino 2387:into 2279:water 2141:Like 2121:nails 1951:CO(NH 1937:+ 6 H 1933:→ 4 N 1865:from 1861:from 1648:class 1644:Ureas 1639:ureas 1498:CO(NH 1444:CO(NH 1256:liver 1220:oûron 1213:οὖρον 1208: 1196: 1178:urine 1141:amide 1130:CO(NH 1125:with 771:4.56 731:13.9 626:CO(NH 562:InChI 416:1378 296:ChEBI 262:JSmol 120:urea 51:Urea 36:urine 7262:Halo 6747:Acyl 6647:and 6605:Aryl 6076:Urea 6055:PMID 6037:ISSN 5996:ISSN 5949:ISSN 5914:ISSN 5874:2023 5838:BASF 5820:2023 5790:PMID 5739:ISBN 5655:2024 5596:PMID 5551:ISBN 5469:2016 5357:i.e. 5331:2018 5291:ISBN 5270:2021 5238:ISBN 5214:PMID 5204:ISBN 5170:ISBN 5151:2015 5122:PMID 5042:2020 4975:2010 4947:ISBN 4921:ISBN 4897:PMID 4832:PMID 4797:PMID 4756:PMID 4707:PMID 4658:PMID 4582:2021 4554:ISBN 4533:2021 4511:2011 4473:PMID 4441:2022 4403:ISSN 4300:PMID 4258:PMID 4213:2023 4200:ISBN 4175:OCLC 4165:ISBN 4137:2023 4108:PMID 4050:ISBN 3988:ISSN 3933:ISSN 3852:ISBN 3818:PMID 3810:ISSN 3763:ISSN 3598:2014 3556:ISBN 3515:ISBN 3318:+ NH 3310:→ NH 3306:CONH 3302:2 NH 3217:and 3136:⇌ NH 3132:+ CO 3128:2 NH 3121:COO] 3054:and 2988:COCl 2946:and 2681:and 2647:mmol 2579:The 2312:Veet 2310:and 2308:Nair 2277:and 2242:cats 2238:dogs 2234:apes 2212:and 2160:The 2077:skin 1967:+ CO 1839:and 1819:, a 1706:Uses 1593:and 1479:and 1435:and 1246:nor 1200:urée 1186:Urea 1107:Urea 505:UNII 478:1176 444:KEGG 433:4539 345:1143 187:Urea 130:ʊəˈr 6913:Azo 6118:B05 6045:PMC 6027:doi 5988:doi 5941:doi 5904:doi 5780:PMC 5772:doi 5625:doi 5588:doi 5500:doi 5443:doi 5320:doi 5196:doi 5114:doi 5087:doi 5010:doi 4887:PMC 4879:doi 4824:doi 4787:doi 4746:PMC 4738:doi 4734:333 4730:BMJ 4697:PMC 4689:doi 4648:PMC 4638:doi 4607:doi 4465:doi 4395:doi 4347:doi 4292:doi 4248:PMC 4240:doi 4236:446 4098:PMC 4090:doi 4086:111 4042:doi 3980:doi 3968:424 3925:doi 3885:doi 3883:". 3844:doi 3802:doi 3790:119 3755:doi 3751:108 3725:doi 3621:doi 3507:doi 3247:or 3193:+ H 3123:): 3004:]Cl 2891:CON 2669:In 2416:dye 2397:in 2248:). 2190:or 2119:of 2052:). 1959:+ H 1929:+ O 1857:in 1650:of 1188:is 1180:of 1172:of 1117:of 876:GHS 861:WHO 851:WHO 799:298 531:EPA 468:CID 156:ɑːr 34:or 7649:: 7500:pH 7488:, 6645:, 6640:, 6053:. 6043:. 6035:. 6023:12 6021:. 6017:. 5994:. 5984:40 5982:. 5978:. 5955:. 5947:. 5937:26 5935:. 5912:. 5900:86 5898:. 5894:. 5882:^ 5865:. 5850:^ 5810:. 5788:. 5778:. 5766:. 5762:. 5719:32 5717:, 5698:31 5696:, 5677:40 5675:, 5645:. 5619:. 5594:. 5586:. 5574:. 5526:88 5524:, 5498:. 5488:33 5486:. 5441:. 5431:33 5429:. 5411:87 5318:. 5314:. 5261:. 5212:. 5202:. 5142:. 5120:. 5110:32 5108:. 5085:. 5075:44 5073:. 5033:. 5008:. 4998:23 4996:. 4992:. 4895:. 4885:. 4877:. 4865:. 4861:. 4838:. 4830:. 4820:14 4818:. 4795:. 4781:. 4777:. 4754:. 4744:. 4732:. 4728:. 4705:. 4695:. 4683:. 4679:. 4656:. 4646:. 4634:14 4632:. 4628:. 4603:36 4601:. 4479:. 4471:. 4461:14 4459:. 4425:. 4401:. 4387:47 4385:. 4365:70 4345:. 4335:26 4333:. 4329:. 4306:. 4298:. 4288:50 4286:. 4282:. 4256:. 4246:. 4234:. 4230:. 4173:. 4145:^ 4106:. 4096:. 4084:. 4080:. 4072:; 4048:. 4000:^ 3986:. 3978:. 3966:. 3952:^ 3931:. 3923:. 3913:25 3911:. 3907:. 3873:, 3850:. 3830:^ 3816:. 3808:. 3800:. 3788:. 3784:. 3761:. 3749:. 3737:^ 3723:. 3696:. 3633:^ 3617:56 3615:. 3581:. 3540:^ 3523:. 3513:. 3490:^ 3431:, 3338:NH 3219:CO 3212:NH 3202:(Δ 3181:NH 3177:CO 3173:NH 3152:(Δ 3144:NH 3140:CO 3102:CO 3037:CO 2983:: 2852:: 2817:. 2771:. 2725:. 2713:. 2705:, 2560:. 2513:, 2509:, 2467:pH 2460:NH 2347:A 2340:A 2330:, 2326:, 2263:NO 2236:, 2183:. 2103:, 2099:, 2095:, 2091:, 2087:, 2083:, 1993:NH 1983:, 1906:NO 1890:NO 1879:NH 1846:NO 1827:. 1803:. 1795:, 1761:NO 1745:NH 1702:. 1694:, 1690:, 1674:, 1617:. 1570:. 1552:, 1518:NH 1484:NH 1470:NH 1419:. 1408:. 1381:. 1296:. 1275:CO 1264:NH 1239:50 1237:LD 1232:. 1184:. 1165:. 1149:NH 1147:(– 976:50 974:LD 880:: 864:) 791:(Δ 728:) 721:(p 168:aɪ 133:iː 7581:L 7572:L 7445:e 7438:t 7431:v 6486:e 6479:t 6472:v 6120:) 6106:e 6099:t 6092:v 6061:. 6029:: 6002:. 5990:: 5963:. 5943:: 5920:. 5906:: 5876:. 5822:. 5796:. 5774:: 5768:8 5747:. 5657:. 5631:. 5627:: 5621:7 5602:. 5590:: 5582:: 5576:1 5559:. 5532:. 5506:. 5502:: 5494:: 5471:. 5449:. 5445:: 5437:: 5402:. 5381:. 5370:. 5333:. 5322:: 5299:. 5272:. 5246:. 5220:. 5198:: 5178:. 5153:. 5128:. 5116:: 5093:. 5089:: 5081:: 5044:. 5018:. 5012:: 5004:: 4977:. 4955:. 4929:. 4903:. 4881:: 4873:: 4867:9 4846:. 4826:: 4803:. 4789:: 4783:5 4762:. 4740:: 4713:. 4691:: 4685:1 4664:. 4640:: 4613:. 4609:: 4584:. 4562:. 4535:. 4513:. 4487:. 4467:: 4443:. 4411:. 4409:. 4397:: 4353:. 4349:: 4341:: 4314:. 4294:: 4264:. 4242:: 4215:. 4181:. 4139:. 4114:. 4092:: 4058:. 4044:: 3994:. 3982:: 3974:: 3927:: 3919:: 3887:: 3860:. 3846:: 3824:. 3804:: 3796:: 3769:. 3757:: 3731:. 3727:: 3719:: 3700:. 3682:. 3646:a 3642:a 3627:. 3623:: 3600:. 3564:. 3531:2 3527:2 3509:: 3377:3 3373:4 3369:2 3367:) 3365:2 3350:4 3340:3 3320:3 3316:2 3312:2 3308:2 3304:2 3221:2 3214:3 3204:H 3197:O 3195:2 3191:2 3189:) 3187:2 3183:2 3179:2 3175:4 3154:H 3146:2 3142:2 3138:4 3134:2 3130:3 3119:2 3115:4 3111:( 3104:2 3035:2 3033:) 3031:2 3027:4 3002:3 2998:2 2994:2 2990:2 2897:4 2895:H 2893:2 2883:2 2881:) 2879:2 2871:4 2860:" 2856:" 2832:2 2830:) 2828:2 2824:4 2540:N 2529:- 2526:L 2519:- 2516:L 2505:- 2502:L 2495:- 2492:L 2462:3 2281:. 2266:x 2204:( 2016:M 1995:3 1991:( 1969:2 1965:3 1961:2 1957:2 1955:) 1953:2 1941:O 1939:2 1935:2 1931:2 1927:3 1917:2 1915:N 1909:x 1901:2 1899:N 1893:x 1881:3 1849:x 1767:3 1764:− 1759:( 1751:4 1748:+ 1743:( 1563:2 1561:) 1559:2 1549:3 1532:2 1528:2 1524:2 1520:2 1512:2 1508:2 1504:2 1502:) 1500:2 1490:2 1486:2 1476:2 1472:2 1458:3 1454:4 1450:2 1448:) 1446:2 1406:] 1404:6 1394:b 1391:K 1341:2 1332:2 1330:) 1328:2 1277:2 1273:( 1266:3 1223:) 1217:( 1151:2 1136:2 1134:) 1132:2 1078:Y 982:) 978:( 944:0 937:1 930:1 823:) 821:G 818:f 801:) 796:H 793:f 773:D 726:b 723:K 632:2 630:) 628:2 533:) 529:( 264:) 174:/ 171:d 165:m 162:ə 159:b 153:k 150:ˈ 147:/ 139:/ 136:ə 127:j 124:/ 45:. 38:. 20:)

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