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and people of other language communities also affect intergenerational transfer of the languages, and thus children are raised with
English. The impact of English on these native languages has spread to rural areas, especially among the youth and children who communicate in Pidgin and English because
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of the negative psychological effect of being regarded as primitive if they speak their native language in public. Finally, the adoption of
Agbarho dialect as the only acceptable form of written Urhobo has led to the non-documentation of Okpe and Uvwie languages as well as other dialects of Urhobo.
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There are several factors responsible for the gradual loss of the three languages. The contact between the three languages on the one hand, and with other neighbouring languages on the other, have greatly impacted the trio, especially Uvwie. Generally, the language of communication is
English among
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dialect is the accepted standard of written Urhobo for all twenty-four kingdoms. The Okpe and Uvwie clans view their languages as distinct languages and not as dialects of Urhobo. However, in their communication with people of other Urhobo clans, they use Urhobo,
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Moreover, the non-implementation of the
National Policy on Education continues to cause negative effect on language acquisition by newer generations of the Urhobo people. The policy which states that the language of instruction for the first three years of
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self-preservation to seeking politico-cultural alienation from other Urhobo clans. Therefore, people of the other twenty-one Urhobo–speaking clans view these activities as a threat to the historical and cultural unity of the
318:. Macaulay Mowarin (2005) notes that Uvwie is the most endangered of the trio, facing serious impact in the urban and rural areas from Nigerian Pidgin, Urhobo and English. Okpe is seriously endangered in
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Okpe (ISO 639 – 3:oke), Urhobo (ISO 639 – 3:urh) and Uvwie (ISO 639 – 3:evh) are three diverse languages spoken in an area belonging to one and the same ethnic group called the
322:, the major Okpe town because of the impact of Nigerian Pidgin, Itsekiri, and Urhobo. In the rural areas, Okpe is endangered too, mainly from Itsekiri and Urhobo impact.
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and semi-literates of Urhobo and neighbouring communities. This is the case in all spheres of activities, except in annual or periodical traditional religious
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or language of the school's host community has been largely ignored. Fines and other punishments are usually imposed on pupils and students who speak their
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or elders' and chiefs' meetings, especially in rural areas. Okpe, Urhobo and Uvwie are also spoken in some rural homes, markets and
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362:. English is made a core subject in order to graduate from secondary school and to gain admission to higher institutions.
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during school hours in both public and private schools across Delta State. This is to encourage the use of
English as a
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Diffre-Odiete, Akpobome. A Wordlist of Noun and Verb Groups in
English-Urhobo-Uvwie-Okpe. Effurun: BISON Books, 2014.
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for Urhobo, written by Ukere, Osubele, Juliua
Arerierian and Akpobome Diffre-Odiete. While all the former ones are
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to various degrees. Urhobo is only seriously endangered by the impact of
Nigerian Pidgin and English in
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to the north. Thus, Isoko and Urhobo are similar languages that belong to the same linguistic family.
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261:. The Urhobo ethnic nation is culturally united, but it comprises twenty-four political clans or
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25,400 (2000) and Uvwie 19,800 (2000). These three languages have geographically neighbouring
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dictionary of
English, Okpe, Urhobo and Uvwie, with over 900 entries in the four languages.
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Okpe and Uvwie speakers have been protesting the dominance of Urhobo-speaking
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Previous research shows that the three languages of the Urhobo people are
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433:. Peter P. Ekeh (ed.). Buffalo, NY.: Urhobo Historical Society, 2005.
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Poetry, Performance and Art: Udje Dance Songs of the Urhobo People
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410:. Ọre Yusuf (ed.). Aba: Linguistics Association of Nigeria, 2007.
403:. Ọre Yusuf (ed.). Aba: Linguistics Association of Nigeria, 2007.
396:. Ọre Yusuf (ed.). Aba: Linguistics Association of Nigeria, 2007.
269:). Uvwie is spoken in two kingdoms, while Urhobo is spoken, with
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varieties, in the remaining twenty-one kingdoms. The
265:. Okpe is spoken in only one kingdom (the largest in
217:for both the Urhobo and Isoko languages. There are
408:Basic Linguistics for Nigerian Languages Teachers
401:Basic Linguistics for Nigerian Languages Teachers
394:Basic Linguistics for Nigerian Languages Teachers
169:. Quoting Johnstone (1993), Ethnologue puts the
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454:. Durham, NC.:Carolina Academic Press, 2003.
61:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
298:over them. As such, they have gone beyond
417:. PhD Thesis, University of Ibadan, 1997.
225:books for both languages. There are also
161:and Isoko, make up the five Southwestern
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
426:. Lagos: Bible Society of Nigeria, 1970.
384:Ofotẹeta rẹ Urhobo: Dikshọnari rẹ Urhobo
436:Ojaide. Tanure and Rose Aziza (eds.).
233:, the last one by Diffre-Odiete is a
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59:adding citations to reliable sources
443:Ojaide, Tanure and S. S. Ugheteni.
399:Aziza, Rose. "Urhobo Phonology" in
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330:people and Nigerian Pidgin among
406:Aziza, Rose. "Urhobo Syntax" in
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461:. Warri: Dove Publishers, 2001.
459:A Dictionary of Urhobo Language
440:. Lagos: Malthouse Press, 2007.
74:"Southwestern Edoid languages"
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466:Urhobo-English Dictionary
447:. Lagos: Macmillan, 1983.
438:The Urhobo Language Today
431:Studies in Urhobo Culture
392:. "Urhobo Morphology" in
386:. Kwale: SSB Press, 2008.
487:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
193:to the west and south,
141:tree classification by
468:. n.p. n.p. 1990.
382:Arerierian, Julius I.
350:should be the pupils'
457:Osubele, Ayemenokpe.
290:Language Endangerment
55:improve this article
464:Ukere, Anthony O.
415:Urhobo Tone System
424:Baibol Ọfuafon Na
167:Benue-Congo group
137:According to the
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53:Please help
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18:Urhobo-Isoko
445:Yono Urhobo
390:Aziza, Rose
332:illiterates
271:dialectical
251:Delta State
476:Categories
342:services.
312:endangered
300:linguistic
267:Urhoboland
215:literature
171:population
143:Ethnologue
115:April 2014
85:newspapers
348:education
231:bilingual
213:There is
183:languages
42:does not
368:between
328:literate
307:nation.
263:kingdoms
241:Dialects
191:Itsekiri
280:English
275:Agbarho
255:Nigeria
195:Ukwuani
165:of the
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320:Sapele
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259:Africa
219:Bibles
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199:Isoko
159:Eruwa
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106:JSTOR
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