389:
190:
42:
233:, it is important that the sample is not contaminated. In this case, the proper collection procedure involves cleaning the genital area, beginning to urinate into the toilet, and then filling the specimen container before completing the urination into the toilet. This is called a "midstream clean catch" collection. Research has shown many women are unsure of how to take a midstream sample or why it is needed.
261:
206:. Because the concentration of many substances in the urine varies throughout the day, some tests require timed urine collections, in which the patient collects all of their urine into a container for a given period of time (commonly 24 hours). A small amount of the specimen is then removed for testing. Timed collections are commonly used to measure
201:
The techniques used to collect urine specimens vary based on the desired test. A random urine, meaning a specimen that is collected at any time, can be used for many tests. However, a sample collected during the first urination of the morning (first morning specimen) is preferred for tests like
109:
texts. Contemporary urine testing uses a range of methods to investigate the physical and biochemical properties of the urine. For instance, the results of the routine
244:). In infants and young children, urine can be collected into a bag attached to the genital region, but this is associated with a high risk of contamination.
65:
specimen. The analysis of urine is a valuable diagnostic tool because its composition reflects the functioning of many body systems, particularly the
1127:
1095:
1074:
1053:
1028:
1005:
984:
1346:
566:
388:
444:
290:
1161:
358:
93:
The value of urine for diagnostic purposes has been recognized since ancient times. Urine examination was practiced in
465:
203:
1039:
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295:
189:
41:
721:
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413:
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230:
122:
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1295:
241:
193:
Example of a container used for collecting 24-hour urine samples. This particular container is free of
1452:
1113:
1045:
354:
286:
126:
82:
623:"Clinical Interpretation of Urine Drug Tests: What Clinicians Need to Know About Urine Drug Screens"
1363:
1151:
1087:
Linné & Ringsrud's
Clinical Laboratory Science: Concepts, Procedures, and Clinical Applications
457:
373:
202:
urinalysis and pregnancy screening because it is typically more concentrated, making the test more
170:
741:"Women's information needs around urine testing for urinary tract infections: a qualitative study"
1166:
935:
652:
342:
154:
142:
1091:
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770:
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78:
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1201:
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765:
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434:
364:
162:
118:
70:
1446:
1401:
1391:
1353:
1176:
405:
368:
215:
174:
138:
134:
102:
939:
656:
1427:
1237:
1211:
1186:
324:
236:
If the subject is not able to urinate voluntarily, samples can be obtained using a
223:
77:, which examines the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of the urine;
58:
1085:
1064:
995:
970:
639:
622:
1417:
1332:
1324:
852:
550:
194:
1041:
Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders: clinical evaluation and management
923:
910:
Xing J, Reynolds JP (September 2018). "Diagnostic
Advances in Urine Cytology".
1381:
1227:
1196:
397:
275:— assessment of the visual properties of the urine, chemical evaluation using
272:
265:
260:
110:
74:
17:
141:
can be performed to identify the bacterial species involved in a UTI. Simple
1386:
1291:
1191:
1156:
332:
146:
98:
931:
860:
774:
756:
648:
562:
532:
73:, and specimens are easy to obtain. Common urine tests include the routine
523:
506:
1422:
976:
219:
150:
130:
106:
1181:
448:
114:
839:
Wu X (March 2010). "Urinalysis: a review of methods and procedures".
680:
678:
377:
328:
308:
166:
66:
240:
or by inserting a needle through the abdomen and into the bladder (
1256:
387:
259:
188:
94:
62:
211:
1109:
997:
Henry's
Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
197:
to allow for accurate measurement of these substances in urine.
1066:
Tietz
Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics
400:, which changes colour based on the bacterial species present
441:
examination of cells in the urine, used to screen for cancer
822:
820:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
601:
599:
586:
584:
621:
Moeller KE, Kissack JC, Atayee RS, Lee KC (May 2017).
113:
can provide information about the functioning of the
412:
of urine samples, used to identify bacteria causing
1410:
1372:
1323:
1305:
1282:
1275:
1220:
1144:
897:
684:
34:
101:as early as 4000 BC, and is described in ancient
739:Glogowska M, Croxson C, Hayward G (April 2022).
507:"Urinalysis in Western culture: a brief history"
952:
885:
799:
787:
669:
1017:Graff's Textbook of Urinalysis and Body Fluids
841:Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America
447:— classification and measurement of different
1121:
972:Fundamentals of Urine and Body Fluid Analysis
708:
696:
341:— used to distinguish between some causes of
159:detecting excreted drugs or their metabolites
8:
544:
542:
722:"Do women know how to take a urine sample?"
549:Queremel Milani DA, Jialal I (8 May 2022).
1279:
1128:
1114:
1106:
40:
1000:(23 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
764:
638:
522:
1063:Rifai N, Horvath AR, Wittwer CT (2018).
317:― another measure of urine concentration
177:in urine can be used to screen for some
826:
811:
745:The British Journal of General Practice
605:
590:
492:
476:
367:― used to investigate disorders of the
161:. Analysis of abnormal cells in urine (
616:
614:
252:Some examples of urine tests include:
31:
873:
153:in the urine and indicate the use of
46:A urine sample in a sterile container
7:
451:in the urine; used to help diagnose
376:― used to help diagnose some rare
25:
898:Rifai, Horvath & Wittwer 2018
685:Rifai, Horvath & Wittwer 2018
569:from the original on 5 April 2022
994:McPherson RA, Pincus MR (2017).
149:by identifying the presence of
1347:Urine protein/creatinine ratio
1090:(7 ed.). Elsevier Mosby.
1:
1015:Mundt LA, Shanahan K (2016).
445:Urine protein electrophoresis
279:, and microscopic examination
640:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.12.007
359:human chorionic gonadotropin
165:) can help to diagnose some
137:, among other conditions. A
121:; suggest the presence of a
953:McPherson & Pincus 2017
886:McPherson & Pincus 2017
853:10.1016/j.ccell.2009.10.012
800:McPherson & Pincus 2017
788:McPherson & Pincus 2017
670:McPherson & Pincus 2017
505:Armstrong JA (March 2007).
466:inborn errors of metabolism
1469:
1136:Components and results of
1069:(6th ed.). Elsevier.
924:10.1016/j.path.2018.06.001
912:Surgical Pathology Clinics
709:Mundt & Shanahan 2016
697:Mundt & Shanahan 2016
39:
1342:Albumin/creatinine ratio
1267:Urine electrolyte levels
464:— used to test for some
414:urinary tract infections
321:Urine electrolyte levels
296:Albumin/creatinine ratio
627:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
453:monoclonal gammopathies
410:microbiological culture
264:Urine dipstick used in
231:microbiological culture
229:If urine is needed for
123:urinary tract infection
83:urine pregnancy testing
1233:Urine specific gravity
757:10.3399/BJGP.2021.0564
428:— screen for usage of
401:
315:Urine specific gravity
311:concentration of urine
268:
198:
1296:Microscopic hematuria
524:10.1038/sj.ki.5002057
391:
263:
242:suprapubic aspiration
192:
27:Medical test of urine
1172:Urine pregnancy test
511:Kidney International
392:Two urine specimens
355:Urine pregnancy test
287:creatinine clearance
79:urine drug screening
1364:Bence Jones protein
1221:Chemical properties
1084:Turgeon ML (2016).
969:Brunzel NA (2018).
728:. 11 December 2022.
458:Urine organic acids
374:Urine metanephrines
298:— used to diagnose
185:Specimen collection
143:point-of-care tests
1167:Leukocyte esterase
751:(717): e244–e251.
430:recreational drugs
402:
343:metabolic acidosis
269:
199:
169:, and testing for
155:recreational drugs
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1307:White blood cells
1276:Abnormal findings
1097:978-0-323-22545-8
1076:978-0-323-35921-4
1055:978-1-4614-9082-1
1048:. pp. 13−4.
1038:Reddi AS (2014).
1030:978-1-4963-2016-2
1007:978-0-323-41315-2
986:978-0-323-37479-8
802:, pp. 167–8.
790:, pp. 441–3.
495:, pp. 19–22.
462:urine amino acids
426:Urine drug screen
323:— measurement of
307:— measure of the
289:— used to assess
277:urine test strips
179:genetic disorders
51:
50:
16:(Redirected from
1460:
1337:Microalbuminuria
1280:
1245:Urine osmolality
1130:
1123:
1116:
1107:
1101:
1080:
1059:
1034:
1011:
990:
975:(4th ed.).
956:
950:
944:
943:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
876:, pp. 13−4.
871:
865:
864:
836:
830:
829:, pp. 51–3.
824:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
778:
768:
736:
730:
729:
718:
712:
711:, pp. 75–6.
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
673:
667:
661:
660:
642:
618:
609:
603:
594:
588:
579:
578:
576:
574:
546:
537:
536:
526:
502:
496:
490:
439:cytopathological
305:Urine osmolality
300:microalbuminuria
283:Urine creatinine
238:urinary catheter
44:
32:
21:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1406:
1397:Hyperuricosuria
1374:Small molecules
1368:
1319:
1301:
1284:Red blood cells
1271:
1262:Urine anion gap
1216:
1140:
1134:
1104:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1062:
1056:
1037:
1031:
1014:
1008:
993:
987:
968:
964:
959:
951:
947:
909:
908:
904:
900:, p. 1421.
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
868:
838:
837:
833:
825:
818:
810:
806:
798:
794:
786:
782:
738:
737:
733:
720:
719:
715:
707:
703:
695:
691:
687:, p. 1697.
683:
676:
668:
664:
620:
619:
612:
604:
597:
589:
582:
572:
570:
548:
547:
540:
504:
503:
499:
491:
478:
474:
422:
396:on chromogenic
386:
351:
339:Urine anion gap
291:kidney function
258:
250:
187:
91:
61:performed on a
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1466:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1359:Hemoglobinuria
1356:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1315:Eosinophiluria
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1250:Hypersthenuria
1242:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1081:
1075:
1060:
1054:
1035:
1029:
1021:Wolters Kluwer
1019:(3 ed.).
1012:
1006:
991:
985:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:
955:, p. 253.
945:
918:(3): 601–610.
902:
890:
888:, p. 391.
878:
866:
847:(1): 121–128.
831:
816:
814:, p. 255.
804:
792:
780:
731:
713:
701:
699:, p. 264.
689:
674:
672:, p. 479.
662:
633:(5): 774–796.
610:
608:, p. 216.
595:
593:, p. 505.
580:
538:
517:(5): 384–387.
497:
475:
473:
470:
469:
468:
455:
442:
435:Urine cytology
432:
421:
418:
417:
416:
385:
382:
381:
380:
371:
369:adrenal glands
365:Urine cortisol
362:
350:
347:
346:
345:
336:
318:
312:
302:
293:
280:
257:
254:
249:
246:
186:
183:
163:urine cytology
119:urinary system
90:
87:
71:urinary system
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
18:Urine analysis
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1465:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1402:Aminoaciduria
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1392:Bilirubinuria
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:Myoglobinuria
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
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1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1212:Urinary casts
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:Ketone bodies
1175:
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1163:
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988:
982:
978:
974:
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967:
966:
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954:
949:
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941:
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933:
929:
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921:
917:
913:
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903:
899:
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891:
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867:
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850:
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842:
835:
832:
828:
823:
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813:
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805:
801:
796:
793:
789:
784:
781:
776:
772:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
735:
732:
727:
726:NIHR Evidence
723:
717:
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702:
698:
693:
690:
686:
681:
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671:
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463:
459:
456:
454:
450:
446:
443:
440:
436:
433:
431:
427:
424:
423:
420:Miscellaneous
419:
415:
411:
407:
406:Urine culture
404:
403:
399:
395:
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383:
379:
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353:
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267:
262:
255:
253:
247:
245:
243:
239:
234:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
216:urine protein
213:
209:
205:
196:
191:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
171:organic acids
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:urine culture
136:
135:liver disease
132:
129:for possible
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
88:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1428:Crystalluria
1238:Isosthenuria
1187:Urobilinogen
1137:
1086:
1065:
1040:
1016:
996:
971:
948:
915:
911:
905:
893:
881:
869:
844:
840:
834:
827:Brunzel 2018
812:Turgeon 2016
807:
795:
783:
748:
744:
734:
725:
716:
704:
692:
665:
630:
626:
606:Turgeon 2016
591:Turgeon 2016
571:. Retrieved
554:
551:"Urinalysis"
514:
510:
500:
493:Brunzel 2018
384:Microbiology
325:electrolytes
251:
235:
228:
224:electrolytes
200:
195:trace metals
92:
59:medical test
54:
52:
29:
1453:Urine tests
1418:Bacteriuria
1333:Albuminuria
1325:Proteinuria
1138:urine tests
962:Works cited
175:amino acids
145:can detect
125:(UTI); and
1382:Glycosuria
1228:Urinalysis
1197:Creatinine
1145:Components
874:Reddi 2014
555:StatPearls
472:References
357:― detects
273:Urinalysis
266:urinalysis
208:creatinine
111:urinalysis
89:Background
75:urinalysis
55:urine test
35:Urine test
1387:Ketonuria
1292:Hematuria
1192:Bilirubin
1157:Myoglobin
333:potassium
256:Chemistry
204:sensitive
147:pregnancy
99:Babylonia
1447:Category
1423:Chyluria
1257:Urine pH
1046:Springer
977:Elsevier
940:52171396
932:30190143
861:20193886
775:35190371
657:21260113
649:28325505
567:Archived
563:32491617
533:17191081
449:proteins
394:cultured
361:in urine
349:Hormones
335:in urine
327:such as
220:hormones
151:beta-hCG
131:diabetes
107:Sanskrit
1182:Glucose
1152:Albumin
766:8869185
573:13 July
378:tumours
167:cancers
115:kidneys
67:kidneys
57:is any
1094:
1073:
1052:
1027:
1004:
983:
938:
930:
859:
773:
763:
655:
647:
561:
531:
329:sodium
309:solute
127:screen
81:; and
1411:Other
936:S2CID
653:S2CID
248:Types
103:Greek
95:Sumer
63:urine
1092:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1025:ISBN
1002:ISBN
981:ISBN
928:PMID
857:PMID
771:PMID
645:PMID
575:2022
559:PMID
529:PMID
398:agar
331:and
222:and
212:urea
117:and
105:and
97:and
69:and
1207:WBC
1202:RBC
1162:hCG
920:doi
849:doi
761:PMC
753:doi
635:doi
519:doi
226:.
218:,
173:or
157:by
133:or
1449::
1044:.
1023:.
979:.
934:.
926:.
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